kuberuntime_manager.go

/*
Copyright 2016 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package kuberuntime

import (
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"

	"github.com/coreos/go-semver/semver"
	"github.com/golang/glog"
	cadvisorapi "github.com/google/cadvisor/info/v1"

	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/client/record"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/credentialprovider"
	internalApi "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/api"
	runtimeApi "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/api/v1alpha1/runtime"
	kubecontainer "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/container"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/dockershim"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/events"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/images"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/lifecycle"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/network"
	proberesults "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/prober/results"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/types"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/util/format"
	kubetypes "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/types"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/flowcontrol"
	utilruntime "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/runtime"
)

const (
	// The api version of kubelet runtime api
	kubeRuntimeAPIVersion = "0.1.0"
	// The root directory for pod logs
	podLogsRootDirectory = "/var/log/pods"
	// A minimal shutdown window for avoiding unnecessary SIGKILLs
	minimumGracePeriodInSeconds = 2
)

var (
	// ErrVersionNotSupported is returned when the api version of runtime interface is not supported
	ErrVersionNotSupported = errors.New("Runtime api version is not supported")
)

// A subset of the pod.Manager interface extracted for garbage collection purposes.
type podGetter interface {
	GetPodByUID(kubetypes.UID) (*api.Pod, bool)
}

type kubeGenericRuntimeManager struct {
	runtimeName         string
	recorder            record.EventRecorder
	osInterface         kubecontainer.OSInterface
	containerRefManager *kubecontainer.RefManager

	// machineInfo contains the machine information.
	machineInfo *cadvisorapi.MachineInfo

	// Container GC manager
	containerGC *containerGC

	// Keyring for pulling images
	keyring credentialprovider.DockerKeyring

	// Runner of lifecycle events.
	runner kubecontainer.HandlerRunner

	// RuntimeHelper that wraps kubelet to generate runtime container options.
	runtimeHelper kubecontainer.RuntimeHelper

	// Health check results.
	livenessManager proberesults.Manager

	// If true, enforce container cpu limits with CFS quota support
	cpuCFSQuota bool

	// Network plugin.
	networkPlugin network.NetworkPlugin

	// wrapped image puller.
	imagePuller images.ImageManager

	// gRPC service clients
	runtimeService internalApi.RuntimeService
	imageService   internalApi.ImageManagerService
}

// NewKubeGenericRuntimeManager creates a new kubeGenericRuntimeManager
func NewKubeGenericRuntimeManager(
	recorder record.EventRecorder,
	livenessManager proberesults.Manager,
	containerRefManager *kubecontainer.RefManager,
	machineInfo *cadvisorapi.MachineInfo,
	podGetter podGetter,
	osInterface kubecontainer.OSInterface,
	networkPlugin network.NetworkPlugin,
	runtimeHelper kubecontainer.RuntimeHelper,
	httpClient types.HttpGetter,
	imageBackOff *flowcontrol.Backoff,
	serializeImagePulls bool,
	imagePullQPS float32,
	imagePullBurst int,
	cpuCFSQuota bool,
	runtimeService internalApi.RuntimeService,
	imageService internalApi.ImageManagerService,
) (kubecontainer.Runtime, error) {
	kubeRuntimeManager := &kubeGenericRuntimeManager{
		recorder:            recorder,
		cpuCFSQuota:         cpuCFSQuota,
		livenessManager:     livenessManager,
		containerRefManager: containerRefManager,
		machineInfo:         machineInfo,
		osInterface:         osInterface,
		networkPlugin:       networkPlugin,
		runtimeHelper:       runtimeHelper,
		runtimeService:      runtimeService,
		imageService:        imageService,
		keyring:             credentialprovider.NewDockerKeyring(),
	}

	typedVersion, err := kubeRuntimeManager.runtimeService.Version(kubeRuntimeAPIVersion)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Get runtime version failed: %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	// Only matching kubeRuntimeAPIVersion is supported now
	// TODO: Runtime API machinery is under discussion at https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/28642
	if typedVersion.GetVersion() != kubeRuntimeAPIVersion {
		glog.Errorf("Runtime api version %s is not supported, only %s is supported now",
			typedVersion.GetVersion(),
			kubeRuntimeAPIVersion)
		return nil, ErrVersionNotSupported
	}

	kubeRuntimeManager.runtimeName = typedVersion.GetRuntimeName()
	glog.Infof("Container runtime %s initialized, version: %s, apiVersion: %s",
		typedVersion.GetRuntimeName(),
		typedVersion.GetRuntimeVersion(),
		typedVersion.GetRuntimeApiVersion())

