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NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
CHANGES WITH 252:
Announcement of Future Feature Removal
* Please note that we intend to remove cgroupsv1 support from systemd
release after EOY 2023. If you run services that make explicit use of
cgroupsv1 features, please implement compatibility with cgroupsv2
sooner rather than later, if you haven't done so yet. Most of Linux
userspace has been ported over already.
CHANGES WITH 251:
Backwards-incompatible changes:
* The minimum kernel version required has been bumped from 3.13 to 4.15,
and CLOCK_BOOTTIME is now assumed to always exist.
* C11 with GNU extensions (aka "gnu11") is now used to build our
components. Public API headers are still restricted to ISO C89.
* In v250, a systemd-networkd feature that automatically configures
routes to addresses specified in AllowedIPs= was added and enabled by
default. However, this causes network connectivity issues in many
existing setups. Hence, it has been disabled by default since
systemd-stable 250.3. The feature can still be used by explicitly
configuring RouteTable= setting in .netdev files.
* Jobs started via StartUnitWithFlags() will no longer return 'skipped'
when a Condition*= check does not succeed, restoring the JobRemoved
signal to the behaviour it had before v250.
* The org.freedesktop.portable1 methods GetMetadataWithExtensions() and
GetImageMetadataWithExtensions() have been fixed to provide an extra
return parameter, containing the actual extension release metadata.
The current implementation was judged to be broken and unusable, and
thus the usual procedure of adding a new set of methods was skipped,
and backward compatibility broken instead on the assumption that
nobody can be affected given the current state of this interface.
* All kernels supported by systemd mix bytes returned by RDRAND (or
similar) into the entropy pool at early boot. This means that on
those systems, even if /dev/urandom is not yet initialized, it still
returns bytes that are of at least RDRAND quality. For that reason,
we no longer have reason to invoke RDRAND from systemd itself, which
has historically been a source of bugs. Furthermore, kernels ≥5.6
provide the getrandom(GRND_INSECURE) interface for returning random
bytes before the entropy pool is initialized without warning into
kmsg, which is what we attempt to use if available. systemd's direct
usage of RDRAND has been removed. x86 systems ≥Broadwell that are
running an older kernel may experience kmsg warnings that were not
seen with 250. For newer kernels, non-x86 systems, or older x86
systems, there should be no visible changes.
* sd-boot will now measure the kernel command line into TPM PCR 12
rather than PCR 8. This improves usefulness of the measurements on
systems where sd-boot is chainloaded from Grub. Grub measures all
commands its executes into PCR 8, which makes it very hard to use
reasonably, hence separate ourselves from that and use PCR 12
instead, which is what certain Ubuntu editions already do. To retain
compatibility with systems running older systemd systems a new meson
option 'efi-tpm-pcr-compat' has been added (which defaults to false).
If enabled, the measurement is done twice: into the new-style PCR 12
*and* the old-style PCR 8. It's strongly advised to migrate all users
to PCR 12 for this purpose in the long run, as we intend to remove
this compatibility feature in two years' time.
* busctl capture now writes output in the newer pcapng format instead
of pcap.
* A udev rule that imported hwdb matches for USB devices with lowercase
hexadecimal vendor/product ID digits was added in systemd 250. This
has been reverted, since uppercase hexadecimal digits are supposed to
be used, and we already had a rule with the appropriate match.
Users might need to adjust their local hwdb entries.
* arch_prctl(2) has been moved to the @default set in the syscall filters
(as exposed via the SystemCallFilter= setting in service unit files).
It is apparently used by the linker now.
* The tmpfiles entries that create the /run/systemd/netif directory and
its subdirectories were moved from tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf to
tmpfiles.d/systemd-network.conf.
Users might need to adjust their files that override tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf
to account for this change.
* The requirement for Portable Services images to contain a well-formed
os-release file (i.e.: contain at least an ID field) is now enforced.
This applies to base images and extensions, and also to systemd-sysext.
Changes in the Boot Loader Specification, kernel-install and sd-boot:
* kernel-install's and bootctl's Boot Loader Specification Type #1
entry generation logic has been reworked. The user may now pick
explicitly by which "token" string to name the installation's boot
entries, via the new /etc/kernel/entry-token file or the new
--entry-token= switch to bootctl. By default — as before — the
entries are named after the local machine ID. However, in "golden
image" environments, where the machine ID shall be initialized on
first boot (as opposed to at installation time before first boot) the
machine ID will not be available at build time. In this case the
--entry-token= switch to bootctl (or the /etc/kernel/entry-token
file) may be used to override the "token" for the entries, for
example the IMAGE_ID= or ID= fields from /etc/os-release. This will
make the OS images independent of any machine ID, and ensure that the
images will not carry any identifiable information before first boot,
but on the other hand means that multiple parallel installations of
the very same image on the same disk cannot be supported.
Summary: if you are building golden images that shall acquire
identity information exclusively on first boot, make sure to both
remove /etc/machine-id *and* to write /etc/kernel/entry-token to the
value of the IMAGE_ID= or ID= field of /etc/os-release or another
suitable identifier before deploying the image.
* The Boot Loader Specification has been extended with
/loader/entries.srel file located in the EFI System Partition (ESP)
that disambiguates the format of the entries in the /loader/entries/
directory (in order to discern them from incompatible uses of this
directory by other projects). For entries that follow the
Specification, the string "type1" is stored in this file.
bootctl will now write this file automatically when installing the
systemd-boot boot loader.
