keys.py

#!/usr/bin/env python

"""
<Program Name>
  keys.py

<Author>
  Vladimir Diaz <vladimir.v.diaz@gmail.com>

<Started>
  October 4, 2013.

<Copyright>
  See LICENSE for licensing information.

<Purpose>
  The goal of this module is to centralize cryptographic key routines and their
  supported operations (e.g., creating and verifying signatures).  This module
  is designed to support multiple public-key algorithms, such as RSA and
  Ed25519, and multiple cryptography libraries.  Which cryptography library to
  use is determined by the default, or user modified, values set in
  'tuf.conf.py'
  
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(algorithm)
  http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/
  
  The (RSA and Ed25519)-related functions provided include generate_rsa_key(),
  generate_ed25519_key(), create_signature(), and verify_signature().
  The cryptography libraries called by 'tuf.keys.py' generate the actual TUF
  keys and the functions listed above can be viewed as the easy-to-use public
  interface.
  
  Additional functions contained here include format_keyval_to_metadata() and
  format_metadata_to_key().  These last two functions produce or use TUF keys
  compatible with the key structures listed in TUF Metadata files.  The key
  generation functions return a dictionary containing all the information needed
  of TUF keys, such as public & private keys, and a keyID.  create_signature()
  and verify_signature() are supplemental functions needed for generating
  signatures and verifying them.


  Key IDs are used as identifiers for keys (e.g., RSA key).  They are the
  hexadecimal representation of the hash of the key object (specifically, the
  key object containing only the public key).  Review the '_get_keyid()'
  function of this module to see precisely how keyids are generated.  One may
  get the key ID of a key object by simply accessing the dictionary's 'keyid'
  key (i.e., rsakey['keyid']).
 """

# Help with Python 3 compatibility, where the print statement is a function, an
# implicit relative import is invalid, and the '/' operator performs true
# division.  Example:  print 'hello world' raises a 'SyntaxError' exception.
from __future__ import print_function
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import unicode_literals

# Required for hexadecimal conversions.  Signatures and public/private keys are
# hexlified.
import binascii

# NOTE:  'warnings' needed to temporarily suppress user warnings raised by
# 'pynacl' (as of version 0.2.3).
# http://docs.python.org/2/library/warnings.html#temporarily-suppressing-warnings
import warnings

# 'pycrypto' and 'cryptography' are the only currently supported libraries for
# the creation of RSA keys.
# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto
# https://github.com/pyca/cryptography
_SUPPORTED_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES = ['pycrypto', 'pyca-cryptography']

# The currently supported libraries for the creation of ed25519 keys and
# signatures.  The 'pynacl' library should be installed and used over the slower
# python implementation of ed25519.  The python implementation will be used
# if 'pynacl' is unavailable.
_SUPPORTED_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES = ['ed25519', 'pynacl']

# 'pycrypto' and 'cryptography' are the only currently supported libraries for
# general-purpose cryptography.
# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto
# https://github.com/pyca/cryptography
_SUPPORTED_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES = ['pycrypto', 'pyca-cryptography']

# Track which libraries are imported and thus available.  An optimized version
# of the ed25519 python implementation is provided by TUF and avaialable by
# default.  https://github.com/pyca/ed25519
_available_crypto_libraries = ['ed25519']

# Try to import TUF's PyCrypto module (pycrypto_keys.py), which is used here
# for general-purpose cryptography and RSA.
try:
  import tuf.pycrypto_keys
  _available_crypto_libraries.append('pycrypto')

except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
  pass

# Try to import TUF's pyca/Cryptography module (pyca_crypto_keys.py), which is
# used for general-purpose cryptography and RSA.
try:
  import tuf.pyca_crypto_keys
  _available_crypto_libraries.append('pyca-cryptography')

except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
  pass

# Import the PyNaCl library, if available.  It is recommended this library be
# used over the pure python implementation of ed25519, due to its speedier
# routines and side-channel protections available in the libsodium library.

# NOTE: Version 0.2.3 of 'pynacl' prints: "UserWarning: reimporting '...' might
# overwrite older definitions." when importing 'nacl.signing' below.  Suppress
# user warnings temporarily (at least until this issue is fixed).
with warnings.catch_warnings():
  warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
  try:
    import nacl
    import nacl.signing
    _available_crypto_libraries.append('pynacl')
  
  # PyNaCl's 'cffi' dependency may raise an 'IOError' exception when importing
  # 'nacl.signing'.
  except (ImportError, IOError): # pragma: no cover
    pass

# The optimized version of the ed25519 library provided by default is imported
# regardless of the availability of PyNaCl.
import tuf.ed25519_keys

# Import the TUF package and TUF-defined exceptions in __init__.py.
import tuf

# Import the cryptography library settings.
import tuf.conf

# Digest objects needed to generate hashes.
import tuf.hash

# Perform format checks of argument objects.
import tuf.formats

# The hash algorithm used in the generation of the key ID for each unique key.
# If multiple hash algorithms is desired for the generation of key IDs,
# 'tuf.conf.REPOSITORY_HASH_ALGORITHMS' can be used.
_KEY_ID_HASH_ALGORITHM = tuf.conf.DEFAULT_HASH_ALGORITHM 

# Recommended RSA key sizes:
# http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/historical/twirl-and-rsa-key-size.htm#table1
# According to the document above, revised May 6, 2003, RSA keys of
# size 3072 provide security through 2031 and beyond.
_DEFAULT_RSA_KEY_BITS = 3072

# The crypto libraries to use in 'keys.py', set by default or by the user.
# The following cryptography libraries are currently supported:
# ['pycrypto', 'pynacl', 'ed25519', 'pyca-cryptography']
_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY = tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY
_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY = tuf.conf.ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY
_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY = tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY


def generate_rsa_key(bits=_DEFAULT_RSA_KEY_BITS):
  """
  <Purpose> 
    Generate public and private RSA keys, with modulus length 'bits'.  In
    addition, a keyid identifier for the RSA key is generated.  The object
    returned conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA' and has the
    form:
    
    {'keytype': 'rsa',
     'keyid': keyid,
     'keyval': {'public': '-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ...',
                'private': '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ...'}}
    
    The public and private keys are strings in PEM format.

