test_sql.py

"""SQL io tests

The SQL tests are broken down in different classes:

- `PandasSQLTest`: base class with common methods for all test classes
- Tests for the public API (only tests with sqlite3)
    - `_TestSQLApi` base class
    - `TestSQLApi`: test the public API with sqlalchemy engine
    - `TestSQLiteFallbackApi`: test the public API with a sqlite DBAPI
      connection
- Tests for the different SQL flavors (flavor specific type conversions)
    - Tests for the sqlalchemy mode: `_TestSQLAlchemy` is the base class with
      common methods, `_TestSQLAlchemyConn` tests the API with a SQLAlchemy
      Connection object. The different tested flavors (sqlite3, MySQL,
      PostgreSQL) derive from the base class
    - Tests for the fallback mode (`TestSQLiteFallback`)

"""

from __future__ import print_function

import csv
from datetime import date, datetime, time
import sqlite3
import warnings

import numpy as np
import pytest

import pandas.compat as compat
from pandas.compat import PY36, lrange, range, string_types

from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
    is_datetime64_dtype, is_datetime64tz_dtype)

import pandas as pd
from pandas import (
    DataFrame, Index, MultiIndex, Series, Timestamp, concat, date_range, isna,
    to_datetime, to_timedelta)
import pandas.util.testing as tm

import pandas.io.sql as sql
from pandas.io.sql import read_sql_query, read_sql_table

try:
    import sqlalchemy
    import sqlalchemy.schema
    import sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes as sqltypes
    from sqlalchemy.ext import declarative
    from sqlalchemy.orm import session as sa_session
    SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED = True
except ImportError:
    SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED = False

SQL_STRINGS = {
    'create_iris': {
        'sqlite': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                "SepalLength" REAL,
                "SepalWidth" REAL,
                "PetalLength" REAL,
                "PetalWidth" REAL,
                "Name" TEXT
            )""",
        'mysql': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                `SepalLength` DOUBLE,
                `SepalWidth` DOUBLE,
                `PetalLength` DOUBLE,
                `PetalWidth` DOUBLE,
                `Name` VARCHAR(200)
            )""",
        'postgresql': """CREATE TABLE iris (
                "SepalLength" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "SepalWidth" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "PetalLength" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "PetalWidth" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                "Name" VARCHAR(200)
            )"""
    },
    'insert_iris': {
        'sqlite': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?)""",
        'mysql': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, "%s");""",
        'postgresql': """INSERT INTO iris VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s);"""
    },
    'create_test_types': {
        'sqlite': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    "TextCol" TEXT,
                    "DateCol" TEXT,
                    "IntDateCol" INTEGER,
                    "IntDateOnlyCol" INTEGER,
                    "FloatCol" REAL,
                    "IntCol" INTEGER,
                    "BoolCol" INTEGER,
                    "IntColWithNull" INTEGER,
                    "BoolColWithNull" INTEGER
                )""",
        'mysql': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    `TextCol` TEXT,
                    `DateCol` DATETIME,
                    `IntDateCol` INTEGER,
                    `IntDateOnlyCol` INTEGER,
                    `FloatCol` DOUBLE,
                    `IntCol` INTEGER,
                    `BoolCol` BOOLEAN,
                    `IntColWithNull` INTEGER,
                    `BoolColWithNull` BOOLEAN
                )""",
        'postgresql': """CREATE TABLE types_test_data (
                    "TextCol" TEXT,
                    "DateCol" TIMESTAMP,
                    "DateColWithTz" TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
                    "IntDateCol" INTEGER,
                    "IntDateOnlyCol" INTEGER,
                    "FloatCol" DOUBLE PRECISION,
                    "IntCol" INTEGER,
                    "BoolCol" BOOLEAN,
                    "IntColWithNull" INTEGER,
                    "BoolColWithNull" BOOLEAN
                )"""
    },
    'insert_test_types': {
        'sqlite': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'IntDateCol', 'IntDateOnlyCol',
                'FloatCol', 'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull',
                'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
        'mysql': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES("%s", %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'IntDateCol', 'IntDateOnlyCol',
                'FloatCol', 'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull',
                'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
        'postgresql': {
            'query': """
                INSERT INTO types_test_data
                VALUES(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
                """,
            'fields': (
                'TextCol', 'DateCol', 'DateColWithTz',
                'IntDateCol', 'IntDateOnlyCol', 'FloatCol',
                'IntCol', 'BoolCol', 'IntColWithNull', 'BoolColWithNull'
            )
        },
    },
    'read_parameters': {
        'sqlite': "SELECT * FROM iris WHERE Name=? AND SepalLength=?",
        'mysql': 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE `Name`="%s" AND `SepalLength`=%s',
        'postgresql': 'SELECT * FROM iris WHERE "Name"=%s AND "SepalLength"=%s'
    },
    'read_named_parameters': {
        'sqlite': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE Name=:name AND SepalLength=:length
                """,
        'mysql': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE
                `Name`="%(name)s" AND `SepalLength`=%(length)s
                """,
        'postgresql': """
                SELECT * FROM iris WHERE
                "Name"=%(name)s AND "SepalLength"=%(length)s
                """
    },
    'create_view': {
        'sqlite': """
                CREATE VIEW iris_view AS
                SELECT * FROM iris
                """
    }
}