	// If the container logs directory does not exist, create it.
	// TODO: create podLogsRootDirectory at kubelet.go when kubelet is refactored to
	// new runtime interface
	if _, err := osInterface.Stat(podLogsRootDirectory); os.IsNotExist(err) {
		if err := osInterface.MkdirAll(podLogsRootDirectory, 0755); err != nil {
			glog.Errorf("Failed to create directory %q: %v", podLogsRootDirectory, err)
		}
	}

	kubeRuntimeManager.imagePuller = images.NewImageManager(
		kubecontainer.FilterEventRecorder(recorder),
		kubeRuntimeManager,
		imageBackOff,
		serializeImagePulls,
		imagePullQPS,
		imagePullBurst)
	kubeRuntimeManager.runner = lifecycle.NewHandlerRunner(httpClient, kubeRuntimeManager, kubeRuntimeManager)
	kubeRuntimeManager.containerGC = NewContainerGC(runtimeService, podGetter, kubeRuntimeManager)

	return kubeRuntimeManager, nil
}

// Type returns the type of the container runtime.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) Type() string {
	return m.runtimeName
}

// runtimeVersion implements kubecontainer.Version interface by implementing
// Compare() and String()
type runtimeVersion struct {
	*semver.Version
}

func newRuntimeVersion(version string) (runtimeVersion, error) {
	sem, err := semver.NewVersion(version)
	if err != nil {
		return runtimeVersion{}, err
	}
	return runtimeVersion{sem}, nil
}

func (r runtimeVersion) Compare(other string) (int, error) {
	v, err := semver.NewVersion(other)
	if err != nil {
		return -1, err
	}

	if r.LessThan(*v) {
		return -1, nil
	}
	if v.LessThan(*r.Version) {
		return 1, nil
	}
	return 0, nil
}

// Version returns the version information of the container runtime.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) Version() (kubecontainer.Version, error) {
	typedVersion, err := m.runtimeService.Version(kubeRuntimeAPIVersion)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Get remote runtime version failed: %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return newRuntimeVersion(typedVersion.GetVersion())
}

// APIVersion returns the cached API version information of the container
// runtime. Implementation is expected to update this cache periodically.
// This may be different from the runtime engine's version.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) APIVersion() (kubecontainer.Version, error) {
	typedVersion, err := m.runtimeService.Version(kubeRuntimeAPIVersion)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Get remote runtime version failed: %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return newRuntimeVersion(typedVersion.GetRuntimeApiVersion())
}

// Status returns error if the runtime is unhealthy; nil otherwise.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) Status() error {
	_, err := m.runtimeService.Version(kubeRuntimeAPIVersion)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Checkout remote runtime status failed: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// GetPods returns a list of containers grouped by pods. The boolean parameter
// specifies whether the runtime returns all containers including those already
// exited and dead containers (used for garbage collection).
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) GetPods(all bool) ([]*kubecontainer.Pod, error) {
	pods := make(map[kubetypes.UID]*kubecontainer.Pod)
	sandboxes, err := m.getKubeletSandboxes(all)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	for i := range sandboxes {
		s := sandboxes[i]
		if s.Metadata == nil {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Sandbox does not have metadata: %+v", s)
			continue
		}
		podUID := kubetypes.UID(s.Metadata.GetUid())
		if _, ok := pods[podUID]; !ok {
			pods[podUID] = &kubecontainer.Pod{
				ID:        podUID,
				Name:      s.Metadata.GetName(),
				Namespace: s.Metadata.GetNamespace(),
			}
		}
		p := pods[podUID]
		converted, err := m.sandboxToKubeContainer(s)
		if err != nil {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Convert %q sandbox %v of pod %q failed: %v", m.runtimeName, s, podUID, err)
			continue
		}
		p.Sandboxes = append(p.Sandboxes, converted)
	}

	containers, err := m.getKubeletContainers(all)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	for i := range containers {
		c := containers[i]
		if c.Metadata == nil {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Container does not have metadata: %+v", c)
			continue
		}

		labelledInfo := getContainerInfoFromLabels(c.Labels)
		pod, found := pods[labelledInfo.PodUID]
		if !found {
			pod = &kubecontainer.Pod{
				ID:        labelledInfo.PodUID,
				Name:      labelledInfo.PodName,
				Namespace: labelledInfo.PodNamespace,
			}
			pods[labelledInfo.PodUID] = pod
		}

		converted, err := m.toKubeContainer(c)
		if err != nil {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Convert %s container %v of pod %q failed: %v", m.runtimeName, c, labelledInfo.PodUID, err)
			continue
		}

		pod.Containers = append(pod.Containers, converted)
	}

	// Convert map to list.
	var result []*kubecontainer.Pod
	for _, pod := range pods {
		result = append(result, pod)
	}

	return result, nil
}

// containerToKillInfo contains neccessary information to kill a container.
type containerToKillInfo struct {
	// The spec of the container.
	container *api.Container
	// The name of the container.
	name string
	// The message indicates why the container will be killed.
	message string
}