    Although the PyCrypto and PyCA cryptography libraries do set a minimum key
    size (e.g., 1024-bit minimum in PyCrypto), generate() enforces a minimum
    key size of 2048 bits.  If 'bits' is unspecified, a 3072-bit RSA key is
    generated, which is the key size recommended by TUF.  These key size
    restrictions are only enforced for keys generated within TUF.  RSA keys
    with sizes lower than what we recommended may still be imported (e.g., with
    import_rsakey_from_encrypted_pem().
    
    >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key(bits=2048)
    >>> tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA.matches(rsa_key)
    True
    >>> public = rsa_key['keyval']['public']
    >>> private = rsa_key['keyval']['private']
    >>> tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.matches(public)
    True
    >>> tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.matches(private)
    True
  
  <Arguments>
    bits:
      The key size, or key length, of the RSA key.  'bits' must be 2048, or
      greater, and a multiple of 256.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'bits' is improperly or invalid (i.e., not an integer
    and not at least 2048).
   
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if any of the cryptography libraries specified
    in 'tuf.conf.py' are unsupported or unavailable.

    ValueError, if an exception occurs after calling the RSA key generation
    routine.  'bits' must be a multiple of 256 if PyCrypto is set via
    'tuf.conf.py'.  The 'ValueError' exception is raised by the key generation
    function of the cryptography library called.

  <Side Effects>
    The RSA keys are generated by calling PyCrypto's
    Crypto.PublicKey.RSA.generate().

  <Returns>
    A dictionary containing the RSA keys and other identifying information.
    Conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA'. 
  """

  # Does 'bits' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'bits' conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEYBITS_SCHEMA'.
  # 'bits' must be an integer object, with a minimum value of 2048.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.RSAKEYBITS_SCHEMA.check_match(bits)

  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified
  # in 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries(['rsa'])

  # Begin building the RSA key dictionary. 
  rsakey_dict = {}
  keytype = 'rsa'
  public = None
  private = None

  # Generate the public and private RSA keys.  The PyCrypto module performs
  # the actual key generation.  Raise 'ValueError' if 'bits' is less than 1024 
  # or not a multiple of 256, although a 2048-bit minimum is enforced by
  # tuf.formats.RSAKEYBITS_SCHEMA.check_match().
  if _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
    public, private = tuf.pycrypto_keys.generate_rsa_public_and_private(bits)
 
  # Unlike PyCrypto, PyCA Cryptography does not require 'bits' to be a multiple
  # 256.
  elif _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
    public, private = tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.generate_rsa_public_and_private(bits)
  
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Invalid crypto'
      ' library: ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.') 
    
  # Generate the keyid of the RSA key.  Note: The private key material is
  # not included in the generation of the 'keyid' identifier.
  key_value = {'public': public,
               'private': ''}
  keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value)

  # Build the 'rsakey_dict' dictionary.  Update 'key_value' with the RSA
  # private key prior to adding 'key_value' to 'rsakey_dict'.
  key_value['private'] = private

  rsakey_dict['keytype'] = keytype
  rsakey_dict['keyid'] = keyid
  rsakey_dict['keyval'] = key_value

  return rsakey_dict





def generate_ed25519_key():
  """
  <Purpose> 
    Generate public and private ED25519 keys, both of length 32-bytes, although
    they are hexlified to 64 bytes.
    In addition, a keyid identifier generated for the returned ED25519 object.
    The object returned conforms to 'tuf.formats.ED25519KEY_SCHEMA' and has the
    form:
    {'keytype': 'ed25519',
     'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
     'keyval': {'public': '9ccf3f02b17f82febf5dd3bab878b767d8408...',
                'private': 'ab310eae0e229a0eceee3947b6e0205dfab3...'}}
    
    The public and private keys are strings in PEM format and stored in the
    'keyval' field of the returned dictionary.

    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> tuf.formats.ED25519KEY_SCHEMA.matches(ed25519_key)
    True
    >>> len(ed25519_key['keyval']['public'])
    64
    >>> len(ed25519_key['keyval']['private'])
    64

  <Arguments>
    None.
  
  <Exceptions>
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if an unsupported or unavailable library is
    detected.
  
  <Side Effects>
    The ED25519 keys are generated by calling either the optimized pure Python
    implementation of ed25519, or the ed25519 routines provided by 'pynacl'.

  <Returns>
    A dictionary containing the ED25519 keys and other identifying information.
    Conforms to 'tuf.formats.ED25519KEY_SCHEMA'. 
  """
  
  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified
  # in 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries(['ed25519'])

  # Begin building the Ed25519 key dictionary. 
  ed25519_key = {}
  keytype = 'ed25519'
  public = None
  private = None

  # Generate the public and private Ed25519 key with the 'pynacl' library.
  # Unlike in the verification of Ed25519 signatures, do not fall back to the
  # optimized, pure python implementation provided by PyCA.  Ed25519 should
  # always be generated with a backend like libsodium to prevent side-channel
  # attacks.
  if 'pynacl' in _available_crypto_libraries:
    public, private = \
      tuf.ed25519_keys.generate_public_and_private()
  
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The required PyNaCl library'
      ' is unavailable.')

