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<div class=Section1>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Computer Science<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>and Technology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>--------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>NBS Special
Publication 500-158<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Accuracy,
Integrity, and Security in<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Computerized
Vote-Tallying<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Roy G. Saltman<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>National Bureau of Standards</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>Gaithersburg, MD 20899</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b> <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b>Sponsored by:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>John and Mary R. Markle Foundation</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>75 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1800</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>New York, NY 10019-6908</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>August 1988</p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'> </p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b>U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b>C. William Verity, Secretary<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b> <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'><b>National Bureau of Standards<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p style='margin-left:1.5in'>Ernest Ambler, Director</p>
<p><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><b>ACCURACY, INTEGRITY, AND
SECURITY<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p><b><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>IN<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p><b><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>COMPUTERIZED
VOTE-TALLYING<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>Roy G. Saltman</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Recommendations are provided to promote accuracy, integrity, and security in
computerized vote-tallying, and to improve confidence in the results produced.
The recommendations respond to identified problems, and concern software,
hardware, operational procedures, and institutional changes.</p>
<p>It is proposed that the concept of internal control, almost universally used
to protect operations that produce priced goods or services, be adapted to
vote-tallying, a non-priced service. For software, recommendations concern
certification, assurance of logical correctness, and protection against
contamination by hidden code. For hardware, recommendations concern accuracy of
ballot reading, and design and certification of vote-tallying systems that do
not use ballots. Improved pre-election testing and partial manual recounting of
ballots are recommended operational procedures.</p>
<p>Some recent significant events concerning computerized vote-tallying are
reported. These events include development of performance specifications,
publication of a series of <u>New York Times</u> articles, and activities in
Texas leading to passage of a revised statute on electronic voting systems.
Relative vulnerabilities of different types of vote-tallying systems, i.e.,
punch card, mark-sense, and direct recording electronic, are discussed. Certain
recent elections in which difficulties occurred are reviewed, and categories of
failures are highlighted.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><b>Key words:</b> accuracy; computer; election; integrity; internal control;
public administration; security; vote-tallying.</p>
<p><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><b><u>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<o:p></o:p></u></b></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>The author wishes to acknowledge assistance received from those individuals
who provided documentation of election difficulties, reviewed drafts of this
report, or otherwise gave of their time and ideas. These persons include
Penelope Bonsall, Director, FEC Clearinghouse; Robert Boram, Director of
Engineering, R.F.Shoup corp.; Kimball Brace, President, Election Data Services,
Inc.; David Burnham, journalist, Washington, DC; David Clampitt, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma; Terry Elkins, Dallas, Texas; Curtis Fielder, DFM Associates; Emmett
Fremaux, Jr., Executive Director, DC Board of Elections and Ethics; Marie
Garber, formerly Administrator, Maryland State Administrative Board of Election
Laws; Paul Goldy, President, and Jacob Merriwether, Vice President,
International Technology Group; Russ Harlan, Assistant Registrar of Voters,
Placer County, California; Michael Harty, formerly Director of Voting Systems
and Standards, Illinois State Board of Elections; Ralph Heikkila, Assistant
Registrar-Recorder, Los Angeles County; Lance Hoffman, professor of computer
science, George Washington University; Michael Lavelle, formerly Chairman,
Chicago Board of Election Commissioners; Robert Lemens, formerly Assistant
Attorney General, State of Texas; David Link, Dean, Notre Dame Law School;
Conny McCormack, formerly Director of Elections, Dallas County, Texas; John
Medcalf, President, VOTEC; Robert Naegele, President, Granite Creek Technology;
Tod Rapp, President, Triad GSI; Jim Riggs, formerly Director of Elections,
Maricopa County, Arizona; Deborah Seiler, Chief, Elections and Political Reform
Division, State of California; Larry Slesinger, formerly Program Officer, John
and Mary R. Markle Foundation; Richard Smolka, editor, Election Administration
Reports; David Stutsman, attorney, Elkhart, Indiana; Robert Tyre, Executive
Vice President, Business Records Corporation; Malin VanAntwerp, Project
Director, ECRI, Plymouth Meeting, PA; Thomas Van de Bussche, Director of Data
Processing, Carroll County, Maryland; Douglas Webb, Senior Consultant, SRI
International; Britain Williams, Chief, Computer Technology and Applications Division,
Georgia Tech Research Institute; Jackie Winchester, Supervisor of Elections,
Palm Beach County, Florida.</p>
<p>Regardless of assistance received, the author accepts full responsibility
for the content of this report.</p>
<p>Roy G. Saltman</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
center 3.25in;layout-grid-mode:char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><u>TABLE
OF CONTENTS</u></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>1. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS</b> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.1 Problems Of Computerized Vote-Tallying <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.2 Government Responsibilities<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.3 Implementation Of An Internal Control Function <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.4 FEC Clearinghouse Specifications <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.5 Revised Texas Statute On Electronic Voting
Systems<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.6 Recommendations On Software<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.6.1 Certification<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.6.2 Integrity and Logical Correctness<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.6.3 Dedicated Software Use and Dedicated
Operation <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7 Recommendations On Hardware<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
31.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>1.7.1
Accuracy of Ballot Reading<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7.2 Elimination of Pre-Scored Punch Card Ballots<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7.3 Counting of Rejected Ballots<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7.4 Required Research<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7.5 Design of Direct Recording Electronic (DRE)