// podContainerSpecChanges keeps information on changes that need to happen for a pod.
type podContainerSpecChanges struct {
	// Whether need to create a new sandbox.
	CreateSandbox bool
	// The id of existing sandbox. It is used for starting containers in ContainersToStart.
	SandboxID string
	// The attempt number of creating sandboxes for the pod.
	Attempt uint32

	// ContainersToStart keeps a map of containers that need to be started, note that
	// the key is index of the container inside pod.Spec.Containers, while
	// the value is a message indicates why the container needs to start.
	ContainersToStart map[int]string
	// ContainersToKeep keeps a map of containers that need to be kept as is, note that
	// the key is the container ID of the container, while
	// the value is index of the container inside pod.Spec.Containers.
	ContainersToKeep map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int
	// ContainersToKill keeps a map of containers that need to be killed, note that
	// the key is the container ID of the container, while
	// the value contains neccessary information to kill a container.
	ContainersToKill map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]containerToKillInfo

	// InitFailed indicates whether init containers are failed.
	InitFailed bool
	// InitContainersToKeep keeps a map of init containers that need to be kept as
	// is, note that the key is the container ID of the container, while
	// the value is index of the container inside pod.Spec.InitContainers.
	InitContainersToKeep map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int
}

// podSandboxChanged checks whether the spec of the pod is changed and returns
// (changed, new attempt, original sandboxID if exist).
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) podSandboxChanged(pod *api.Pod, podStatus *kubecontainer.PodStatus) (changed bool, attempt uint32, sandboxID string) {
	if len(podStatus.SandboxStatuses) == 0 {
		return true, 0, ""
	}

	readySandboxCount := 0
	for _, s := range podStatus.SandboxStatuses {
		if s.GetState() == runtimeApi.PodSandBoxState_READY {
			readySandboxCount++
		}
	}

	// Needs to create a new sandbox when readySandboxCount > 1 or the ready sandbox is not the latest one.
	sandboxStatus := podStatus.SandboxStatuses[0]
	if readySandboxCount > 1 || sandboxStatus.GetState() != runtimeApi.PodSandBoxState_READY {
		return true, sandboxStatus.Metadata.GetAttempt() + 1, sandboxStatus.GetId()
	}

	// Needs to create a new sandbox when network namespace changed.
	if sandboxStatus.Linux != nil && sandboxStatus.Linux.Namespaces.Options != nil &&
		sandboxStatus.Linux.Namespaces.Options.GetHostNetwork() != kubecontainer.IsHostNetworkPod(pod) {
		return true, sandboxStatus.Metadata.GetAttempt() + 1, ""
	}

	return false, sandboxStatus.Metadata.GetAttempt(), sandboxStatus.GetId()
}

// checkAndKeepInitContainers keeps all successfully completed init containers. If there
// are failing containers, only keep the first failing one.
func checkAndKeepInitContainers(pod *api.Pod, podStatus *kubecontainer.PodStatus, initContainersToKeep map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int) bool {
	initFailed := false

	for i, container := range pod.Spec.InitContainers {
		containerStatus := podStatus.FindContainerStatusByName(container.Name)
		if containerStatus == nil {
			continue
		}

		if containerStatus.State == kubecontainer.ContainerStateRunning {
			initContainersToKeep[containerStatus.ID] = i
			continue
		}

		if containerStatus.State == kubecontainer.ContainerStateExited {
			initContainersToKeep[containerStatus.ID] = i
		}

		if isContainerFailed(containerStatus) {
			initFailed = true
			break
		}
	}

	return initFailed
}

// computePodContainerChanges checks whether the pod spec has changed and returns the changes if true.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) computePodContainerChanges(pod *api.Pod, podStatus *kubecontainer.PodStatus) podContainerSpecChanges {
	glog.V(5).Infof("Syncing Pod %q: %+v", format.Pod(pod), pod)

	sandboxChanged, attempt, sandboxID := m.podSandboxChanged(pod, podStatus)
	changes := podContainerSpecChanges{
		CreateSandbox:        sandboxChanged,
		SandboxID:            sandboxID,
		Attempt:              attempt,
		ContainersToStart:    make(map[int]string),
		ContainersToKeep:     make(map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int),
		InitContainersToKeep: make(map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int),
		ContainersToKill:     make(map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]containerToKillInfo),
	}

	// check the status of init containers.
	initFailed := false
	// always reset the init containers if the sandbox is changed.
	if !sandboxChanged {
		// Keep all successfully completed containers. If there are failing containers,
		// only keep the first failing one.
		initFailed = checkAndKeepInitContainers(pod, podStatus, changes.InitContainersToKeep)
	}
	changes.InitFailed = initFailed