* kernel-install supports a new initrd_generator= setting in
/etc/kernel/install.conf, that is exported as
$KERNEL_INSTALL_INITRD_GENERATOR to kernel-install plugins. This
allows choosing different initrd generators.
* kernel-install will now create a "staging area" (an initially-empty
directory to gather files for a Boot Loader Specification Type #1
entry). The path to this directory is exported as
$KERNEL_INSTALL_STAGING_AREA to kernel-install plugins, which should
drop files there instead of writing them directly to the final
location. kernel-install will move them when all files have been
prepared successfully.
* New option sort-key= has been added to the Boot Loader Specification
to override the sorting order of the entries in the boot menu. It is
read by sd-boot and bootctl, and will be written by kernel-install,
with the default value of IMAGE_ID= or ID= fields from
os-release. Together, this means that on multiboot installations,
entries should be grouped and sorted in a predictable way.
* The sort order of boot entries has been updated: entries which have
the new field sort-key= are sorted by it first, and all entries
without it are ordered later. After that, entries are sorted by
version so that newest entries are towards the beginning of the list.
* The kernel-install tool gained a new 'inspect' verb which shows the
paths and other settings used.
* sd-boot can now optionally beep when the menu is shown and menu
entries are selected, which can be useful on machines without a
working display. (Controllable via a loader.conf setting.)
* The --make-machine-id-directory= switch to bootctl has been replaced
by --make-entry-directory=, given that the entry directory is not
necessarily named after the machine ID, but after some other suitable
ID as selected via --entry-token= described above. The old name of
the option is still understood to maximize compatibility.
* 'bootctl list' gained support for a new --json= switch to output boot
menu entries in JSON format.
* 'bootctl is-installed' now supports the --graceful, and various verbs
omit output with the new option --quiet.
Changes in systemd-homed:
* Starting with v250 systemd-homed uses UID/GID mapping on the mounts
of activated home directories it manages (if the kernel and selected
file systems support it). So far it mapped three UID ranges: the
range from 0…60000, the user's own UID, and the range 60514…65534,
leaving everything else unmapped (in other words, the 16bit UID range
is mapped almost fully, with the exception of the UID subrange used
for systemd-homed users, with one exception: the user's own UID).
Unmapped UIDs may not be used for file ownership in the home
directory — any chown() attempts with them will fail. With this
release a fourth range is added to these mappings:
524288…1879048191. This range is the UID range intended for container
uses, see:
https://systemd.io/UIDS-GIDS
This range may be used for container managers that place container OS
trees in the home directory (which is a questionable approach, for
quota, permission, SUID handling and network file system
compatibility reasons, but nonetheless apparently commonplace). Note
that this mapping is mapped 1:1 in a pass-through fashion, i.e. the
UID assignments from the range are not managed or mapped by
`systemd-homed`, and must be managed with other mechanisms, in the
context of the local system.
Typically, a better approach to user namespacing in relevant
container managers would be to leave container OS trees on disk at
UID offset 0, but then map them to a dynamically allocated runtime
UID range via another UID mount map at container invocation
time. That way user namespace UID ranges become strictly a runtime
concept, and do not leak into persistent file systems, persistent
user databases or persistent configuration, thus greatly simplifying
handling, and improving compatibility with home directories intended
to be portable like the ones managed by systemd-homed.
Changes in shared libraries:
* A new libsystemd-core-<version>.so private shared library is
installed under /usr/lib/systemd/system, mirroring the existing
libsystemd-shared-<version>.so library. This allows the total
installation size to be reduced by binary code reuse.
* The <version> tag used in the name of libsystemd-shared.so and
libsystemd-core.so can be configured via the meson option
'shared-lib-tag'. Distributions may build subsequent versions of the
systemd package with unique tags (e.g. the full package version),
thus allowing multiple installations of those shared libraries to be
available at the same time. This is intended to fix an issue where
programs that link to those libraries would fail to execute because
they were installed earlier or later than the appropriate version of
the library.
* The sd-id128 API gained a new call sd_id128_to_uuid_string() that is
similar to sd_id128_to_string() but formats the ID in RFC 4122 UUID
format instead of as a simple series of hex characters.
* The sd-device API gained two new calls sd_device_new_from_devname()
and sd_device_new_from_path() which permit allocating an sd_device
object from a device node name or file system path.
* sd-device also gained a new call sd_device_open() which will open the
device node associated with a device for which an sd_device object
has been allocated. The call is supposed to address races around
device nodes being removed/recycled due to hotplug events, or media
change events: the call checks internally whether the major/minor of
the device node and the "diskseq" (in case of block devices) match
with the metadata loaded in the sd_device object, thus ensuring that
the device once opened really matches the provided sd_device object.
Changes in PID1, systemctl, and systemd-oomd:
* A new set of service monitor environment variables will be passed to
OnFailure=/OnSuccess= handlers, but only if exactly one unit lists the
handler unit as OnFailure=/OnSuccess=. The variables are:
$MONITOR_SERVICE_RESULT, $MONITOR_EXIT_CODE, $MONITOR_EXIT_STATUS,
$MONITOR_INVOCATION_ID and $MONITOR_UNIT. For cases when a single
handler needs to watch multiple units, use a templated handler.
* A new ExtensionDirectories= setting in service unit files allows
system extensions to be loaded from a directory. (It is similar to
ExtensionImages=, but takes paths to directories, instead of
disk image files.)