  # Generate the keyid of the Ed25519 key.  'key_value' corresponds to the
  # 'keyval' entry of the 'Ed25519KEY_SCHEMA' dictionary.  The private key
  # information is not included in the generation of the 'keyid' identifier.
  key_value = {'public': binascii.hexlify(public).decode(),
               'private': ''}
  keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value)

  # Build the 'ed25519_key' dictionary.  Update 'key_value' with the Ed25519
  # private key prior to adding 'key_value' to 'ed25519_key'.
  key_value['private'] = binascii.hexlify(private).decode()

  ed25519_key['keytype'] = keytype
  ed25519_key['keyid'] = keyid
  ed25519_key['keyval'] = key_value

  return ed25519_key





def format_keyval_to_metadata(keytype, key_value, private=False):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Return a dictionary conformant to 'tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA'.
    If 'private' is True, include the private key.  The dictionary
    returned has the form:
    
    {'keytype': keytype,
     'keyval': {'public': '...',
                'private': '...'}}
    
    or if 'private' is False:

    {'keytype': keytype,
     'keyval': {'public': '...',
                'private': ''}}
    
    TUF keys are stored in Metadata files (e.g., root.json) in the format
    returned by this function.
    
    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> key_val = ed25519_key['keyval']
    >>> keytype = ed25519_key['keytype']
    >>> ed25519_metadata = \
    format_keyval_to_metadata(keytype, key_val, private=True)
    >>> tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA.matches(ed25519_metadata)
    True
  
  <Arguments>
    key_type:
      The 'rsa' or 'ed25519' strings.      

    key_value:
      A dictionary containing a private and public keys.
      'key_value' is of the form:

      {'public': '...',
       'private': '...'}},
      
      conformant to 'tuf.formats.KEYVAL_SCHEMA'.

    private:
      Indicates if the private key should be included in the dictionary 
      returned.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'key_value' does not conform to 
    'tuf.formats.KEYVAL_SCHEMA', or if the private key is not present in
    'key_value' if requested by the caller via 'private'.

  <Side Effects>
    None.

  <Returns>
    A 'tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA' dictionary.
  """

  # Does 'keytype' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'keytype' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.KEYTYPE_SCHEMA.check_match(keytype)
  
  # Does 'key_value' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.KEYVAL_SCHEMA.check_match(key_value)

  if private is True:
    # If the caller requests (via the 'private' argument) to include a private
    # key in the returned dictionary, ensure the private key is actually
    # present in 'key_val' (a private key is optional for 'KEYVAL_SCHEMA'
    # dicts).
    if 'private' not in key_value:
      raise tuf.FormatError('The required private key is missing'
        ' from: ' + repr(key_value))
    
    else: 
      return {'keytype': keytype, 'keyval': key_value}
  
  else:
    public_key_value = {'public': key_value['public']}
    
    return {'keytype': keytype,
            'keyid_hash_algorithms': tuf.conf.REPOSITORY_HASH_ALGORITHMS,
            'keyval': public_key_value}





def format_metadata_to_key(key_metadata):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Construct a TUF key dictionary (e.g., tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA)
    according to the keytype of 'key_metadata'.  The dict returned by this
    function has the exact format as the dict returned by one of the key
    generations functions, like generate_ed25519_key().  The dict returned
    has the form:
   
    {'keytype': keytype,
     'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
     'keyval': {'public': '...',
                'private': '...'}}

    For example, RSA key dictionaries in RSAKEY_SCHEMA format should be used by
    modules storing a collection of keys, such as with keydb.py.  RSA keys as
    stored in metadata files use a different format, so this function should be
    called if an RSA key is extracted from one of these metadata files and need
    converting.  The key generation functions create an entirely new key and
    return it in the format appropriate for 'keydb.py'.
    
    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> key_val = ed25519_key['keyval']
    >>> keytype = ed25519_key['keytype']
    >>> ed25519_metadata = \
    format_keyval_to_metadata(keytype, key_val, private=True)
    >>> ed25519_key_2, junk = format_metadata_to_key(ed25519_metadata)
    >>> tuf.formats.ED25519KEY_SCHEMA.matches(ed25519_key_2)
    True
    >>> ed25519_key == ed25519_key_2
    True

  <Arguments>
    key_metadata:
      The TUF key dictionary as stored in Metadata files, conforming to
      'tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA'.  It has the form:
      
      {'keytype': '...',
       'keyval': {'public': '...',
                  'private': '...'}}

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'key_metadata' does not conform to
    'tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA'.

  <Side Effects>
    None.

  <Returns>
    A tuple containing the key and its keyids.  In the case of an RSA key, a
    dictionary conformant to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA'.
  """

  # Does 'key_metadata' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'key_metadata' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA.check_match(key_metadata)

  # Construct the dictionary to be returned.
  key_dict = {}
  keytype = key_metadata['keytype']
  key_value = key_metadata['keyval']

  # Convert 'key_value' to 'tuf.formats.KEY_SCHEMA' and generate its hash
  # The hash is in hexdigest form. 
  default_keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value)
  keyids = set()
  keyids.add(default_keyid)
  
  for hash_algorithm in tuf.conf.REPOSITORY_HASH_ALGORITHMS:
    keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value, hash_algorithm)
    keyids.add(keyid)

  # All the required key values gathered.  Build 'key_dict'.
  # 'keyid_hash_algorithms' 
  key_dict['keytype'] = keytype
  key_dict['keyid'] = default_keyid
  key_dict['keyid_hash_algorithms'] = tuf.conf.REPOSITORY_HASH_ALGORITHMS
  key_dict['keyval'] = key_value

  return key_dict, keyids





def _get_keyid(keytype, key_value, hash_algorithm=_KEY_ID_HASH_ALGORITHM):
  """Return the keyid of 'key_value'."""