Machines<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.7.6 Certification of DRE Data Entry Logic<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:31.5pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:
-.25in;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8 Recommendations On
Operational Procedures<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.1 Pre-Election Checkout<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.2 Audit Trails<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.3 Complete Data From Split Precincts<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.4 Access Controls <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.5 Application Internal Controls for
Ballot-Tallying Systems<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.8.6 Application Internal Controls for DRE Systems<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.9 Relative Vulnerabilities Of Different System
Types<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.10 Review Of Recent Difficulties In Computerized
Vote-Tallying<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:31.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>1.11 Future Vote-Tallying Systems <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>2.</b> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>BACKGROUND, AND RECENT SIGNIFICANT EVENTS</b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.1 Accuracy, Integrity, And Security<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.2 ICST's 1974/1975 Project On Computerized Voting<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.3 Some Pertinent Technological Changes Since 1975<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.4 Development Of Standards For Voting Equipment<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.5 Establishment Of The Election Center<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.6 <u>New York Times</u> Articles On Computerized
Voting<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.7 California Attorney General's Report<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.8 Texas Controversy, Hearings, And
Legislation:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>1986/1987<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.8.1 Controversy Over 1985 Dallas Mayoralty
Contest <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.8.2 Texas Secretary of State's Directive<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.8.3 Legislative Hearings<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.8.4 Revised Texas Statute on Electronic Voting
Systems<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.9 Current Problems Of Computerized Vote-Tallying<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.9.1 Difficulty in Verifying Results<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.9.2 Possibility of Undiscoverable Frauds<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>2.9.3 Election Administrators' Lack of Knowledge
and Resources<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>3.</b> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>TYPES OF VOTE-TALLYING SYSTEMS, THEIR VULNERABILITIES,</b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>AND THEIR NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION</b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.1 Vote-Tallying As Part Of Voting<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.2 Paper Ballots<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.2.1 Vulnerabilities of Paper Ballots<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.3 Lever Machines<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.3.1 Summarizing Lever Machine Results<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.3.2 Vulnerabilities of Lever Machines <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4 Punch Card Voting<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.1 Vulnerabilities of Punch Card Use<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.2 Types of Punch Cards<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.3 Voting With the "Votomatic" Card<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.4 Vulnerabilities of the "Votomatic"
System <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.5 Voting With the "Datavote" Card <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.4.6 Vulnerabilities of the "Datavote"
System<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.5 Voting With A Mark-Sense Ballot<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.5.1 Vulnerabilities of Mark-Sense Ballot Systems<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.6 Precinct Versus Central Count For
Machine-Readable Ballots<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.6.1 Vulnerabilities of Precinct Count and Central
Count<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.7 Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Machines<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.7.1 Summarization of DRE Machine Results<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.7.2 Vulnerabilities of DRE Machines<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.8 Software For Computerized Vote-Tallying<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.8.1 Vulnerabilities of Software <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.8.2 Integration of Administrative Software<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>3.9
Local Conduct Of Elections And Distribution Of System Types<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.9.1 The Number of Major Election Jurisdictions<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.9.2 Distribution of System Types<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>3.10
Future Vote-Tallying Systems<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.10.1 Technological Possibilities <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>3.10.2 Political and Social Priorities<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>4.</b> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>SOME RECENT DIFFICULTIES IN COMPUTERIZED VOTE-TALLYING</b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.1 Carroll County, Maryland: November, 1984<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.2 Charleston, West Virginia: November, 1980<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.3 Dallas, Texas: April, 1985<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.4 Elkhart County, Indiana: November, 1982, And
November, 1986 <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.4.1 November, 1982 General Election <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.4.2 November, 1986 General Election <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.5 Gwinnett County, Georgia: November, 1986 <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.6 Illinois - Statewide Testing Program <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.6.1 Programming and/or Program Initialization
Errors<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.6.2 Hardware and Punch Card Difficulties<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;tab-stops:13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>4.7
Maricopa County, Arizona: September, 1986<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.8 Moline, Illinois: 1985 Consolidated Municipal
And Township Election<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.9 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma: November, 1986<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.10 Palm Beach County, Florida: November, 1984 <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.11 Salt Lake County, Utah: November, 1980 <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.12 Stark County, Ohio: May, 1986<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13 Summary Of Problem Types <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.1 Insufficient Pre-election Testing <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.2 Failure to Implement an Adequate Audit Trail<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.3 Failure to Provide for a Partial Manual