	// check the status of containers.
	for index, container := range pod.Spec.Containers {
		if sandboxChanged {
			message := fmt.Sprintf("Container %+v's pod sandbox is dead, the container will be recreated.", container)
			glog.Info(message)
			changes.ContainersToStart[index] = message
			continue
		}

		containerStatus := podStatus.FindContainerStatusByName(container.Name)
		if containerStatus == nil || containerStatus.State != kubecontainer.ContainerStateRunning {
			if kubecontainer.ShouldContainerBeRestarted(&container, pod, podStatus) {
				message := fmt.Sprintf("Container %+v is dead, but RestartPolicy says that we should restart it.", container)
				glog.Info(message)
				changes.ContainersToStart[index] = message
			}
			continue
		}

		if initFailed {
			// Initialization failed and Container exists.
			// If we have an initialization failure everything will be killed anyway.
			// If RestartPolicy is Always or OnFailure we restart containers that were running before.
			if pod.Spec.RestartPolicy != api.RestartPolicyNever {
				message := fmt.Sprintf("Failed to initialize pod. %q will be restarted.", container.Name)
				glog.V(1).Info(message)
				changes.ContainersToStart[index] = message
			}
			continue
		}

		expectedHash := kubecontainer.HashContainer(&container)
		containerChanged := containerStatus.Hash != expectedHash
		if containerChanged {
			message := fmt.Sprintf("Pod %q container %q hash changed (%d vs %d), it will be killed and re-created.",
				pod.Name, container.Name, containerStatus.Hash, expectedHash)
			glog.Info(message)
			changes.ContainersToStart[index] = message
			continue
		}

		liveness, found := m.livenessManager.Get(containerStatus.ID)
		if !found || liveness == proberesults.Success {
			changes.ContainersToKeep[containerStatus.ID] = index
			continue
		}
		if pod.Spec.RestartPolicy != api.RestartPolicyNever {
			message := fmt.Sprintf("pod %q container %q is unhealthy, it will be killed and re-created.", format.Pod(pod), container.Name)
			glog.Info(message)
			changes.ContainersToStart[index] = message
		}
	}

	// Don't keep init containers if they are the only containers to keep.
	if !sandboxChanged && len(changes.ContainersToStart) == 0 && len(changes.ContainersToKeep) == 0 {
		changes.InitContainersToKeep = make(map[kubecontainer.ContainerID]int)
	}

	// compute containers to be killed
	runningContainerStatuses := podStatus.GetRunningContainerStatuses()
	for _, containerStatus := range runningContainerStatuses {
		_, keep := changes.ContainersToKeep[containerStatus.ID]
		_, keepInit := changes.InitContainersToKeep[containerStatus.ID]
		if !keep && !keepInit {
			var podContainer *api.Container
			var killMessage string
			for i, c := range pod.Spec.Containers {
				if c.Name == containerStatus.Name {
					podContainer = &pod.Spec.Containers[i]
					killMessage = changes.ContainersToStart[i]
					break
				}
			}

			changes.ContainersToKill[containerStatus.ID] = containerToKillInfo{
				name:      containerStatus.Name,
				container: podContainer,
				message:   killMessage,
			}
		}
	}

	return changes
}

// SyncPod syncs the running pod into the desired pod by executing following steps:
//
//  1. Compute sandbox and container changes.
//  2. Kill pod sandbox if necessary.
//  3. Kill any containers that should not be running.
//  4. Create sandbox if necessary.
//  5. Create init containers.
//  6. Create normal containers.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) SyncPod(pod *api.Pod, _ api.PodStatus, podStatus *kubecontainer.PodStatus, pullSecrets []api.Secret, backOff *flowcontrol.Backoff) (result kubecontainer.PodSyncResult) {
	// Step 1: Compute sandbox and container changes.
	podContainerChanges := m.computePodContainerChanges(pod, podStatus)
	glog.V(3).Infof("computePodContainerChanges got %+v for pod %q", podContainerChanges, format.Pod(pod))
	if podContainerChanges.CreateSandbox {
		ref, err := api.GetReference(pod)
		if err != nil {
			glog.Errorf("Couldn't make a ref to pod %q: '%v'", format.Pod(pod), err)
		}
		if podContainerChanges.SandboxID != "" {
			m.recorder.Eventf(ref, api.EventTypeNormal, "SandboxChanged", "Pod sandbox changed, it will be killed and re-created.")
		} else {
			m.recorder.Eventf(ref, api.EventTypeNormal, "SandboxReceived", "Pod sandbox received, it will be created.")
		}