'portablectl attach --extension=' now also accepts directory paths.
* The user.delegate and user.invocation_id extended attributes on
cgroups are used in addition to trusted.delegate and
trusted.invocation_id. The latter pair requires privileges to set,
but the former doesn't and can be also set by the unprivileged user
manager.
(Only supported on kernels ≥5.6.)
* Units that were killed by systemd-oomd will now have a service result
of 'oom-kill'. The number of times a service was killed is tallied
in the 'user.oomd_ooms' extended attribute.
The OOMPolicy= unit file setting is now also honoured by
systemd-oomd.
* In unit files the new %y/%Y specifiers can be used to refer to
normalized unit file path, which is particularly useful for symlinked
unit files.
The new %q specifier resolves to the pretty hostname
(i.e. PRETTY_HOSTNAME= from /etc/machine-info).
The new %d specifier resolves to the credentials directory of a
service (same as $CREDENTIALS_DIRECTORY).
* The RootDirectory=, MountAPIVFS=, ExtensionDirectories=,
*Capabilities*=, ProtectHome=, *Directory=, TemporaryFileSystem=,
PrivateTmp=, PrivateDevices=, PrivateNetwork=, NetworkNamespacePath=,
PrivateIPC=, IPCNamespacePath=, PrivateUsers=, ProtectClock=,
ProtectKernelTunables=, ProtectKernelModules=, ProtectKernelLogs=,
MountFlags= service settings now also work in unprivileged user
services, i.e. those run by the user's --user service manager, as long
as user namespaces are enabled on the system.
* Services with Restart=always and a failing ExecCondition= will no
longer be restarted, to bring ExecCondition= behaviour in line with
Condition*= settings.
* LoadCredential= now accepts a directory as the argument; all files
from the directory will be loaded as credentials.
* A new D-Bus property ControlGroupId is now exposed on service units,
that encapsulates the service's numeric cgroup ID that newer kernels
assign to each cgroup.
* PID 1 gained support for configuring the "pre-timeout" of watchdog
devices and the associated governor, via the new
RuntimeWatchdogPreSec= and RuntimeWatchdogPreGovernor= configuration
options in /etc/systemd/system.conf.
* systemctl's --timestamp= option gained a new choice "unix", to show
timestamp as unix times, i.e. seconds since 1970, Jan 1st.
* A new "taint" flag named "old-kernel" is introduced which is set when
the kernel systemd runs on is older then the current baseline version
(see above). The flag is shown in "systemctl status" output.
* Two additional taint flags "short-uid-range" and "short-gid-range"
have been added as well, which are set when systemd notices it is run
within a userns namespace that does not define the full 0…65535 UID
range
* A new "unmerged-usr" taint flag has been added that is set whenever
running on systems where /bin/ + /sbin/ are *not* symlinks to their
counterparts in /usr/, i.e. on systems where the /usr/-merge has not
been completed.
* Generators invoked by PID 1 will now have a couple of useful
environment variables set describing the execution context a
bit. $SYSTEMD_SCOPE encodes whether the generator is called from the
system service manager, or from the per-user service
manager. $SYSTEMD_IN_INITRD encodes whether the generator is invoked
in initrd context or on the host. $SYSTEMD_FIRST_BOOT encodes whether
systemd considers the current boot to be a "first"
boot. $SYSTEMD_VIRTUALIZATION encode whether virtualization is
detected and which type of hypervisor/container
manager. $SYSTEMD_ARCHITECTURE indicates which architecture the
kernel is built for.
* PID 1 will now automatically pick up system credentials from qemu's
fw_cfg interface, thus allowing passing arbitrary data into VM
systems similar to how this is already supported for passing them
into `systemd-nspawn` containers. Credentials may now also be passed
in via the new kernel command line option `systemd.set_credential=`
(note that kernel command line options are world-readable during
runtime, and only useful for credentials that require no
confidentiality). The credentials that can be passed to unified
kernels that use the `systemd-stub` UEFI stub are now similarly
picked up automatically. Automatic importing of system credentials
this way can be turned off via the new
`systemd.import_credentials=no` kernel command line option.
* LoadCredential= will now automatically look for credentials in the
/etc/credstore/, /run/credstore/, /usr/lib/credstore/ directories if
the argument is not an absolute path. Similarly,
LoadCredentialEncrypted= will check the same directories plus
/etc/credstore.encrypted/, /run/credstore.encrypted/ and
/usr/lib/credstore.encrypted/. The idea is to use those directories
as the system-wide location for credentials that services should pick
up automatically.
* System and service credentials are described in great detail in a new
document:
https://systemd.io/CREDENTIALS
Changes in systemd-journald:
* The journal JSON export format has been added to listed of stable
interfaces (https://systemd.io/PORTABILITY_AND_STABILITY/).
* journalctl --list-boots now supports JSON output and the --reverse option.
* Under docs/: JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS was imported from the wiki and
updated, BUILDING_IMAGES is new:
https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_EXPORT_FORMATS
https://systemd.io/BUILDING_IMAGES
Changes in udev:
* Two new hwdb files have been added. One lists "handhelds" (PDAs,
calculators, etc.), the other AV production devices (DJ tables,
keypads, etc.) that should accessible to the seat owner user by
default.
* udevadm trigger gained a new --prioritized-subsystem= option to
process certain subsystems (and all their parent devices) earlier.
systemd-udev-trigger.service now uses this new option to trigger
block and TPM devices first, hopefully making the boot a bit faster.