  # 'keyid' will be generated from an object conformant to KEY_SCHEMA,
  # which is the format Metadata files (e.g., root.json) store keys.
  # 'format_keyval_to_metadata()' returns the object needed by _get_keyid().
  key_meta = format_keyval_to_metadata(keytype, key_value, private=False)

  # Convert the TUF key to JSON Canonical format, suitable for adding
  # to digest objects.
  key_update_data = tuf.formats.encode_canonical(key_meta)

  # Create a digest object and call update(), using the JSON canonical format
  # of 'rskey_meta' as the update data.  _KEY_ID_HASH_ALGORITHM should be the
  # default hash algorithm used to generate the key ID of a unique key. 
  digest_object = tuf.hash.digest(hash_algorithm)
  digest_object.update(key_update_data.encode('utf-8'))

  # 'keyid' becomes the hexadecimal representation of the hash.  
  keyid = digest_object.hexdigest()

  return keyid





def check_crypto_libraries(required_libraries):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Public function that ensures the cryptography libraries specified in
    'tuf.conf' are supported and available for each 'required_libraries'.

  <Arguments>
    required_libraries:
      A list of library strings to validate.  One, or multiple, strings from
      ['rsa', 'ed25519', 'general'] can be specified.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if the 'required_libraries' and the libraries
    specified in 'tuf.conf' are not supported or unavailable.

  <Side Effects>
    Validates the libraries set in 'tuf.conf'.

  <Returns>
    None.
  """
  
  # Does 'required_libraries' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'required_libraries' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.REQUIRED_LIBRARIES_SCHEMA.check_match(required_libraries)
 
  # The checks below all raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the general,
  # RSA, and Ed25519 crypto libraries specified in 'tuf.conf.py' are not
  # supported or unavailable.  The appropriate error message is added to the
  # exception.  The funcions of this module that depend on user-installed
  # crypto libraries should call this private function to ensure the called
  # routine does not fail with unpredictable exceptions in the event of a
  # missing library.  The supported and available lists checked are populated
  # when 'tuf.keys.py' is imported.
  
  if 'rsa' in required_libraries and _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                   _SUPPORTED_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" is not '
      ' supported.\nSupported crypto libraries: ' +
      repr(_SUPPORTED_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES) + '.')
  
  if 'ed25519' in required_libraries and _ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                         _SUPPORTED_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" is not '
      ' supported.\nSupported crypto libraries: ' +
      repr(_SUPPORTED_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES) + '.')
  
  if 'general' in required_libraries and _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                         _SUPPORTED_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" is not'
      ' supported.\nSupported crypto libraries: ' +
      repr(_SUPPORTED_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARIES) + '.')

  if 'rsa' in required_libraries and _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                     _available_crypto_libraries:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" could not'
      ' be imported.  Available libraries: ' + repr(_available_crypto_libraries))
  
  if 'ed25519' in required_libraries and _ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                         _available_crypto_libraries:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" could'
      ' not be imported.')
  
  if 'general' in required_libraries and _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY not in \
                                         _available_crypto_libraries:
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The ' + repr(_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) +
      ' crypto library specified in "tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY" could'
      ' not be imported.')





def create_signature(key_dict, data):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Return a signature dictionary of the form:
    {'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
     'method': '...',
     'sig': '...'}.

    The signing process will use the private key in 
    key_dict['keyval']['private'] and 'data' to generate the signature.

    The following signature methods are supported:

    'RSASSA-PSS' 
    RFC3447 - RSASSA-PSS 
    http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447.

    'ed25519'
    ed25519 - high-speed high security signatures 
    http://ed25519.cr.yp.to/

    Which signature to generate is determined by the key type of 'key_dict'
    and the available cryptography library specified in 'tuf.conf'.
    
    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> data = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'
    >>> signature = create_signature(ed25519_key, data)
    >>> tuf.formats.SIGNATURE_SCHEMA.matches(signature)
    True
    >>> len(signature['sig'])
    128
    >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key(2048)
    >>> data = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'
    >>> signature = create_signature(rsa_key, data)
    >>> tuf.formats.SIGNATURE_SCHEMA.matches(signature)
    True

  <Arguments>
    key_dict:
      A dictionary containing the TUF keys.  An example RSA key dict has the
      form:
    
      {'keytype': 'rsa',
       'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
       'keyval': {'public': '-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ...',
                  'private': '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ...'}}

      The public and private keys are strings in PEM format.

    data:
      Data object used by create_signature() to generate the signature.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'key_dict' is improperly formatted.
   
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if an unsupported or unavailable library is
    detected.

    TypeError, if 'key_dict' contains an invalid keytype.

  <Side Effects>
    The cryptography library specified in 'tuf.conf' called to perform the
    actual signing routine.

  <Returns>
    A signature dictionary conformant to 'tuf.format.SIGNATURE_SCHEMA'.
  """

  # Does 'key_dict' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'key_dict' has the appropriate number of objects
  # and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  # The key type of 'key_dict' must be either 'rsa' or 'ed25519'.
  tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA.check_match(key_dict)
  
  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified
  # in 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' or 'tuf.conf.ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries([key_dict['keytype']])

  # Signing the 'data' object requires a private key.
  # 'RSASSA-PSS' and 'ed25519' are the only signing methods currently
  # supported.  RSASSA-PSS keys and signatures can be generated and verified by
  # the PyCrypto and 'cryptography' modules, and Ed25519's by PyNaCl and PyCA's
  # optimized, pure python implementation of Ed25519.
  signature = {}
  keytype = key_dict['keytype']
  public = key_dict['keyval']['public']
  private = key_dict['keyval']['private']
  keyid = key_dict['keyid']
  method = None
  sig = None

  # Convert 'data' to canonical JSON format so that repeatable signatures are
  # generated across different platforms and Python key dictionaries.  The
  # resulting 'data' is a string encoded in UTF-8 and compatible with the input
  # expected by the cryptography functions called below.
  data = tuf.formats.encode_canonical(data)

  # Call the appropriate cryptography libraries for the supported key types,
  # otherwise raise an exception.
  if keytype == 'rsa':
    if _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
      sig, method = tuf.pycrypto_keys.create_rsa_signature(private, data.encode('utf-8'))
   
    elif _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
      sig, method = tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.create_rsa_signature(private, data.encode('utf-8'))
    
    else: # pragma: no cover
      raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Unsupported'
        ' "tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY": ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.')
  
  elif keytype == 'ed25519':
    public = binascii.unhexlify(public.encode('utf-8'))
    private = binascii.unhexlify(private.encode('utf-8'))
    if 'pynacl' in _available_crypto_libraries:
      sig, method = tuf.ed25519_keys.create_signature(public, private, data.encode('utf-8'))
    
    else: # pragma: no cover
      raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('The required PyNaCl library'
        ' is unavailable.')