	}

	// Step 2: Kill the pod if the sandbox has changed.
	if podContainerChanges.CreateSandbox || (len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToKeep) == 0 && len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart) == 0) {
		if len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToKeep) == 0 && len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart) == 0 {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Stopping PodSandbox for %q because all other containers are dead.", format.Pod(pod))
		} else {
			glog.V(4).Infof("Stopping PodSandbox for %q, will start new one", format.Pod(pod))
		}

		killResult := m.killPodWithSyncResult(pod, kubecontainer.ConvertPodStatusToRunningPod(m.runtimeName, podStatus), nil)
		result.AddPodSyncResult(killResult)
		if killResult.Error() != nil {
			glog.Errorf("killPodWithSyncResult failed: %v", killResult.Error())
			return
		}
	} else {
		// Step 3: kill any running containers in this pod which are not to keep.
		for containerID, containerInfo := range podContainerChanges.ContainersToKill {
			glog.V(3).Infof("Killing unwanted container %q(id=%q) for pod %q", containerInfo.name, containerID, format.Pod(pod))
			killContainerResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.KillContainer, containerInfo.name)
			result.AddSyncResult(killContainerResult)
			if err := m.killContainer(pod, containerID, containerInfo.name, containerInfo.message, nil); err != nil {
				killContainerResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrKillContainer, err.Error())
				glog.Errorf("killContainer %q(id=%q) for pod %q failed: %v", containerInfo.name, containerID, format.Pod(pod), err)
				return
			}
		}
	}

	// Keep terminated init containers fairly aggressively controlled
	m.pruneInitContainersBeforeStart(pod, podStatus, podContainerChanges.InitContainersToKeep)

	// We pass the value of the podIP down to generatePodSandboxConfig and
	// generateContainerConfig, which in turn passes it to various other
	// functions, in order to facilitate functionality that requires this
	// value (hosts file and downward API) and avoid races determining
	// the pod IP in cases where a container requires restart but the
	// podIP isn't in the status manager yet.
	//
	// We default to the IP in the passed-in pod status, and overwrite it if the
	// sandbox needs to be (re)started.
	podIP := ""
	if podStatus != nil {
		podIP = podStatus.IP
	}

	// Step 4: Create a sandbox for the pod if necessary.
	podSandboxID := podContainerChanges.SandboxID
	if podContainerChanges.CreateSandbox && len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart) > 0 {
		var msg string
		var err error

		glog.V(4).Infof("Creating sandbox for pod %q", format.Pod(pod))
		createSandboxResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.CreatePodSandbox, format.Pod(pod))
		result.AddSyncResult(createSandboxResult)
		podSandboxID, msg, err = m.createPodSandbox(pod, podContainerChanges.Attempt)
		if err != nil {
			createSandboxResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrCreatePodSandbox, msg)
			glog.Errorf("createPodSandbox for pod %q failed: %v", format.Pod(pod), err)
			return
		}

		setupNetworkResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.SetupNetwork, podSandboxID)
		result.AddSyncResult(setupNetworkResult)
		if !kubecontainer.IsHostNetworkPod(pod) {
			glog.V(3).Infof("Calling network plugin %s to setup pod for %s", m.networkPlugin.Name(), format.Pod(pod))
			// Setup pod network plugin with sandbox id
			// TODO: rename the last param to sandboxID
			err = m.networkPlugin.SetUpPod(pod.Namespace, pod.Name, kubecontainer.ContainerID{
				Type: m.runtimeName,
				ID:   podSandboxID,
			})
			if err != nil {
				message := fmt.Sprintf("Failed to setup network for pod %q using network plugins %q: %v", format.Pod(pod), m.networkPlugin.Name(), err)
				setupNetworkResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrSetupNetwork, message)
				glog.Error(message)

				killPodSandboxResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.KillPodSandbox, format.Pod(pod))
				result.AddSyncResult(killPodSandboxResult)
				if err := m.runtimeService.StopPodSandbox(podSandboxID); err != nil {
					killPodSandboxResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrKillPodSandbox, err.Error())
					glog.Errorf("Kill sandbox %q failed for pod %q: %v", podSandboxID, format.Pod(pod), err)
				}
				return
			}

			podSandboxStatus, err := m.runtimeService.PodSandboxStatus(podSandboxID)
			if err != nil {
				glog.Errorf("Failed to get pod sandbox status: %v; Skipping pod %q", err, format.Pod(pod))
				result.Fail(err)
				return
			}

			// Overwrite the podIP passed in the pod status, since we just started the infra container.
			podIP = m.determinePodSandboxIP(pod.Namespace, pod.Name, podSandboxStatus)
			glog.V(4).Infof("Determined the ip %q for pod %q after sandbox changed", podIP, format.Pod(pod))
		}
	}