* udevadm trigger now implements --type=all, --initialized-match,
--initialized-nomatch to trigger both subsystems and devices, only
already-initialized devices, and only devices which haven't been
initialized yet, respectively.
* udevadm gained a new "wait" command for safely waiting for a specific
device to show up in the udev device database. This is useful in
scripts that asynchronously allocate a block device (e.g. through
repartitioning, or allocating a loopback device or similar) and need
to synchronize on the creation to complete.
* udevadm gained a new "lock" command for locking one or more block
devices while formatting it or writing a partition table to it. It is
an implementation of https://systemd.io/BLOCK_DEVICE_LOCKING and
usable in scripts dealing with block devices.
* udevadm info will show a couple of additional device fields in its
output, and will not apply a limited set of coloring to line types.
* udevadm info --tree will now show a tree of objects (i.e. devices and
suchlike) in the /sys/ hierarchy.
* Block devices will now get a new set of device symlinks in
/dev/disk/by-diskseq/<nr>, which may be used to reference block
device nodes via the kernel's "diskseq" value. Note that this does
not guarantee that opening a device by a symlink like this will
guarantee that the opened device actually matches the specified
diskseq value. To be safe against races, the actual diskseq value of
the opened device (BLKGETDISKSEQ ioctl()) must still be compred with
the one in the symlink path.
* .link files gained support for setting MDI/MID-X on a link.
* .link files gained support for [Match] Firmware= setting to match on
the device firmware description string. By mistake, it was previously
only supported in .network files.
* .link files gained support for [Link] SR-IOVVirtualFunctions= setting
and [SR-IOV] section to configure SR-IOV virtual functions.
Changes in systemd-networkd:
* The default scope for unicast routes configured through [Route]
section is changed to "link", to make the behavior consistent with
"ip route" command. The manual configuration of [Route] Scope= is
still honored.
* A new unit systemd-networkd-wait-online@<interface>.service has been
added that can be used to wait for a specific network interface to be
up.
* systemd-networkd gained a new [Bridge] Isolated=true|false setting
that configures the eponymous kernel attribute on the bridge.
* .netdev files now can be used to create virtual WLAN devices, and
configure various settings on them, via the [WLAN] section.
* .link/.network files gained support for [Match] Kind= setting to match
on device kind ("bond", "bridge", "gre", "tun", "veth", etc.)
This value is also shown by 'networkctl status'.
* The Local= setting in .netdev files for various virtual network
devices gained support for specifying, in addition to the network
address, the name of a local interface which must have the specified
address.
* systemd-networkd gained a new [Tunnel] External= setting in .netdev
files, to configure tunnels in external mode (a.k.a. collect metadata
mode).
* [Network] L2TP= setting was removed. Please use interface specifier in
Local= setting in .netdev files of corresponding L2TP interface.
* New [DHCPServer] BootServerName=, BootServerAddress=, and
BootFilename= settings can be used to configure the server address,
server name, and file name sent in the DHCP packet (e.g. to configure
PXE boot).
Changes in systemd-resolved:
* systemd-resolved is started earlier (in sysinit.target), so it
available earlier and will also be started in the initrd if installed
there.
Changes in disk encryption:
* systemd-cryptenroll can now control whether to require the user to
enter a PIN when using TPM-based unlocking of a volume via the new
--tpm2-with-pin= option.
Option tpm2-pin= can be used in /etc/crypttab.
* When unlocking devices via TPM, TPM2 parameter encryption is now
used, to ensure that communication between CPU and discrete TPM chips
cannot be eavesdropped to acquire disk encryption keys.
* A new switch --fido2-credential-algorithm= has been added to
systemd-cryptenroll allowing selection of the credential algorithm to
use when binding encryption to FIDO2 tokens.
Changes in systemd-hostnamed:
* HARDWARE_VENDOR= and HARDWARE_MODEL= can be set in /etc/machine-info
to override the values gleaned from the hwdb.
* A ID_CHASSIS property can be set in the hwdb (for the DMI device
/sys/class/dmi/id) to override the chassis that is reported by
hostnamed.
* hostnamed's D-Bus interface gained a new method GetHardwareSerial()
for reading the hardware serial number, as reportd by DMI. It also
exposes a new method D-Bus property FirmwareVersion that encode the
firmware version of the system.
Changes in other components:
* /etc/locale.conf is now populated through tmpfiles.d factory /etc/
handling with the values that were configured during systemd build
(if /etc/locale.conf has not been created through some other
mechanism). This means that /etc/locale.conf should always have
reasonable contents and we avoid a potential mismatch in defaults.
* The userdbctl tool will now show UID range information as part of the
list of known users.
* A new build-time configuration setting default-user-shell= can be
used to set the default shell for user records and nspawn shell
invocations (instead of of the default /bin/bash).
* systemd-timesyncd now provides a D-Bus API for receiving NTP server
information dynamically at runtime via IPC.
* The systemd-creds tool gained a new "has-tpm2" verb, which reports
whether a functioning TPM2 infrastructure is available, i.e. if
firmware, kernel driver and systemd all have TPM2 support enabled and
a device found.
* The systemd-creds tool gained support for generating encrypted
credentials that are using an empty encryption key. While this
provides no integrity nor confidentiality it's useful to implement
codeflows that work the same on TPM-ful and TPM2-less systems. The
service manager will only accept credentials "encrypted" that way if
a TPM2 device cannot be detected, to ensure that credentials
"encrypted" like that cannot be used to trick TPM2 systems.