class MixInBase(object):

    def teardown_method(self, method):
        # if setup fails, there may not be a connection to close.
        if hasattr(self, 'conn'):
            for tbl in self._get_all_tables():
                self.drop_table(tbl)
            self._close_conn()


class MySQLMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s" %
                    sql._get_valid_mysql_name(table_name))
        self.conn.commit()

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute('SHOW TABLES')
        return [table[0] for table in cur.fetchall()]

    def _close_conn(self):
        from pymysql.err import Error
        try:
            self.conn.close()
        except Error:
            pass


class SQLiteMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        self.conn.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS %s" %
                          sql._get_valid_sqlite_name(table_name))
        self.conn.commit()

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        c = self.conn.execute(
            "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table'")
        return [table[0] for table in c.fetchall()]

    def _close_conn(self):
        self.conn.close()


class SQLAlchemyMixIn(MixInBase):

    def drop_table(self, table_name):
        sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn).drop_table(table_name)

    def _get_all_tables(self):
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        table_list = meta.tables.keys()
        return table_list

    def _close_conn(self):
        pass


class PandasSQLTest(object):
    """
    Base class with common private methods for SQLAlchemy and fallback cases.

    """

    def _get_exec(self):
        if hasattr(self.conn, 'execute'):
            return self.conn
        else:
            return self.conn.cursor()

    @pytest.fixture(params=[('io', 'data', 'iris.csv')])
    def load_iris_data(self, datapath, request):
        import io
        iris_csv_file = datapath(*request.param)

        if not hasattr(self, 'conn'):
            self.setup_connect()

        self.drop_table('iris')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_iris'][self.flavor])

        with io.open(iris_csv_file, mode='r', newline=None) as iris_csv:
            r = csv.reader(iris_csv)
            next(r)  # skip header row
            ins = SQL_STRINGS['insert_iris'][self.flavor]

            for row in r:
                self._get_exec().execute(ins, row)

    def _load_iris_view(self):
        self.drop_table('iris_view')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_view'][self.flavor])

    def _check_iris_loaded_frame(self, iris_frame):
        pytype = iris_frame.dtypes[0].type
        row = iris_frame.iloc[0]

        assert issubclass(pytype, np.floating)
        tm.equalContents(row.values, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def _load_test1_data(self):
        columns = ['index', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
        data = [(
            '2000-01-03 00:00:00', 0.980268513777, 3.68573087906,
            -0.364216805298, -1.15973806169),
            ('2000-01-04 00:00:00', 1.04791624281, -
             0.0412318367011, -0.16181208307, 0.212549316967),
            ('2000-01-05 00:00:00', 0.498580885705,
             0.731167677815, -0.537677223318, 1.34627041952),
            ('2000-01-06 00:00:00', 1.12020151869, 1.56762092543,
             0.00364077397681, 0.67525259227)]

