forked from Kitware/VTK
/
README_WRAP.txt
400 lines (275 loc) · 12.4 KB
/
README_WRAP.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
Notes on the Python Wrappers for VTK
First version by David Gobbi: Dec 19, 2002
Last update was on May 30, 2011.
Abstract:
=========
This document provides a detailed description of how VTK objects are
accessed and modified through Python. The installation of VTK-Python
is covered in README.txt.
Overview:
=========
Nearly all the power of VTK objects are available through Python
(with a few exceptions as noted below). The C++ symantics are
translated as directly as possible to Python symantics. Currently,
full support is provided for Python 2.3 through Python 2.6, though
the full Python 2 series should work (but not Python 3, yet).
The Basics:
===========
If VTK has been properly built and installed with the python wrappers,
then VTK can be accessed by importing the "vtk" module:
import vtk
or
from vtk import *
For the most part, using VTK from Python is very similar to using VTK
from C++ except for changes in syntax, e.g.
vtkObject *o = vtkObject::New()
becomes
o = vtkObject()
and
o->Method()
becomes
o.Method()
Some other important differences are that you can pass a Python tuple,
list or array to a method that requires a C++ array e.g.:
>>> a = vtkActor()
>>> p = (100.0, 200.0, 100.0)
>>> a.SetPosition(p)
If the C++ array parameter is used to return information, you must
pass a Python list or array that has the correct number of slots to
accept the returned values:
>>> z = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
>>> vtkMath.Cross((1,0,0),(0,1,0),z)
>>> print z
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0]
For multi-dimensional arrays, it is your choice whether to use
a nested list, or whether to use a numpy array with the correct
size and number of dimensions.
If the C++ method returns a pointer to an array, then that method is
only wrapped if there is a hint (usually in VTK/Wrapping/hints)
that gives the size of the array. Hinted pointers are returned as
tuples:
>>> a = vtkActor()
>>> print a.GetPosition()
(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
Finally, the python 'None' is treated the same as C++ NULL:
>>> a = vtkActor()
>>> a.SetMapper(None)
>>> print a.GetMapper()
None
And perhaps one of the most pleasant features of Python is that all
type-checking is performed at run time, so the type casts that are
often necessary in VTK-C++ are never needed in VTK-Python.
Constants
---------
Most VTK constants are available in Python, usually in the "vtk"
module but sometimes as class attributes:
>>> vtk.VTK_DOUBLE_MAX
1.0000000000000001e+299
>>> vtk.vtkCommand.ErrorEvent
39
Unavailable methods
-------------------
A method is not wrapped if
1) its parameter list contains a pointer that isn't a vtkObject
pointer, char pointer, or void pointer -- though the vtkDataArray
"Tuple" methods are an exception, they are wrapped
2) it returns a pointer that is not a vtkObject pointer, char pointer,
or void pointer, unless the method has an entry in the wrapping
hints file -- again, vtkDataArray methods are an exception
3) its parameter list contains a named enum constant
4) it is an operator method (though many exceptions exist)
Unavailable classes
-------------------
Some classes are meant to be used only by other VTK classes and are
not wrapped. These are labelled as WRAP_EXCLUDE in the CMakeLists.txt
files.
Printing VTK objects
====================
Printing a vtk object will provide the same information as provided
by the vtkObject::Print() method (i.e. the values of all instance variables)
The same information is provided by calling str(obj). A more compact
representation of the object is available by calling repr(obj)
repr(obj) -> '(vtkFloatArray)0x100c8d48'
Built-in documentation
======================
All of the documentation that is available in the VTK header files and
in the html man pages is also available through python.
If you want to see what methods are available for a class, use e.g.
>>> dir(vtk.vtkActor)
or, equivalently,
>>> a = vtk.vtkActor()
>>> dir(a)
You can also retrieve documentation about VTK classes and methods
from the built-in "docstrings":
>>> help(vtk.vtkActor)
>>> help(vtk.vtkActor.SetUserTransform)
[ lots of info printed, try it yourself ]
If you have an object, rather than a class, you must call help()
on the __class__ atribute of the object:
>>> help(a.__class__)
For the method documentation, all the different 'signatures' for the
method are given in Python format and the original C++ format:
>>> help(vtkActor.SetPosition)
SetPosition(...)
V.SetPosition(float, float, float)
C++: virtual void SetPosition(double _arg1, double _arg2, double _arg3)
V.SetPosition([float, float, float])
C++: virtual void SetPosition(double _arg[3])
Set/Get/Add the position of the Prop3D in world coordinates.
Peculiarities and special features
==================================
Deleting a vtkObject
---------------------
There is no direct equivalent of o->Delete() since Python provides a
mechanism for automatic garbage collection. The object will be
deleted once there are no remaining references to it either from
inside Python or from other VTK objects. It is possible to get rid of
the local reference to the object by using the python 'del' command,
i.e. "del o", and this will result in a call to o->Delete() if the
local reference to the object was the last remaining reference to the
object from within Python.
Templated classes
-----------------
Templated classes are rare in VTK. Where they occur, they can be
instantiated much like they can be in C++, except that [ ] brackets
are used for the template arguments instead of < > brackets:
>>> v = vtkVector['float64',3]([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
>>> a = vtkDenseArray[str]()
Only a limited range of template args can be used, usually dictated by
by which args are used by typedefs and by other classes in the C++ code.
A list of the allowed argument combinations available for a particular
template can be found by calling help() on the template:
>>> help(vtkVector)
The types are usually given as strings, in the form 'int32', 'uint16',
'float32', 'float64', 'bool', 'char', 'str', 'vtkVariant'.