  # 'tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA' should detect invalid key types. 
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise TypeError('Invalid key type.')
    
  # Build the signature dictionary to be returned.
  # The hexadecimal representation of 'sig' is stored in the signature.
  signature['keyid'] = keyid
  signature['method'] = method
  signature['sig'] = binascii.hexlify(sig).decode()

  return signature





def verify_signature(key_dict, signature, data):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Determine whether the private key belonging to 'key_dict' produced
    'signature'.  verify_signature() will use the public key found in
    'key_dict', the 'method' and 'sig' objects contained in 'signature',
    and 'data' to complete the verification.

    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> data = 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog'
    >>> signature = create_signature(ed25519_key, data)
    >>> verify_signature(ed25519_key, signature, data)
    True
    >>> verify_signature(ed25519_key, signature, 'bad_data')
    False
    >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key()
    >>> signature = create_signature(rsa_key, data)
    >>> verify_signature(rsa_key, signature, data)
    True
    >>> verify_signature(rsa_key, signature, 'bad_data')
    False

  <Arguments>
    key_dict:
      A dictionary containing the TUF keys and other identifying information.
      If 'key_dict' is an RSA key, it has the form:
     
      {'keytype': 'rsa',
       'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
       'keyval': {'public': '-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ...',
                  'private': '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ...'}}

      The public and private keys are strings in PEM format.
      
    signature:
      The signature dictionary produced by one of the key generation functions.
      'signature' has the form:
      
      {'keyid': 'f30a0870d026980100c0573bd557394f8c1bbd6...',
       'method': 'method',
       'sig': sig}.
      
      Conformant to 'tuf.formats.SIGNATURE_SCHEMA'.
      
    data:
      Data object used by tuf.rsa_key.create_signature() to generate
      'signature'.  'data' is needed here to verify the signature.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, raised if either 'key_dict' or 'signature' are improperly
    formatted.
    
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if an unsupported or unavailable library is
    detected.
    
    tuf.UnknownMethodError.  Raised if the signing method used by
    'signature' is not one supported.

  <Side Effects>
    The cryptography library specified in 'tuf.conf' called to do the actual
    verification.

  <Returns>
    Boolean.  True if the signature is valid, False otherwise.
  """

  # Does 'key_dict' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'key_dict' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA.check_match(key_dict)

  # Does 'signature' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.SIGNATURE_SCHEMA.check_match(signature)
  
  # Using the public key belonging to 'key_dict'
  # (i.e., rsakey_dict['keyval']['public']), verify whether 'signature'
  # was produced by key_dict's corresponding private key
  # key_dict['keyval']['private'].
  method = signature['method']
  sig = signature['sig']
  sig = binascii.unhexlify(sig.encode('utf-8'))
  public = key_dict['keyval']['public']
  keytype = key_dict['keytype']
  valid_signature = False
  
  # Convert 'data' to canonical JSON format so that repeatable signatures are
  # generated across different platforms and Python key dictionaries.  The
  # resulting 'data' is a string encoded in UTF-8 and compatible with the input
  # expected by the cryptography functions called below.
  data = tuf.formats.encode_canonical(data).encode('utf-8')
  
  # Call the appropriate cryptography libraries for the supported key types,
  # otherwise raise an exception.
  if keytype == 'rsa':
    if _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
      if 'pycrypto' not in _available_crypto_libraries: # pragma: no cover
        raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Metadata downloaded from the remote'
          ' repository listed an RSA signature.  "pycrypto" was set'
          ' (in conf.py) to generate RSA signatures, but the PyCrypto library'
          ' is not installed.  \n$ pip install PyCrypto, or pip install'
          ' tuf[tools], or you can try switching your configuration'
          ' (tuf.conf.py) to use pyca-cryptography if that is available instead.')
      
      else:
        valid_signature = tuf.pycrypto_keys.verify_rsa_signature(sig, method,
                                                                 public, data) 
    elif _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography': 
      if 'pyca-cryptography' not in _available_crypto_libraries: # pragma: no cover
        raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Metadata downloaded from the remote'
          ' repository listed an RSA signature.  "pyca-cryptography" was set'
          ' (in conf.py) to generate RSA signatures, but the "cryptography"'
          ' library is not installed.  \n$ pip install cryptography, or pip'
          ' install tuf[tools], or you can try switching your configuration'
          ' (tuf/conf.py) to use PyCrypto if that is available instead.')

      else:
        valid_signature = tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.verify_rsa_signature(sig, method,
                                                                 public, data) 
    
    else: # pragma: no cover
      raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Unsupported'
        ' "tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY": ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.') 
  
  elif keytype == 'ed25519':
    public = binascii.unhexlify(public.encode('utf-8'))
    if _ED25519_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pynacl' or \
                              'pynacl' in _available_crypto_libraries:
      valid_signature = tuf.ed25519_keys.verify_signature(public,
                                                          method, sig, data,
                                                          use_pynacl=True)
    
    # Fall back to the optimized pure python implementation of ed25519. 
    else: # pragma: no cover
      valid_signature = tuf.ed25519_keys.verify_signature(public,
                                                          method, sig, data,
                                                          use_pynacl=False)
  
  # 'tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA' should detect invalid key types. 
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise TypeError('Unsupported key type.')

  return valid_signature 





def import_rsakey_from_encrypted_pem(encrypted_pem, password):
  """
  <Purpose> 
    Import the public and private RSA keys stored in 'encrypted_pem'.  In
    addition, a keyid identifier for the RSA key is generated.  The object
    returned conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA' and has the
    form:
    
    {'keytype': 'rsa',
     'keyid': keyid,
     'keyval': {'public': '-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ...',
                'private': '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ...'}}
    
    The public and private keys are strings in PEM format.