        self.test_frame1 = DataFrame(data, columns=columns)

    def _load_test2_data(self):
        df = DataFrame(dict(A=[4, 1, 3, 6],
                            B=['asd', 'gsq', 'ylt', 'jkl'],
                            C=[1.1, 3.1, 6.9, 5.3],
                            D=[False, True, True, False],
                            E=['1990-11-22', '1991-10-26',
                               '1993-11-26', '1995-12-12']))
        df['E'] = to_datetime(df['E'])

        self.test_frame2 = df

    def _load_test3_data(self):
        columns = ['index', 'A', 'B']
        data = [(
            '2000-01-03 00:00:00', 2 ** 31 - 1, -1.987670),
            ('2000-01-04 00:00:00', -29, -0.0412318367011),
            ('2000-01-05 00:00:00', 20000, 0.731167677815),
            ('2000-01-06 00:00:00', -290867, 1.56762092543)]

        self.test_frame3 = DataFrame(data, columns=columns)

    def _load_raw_sql(self):
        self.drop_table('types_test_data')
        self._get_exec().execute(SQL_STRINGS['create_test_types'][self.flavor])
        ins = SQL_STRINGS['insert_test_types'][self.flavor]
        data = [
            {
                'TextCol': 'first',
                'DateCol': '2000-01-03 00:00:00',
                'DateColWithTz': '2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00',
                'IntDateCol': 535852800,
                'IntDateOnlyCol': 20101010,
                'FloatCol': 10.10,
                'IntCol': 1,
                'BoolCol': False,
                'IntColWithNull': 1,
                'BoolColWithNull': False,
            },
            {
                'TextCol': 'first',
                'DateCol': '2000-01-04 00:00:00',
                'DateColWithTz': '2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00',
                'IntDateCol': 1356998400,
                'IntDateOnlyCol': 20101212,
                'FloatCol': 10.10,
                'IntCol': 1,
                'BoolCol': False,
                'IntColWithNull': None,
                'BoolColWithNull': None,
            },
        ]

        for d in data:
            self._get_exec().execute(
                ins['query'],
                [d[field] for field in ins['fields']]
            )

    def _count_rows(self, table_name):
        result = self._get_exec().execute(
            "SELECT count(*) AS count_1 FROM %s" % table_name).fetchone()
        return result[0]

    def _read_sql_iris(self):
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query("SELECT * FROM iris")
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _read_sql_iris_parameter(self):
        query = SQL_STRINGS['read_parameters'][self.flavor]
        params = ['Iris-setosa', 5.1]
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query(query, params=params)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _read_sql_iris_named_parameter(self):
        query = SQL_STRINGS['read_named_parameters'][self.flavor]
        params = {'name': 'Iris-setosa', 'length': 5.1}
        iris_frame = self.pandasSQL.read_query(query, params=params)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def _to_sql(self, method=None):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', method=method)
        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('test_frame1')

        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')
        assert num_rows == num_entries

        # Nuke table
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_empty(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1.iloc[:0], 'test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_fail(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')
        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('test_frame1')

        pytest.raises(ValueError, self.pandasSQL.to_sql,
                      self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')

        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_replace(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')
        # Add to table again
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='replace')
        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('test_frame1')

        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')

        assert num_rows == num_entries
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_append(self):
        # Nuke table just in case
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='fail')