	// Get podSandboxConfig for containers to start.
	configPodSandboxResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.ConfigPodSandbox, podSandboxID)
	result.AddSyncResult(configPodSandboxResult)
	podSandboxConfig, err := m.generatePodSandboxConfig(pod, podContainerChanges.Attempt)
	if err != nil {
		message := fmt.Sprintf("GeneratePodSandboxConfig for pod %q failed: %v", format.Pod(pod), err)
		glog.Error(message)
		configPodSandboxResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrConfigPodSandbox, message)
		return
	}

	// Step 5: start init containers.
	status, next, done := findNextInitContainerToRun(pod, podStatus)
	if status != nil && status.ExitCode != 0 {
		// container initialization has failed, flag the pod as failed
		initContainerResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.InitContainer, status.Name)
		initContainerResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrRunInitContainer, fmt.Sprintf("init container %q exited with %d", status.Name, status.ExitCode))
		result.AddSyncResult(initContainerResult)
		if pod.Spec.RestartPolicy == api.RestartPolicyNever {
			utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("error running pod %q init container %q, restart=Never: %#v", format.Pod(pod), status.Name, status))
			return
		}
		utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("Error running pod %q init container %q, restarting: %#v", format.Pod(pod), status.Name, status))
	}
	if next != nil {
		if len(podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart) == 0 {
			glog.V(4).Infof("No containers to start, stopping at init container %+v in pod %v", next.Name, format.Pod(pod))
			return
		}

		// If we need to start the next container, do so now then exit
		container := next
		startContainerResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.StartContainer, container.Name)
		result.AddSyncResult(startContainerResult)

		isInBackOff, msg, err := m.doBackOff(pod, container, podStatus, backOff)
		if isInBackOff {
			startContainerResult.Fail(err, msg)
			glog.V(4).Infof("Backing Off restarting init container %+v in pod %v", container, format.Pod(pod))
			return
		}

		glog.V(4).Infof("Creating init container %+v in pod %v", container, format.Pod(pod))
		if msg, err := m.startContainer(podSandboxID, podSandboxConfig, container, pod, podStatus, pullSecrets, podIP); err != nil {
			startContainerResult.Fail(err, msg)
			utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("init container start failed: %v: %s", err, msg))
			return
		}

		// Successfully started the container; clear the entry in the failure
		glog.V(4).Infof("Completed init container %q for pod %q", container.Name, format.Pod(pod))
		return
	}
	if !done {
		// init container still running
		glog.V(4).Infof("An init container is still running in pod %v", format.Pod(pod))
		return
	}
	if podContainerChanges.InitFailed {
		glog.V(4).Infof("Not all init containers have succeeded for pod %v", format.Pod(pod))
		return
	}

	// Step 6: start containers in podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart.
	for idx := range podContainerChanges.ContainersToStart {
		container := &pod.Spec.Containers[idx]
		startContainerResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.StartContainer, container.Name)
		result.AddSyncResult(startContainerResult)

		isInBackOff, msg, err := m.doBackOff(pod, container, podStatus, backOff)
		if isInBackOff {
			startContainerResult.Fail(err, msg)
			glog.V(4).Infof("Backing Off restarting container %+v in pod %v", container, format.Pod(pod))
			continue
		}

		glog.V(4).Infof("Creating container %+v in pod %v", container, format.Pod(pod))
		if msg, err := m.startContainer(podSandboxID, podSandboxConfig, container, pod, podStatus, pullSecrets, podIP); err != nil {
			startContainerResult.Fail(err, msg)
			utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("container start failed: %v: %s", err, msg))
			continue
		}
	}

	return
}

// If a container is still in backoff, the function will return a brief backoff error and
// a detailed error message.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) doBackOff(pod *api.Pod, container *api.Container, podStatus *kubecontainer.PodStatus, backOff *flowcontrol.Backoff) (bool, string, error) {
	var cStatus *kubecontainer.ContainerStatus
	for _, c := range podStatus.ContainerStatuses {
		if c.Name == container.Name && c.State == kubecontainer.ContainerStateExited {
			cStatus = c
			break
		}
	}

	if cStatus == nil {
		return false, "", nil
	}

	glog.Infof("checking backoff for container %q in pod %q", container.Name, format.Pod(pod))
	// Use the finished time of the latest exited container as the start point to calculate whether to do back-off.
	ts := cStatus.FinishedAt
	// backOff requires a unique key to identify the container.
	key := getStableKey(pod, container)
	if backOff.IsInBackOffSince(key, ts) {
		if ref, err := kubecontainer.GenerateContainerRef(pod, container); err == nil {
			m.recorder.Eventf(ref, api.EventTypeWarning, events.BackOffStartContainer, "Back-off restarting failed container")
		}
		err := fmt.Errorf("Back-off %s restarting failed container=%s pod=%s", backOff.Get(key), container.Name, format.Pod(pod))
		glog.Infof("%s", err.Error())
		return true, err.Error(), kubecontainer.ErrCrashLoopBackOff
	}