Recount <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.4 Inadequate Ballots or Ballot-Reader
Operation <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.5 Inadequate Security and Management Control<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.6 Inadequate Contingency Planning <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>4.13.7 Inadequate System Acceptance Procedures <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>5. APPLYING INTERNAL CONTROL TO
COMPUTERIZED ELECTIONS</b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.1 Internal Control And Computer Security <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.2 Internal Control As Control Of Assets<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.3 Voting And Banking Operations: Accounting
Similarities <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4 The GAO Concept Of Internal Control<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4.1 Purposes of Internal Control<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4.2 GAO Definition of Internal Control<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4.3 GAO General Standards<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4.4 The Concept of a Non-Financial Transaction<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.4.5 GAO Specific Standards<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.5 A Classification Of Internal Controls<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.5.1 General Controls<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.5.2 Application Controls<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.6 The Discipline Of Internal Control <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.6.1 Link to a Professional Body of Knowledge<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>5.6.2 Job Functions for Internal Control<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'>6<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>. DETAILED CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS</b> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;layout-grid-mode:
char'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>6.1 The
Continuing Problem Of Confidence In Results<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.2 Responsibility And Requirements For The
Effective Management Of Elections<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.2.1 Government Responsibility <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.2.2 Expertise and Effective Management<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.2.3 Requirements<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.2.4 FEC Clearinghouse Performance Specifications<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.3 Implementation Of An Internal Control Function <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.3.1 Outside Recommendations vs. In-house
Expertise<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.3.2 Achievement of Management Goals <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.3.3 Analysis of Risks and Impact on Public
Confidence<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.4 Review Of The Adequacy Of State Laws And
Regulations<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.4.1 Revised Texas Statute on Electronic Voting
Systems <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.4.2 Effective Use of Technical Terminology<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>6.5
Future Vote-Tallying Systems <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>6.6
Transfer Of Technical Knowledge To Election Officials<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
0in 13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>6.7
Adoption Of FEC Clearinghouse Concepts For Product Acceptance <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;tab-stops:
13.5pt;layout-grid-mode:char'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span>6.8
Software Certification, Performance, And Integrity<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.1 Certification of Software <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.2 Requirements for Certification<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.3 Integrity of Software<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.4 Dedicated Operation and Use<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.5 Logical Correctness of Vote-Tallying Software<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.6 Design for Specialization and Prevention of
Logic Changes <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.8.7 Deposit and Availability of Certified
Software<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:13.5pt;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.9 Accuracy Of Ballot Reading <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.9.1 Accuracy Goal <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.9.2 Elimination of Pre-scored Punch Card Ballots<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.9.3 Treatment of Rejected Ballots <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.9.4 Required Research <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.10 Design of DRE Machines <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.10.1 Recording of Each Undervote <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.10.2 Retention of Voter-Choice Sets<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.10.3 Accuracy of DRE Machines<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.11 Certification Of DRE Hardware Logic<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:13.5pt;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.12 Selection Of A Vote-Tallying System<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.13 Pre-Election Checkout<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.14 Implementation Of Audit Trails <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.14.1 Full Ballots-Cast Data from Split Precincts <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15 Access Controls<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15.1 Site Controls <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15.2 Equipment Access Controls <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15.3 Transportation and Handling Controls<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15.4 Voting Process Controls <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.15.5 Telecommunications Security Controls<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16 Application Internal Controls For
Ballot-Tallying Systems<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.1 Controls over Blank Ballots Printed and
Distributed <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.2 Numbering of Ballot Stubs <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.3 Controls over Ballot Use<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.4 Control of Ballot Validity<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.5 Machine-readability of Ballot's Precinct
Number<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.6 Accuracy of Telecommunication of Voting Data<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.7 Control for Vote Summarization<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.8 Vote Reconciliation by Contest<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.9 Recording of Undervotes and Overvotes <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.16.10 Recounting<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:13.5pt;mso-pagination:
none;layout-grid-mode:char'>6.17 Application Internal Controls For DRE Systems<span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination: