/
INSTALL
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INSTALL
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOW TO CREATE A PAGESIGNER ORACLE INSTANCE.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In N.Virginia region launch a Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS t3a.micro instance. After
the instance has started, attach to it a volume created from snap-0c97f1c43c6bb2043
(this snap is the one used by Ubuntu 20.04 LTS ami-083654bd07b5da81d).
Log into the instance and run:
sudo apt update && sudo apt install liblz4-tool
git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/tlsnotary/pagesigner-oracles
cd pagesigner-oracles
sudo ./make_oracle.sh
In AWS console:
- detach the volume
- create a public snapshot
- create an image from the snapshot
- note the AMI ID and make the AMI public.
- launch the AMI as a t3a.micro instance
- make sure that instance's "launchTime" and volume's "attachTime" happened on the same minute
with no more than 2 seconds between the events.
- make sure that Console Output is available (after ~5 mins) (right-click an
instance -> Instance Settings (or Monitor and Troubleshoot) -> Get System Log)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOW TO PROVE THAT AN INSTANCE IS A CORRECTLY SET UP ORACLE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use aws_query.py to create and publish URLs for requests
DescribeInstances
DescribeInstanceAttribute (userData, kernel, ramdisk)
DescribeVolumes
DescribeImages
GetUser
GetConsoleOutput
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOR VERIFIERS: HOW TO CHECK THAT THE SNAPSHOT CONTENTS WAS NOT MALICIOUSLY MODIFIED.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Follow the steps in "HOW TO CREATE A PAGESIGNER ORACLE INSTANCE" up to and including "detach the volume".
Attach the resulting volume (volX) to a running instance as /dev/sdg.
Create a volume from snap-0c97f1c43c6bb2043 (volY) and attach it to /dev/sdh.
Run from within the instance
<bash>
sudo -s
fsck /dev/nvme1n1p1
fsck /dev/nvme2n1p1
#fsck must show that there were no errors
mkdir /mnt/disk1
mkdir /mnt/disk2
mount /dev/nvme1n1p1 /mnt/disk1
mount /dev/nvme2n1p1 /mnt/disk2
</bash>
Compare the hashes of volX and volY.
First hash file/directory/symlink paths, ownership, permissions, and symlink targets.
Then hash the contents of all regular files.
The outputs must match.
Also make sure that MBR and boot sector raw disk data match up to the point where filesystem starts.
Note: we do not check ext4 filesystem headers because they are not deterministic.
fdisk -l /dev/nvme1n1 should show you that you only have 1 partition which starts at sector 2048
<bash>
cd /mnt/disk1
find . -printf '%h %f %U %G %m %l\n' | sort -t \n | sha256sum
find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 sha256sum | sha256sum
dd if=/dev/nvme1n1p1 ibs=512 count=2048 | sha256sum
cd /mnt/disk2
find . -printf '%h %f %U %G %m %l\n' | sort -t \n | sha256sum
find . -type f -print0 | sort -z | xargs -0 sha256sum | sha256sum
dd if=/dev/nvme2n1p1 ibs=512 count=2048 | sha256sum
</bash>
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOR VERIFIERS: HOW TO DETERMINE THAT THE RUNNING ORACLE INSTANCE IS LEGIT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The published URLs must conform to the checks performed in
https://github.com/tlsnotary/pagesigner/blob/master/core/oracles.js
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POTENTIAL ATTACKS AND HOW THEY HAVE BEEN MITIGATED
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(or in other words, what prevents the AWS account owner from modifying the oracle instance code)
---Potential Attack 1
Launch the AMI with a malicious snapshot attached.
---Mitigation:
We modified initrd to perform a check before mounting the root filesystem. If more than one disk is detected, the boot process will halt.
As a redundant precaution, we also check System Log - only nvme0* is allowed there.
---Test:
aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-0816669e11e43908e --block-device-mappings DeviceName=/dev/xvda,Ebs={SnapshotId=snap-0c97f1c43c6bb2043} --instance-type t3a.micro
---Output:
Although the instance will start, it will halt before mounting the root filesystem.
On instance screenshot you can see the last line reads : reboot: System halted
---Potential Attack 2
Launch the AMI with a malicious snapshot as root device.
---Mitigation:
AWS doesn't allow to modify the snapshotId of the root device.
---Test:
aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-0816669e11e43908e --block-device-mappings DeviceName=/dev/sda1,Ebs={SnapshotId=snap-0c97f1c43c6bb2043}
---Output:
An error occurred (InvalidBlockDeviceMapping) when calling the RunInstances operation: snapshotId cannot be modified on root device
---Potential Attack 3
Launch the AMI with a malicious snapshot on /dev/xvda, and the root device disabled. The AMI will boot the only volume found on /dev/xvda. However it will not be made root device and no future volume attachments will become root device.
---Mitigation:
We check with HTTP API that there is only one device /dev/sda1 and that it is a root device.
---Test:
aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-0816669e11e43908e --block-device-mappings DeviceName=/dev/xvda,Ebs={SnapshotId=snap-0c97f1c43c6bb2043} DeviceName=/dev/sda1,NoDevice=""
---Output:
In the Instance description Root device is "-" and Block devices is "/dev/xvda"
---Potential Attack 4
Launch AMI with user data passed in.
---Mitigation:
Since AWS doesn't allow to modify user data while the instance is running, the only way to pass it is during launch.
We check with HTTP API DescribeInstanceAttribute userData that no data was passed.
Additionally, we removed all modules from AMI's cloud-init which could be used to pass user data to the instance.
---Test:
Create a simple script:
printf '#!/bin/bash\necho "HELLO FROM USERDATA"' > script
Run stock AMI with user data passed in:
aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-04b9e92b5572fa0d1 --user-data file://script
Run oracle AMI with user data passed in:
aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-08514e4e0cd45a2f4 --user-data file://script
--Output:
User data in oracle AMI MUST NOT be visible in System Log as opposed to stock AMI.
---Potential Attack 5:
Start a new snapshot with malicious content. Create an AMI from it. Complete the snapshot with the correct content.
---Mitigation:
AWS does not allow to create AMIs from snapshots in "pending" state.
---Test:
aws ebs start-snapshot --volume-size 8
# Output will have a line "SnapshotId": "snap-0a1ddfc3fbd47ab98"
aws ec2 register-image --root-device-name /dev/xvda --name test --block-device-mappings DeviceName=/dev/xvda,Ebs={SnapshotId=snap-0a1ddfc3fbd47ab98}
---Output:
An error occurred (IncorrectInstanceState) when calling the RegisterImage operation: Snapshot 'snap-0d6c2afe1cc8668bf is not 'completed'
---Potential Attack 6
A malicious admin may try to log in using EC Serial Console
---Mitigation
We disabled getty which provides login prompt on the serial port.
Additionally we assigned random password to all user accounts.
---Test
aws ec2-instance-connect send-serial-console-ssh-public-key --instance-id i-04a7be13f23a53f5f --serial-port 0 --ssh-public-key file://serialkey.pub --region us-east-1
ssh -i serialkey.priv i-04a7be13f23a53f5f.port0@serial-console.ec2-instance-connect.us-east-1.aws
---Output:
The first command will succeed in adding ssh pubkey for connection over serial console.
The second command will show no login prompt from the instance.