        # Add to table again
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(
            self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', if_exists='append')
        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('test_frame1')

        num_entries = 2 * len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')

        assert num_rows == num_entries
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _to_sql_method_callable(self):
        check = []  # used to double check function below is really being used

        def sample(pd_table, conn, keys, data_iter):
            check.append(1)
            data = [dict(zip(keys, row)) for row in data_iter]
            conn.execute(pd_table.table.insert(), data)
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', method=sample)
        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('test_frame1')

        assert check == [1]
        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame1')
        assert num_rows == num_entries
        # Nuke table
        self.drop_table('test_frame1')

    def _roundtrip(self):
        self.drop_table('test_frame_roundtrip')
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip')
        result = self.pandasSQL.read_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip')

        result.set_index('level_0', inplace=True)
        # result.index.astype(int)

        result.index.name = None

        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def _execute_sql(self):
        # drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"  # should already be done
        iris_results = self.pandasSQL.execute("SELECT * FROM iris")
        row = iris_results.fetchone()
        tm.equalContents(row, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def _to_sql_save_index(self):
        df = DataFrame.from_records([(1, 2.1, 'line1'), (2, 1.5, 'line2')],
                                    columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=['A'])
        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(df, 'test_to_sql_saves_index')
        ix_cols = self._get_index_columns('test_to_sql_saves_index')
        assert ix_cols == [['A', ], ]

    def _transaction_test(self):
        self.pandasSQL.execute("CREATE TABLE test_trans (A INT, B TEXT)")

        ins_sql = "INSERT INTO test_trans (A,B) VALUES (1, 'blah')"

        # Make sure when transaction is rolled back, no rows get inserted
        try:
            with self.pandasSQL.run_transaction() as trans:
                trans.execute(ins_sql)
                raise Exception('error')
        except Exception:
            # ignore raised exception
            pass
        res = self.pandasSQL.read_query('SELECT * FROM test_trans')
        assert len(res) == 0

        # Make sure when transaction is committed, rows do get inserted
        with self.pandasSQL.run_transaction() as trans:
            trans.execute(ins_sql)
        res2 = self.pandasSQL.read_query('SELECT * FROM test_trans')
        assert len(res2) == 1


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Testing the public API

class _TestSQLApi(PandasSQLTest):

    """
    Base class to test the public API.

    From this two classes are derived to run these tests for both the
    sqlalchemy mode (`TestSQLApi`) and the fallback mode
    (`TestSQLiteFallbackApi`).  These tests are run with sqlite3. Specific
    tests for the different sql flavours are included in `_TestSQLAlchemy`.

    Notes:
    flavor can always be passed even in SQLAlchemy mode,
    should be correctly ignored.

    we don't use drop_table because that isn't part of the public api

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = None

    def setup_connect(self):
        self.conn = self.connect()

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, load_iris_data):
        self.load_test_data_and_sql()

    def load_test_data_and_sql(self):
        self._load_iris_view()
        self._load_test1_data()
        self._load_test2_data()
        self._load_test3_data()
        self._load_raw_sql()

    def test_read_sql_iris(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_read_sql_view(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris_view", self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_to_sql(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame1', self.conn)
        assert sql.has_table('test_frame1', self.conn)

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame2',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')
        assert sql.has_table('test_frame2', self.conn)

        pytest.raises(ValueError, sql.to_sql, self.test_frame1,
                      'test_frame2', self.conn, if_exists='fail')

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame3',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')
        # Add to table again
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame3',
                   self.conn, if_exists='replace')
        assert sql.has_table('test_frame3', self.conn)

        num_entries = len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame3')

        assert num_rows == num_entries

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame4',
                   self.conn, if_exists='fail')

        # Add to table again
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame4',
                   self.conn, if_exists='append')
        assert sql.has_table('test_frame4', self.conn)

        num_entries = 2 * len(self.test_frame1)
        num_rows = self._count_rows('test_frame4')

        assert num_rows == num_entries

    def test_to_sql_type_mapping(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame3, 'test_frame5', self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("SELECT * FROM test_frame5", self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(self.test_frame3, result)

    def test_to_sql_series(self):
        s = Series(np.arange(5, dtype='int64'), name='series')
        sql.to_sql(s, "test_series", self.conn, index=False)
        s2 = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_series", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(s.to_frame(), s2)