    >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key()
    >>> private = rsa_key['keyval']['private']
    >>> passphrase = 'secret'
    >>> encrypted_pem = create_rsa_encrypted_pem(private, passphrase) 
    >>> rsa_key2 = import_rsakey_from_encrypted_pem(encrypted_pem, passphrase)
    >>> tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA.matches(rsa_key)
    True
    >>> tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA.matches(rsa_key2)
    True
  
  <Arguments>
    encrypted_pem:
      A string in PEM format.

    password:
      The password, or passphrase, to decrypt the private part of the RSA
      key.  'password' is not used directly as the encryption key, a stronger
      encryption key is derived from it.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if the arguments are improperly formatted.
   
    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if any of the cryptography libraries specified
    in 'tuf.conf.py' are unsupported or unavailable.

  <Side Effects>
    None.

  <Returns>
    A dictionary containing the RSA keys and other identifying information.
    Conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA'. 
  """

  # Does 'encrypted_pem' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'encrypted_pem' conforms to
  # 'tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA'.
  tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.check_match(encrypted_pem)

  # Does 'password' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.PASSWORD_SCHEMA.check_match(password)

  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified in
  # 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' and 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries(['rsa', 'general'])

  # Begin building the RSA key dictionary. 
  rsakey_dict = {}
  keytype = 'rsa'
  public = None
  private = None

  # Generate the public and private RSA keys.  The PyCrypto module performs the
  # actual import operation.
  if _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
    public, private = \
      tuf.pycrypto_keys.create_rsa_public_and_private_from_encrypted_pem(encrypted_pem,
                                                                         password)
    public = format_rsakey_from_pem(public)['keyval']['public']
    private = extract_pem(private, private_pem=True)

  elif _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
    public, private = \
      tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.create_rsa_public_and_private_from_encrypted_pem(encrypted_pem,
                                                                         password)
    public = format_rsakey_from_pem(public)['keyval']['public']
    private = extract_pem(private, private_pem=True)
  
  else: #pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Invalid crypto'
      ' library: ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.') 
    
  # Generate the keyid of the RSA key.  'key_value' corresponds to the
  # 'keyval' entry of the 'RSAKEY_SCHEMA' dictionary.  The private key
  # information is not included in the generation of the 'keyid' identifier.
  key_value = {'public': public,
               'private': ''}
  keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value)

  # Build the 'rsakey_dict' dictionary.  Update 'key_value' with the RSA
  # private key prior to adding 'key_value' to 'rsakey_dict'.
  key_value['private'] = private

  rsakey_dict['keytype'] = keytype
  rsakey_dict['keyid'] = keyid
  rsakey_dict['keyval'] = key_value

  return rsakey_dict





def format_rsakey_from_pem(pem):
  """
  <Purpose> 
    Generate an RSA key object from 'pem'.  In addition, a keyid identifier for
    the RSA key is generated.  The object returned conforms to
    'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA' and has the form:
    
    {'keytype': 'rsa',
     'keyid': keyid,
     'keyval': {'public': '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- ...',
                'private': ''}}
    
    The public portion of the RSA key is a string in PEM format.

    >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key()
    >>> public = rsa_key['keyval']['public']
    >>> rsa_key['keyval']['private'] = ''
    >>> rsa_key2 = format_rsakey_from_pem(public)
    >>> tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA.matches(rsa_key)
    True
    >>> tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA.matches(rsa_key2)
    True

  <Arguments>
    pem:
      A string in PEM format.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'pem' is improperly formatted.

  <Side Effects>
    Only the public portion of the PEM is extracted.  Leading or trailing
    whitespace is not included in the PEM string stored in the rsakey object
    returned.

  <Returns>
    A dictionary containing the RSA keys and other identifying information.
    Conforms to 'tuf.formats.RSAKEY_SCHEMA'. 
  """
  
  # Does 'pem' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure arguments has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.check_match(pem)
  
  # Ensure the PEM string has a valid header and footer.  Although a simple
  # validation of 'pem' is performed here, a fully valid PEM string is needed
  # later to successfully verify signatures.  Performing stricter validation of
  # PEMs are left to the external libraries that use 'pem'.
  public_pem = extract_pem(pem) 

  # Begin building the RSA key dictionary. 
  rsakey_dict = {}
  keytype = 'rsa'

  # Generate the keyid of the RSA key.  'key_value' corresponds to the
  # 'keyval' entry of the 'RSAKEY_SCHEMA' dictionary.  The private key
  # information is not included in the generation of the 'keyid' identifier.
  key_value = {'public': public_pem,
               'private': ''}
  keyid = _get_keyid(keytype, key_value)

  rsakey_dict['keytype'] = keytype
  rsakey_dict['keyid'] = keyid
  rsakey_dict['keyval'] = key_value

  return rsakey_dict





def extract_pem(pem, private_pem=False):
  """
  <Purpose> 
    Extract only the portion of the pem that includes the header and footer,
    with any leading and trailing characters removed.  The string returned has
    the following form:
    
    '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- ... -----END PUBLIC KEY-----'

    or

    '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- ... -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'

    Note: This function assumes "pem" is a valid pem in the following format:
    pem header + key material + key footer.  Crypto libraries (e.g., pyca's
    cryptography) that parse the pem returned by this function are expected to
    fully validate and process the pem.

  <Arguments>
    pem:
      A string in PEM format.

    private_pem:
      Boolean indicating whether 'pem' contains a private key.  'pem' is
      expected to begin and end with a private header and footer.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if 'pem' is improperly formatted.

  <Side Effects>
    Only the public and private portion of the PEM is extracted.  Leading or
    trailing whitespace is not included in the returned PEM string.

  <Returns>
    A PEM string (excluding leading and trailing newline characters).
    That is: pem header + key material + pem footer.
    
  """
  
  if private_pem:
    pem_header = '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'
    pem_footer = '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'
  
  else:
    pem_header = '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----'
    pem_footer = '-----END PUBLIC KEY-----'
  
  header_start = 0
  footer_start = 0

  # Raise error message if the expected header or footer is not found in 'pem'.
  try:
    header_start = pem.index(pem_header)
  
  except ValueError:
    # Be careful not to print private key material in exception message. 
    if not private_pem:  
      raise tuf.FormatError('Required PEM header ' + repr(pem_header) + '\n not'
        ' found in PEM string: ' + repr(pem))
    
    else:
      raise tuf.FormatError('Required PEM header ' + repr(pem_header) + '\n not'
        ' found in private PEM string.')
  
  try:
    # Search for 'pem_footer' after the PEM header.
    footer_start = pem.index(pem_footer, header_start + len(pem_header))
  
  except ValueError:
    # Be careful not to print private key material in exception message.
    if not private_pem:  
      raise tuf.FormatError('Required PEM footer ' + repr(pem_footer) + '\n not'
        ' found in PEM string ' + repr(pem))

    else:
      raise tuf.FormatError('Required PEM footer ' + repr(pem_footer) + '\n not'
        ' found in private PEM string.')
  
  # Extract only the public portion of 'pem'.  Leading or trailing whitespace
  # is excluded.
  pem = pem[header_start:footer_start + len(pem_footer)]

  return pem





def encrypt_key(key_object, password):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Return a string containing 'key_object' in encrypted form. Encrypted strings
    may be safely saved to a file.  The corresponding decrypt_key() function can
    be applied to the encrypted string to restore the original key object.
    'key_object' is a TUF key (e.g., RSAKEY_SCHEMA, ED25519KEY_SCHEMA).  This
    function calls the appropriate cryptography module (e.g., pycrypto_keys.py)
    to perform the encryption.
    
    The currently supported general-purpose crypto module, 'pycrypto_keys.py', 
    performs the actual cryptographic operation on 'key_object'.  Whereas
    an encrypted PEM file uses the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (3DES), the
    Cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode of operation, and the Password-Based Key
    Derivation Function 1 (PBKDF1) + MD5 to strengthen 'password', encrypted
    TUF keys use AES-256-CTR-Mode and passwords strengthened with
    PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 (100K iterations by default, but may be overriden in
    'tuf.conf.PBKDF2_ITERATIONS' by the user).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTR_mode#Counter_.28CTR.29
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2

    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> password = 'secret'
    >>> encrypted_key = encrypt_key(ed25519_key, password).encode('utf-8')
    >>> tuf.formats.ENCRYPTEDKEY_SCHEMA.matches(encrypted_key)
    True

  <Arguments>
    key_object:
      A TUF key (containing also the private key portion) of the form
      'tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA'

    password:
      The password, or passphrase, to encrypt the private part of the RSA
      key.  'password' is not used directly as the encryption key, a stronger
      encryption key is derived from it. 

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if the arguments are improperly formatted.

    tuf.CryptoError, if 'key_object' cannot be encrypted.

    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if the general-purpose cryptography library
    specified in 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' is unsupported.

  <Side Effects>
    Perform crytographic operations using the library specified in
    'tuf.formats.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' and 'password'.

  <Returns>
    An encrypted string of the form: 'tuf.formats.ENCRYPTEDKEY_SCHEMA'.
  """
  
  # Does 'key_object' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'key_object' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA.check_match(key_object)
  
  # Does 'password' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.PASSWORD_SCHEMA.check_match(password)
  
  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified in
  # 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries(['general'])

  # Encrypted string of 'key_object'.  The encrypted string may be safely saved
  # to a file and stored offline.
  encrypted_key = None

  # Generate an encrypted string of 'key_object' using AES-256-CTR-Mode, where
  # 'password' is strengthened with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256.  Ensure the general-
  # purpose library specified in 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' is supported.
  if _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
    encrypted_key = \
      tuf.pycrypto_keys.encrypt_key(key_object, password)
  
  elif _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
    encrypted_key = \
      tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.encrypt_key(key_object, password)
 
  # check_crypto_libraries() should have fully verified _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY.
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Invalid crypto library:'
      ' ' + repr(_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.') 

  return encrypted_key





def decrypt_key(encrypted_key, passphrase):
  """
  <Purpose>
    Return a string containing 'encrypted_key' in non-encrypted form.
    The decrypt_key() function can be applied to the encrypted string to restore
    the original key object, a TUF key (e.g., RSAKEY_SCHEMA, ED25519KEY_SCHEMA).
    This function calls the appropriate cryptography module (e.g.,
    pycrypto_keys.py) to perform the decryption.

    The currently supported general-purpose crypto module, 'pycrypto_keys.py', 
    performs the actual cryptographic operation on 'key_object'.  Whereas
    an encrypted PEM file uses the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (3DES), the
    Cipher-block chaining (CBC) mode of operation, and the Password-Based Key
    Derivation Function 1 (PBKDF1) + MD5 to strengthen 'password', encrypted
    TUF keys use AES-256-CTR-Mode and passwords strengthened with
    PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256 (100K iterations be default, but may be overriden in
    'tuf.conf.py' by the user).