* When deciding whether to colorize output, all systemd programs now
also check $COLORTERM (in addition to $NO_COLOR, $SYSTEMD_COLORS, and
$TERM).
* Meson's new install_tag feature is now in use for several components,
allowing to build and install select binaries only: pam, nss, devel
(pkg-config files), systemd-boot, libsystemd, libudev. Example:
$ meson build systemd-boot
$ meson install --tags systemd-boot --no-rebuild
https://mesonbuild.com/Installing.html#installation-tags
* A new build configuration option has been added, to allow selecting the
default compression algorithm used by systemd-journald and systemd-coredump.
This allows to build-in support for decompressing all supported formats,
but choose a specific one for compression. E.g.:
$ meson -Ddefault-compression=xz
Experimental features:
* sd-boot gained a new *experimental* setting "reboot-for-bitlocker" in
loader.conf that implements booting Microsoft Windows from the
sd-boot in a way that first reboots the system, to reset the TPM
PCRs. This improves compatibility with BitLocker's TPM use, as the
PCRs will only record the Windows boot process, and not sd-boot
itself, thus retaining the PCR measurements not involving sd-boot.
Note that this feature is experimental for now, and is likely going
to be generalized and renamed in a future release, without retaining
compatibility with the current implementation.
* A new systemd-sysupdate component has been added that automatically
discovers, downloads, and installs A/B-style updates for the host
installation itself, or container images, portable service images,
and other assets. See the new systemd-sysupdate man page for updates.
Contributions from: 4piu, Adam Williamson, adrian5, Albert Brox,
AlexCatze, Alex Henrie, Alfonso Sánchez-Beato, Alice S,
Alvin Šipraga, amarjargal, Amarjargal, Andrea Pappacoda,
Andreas Rammhold, Andy Chi, Anita Zhang, Antonio Alvarez Feijoo,
Arfrever Frehtes Taifersar Arahesis, ash, Bastien Nocera, Be,
bearhoney, Ben Efros, Benjamin Berg, Benjamin Franzke,
Brett Holman, Christian Brauner, Clyde Byrd III, Curtis Klein,
Daan De Meyer, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Danilo Krummrich,
David, David Bond, Davide Cavalca, David Tardon, davijosw,
dependabot[bot], Donald Chan, Dorian Clay, Eduard Tolosa,
Elias Probst, Eli Schwartz, Erik Sjölund, Evgeny Vereshchagin,
Federico Ceratto, Franck Bui, Frantisek Sumsal, Gaël PORTAY,
Georges Basile Stavracas Neto, Gibeom Gwon, Goffredo Baroncelli,
Grigori Goronzy, Hans de Goede, Heiko Becker, Hugo Carvalho,
Jakob Lell, James Hilliard, Jan Janssen, Jason A. Donenfeld,
Joan Bruguera, Joerie de Gram, Josh Triplett, Julia Kartseva,
Kazuo Moriwaka, Khem Raj, ksa678491784, Lance, Lan Tian,
Laura Barcziova, Lennart Poettering, Leviticoh, licunlong,
Lidong Zhong, lincoln auster, Lubomir Rintel, Luca Boccassi,
Luca BRUNO, lucagoc, Ludwig Nussel, Marcel Hellwig, march1993,
Marco Scardovi, Mario Limonciello, Mariusz Tkaczyk,
Markus Weippert, Martin, Martin Liska, Martin Wilck, Matija Skala,
Matthew Blythe, Matthias Lisin, Matthijs van Duin, Matt Walton,
Max Gautier, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michal Koutný,
Michal Sekletár, Mike Gilbert, MkfsSion, Morten Linderud,
Nick Rosbrook, Nikolai Grigoriev, Nikolai Kostrigin,
Nishal Kulkarni, Noel Kuntze, Pablo Ceballos, Peter Hutterer,
Peter Morrow, Pigmy-penguin, Piotr Drąg, prumian, Richard Neill,
Rike-Benjamin Schuppner, rodin-ia, Romain Naour, Ruben Kerkhof,
Ryan Hendrickson, Santa Wiryaman, Sebastian Pucilowski, Seth Falco,
Simon Ellmann, Sonali Srivastava, Stefan Seering,
Stephen Hemminger, tawefogo, techtino, Temuri Doghonadze,
Thomas Batten, Thomas Haller, Thomas Weißschuh, Tobias Stoeckmann,
Tomasz Pala, Tyson Whitehead, Vishal Chillara Srinivas,
Vivien Didelot, w30023233, wangyuhang, Weblate, Xiaotian Wu,
yangmingtai, YmrDtnJu, Yonathan Randolph, Yutsuten, Yu Watanabe,
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek, наб
— Edinburgh, 2022-05-21
CHANGES WITH 250:
* Support for encrypted and authenticated credentials has been added.
This extends the credential logic introduced with v247 to support
non-interactive symmetric encryption and authentication, based on a
key that is stored on the /var/ file system or in the TPM2 chip (if
available), or the combination of both (by default if a TPM2 chip
exists the combination is used, otherwise the /var/ key only). The
credentials are automatically decrypted at the moment a service is
started, and are made accessible to the service itself in unencrypted
form. A new tool 'systemd-creds' encrypts credentials for this
purpose, and two new service file settings LoadCredentialEncrypted=
and SetCredentialEncrypted= configure such credentials.