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip',
                   con=self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip',
            con=self.conn)

        # HACK!
        result.index = self.test_frame1.index
        result.set_index('level_0', inplace=True)
        result.index.astype(int)
        result.index.name = None
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def test_roundtrip_chunksize(self):
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame_roundtrip', con=self.conn,
                   index=False, chunksize=2)
        result = sql.read_sql_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_frame_roundtrip',
            con=self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, self.test_frame1)

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        # drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"  # should already be done
        iris_results = sql.execute("SELECT * FROM iris", con=self.conn)
        row = iris_results.fetchone()
        tm.equalContents(row, [5.1, 3.5, 1.4, 0.2, 'Iris-setosa'])

    def test_date_parsing(self):
        # Test date parsing in read_sql
        # No Parsing
        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn)
        assert not issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['DateCol'])
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert df.DateCol.tolist() == [
            pd.Timestamp(2000, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0),
            pd.Timestamp(2000, 1, 4, 0, 0, 0)
        ]

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'DateCol': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'})
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert df.DateCol.tolist() == [
            pd.Timestamp(2000, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0),
            pd.Timestamp(2000, 1, 4, 0, 0, 0)
        ]

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['IntDateCol'])
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert df.IntDateCol.tolist() == [
            pd.Timestamp(1986, 12, 25, 0, 0, 0),
            pd.Timestamp(2013, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
        ]

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'IntDateCol': 's'})
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert df.IntDateCol.tolist() == [
            pd.Timestamp(1986, 12, 25, 0, 0, 0),
            pd.Timestamp(2013, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
        ]

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'IntDateOnlyCol': '%Y%m%d'})
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateOnlyCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert df.IntDateOnlyCol.tolist() == [
            pd.Timestamp('2010-10-10'),
            pd.Timestamp('2010-12-12')
        ]

    def test_date_and_index(self):
        # Test case where same column appears in parse_date and index_col

        df = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM types_test_data", self.conn,
                                index_col='DateCol',
                                parse_dates=['DateCol', 'IntDateCol'])

        assert issubclass(df.index.dtype.type, np.datetime64)
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

    def test_timedelta(self):

        # see #6921
        df = to_timedelta(
            Series(['00:00:01', '00:00:03'], name='foo')).to_frame()
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(UserWarning):
            df.to_sql('test_timedelta', self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_timedelta', self.conn)
        tm.assert_series_equal(result['foo'], df['foo'].astype('int64'))

    def test_complex(self):
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1 + 1j, 2j]})
        # Complex data type should raise error
        pytest.raises(ValueError, df.to_sql, 'test_complex', self.conn)

    def test_to_sql_index_label(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame({'col1': range(4)})

        # no index name, defaults to 'index'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn)
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == 'index'

        # specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label='other_label')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == "other_label"

        # using the index name
        temp_frame.index.name = 'index_name'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == "index_name"

        # has index name, but specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label='other_label')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == "other_label"

        # index name is integer
        temp_frame.index.name = 0
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == "0"

        temp_frame.index.name = None
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label=0)
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == "0"

    def test_to_sql_index_label_multiindex(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame({'col1': range(4)},
                               index=MultiIndex.from_product(
                                   [('A0', 'A1'), ('B0', 'B1')]))

        # no index name, defaults to 'level_0' and 'level_1'
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn)
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[0] == 'level_0'
        assert frame.columns[1] == 'level_1'

        # specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label=['A', 'B'])
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[:2].tolist() == ['A', 'B']

        # using the index name
        temp_frame.index.names = ['A', 'B']
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[:2].tolist() == ['A', 'B']

        # has index name, but specifying index_label
        sql.to_sql(temp_frame, 'test_index_label', self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace', index_label=['C', 'D'])
        frame = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_index_label', self.conn)
        assert frame.columns[:2].tolist() == ['C', 'D']