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTR_mode#Counter_.28CTR.29
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2

    >>> ed25519_key = generate_ed25519_key()
    >>> password = 'secret'
    >>> encrypted_key = encrypt_key(ed25519_key, password)
    >>> decrypted_key = decrypt_key(encrypted_key.encode('utf-8'), password)
    >>> tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA.matches(decrypted_key)
    True
    >>> decrypted_key == ed25519_key
    True

  <Arguments>
    encrypted_key:
      An encrypted TUF key (additional data is also included, such as salt,
      number of password iterations used for the derived encryption key, etc)
      of the form 'tuf.formats.ENCRYPTEDKEY_SCHEMA'.  'encrypted_key' should
      have been generated with encrypted_key().

    password:
      The password, or passphrase, to decrypt 'encrypted_key'.  'password' is
      not used directly as the encryption key, a stronger encryption key is
      derived from it.  The supported general-purpose module takes care of
      re-deriving the encryption key.

  <Exceptions>
    tuf.FormatError, if the arguments are improperly formatted.

    tuf.CryptoError, if 'encrypted_key' cannot be decrypted.

    tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError, if the general-purpose cryptography library
    specified in 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' is unsupported.

  <Side Effects>
    Perform crytographic operations using the library specified in
    'tuf.formats.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' and 'password'.

  <Returns>
    A TUF key object of the form: 'tuf.formats.ANYKEY_SCHEMA' (e.g.,
    RSAKEY_SCHEMA, ED25519KEY_SCHEMA).
  """
  
  # Does 'encrypted_key' have the correct format?
  # This check ensures 'encrypted_key' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.ENCRYPTEDKEY_SCHEMA.check_match(encrypted_key)
  
  # Does 'passphrase' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.PASSWORD_SCHEMA.check_match(passphrase)
  
  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified in
  # 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'. 
  check_crypto_libraries(['general'])

  # Store and return the decrypted key object.
  key_object = None

  # Decrypt 'encrypted_key' so that the original key object is restored.
  # encrypt_key() generates an encrypted string of the TUF key object using
  # AES-256-CTR-Mode, where 'password' is strengthened with PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256.
  # Ensure the general-purpose library specified in
  # 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' is supported.
  if _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
    key_object = \
      tuf.pycrypto_keys.decrypt_key(encrypted_key, passphrase)
  
  elif _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
    key_object = \
      tuf.pyca_crypto_keys.decrypt_key(encrypted_key, passphrase)
  
  # check_crypto_libraries() should have fully verified _GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY.
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Invalid crypto library:'
      ' ' + repr(_GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.')

  # The corresponding encrypt_key() encrypts and stores key objects in
  # non-metadata format (i.e., original format of key object argument to
  # encrypt_key()) prior to returning.
  
  return key_object





def create_rsa_encrypted_pem(private_key, passphrase):
  """
  <Purpose>
  Return a string in PEM format, where the private part of the RSA key is
  encrypted. The private part of the RSA key is encrypted by the Triple
  Data Encryption Algorithm (3DES) and Cipher-block chaining (CBC) for the
  mode of operation. Password-Based Key Derivation Function 1 (PBKDF1) + MD5
  is used to strengthen 'passphrase'.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2

  >>> rsa_key = generate_rsa_key()
  >>> private = rsa_key['keyval']['private']
  >>> passphrase = 'secret'
  >>> encrypted_pem = create_rsa_encrypted_pem(private, passphrase)
  >>> tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.matches(encrypted_pem)
  True

  <Arguments>
  private_key:
  The private key string in PEM format.

  passphrase:
  The passphrase, or password, to encrypt the private part of the RSA
  key. 'passphrase' is not used directly as the encryption key, a stronger
  encryption key is derived from it.

  <Exceptions>
  tuf.FormatError, if the arguments are improperly formatted.

  tuf.CryptoError, if an RSA key in encrypted PEM format cannot be created.

  TypeError, 'private_key' is unset.

  <Side Effects>
  PyCrypto's Crypto.PublicKey.RSA.exportKey() called to perform the actual
  generation of the PEM-formatted output.

  <Returns>
  A string in PEM format, where the private RSA key is encrypted.
  Conforms to 'tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA'.
  """
    
  # Does 'private_key' have the correct format?
  # This check will ensure 'private_key' has the appropriate number
  # of objects and object types, and that all dict keys are properly named.
  # Raise 'tuf.FormatError' if the check fails.
  tuf.formats.PEMRSA_SCHEMA.check_match(private_key)

  # Does 'passphrase' have the correct format?
  tuf.formats.PASSWORD_SCHEMA.check_match(passphrase)
  
  # Raise 'tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError' if the following libraries, specified
  # in 'tuf.conf', are unsupported or unavailable:
  # 'tuf.conf.GENERAL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY' and 'tuf.conf.RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY'.
  check_crypto_libraries(['rsa', 'general'])

  encrypted_pem = None

  # Generate the public and private RSA keys. The PyCrypto module performs
  # the actual key generation. Raise 'ValueError' if 'bits' is less than 1024
  # or not a multiple of 256, although a 2048-bit minimum is enforced by
  # tuf.formats.RSAKEYBITS_SCHEMA.check_match().
  if _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pycrypto':
    encrypted_pem = \
      tuf.pycrypto_keys.create_rsa_encrypted_pem(private_key, passphrase)

  elif _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY == 'pyca-cryptography':
    encrypted_pem = \
      tuf.pycrypto_keys.create_rsa_encrypted_pem(private_key, passphrase)

  # check_crypto_libraries() should have fully verified _RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY.
  else: # pragma: no cover
    raise tuf.UnsupportedLibraryError('Invalid crypto library:'
      ' ' + repr(_RSA_CRYPTO_LIBRARY) + '.')

  return encrypted_pem



if __name__ == '__main__':
  # The interactive sessions of the documentation strings can
  # be tested by running 'keys.py' as a standalone module:
  # $ python keys.py
  import doctest
  doctest.testmod()