This feature is useful to store sensitive material such as SSL
certificates, passwords and similar securely at rest and only decrypt
them when needed, and in a way that is tied to the local OS
installation or hardware.
* systemd-gpt-auto-generator can now automatically set up discoverable
LUKS2 encrypted swap partitions.
* The GPT Discoverable Partitions Specification has been substantially
extended with support for root and /usr/ partitions for the majority
of architectures systemd supports. This includes platforms that do
not natively support UEFI, because even though GPT is specified under
UEFI umbrella, it is useful on other systems too. Specifically,
systemd-nspawn, systemd-sysext, systemd-gpt-auto-generator and
Portable Services use the concept without requiring UEFI.
* The GPT Discoverable Partitions Specifications has been extended with
a new set of partitions that may carry PKCS#7 signatures for Verity
partitions, encoded in a simple JSON format. This implements a simple
mechanism for building disk images that are fully authenticated and
can be tested against a set of cryptographic certificates. This is
now implemented for the various systemd tools that can operate with
disk images, such as systemd-nspawn, systemd-sysext, systemd-dissect,
Portable services/RootImage=, systemd-tmpfiles, and systemd-sysusers.
The PKCS#7 signatures are passed to the kernel (where they are
checked against certificates from the kernel keyring), or can be
verified against certificates provided in userspace (via a simple
drop-in file mechanism).
* systemd-dissect's inspection logic will now report for which uses a
disk image is intended. Specifically, it will display whether an
image is suitable for booting on UEFI or in a container (using
systemd-nspawn's --image= switch), whether it can be used as portable
service, or attached as system extension.
* The system-extension.d/ drop-in files now support a new field
SYSEXT_SCOPE= that may encode which purpose a system extension image
is for: one of "initrd", "system" or "portable". This is useful to
make images more self-descriptive, and to ensure system extensions
cannot be attached in the wrong contexts.
* The os-release file learnt a new PORTABLE_PREFIXES= field which may
be used in portable service images to indicate which unit prefixes
are supported.
* The GPT image dissection logic in systemd-nspawn/systemd-dissect/…
now is able to decode images for non-native architectures as well.
This allows systemd-nspawn to boot images of non-native architectures
if the corresponding user mode emulator is installed and
systemd-binfmtd is running.
* systemd-logind gained new settings HandlePowerKeyLongPress=,
HandleRebootKeyLongPress=, HandleSuspendKeyLongPress= and
HandleHibernateKeyLongPress= which may be used to configure actions
when the relevant keys are pressed for more than 5s. This is useful
on devices that only have hardware for a subset of these keys. By
default, if the reboot key is pressed long the poweroff operation is
now triggered, and when the suspend key is pressed long the hibernate
operation is triggered. Long pressing the other two keys currently
does not trigger any operation by default.
* When showing unit status updates on the console during boot and
shutdown, and a service is slow to start so that the cylon animation
is shown, the most recent sd_notify() STATUS= text is now shown as
well. Services may use this to make the boot/shutdown output easier
to understand, and to indicate what precisely a service that is slow
to start or stop is waiting for. In particular, the per-user service
manager instance now reports what it is doing and which service it is
waiting for this way to the system service manager.
* The service manager will now re-execute on reception of the
SIGRTMIN+25 signal. It previously already did that on SIGTERM — but
only when running as PID 1. There was no signal to request this when
running as per-user service manager, i.e. as any other PID than 1.
SIGRTMIN+25 works for both system and user managers.
* The hardware watchdog logic in PID 1 gained support for operating
with the default timeout configured in the hardware, instead of
insisting on re-configuring it. Set RuntimeWatchdogSec=default to
request this behavior.
* A new kernel command line option systemd.watchdog_sec= is now
understood which may be used to override the hardware watchdog
time-out for the boot.
* A new setting DefaultOOMScoreAdjust= is now supported in
/etc/systemd/system.conf and /etc/systemd/user.conf. It may be used
to set the default process OOM score adjustment value for processes
started by the service manager. For per-user service managers this
now defaults to 100, but for per-system service managers is left as
is. This means that by default now services forked off the user
service manager are more likely to be killed by the OOM killer than
system services or the managers themselves.
* A new per-service setting RestrictFileSystems= as been added that
restricts the file systems a service has access to by their type.
This is based on the new BPF LSM of the Linux kernel. It provides an
effective way to make certain API file systems unavailable to
services (and thus minimizing attack surface). A new command
"systemd-analyze filesystems" has been added that lists all known
file system types (and how they are grouped together under useful
group handles).
* Services now support a new setting RestrictNetworkInterfaces= for
restricting access to specific network interfaces.
* Service unit files gained new settings StartupAllowedCPUs= and
StartupAllowedMemoryNodes=. These are similar to their counterparts
without the "Startup" prefix and apply during the boot process
only. This is useful to improve boot-time behavior of the system and
assign resources differently during boot than during regular
runtime. This is similar to the preexisting StartupCPUWeight=
vs. CPUWeight.
* Related to this: the various StartupXYZ= settings
(i.e. StartupCPUWeight=, StartupAllowedCPUs=, …) are now also applied
during shutdown. The settings not prefixed with "Startup" hence apply
during regular runtime, and those that are prefixed like that apply
during boot and shutdown.