Python type objects are acceptable, too, if the name of the type is
the same as one of the accepted type strings:
>>> a = vtkDenseArray[int]()
Note that python 'int' is the same size as a C++ 'long', and python
'float' is the same size as C++ 'double'. For compatibility with the
python array module, single-character typecodes are allowed, taken from
this list: '?', 'c', 'b', 'B', 'h', 'H', 'i', 'I', 'l', 'L', 'q', 'Q',
'f', 'd'. The python array documentation explains what these mean.
Operator methods
----------------
Some useful operators are wrapped in python: the [ ] operator is
wrapped for indexing and item assignment, but because it relies on
hints to guess which indices are out-of-bounds, it is only wrapped
for vtkVector and a few other classes.
The comparison operators '<' '<=' '==' '>=' '>' are wrapped for all
classes that have these operators in C++.
The '<<' operator for printing is wrapped and is used by the python
'print()' and 'str()' commands.
Pass-by-reference
-----------------
Pass-by-reference of values that are mutable in C++ but not in
Python (such as string, int, and float) is only possible by
using vtk.mutable(), which is in the vtk module:
>>> plane = vtkPlane()
>>> t = mutable(0.0)
>>> x = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
>>> plane.InsersectWithLine([0, 0, -1], [0, 0, 1], t, x)
>>> print t
0.5
Subclassing a VTK class
-----------------------
It is possible to subclass a VTK class from within Python, but it
is NOT possible to override the virtual methods of the class.
The python-level code will be invisible to the VTK C++ code,
the methods that you define will only be visible when you access
the class from Python.
It is therefore not reasonable, for instance, to subclass the
vtkInteractorStyle to provide custom python interaction. Instead,
you have to do this by adding Observers to the vtkInteractor object.
Class methods
-------------
In C++, if you want to call a method from a superclass you can do the
following:
vtkActor *a = vtkActor::New();
a->vtkProp3D::SetPosition(10,20,50);
The equivalent in python is
>>> a = vtkActor()
>>> vtkProp3D.SetPosition(a,10,20,50)
Void pointers
-------------
As a special feature, a C++ method that requires a void * can
be passed any python object that supports the "buffer" protocol,
which include string objects, numpy arrays and even VTK arrays.
Extreme caution should be applied when using this feature.
Methods that return a void * in C++ will, in Python, return a
string with a hexidecimal number that gives the memory address.
Transmitting data from Python to VTK
------------------------------------
If you have a large block of data in Python (for example a Numeric
array) that you want to access from VTK, then you can do so using
the vtkDataArray.SetVoidArray() method.
Creating a Python object from just the address of a VTK object
--------------------------------------------------------------
When you instantiate a class, you can provide a hexidecimal string
containing the address of an existing vtk object, e.g.
t = vtkTransform('_1010e068_vtkTransform_p')
The string follows SWIG mangling conventions. If a wrapper for the
specified object already exists, then that wrapper will be used rather
than a new wrapper being created. If you want to use this feature
of vtkpython, please think twice.
VTK C++ methods with "pythonic" equivalents
-------------------------------------------
SafeDownCast(): Python knows the real type of any VTK object,
so casts don't do anything.
IsA(): Python provides a built-in isinstance() method.
IsTypeOf(): Python provides a built-in issubclass() method.
GetClassName(): This info is given by o.__class__.__name__
Special VTK types
===================
In addition to VTK objects that are derived from vtkObjectBase, there
are many lightweight types in VTK such as vtkTimeStamp or vtkVariant.
These can usually be distinguished from vtkObjects because they do
not have a C++ "::New()" method for construction.
These types are wrapped in different way from vtkObject-derived classes.
In Python they look like "types" instead of looking like python "classes".
They cannot be subclassed, and the details of memory management are
different because Python actually keeps a copy of the object within
its "wrapper", whereas for vtkObjects it just keeps a pointer.
An incomplete list of these types is as follows:
vtkVariant, vtkTimeStamp, vtkArrayCoordinates, vtkArrayExtents,
vtkArrayExtentsList, vtkArrayRange
Automatic conversion
--------------------
These special types can have several constructors, and the constructors
can be used for automatic type conversion for VTK methods. For
example, vtkVariantArray has a method InsertNextItem(vtkVariant v), and
vtkVariant has a constructor vtkVariant(int x). So, you can do this:
>>> variantArray.InsertNextItem(1)
The wrappers will automatically construct a vtkVariant from "1", and
will then pass it as a parameter to InsertNextItem.
Comparison and mapping
----------------------
Some special types can be sorted by value, and some can be used as
dict keys. Sorting requires the existence of comparison operators
such as "< <= == != > >=" and these are not automatically wrapped.
The use of an object as a dict key requires the computation of a
hash. Comparison and hashing are supported by vtkVariant and
vtkTimeStamp, and will be supported by other types on a case-by-case
basis.
The reason that all vtkObjects can be easily hashed, while vtk
special types are hard to hash, is that vtkObjects are hashed
by memory address. This cannot be done for special types, since
they must be hashed by value, not by address. I.e. vtkVariant(1)
must hash equal to every other vtkVariant(1), even though the
various instances will lie and different memory addresses.
Special attributes available from VTK-Python
============================================
Special vtkobject attributes:
-----------------------------
o.__class__ the vtkclass that this object is an instance of
o.__doc__ a description of the class (obtained from C++ header file)
o.__this__ a string containing the address of the VTK object
Special method attributes:
--------------------------
m.__doc__ a description of the method (obtained from C++ header file)
Special vtkclass attributes:
----------------------------
c.__bases__ a tuple of base classes for this class (empty for vtkObject)
c.__doc__ a description of the class (obtained from C++ header file)
c.__name__ the name of the class, same as returned by GetClassName()
END OF FILE