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install.html
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<!doctype html>
<html>
<title>install</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" value="text/html;utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style.css">
<body>
<div id="wrapper">
<h1><a href="../doc/install.html">install</a></h1> <p>Install a package</p>
<h2 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<pre><code>npm install (with no args in a package dir)
npm install <tarball file>
npm install <tarball url>
npm install <folder>
npm install <name>
npm install <name>@<tag>
npm install <name>@<version>
npm install <name>@<version range></code></pre>
<h2 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<p>This command installs a package, and any packages that it depends on. If the
package has a shrinkwrap file, the installation of dependencies will be driven
by that. See <a href="../doc/shrinkwrap.html">shrinkwrap(1)</a>.</p>
<p>A <code>package</code> is:</p>
<ul><li>a) a folder containing a program described by a package.json file</li><li>b) a gzipped tarball containing (a)</li><li>c) a url that resolves to (b)</li><li>d) a <code><name>@<version></code> that is published on the registry with (c)</li><li>e) a <code><name>@<tag></code> that points to (d)</li><li>f) a <code><name></code> that has a "latest" tag satisfying (e)</li><li>g) a <code><git remote url></code> that resolves to (b)</li></ul>
<p>Even if you never publish your package, you can still get a lot of
benefits of using npm if you just want to write a node program (a), and
perhaps if you also want to be able to easily install it elsewhere
after packing it up into a tarball (b).</p>
<ul><li><p><code>npm install</code> (in package directory, no arguments):
Install the dependencies in the local node_modules folder.</p><p>In global mode (ie, with <code>-g</code> or <code>--global</code> appended to the command),
it installs the current package context (ie, the current working
directory) as a global package.</p></li><li><p><code>npm install <folder></code>:
Install a package that is sitting in a folder on the filesystem.</p></li><li><p><code>npm install <tarball file></code>:
Install a package that is sitting on the filesystem. Note: if you just want
to link a dev directory into your npm root, you can do this more easily by
using <code>npm link</code>.</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install ./package.tgz</code></pre></li><li><p><code>npm install <tarball url></code>:
Fetch the tarball url, and then install it. In order to distinguish between
this and other options, the argument must start with "http://" or "https://"</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install https://github.com/indexzero/forever/tarball/v0.5.6</code></pre></li><li><p><code>npm install <name></code>:
Do a <code><name>@<tag></code> install, where <code><tag></code> is the "tag" config. (See
<code><a href="../doc/config.html">config(1)</a></code>)</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install sax</code></pre><p><strong>Note</strong>: If there is a file or folder named <code><name></code> in the current
working directory, then it will try to install that, and only try to
fetch the package by name if it is not valid.</p></li><li><p><code>npm install <name>@<tag></code>:
Install the version of the package that is referenced by the specified tag.
If the tag does not exist in the registry data for that package, then this
will fail.</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install sax@latest</code></pre></li><li><p><code>npm install <name>@<version></code>:
Install the specified version of the package. This will fail if the version
has not been published to the registry.</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install sax@0.1.1</code></pre></li><li><p><code>npm install <name>@<version range></code>:
Install a version of the package matching the specified version range. This
will follow the same rules for resolving dependencies described in <code><a href="../doc/json.html">json(1)</a></code>.</p><p>Note that most version ranges must be put in quotes so that your shell will
treat it as a single argument.</p><p>Example:</p><pre><code>npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0"</code></pre></li><li><p><code>npm install <git remote url></code>:</p><p>Install a package by cloning a git remote url. The format of the git
url is:</p><pre><code><protocol>://[<user>@]<hostname><separator><path>[#<commit-ish>]</code></pre><p><code><protocol></code> is one of <code>git</code>, <code>git+ssh</code>, <code>git+http</code>, or
<code>git+https</code>. If no <code><commit-ish></code> is specified, then <code>master</code> is
used.</p><p>Examples:</p><pre><code>git+ssh://git@github.com:isaacs/npm.git#v1.0.27
git+https://isaacs@github.com/isaacs/npm.git
git://github.com/isaacs/npm.git#v1.0.27</code></pre></li></ul>
<p>You may combine multiple arguments, and even multiple types of arguments.
For example:</p>
<pre><code>npm install sax@">=0.1.0 <0.2.0" bench supervisor</code></pre>
<p>The <code>--tag</code> argument will apply to all of the specified install targets.</p>
<p>The <code>--force</code> argument will force npm to fetch remote resources even if a
local copy exists on disk.</p>
<pre><code>npm install sax --force</code></pre>
<p>The <code>--global</code> argument will cause npm to install the package globally
rather than locally. See <code><a href="../doc/global.html">global(1)</a></code>.</p>
<p>The <code>--link</code> argument will cause npm to link global installs into the
local space in some cases.</p>
<p>See <code><a href="../doc/config.html">config(1)</a></code>. Many of the configuration params have some
effect on installation, since that's most of what npm does.</p>
<h2 id="ALGORITHM">ALGORITHM</h2>
<p>To install a package, npm uses the following algorithm:</p>
<pre><code>install(where, what, family, ancestors)
fetch what, unpack to <where>/node_modules/<what>
for each dep in what.dependencies
resolve dep to precise version
for each dep@version in what.dependencies
not in <where>/node_modules/<what>/node_modules/*
and not in <family>
add precise version deps to <family>
install(<where>/node_modules/<what>, dep, family)</code></pre>
<p>For this <code>package{dep}</code> structure: <code>A{B,C}, B{C}, C{D}</code>,
this algorithm produces:</p>
<pre><code>A
+-- B
`-- C
`-- D</code></pre>
<p>That is, the dependency from B to C is satisfied by the fact that A
already caused C to be installed at a higher level.</p>
<p>See <a href="../doc/folders.html">folders(1)</a> for a more detailed description of the specific
folder structures that npm creates.</p>
<h3 id="Limitations-of-npm-s-Install-Algorithm">Limitations of npm's Install Algorithm</h3>
<p>There are some very rare and pathological edge-cases where a cycle can
cause npm to try to install a never-ending tree of packages. Here is
the simplest case:</p>
<pre><code>A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> B -> A' -> B' -> A -> ...</code></pre>
<p>where <code>A</code> is some version of a package, and <code>A'</code> is a different version
of the same package. Because <code>B</code> depends on a different version of <code>A</code>
than the one that is already in the tree, it must install a separate
copy. The same is true of <code>A'</code>, which must install <code>B'</code>. Because <code>B'</code>
depends on the original version of <code>A</code>, which has been overridden, the
cycle falls into infinite regress.</p>
<p>To avoid this situation, npm flat-out refuses to install any
<code>name@version</code> that is already present anywhere in the tree of package
folder ancestors. A more correct, but more complex, solution would be
to symlink the existing version into the new location. If this ever
affects a real use-case, it will be investigated.</p>
<h2 id="SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</h2>
<ul><li><a href="../doc/folders.html">folders(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/update.html">update(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/link.html">link(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/rebuild.html">rebuild(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/scripts.html">scripts(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/build.html">build(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/config.html">config(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/registry.html">registry(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/folders.html">folders(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/tag.html">tag(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/rm.html">rm(1)</a></li><li><a href="../doc/shrinkwrap.html">shrinkwrap(1)</a></li></ul>
</div>
<p id="footer">install — npm@1.1.9</p>
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