* A new per-unit set of conditions/asserts
[Condition|Assert][Memory|CPU|IO]Pressure= have been added to make a
unit skip/fail activation if the system's (or a slice's) memory/cpu/io
pressure is above the configured threshold, using the kernel PSI
feature. For more details see systemd.unit(5) and
https://docs.kernel.org/accounting/psi.html
* The combination of ProcSubset=pid and ProtectKernelTunables=yes and/or
ProtectKernelLogs=yes can now be used.
* The default maximum numbers of inodes have been raised from 64k to 1M
for /dev/, and from 400k to 1M for /tmp/.
* The per-user service manager learnt support for communicating with
systemd-oomd to acquire OOM kill information.
* A new service setting ExecSearchPath= has been added that allows
changing the search path for executables for services. It affects
where we look for the binaries specified in ExecStart= and similar,
and the specified directories are also added the $PATH environment
variable passed to invoked processes.
* A new setting RuntimeRandomizedExtraSec= has been added for service
and scope units that allows extending the runtime time-out as
configured by RuntimeMaxSec= with a randomized amount.
* The syntax of the service unit settings RuntimeDirectory=,
StateDirectory=, CacheDirectory=, LogsDirectory= has been extended:
if the specified value is now suffixed with a colon, followed by
another filename, the latter will be created as symbolic link to the
specified directory. This allows creating these service directories
together with alias symlinks to make them available under multiple
names.
* Service unit files gained two new settings TTYRows=/TTYColumns= for
configuring rows/columns of the TTY device passed to
stdin/stdout/stderr of the service. This is useful to propagate TTY
dimensions to a virtual machine.
* A new service unit file setting ExitType= has been added that
specifies when to assume a service has exited. By default systemd
only watches the main process of a service. By setting
ExitType=cgroup it can be told to wait for the last process in a
cgroup instead.
* Automount unit files gained a new setting ExtraOptions= that can be
used to configure additional mount options to pass to the kernel when
mounting the autofs instance.
* "Urlification" (generation of ESC sequences that generate clickable
hyperlinks in modern terminals) may now be turned off altogether
during build-time.
* Path units gained new TriggerLimitBurst= and TriggerLimitIntervalSec=
settings that default to 200 and 2 s respectively. The ratelimit
ensures that a path unit cannot cause PID1 to busy-loop when it is
trying to trigger a service that is skipped because of a Condition*=
not being satisfied. This matches the configuration and behaviour of
socket units.
* The TPM2/FIDO2/PKCS11 support in systemd-cryptsetup is now also built
as a plug-in for cryptsetup. This means the plain cryptsetup command
may now be used to unlock volumes set up this way.
* The TPM2 logic in cryptsetup will now automatically detect systems
where the TPM2 chip advertises SHA256 PCR banks but the firmware only
updates the SHA1 banks. In such a case PCR policies will be
automatically bound to the latter, not the former. This makes the PCR
policies reliable, but of course do not provide the same level of
trust as SHA256 banks.
* The TPM2 logic in systemd-cryptsetup/systemd-cryptsetup now supports
RSA primary keys in addition to ECC, improving compatibility with
TPM2 chips that do not support ECC. RSA keys are much slower to use
than ECC, and hence are only used if ECC is not available.
* /etc/crypttab gained support for a new token-timeout= setting for
encrypted volumes that allows configuration of the maximum time to
wait for PKCS#11/FIDO2 tokens to be plugged in. If the time elapses
the logic will query the user for a regular passphrase/recovery key
instead.
* Support for activating dm-integrity volumes at boot via a new file
/etc/integritytab and the tool systemd-integritysetup have been
added. This is similar to /etc/crypttab and /etc/veritytab, but deals
with dm-integrity instead of dm-crypt/dm-verity.
* The systemd-veritysetup-generator now understands a new usrhash=
kernel command line option for specifying the Verity root hash for
the partition backing the /usr/ file system. A matching set of
systemd.verity_usr_* kernel command line options has been added as
well. These all work similar to the corresponding options for the
root partition.
* The sd-device API gained a new API call sd_device_get_diskseq() to
return the DISKSEQ property of a device structure. The "disk
sequence" concept is a new feature recently introduced to the Linux
kernel that allows detecting reuse cycles of block devices, i.e. can
be used to recognize when loopback block devices are reused for a
different purpose or CD-ROM drives get their media changed.
* A new unit systemd-boot-update.service has been added. If enabled
(the default) and the sd-boot loader is detected to be installed, it
is automatically updated to the newest version when out of date. This
is useful to ensure the boot loader remains up-to-date, and updates
automatically propagate from the OS tree in /usr/.
* sd-boot will now build with SBAT by default in order to facilitate
working with recent versions of Shim that require it to be present.
* sd-boot can now parse Microsoft Windows' Boot Configuration Data.
This is used to robustly generate boot entry titles for Windows.
* A new generic target unit factory-reset.target has been added. It is
hooked into systemd-logind similar in fashion to
reboot/poweroff/suspend/hibernate, and is supposed to be used to
initiate a factory reset operation. What precisely this operation
entails is up for the implementer to decide, the primary goal of the
new unit is provide a framework where to plug in the implementation
and how to trigger it.
* A new meson build-time option 'clock-valid-range-usec-max' has been
added which takes a time in µs and defaults to 15 years. If the RTC
time is noticed to be more than the specified time ahead of the
built-in epoch of systemd (which by default is the release timestamp
of systemd) it is assumed that the RTC is not working correctly, and
the RTC is reset to the epoch. (It already is reset to the epoch when
noticed to be before it.) This should increase the chance that time
doesn't accidentally jump too far ahead due to faulty hardware or
batteries.