	backOff.Next(key, ts)
	return false, "", nil
}

// KillPod kills all the containers of a pod. Pod may be nil, running pod must not be.
// gracePeriodOverride if specified allows the caller to override the pod default grace period.
// only hard kill paths are allowed to specify a gracePeriodOverride in the kubelet in order to not corrupt user data.
// it is useful when doing SIGKILL for hard eviction scenarios, or max grace period during soft eviction scenarios.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) KillPod(pod *api.Pod, runningPod kubecontainer.Pod, gracePeriodOverride *int64) error {
	err := m.killPodWithSyncResult(pod, runningPod, gracePeriodOverride)
	return err.Error()
}

// killPodWithSyncResult kills a runningPod and returns SyncResult.
// Note: The pod passed in could be *nil* when kubelet restarted.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) killPodWithSyncResult(pod *api.Pod, runningPod kubecontainer.Pod, gracePeriodOverride *int64) (result kubecontainer.PodSyncResult) {
	killContainerResults := m.killContainersWithSyncResult(pod, runningPod, gracePeriodOverride)
	for _, containerResult := range killContainerResults {
		result.AddSyncResult(containerResult)
	}

	// Teardown network plugin
	if len(runningPod.Sandboxes) == 0 {
		glog.V(4).Infof("Can not find pod sandbox by UID %q, assuming already removed.", runningPod.ID)
		return
	}

	sandboxID := runningPod.Sandboxes[0].ID.ID
	isHostNetwork, err := m.isHostNetwork(sandboxID, pod)
	if err != nil {
		result.Fail(err)
		return
	}
	if !isHostNetwork {
		teardownNetworkResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.TeardownNetwork, runningPod.ID)
		result.AddSyncResult(teardownNetworkResult)
		// Tear down network plugin with sandbox id
		if err := m.networkPlugin.TearDownPod(runningPod.Namespace, runningPod.Name, kubecontainer.ContainerID{
			Type: m.runtimeName,
			ID:   sandboxID,
		}); err != nil {
			message := fmt.Sprintf("Failed to teardown network for pod %s_%s(%s) using network plugins %q: %v",
				runningPod.Name, runningPod.Namespace, runningPod.ID, m.networkPlugin.Name(), err)
			teardownNetworkResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrTeardownNetwork, message)
			glog.Error(message)
		}
	}

	// stop sandbox, the sandbox will be removed in GarbageCollect
	killSandboxResult := kubecontainer.NewSyncResult(kubecontainer.KillPodSandbox, runningPod.ID)
	result.AddSyncResult(killSandboxResult)
	// Stop all sandboxes belongs to same pod
	for _, podSandbox := range runningPod.Sandboxes {
		if err := m.runtimeService.StopPodSandbox(podSandbox.ID.ID); err != nil {
			killSandboxResult.Fail(kubecontainer.ErrKillPodSandbox, err.Error())
			glog.Errorf("Failed to stop sandbox %q", podSandbox.ID)
		}
	}

	return
}

// isHostNetwork checks whether the pod is running in host-network mode.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) isHostNetwork(podSandBoxID string, pod *api.Pod) (bool, error) {
	if pod != nil {
		return kubecontainer.IsHostNetworkPod(pod), nil
	}

	podStatus, err := m.runtimeService.PodSandboxStatus(podSandBoxID)
	if err != nil {
		return false, err
	}

	if podStatus.Linux != nil && podStatus.Linux.Namespaces != nil && podStatus.Linux.Namespaces.Options != nil {
		if podStatus.Linux.Namespaces.Options.HostNetwork != nil {
			return podStatus.Linux.Namespaces.Options.GetHostNetwork(), nil
		}
	}

	return false, nil
}

// GetPodStatus retrieves the status of the pod, including the
// information of all containers in the pod that are visble in Runtime.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) GetPodStatus(uid kubetypes.UID, name, namespace string) (*kubecontainer.PodStatus, error) {
	// Now we retain restart count of container as a container label. Each time a container
	// restarts, pod will read the restart count from the registered dead container, increment
	// it to get the new restart count, and then add a label with the new restart count on
	// the newly started container.
	// However, there are some limitations of this method:
	//	1. When all dead containers were garbage collected, the container status could
	//	not get the historical value and would be *inaccurate*. Fortunately, the chance
	//	is really slim.
	//	2. When working with old version containers which have no restart count label,
	//	we can only assume their restart count is 0.
	// Anyhow, we only promised "best-effort" restart count reporting, we can just ignore
	// these limitations now.
	// TODO: move this comment to SyncPod.
	podSandboxIDs, err := m.getSandboxIDByPodUID(string(uid), nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	podFullName := format.Pod(&api.Pod{
		ObjectMeta: api.ObjectMeta{
			Name:      name,
			Namespace: namespace,
			UID:       uid,
		},
	})
	glog.V(4).Infof("getSandboxIDByPodUID got sandbox IDs %q for pod %q", podSandboxIDs, podFullName)