* A new setting SaveIntervalSec= has been added to systemd-timesyncd,
which may be used to automatically save the current system time to
disk in regular intervals. This is useful to maintain a roughly
monotonic clock even without RTC hardware and with some robustness
against abnormal system shutdown.
* systemd-analyze verify gained support for a pair of new --image= +
--root= switches for verifying units below a specific root
directory/image instead of on the host.
* systemd-analyze verify gained support for verifying unit files under
an explicitly specified unit name, independently of what the filename
actually is.
* systemd-analyze verify gained a new switch --recursive-errors= which
controls whether to only fail on errors found in the specified units
or recursively any dependent units.
* systemd-analyze security now supports a new --offline mode for
analyzing unit files stored on disk instead of loaded units. It may
be combined with --root=/--image to analyze unit files under a root
directory or disk image. It also learnt a new --threshold= parameter
for specifying an exposure level threshold: if the exposure level
exceeds the specified value the call will fail. It also gained a new
--security-policy= switch for configuring security policies to
enforce on the units. A policy is a JSON file that lists which tests
shall be weighted how much to determine the overall exposure
level. Altogether these new features are useful for fully automatic
analysis and enforcement of security policies on unit files.
* systemd-analyze security gain a new --json= switch for JSON output.
* systemd-analyze learnt a new --quiet switch for reducing
non-essential output. It's honored by the "dot", "syscall-filter",
"filesystems" commands.
* systemd-analyze security gained a --profile= option that can be used
to take into account a portable profile when analyzing portable
services, since a lot of the security-related settings are enabled
through them.
* systemd-analyze learnt a new inspect-elf verb that parses ELF core
files, binaries and executables and prints metadata information,
including the build-id and other info described on:
https://systemd.io/COREDUMP_PACKAGE_METADATA/
* .network files gained a new UplinkInterface= in the [IPv6SendRA]
section, for automatically propagating DNS settings from other
interfaces.
* The static lease DHCP server logic in systemd-networkd may now serve
IP addresses outside of the configured IP pool range for the server.
* CAN support in systemd-networkd gained four new settings Loopback=,
OneShot=, PresumeAck=, ClassicDataLengthCode= for tweaking CAN
control modes. It gained a number of further settings for tweaking
CAN timing quanta.
* The [CAN] section in .network file gained new TimeQuantaNSec=,
PropagationSegment=, PhaseBufferSegment1=, PhaseBufferSegment2=,
SyncJumpWidth=, DataTimeQuantaNSec=, DataPropagationSegment=,
DataPhaseBufferSegment1=, DataPhaseBufferSegment2=, and
DataSyncJumpWidth= settings to control bit-timing processed by the
CAN interface.
* DHCPv4 client support in systemd-networkd learnt a new Label= option
for configuring the address label to apply to configure IPv4
addresses.
* The [IPv6AcceptRA] section of .network files gained support for a new
UseMTU= setting that may be used to control whether to apply the
announced MTU settings to the local interface.
* The [DHCPv4] section in .network file gained a new Use6RD= boolean
setting to control whether the DHCPv4 client request and process the
DHCP 6RD option.
* The [DHCPv6PrefixDelegation] section in .network file is renamed to
[DHCPPrefixDelegation], as now the prefix delegation is also supported
with DHCPv4 protocol by enabling the Use6RD= setting.
* The [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section in .network file gained a new
setting UplinkInterface= to specify the upstream interface.
* The [DHCPv6] section in .network file gained a new setting
UseDelegatedPrefix= to control whether the delegated prefixes will be
propagated to the downstream interfaces.
* The [IPv6AcceptRA] section of .network files now understands two new
settings UseGateway=/UseRoutePrefix= for explicitly configuring
whether to use the relevant fields from the IPv6 Router Advertisement
records.
* The ForceDHCPv6PDOtherInformation= setting in the [DHCPv6] section
has been removed. Please use the WithoutRA= and UseDelegatedPrefix=
settings in the [DHCPv6] section and the DHCPv6Client= setting in the
[IPv6AcceptRA] section to control when the DHCPv6 client is started
and how the delegated prefixes are handled by the DHCPv6 client.
* The IPv6Token= section in the [Network] section is deprecated, and
the [IPv6AcceptRA] section gained the Token= setting for its
replacement. The [IPv6Prefix] section also gained the Token= setting.
The Token= setting gained 'eui64' mode to explicitly configure an
address with the EUI64 algorithm based on the interface MAC address.
The 'prefixstable' mode can now optionally take a secret key. The
Token= setting in the [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section now supports all
algorithms supported by the same settings in the other sections.
* The [RoutingPolicyRule] section of .network file gained a new
SuppressInterfaceGroup= setting.
* The IgnoreCarrierLoss= setting in the [Network] section of .network
files now allows a duration to be specified, controlling how long to
wait before reacting to carrier loss.
* The [DHCPServer] section of .network file gained a new Router=
setting to specify the router address.
* The [CAKE] section of .network files gained various new settings
AutoRateIngress=, CompensationMode=, FlowIsolationMode=, NAT=,
MPUBytes=, PriorityQueueingPreset=, FirewallMark=, Wash=, SplitGSO=,
and UseRawPacketSize= for configuring CAKE.
* systemd-networkd now ships with new default .network files:
80-container-vb.network which matches host-side network bridge device