	sandboxStatuses := make([]*runtimeApi.PodSandboxStatus, len(podSandboxIDs))
	podIP := ""
	for idx, podSandboxID := range podSandboxIDs {
		podSandboxStatus, err := m.runtimeService.PodSandboxStatus(podSandboxID)
		if err != nil {
			glog.Errorf("PodSandboxStatus of sandbox %q for pod %q error: %v", podSandboxID, podFullName, err)
			return nil, err
		}
		sandboxStatuses[idx] = podSandboxStatus

		// Only get pod IP from latest sandbox
		if idx == 0 && podSandboxStatus.GetState() == runtimeApi.PodSandBoxState_READY {
			podIP = m.determinePodSandboxIP(namespace, name, podSandboxStatus)
		}
	}

	// Get statuses of all containers visible in the pod.
	containerStatuses, err := m.getPodContainerStatuses(uid, name, namespace)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("getPodContainerStatuses for pod %q failed: %v", podFullName, err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return &kubecontainer.PodStatus{
		ID:                uid,
		Name:              name,
		Namespace:         namespace,
		IP:                podIP,
		SandboxStatuses:   sandboxStatuses,
		ContainerStatuses: containerStatuses,
	}, nil
}

// Returns the filesystem path of the pod's network namespace; if the
// runtime does not handle namespace creation itself, or cannot return
// the network namespace path, it returns an 'not supported' error.
// TODO: Rename param name to sandboxID in kubecontainer.Runtime.GetNetNS().
// TODO: Remove GetNetNS after networking is delegated to the container runtime.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) GetNetNS(sandboxID kubecontainer.ContainerID) (string, error) {
	readyState := runtimeApi.PodSandBoxState_READY
	filter := &runtimeApi.PodSandboxFilter{
		State:         &readyState,
		Id:            &sandboxID.ID,
		LabelSelector: map[string]string{kubernetesManagedLabel: "true"},
	}
	sandboxes, err := m.runtimeService.ListPodSandbox(filter)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("ListPodSandbox with filter %q failed: %v", filter, err)
		return "", err
	}
	if len(sandboxes) == 0 {
		glog.Errorf("No sandbox is found with filter %q", filter)
		return "", fmt.Errorf("Sandbox %q is not found", sandboxID)
	}

	sandboxStatus, err := m.runtimeService.PodSandboxStatus(sandboxes[0].GetId())
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("PodSandboxStatus with id %q failed: %v", sandboxes[0].GetId(), err)
		return "", err
	}

	if sandboxStatus.Linux != nil && sandboxStatus.Linux.Namespaces != nil {
		return sandboxStatus.Linux.Namespaces.GetNetwork(), nil
	}

	return "", fmt.Errorf("not supported")
}

// GarbageCollect removes dead containers using the specified container gc policy.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) GarbageCollect(gcPolicy kubecontainer.ContainerGCPolicy, allSourcesReady bool) error {
	return m.containerGC.GarbageCollect(gcPolicy, allSourcesReady)
}

// GetPodContainerID gets pod sandbox ID
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) GetPodContainerID(pod *kubecontainer.Pod) (kubecontainer.ContainerID, error) {
	formattedPod := kubecontainer.FormatPod(pod)
	if len(pod.Sandboxes) == 0 {
		glog.Errorf("No sandboxes are found for pod %q", formattedPod)
		return kubecontainer.ContainerID{}, fmt.Errorf("sandboxes for pod %q not found", formattedPod)
	}

	// return sandboxID of the first sandbox since it is the latest one
	return pod.Sandboxes[0].ID, nil
}

// Forward the specified port from the specified pod to the stream.
func (m *kubeGenericRuntimeManager) PortForward(pod *kubecontainer.Pod, port uint16, stream io.ReadWriteCloser) error {
	formattedPod := kubecontainer.FormatPod(pod)
	if len(pod.Sandboxes) == 0 {
		glog.Errorf("No sandboxes are found for pod %q", formattedPod)
		return fmt.Errorf("sandbox for pod %q not found", formattedPod)
	}

	// Use docker portforward directly for in-process docker integration
	// now to unblock other tests.
	// TODO: remove this hack after portforward is defined in CRI.
	if ds, ok := m.runtimeService.(dockershim.DockerLegacyService); ok {
		return ds.PortForward(pod.Sandboxes[0].ID.ID, port, stream)
	}

	return fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
}