        # wrong length of index_label
        pytest.raises(ValueError, sql.to_sql, temp_frame,
                      'test_index_label', self.conn, if_exists='replace',
                      index_label='C')

    def test_multiindex_roundtrip(self):
        df = DataFrame.from_records([(1, 2.1, 'line1'), (2, 1.5, 'line2')],
                                    columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=['A', 'B'])

        df.to_sql('test_multiindex_roundtrip', self.conn)
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_multiindex_roundtrip',
                                    self.conn, index_col=['A', 'B'])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, result, check_index_type=True)

    def test_integer_col_names(self):
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=[0, 1])
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_frame_integer_col_names", self.conn,
                   if_exists='replace')

    def test_get_schema(self):
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test', con=self.conn)
        assert 'CREATE' in create_sql

    def test_get_schema_dtypes(self):
        float_frame = DataFrame({'a': [1.1, 1.2], 'b': [2.1, 2.2]})
        dtype = sqlalchemy.Integer if self.mode == 'sqlalchemy' else 'INTEGER'
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(float_frame, 'test',
                                    con=self.conn, dtype={'b': dtype})
        assert 'CREATE' in create_sql
        assert 'INTEGER' in create_sql

    def test_get_schema_keys(self):
        frame = DataFrame({'Col1': [1.1, 1.2], 'Col2': [2.1, 2.2]})
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', con=self.conn, keys='Col1')
        constraint_sentence = 'CONSTRAINT test_pk PRIMARY KEY ("Col1")'
        assert constraint_sentence in create_sql

        # multiple columns as key (GH10385)
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test',
                                    con=self.conn, keys=['A', 'B'])
        constraint_sentence = 'CONSTRAINT test_pk PRIMARY KEY ("A", "B")'
        assert constraint_sentence in create_sql

    def test_chunksize_read(self):
        df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(22, 5), columns=list('abcde'))
        df.to_sql('test_chunksize', self.conn, index=False)

        # reading the query in one time
        res1 = sql.read_sql_query("select * from test_chunksize", self.conn)

        # reading the query in chunks with read_sql_query
        res2 = DataFrame()
        i = 0
        sizes = [5, 5, 5, 5, 2]

        for chunk in sql.read_sql_query("select * from test_chunksize",
                                        self.conn, chunksize=5):
            res2 = concat([res2, chunk], ignore_index=True)
            assert len(chunk) == sizes[i]
            i += 1

        tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res2)

        # reading the query in chunks with read_sql_query
        if self.mode == 'sqlalchemy':
            res3 = DataFrame()
            i = 0
            sizes = [5, 5, 5, 5, 2]

            for chunk in sql.read_sql_table("test_chunksize", self.conn,
                                            chunksize=5):
                res3 = concat([res3, chunk], ignore_index=True)
                assert len(chunk) == sizes[i]
                i += 1

            tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res3)

    def test_categorical(self):
        # GH8624
        # test that categorical gets written correctly as dense column
        df = DataFrame(
            {'person_id': [1, 2, 3],
             'person_name': ['John P. Doe', 'Jane Dove', 'John P. Doe']})
        df2 = df.copy()
        df2['person_name'] = df2['person_name'].astype('category')

        df2.to_sql('test_categorical', self.conn, index=False)
        res = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_categorical', self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

    def test_unicode_column_name(self):
        # GH 11431
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=[u'\xe9', u'b'])
        df.to_sql('test_unicode', self.conn, index=False)

    def test_escaped_table_name(self):
        # GH 13206
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': [0.2, np.nan, 5.6]})
        df.to_sql('d1187b08-4943-4c8d-a7f6', self.conn, index=False)

        res = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM `d1187b08-4943-4c8d-a7f6`',
                                 self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)


@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLApi(SQLAlchemyMixIn, _TestSQLApi):
    """
    Test the public API as it would be used directly

    Tests for `read_sql_table` are included here, as this is specific for the
    sqlalchemy mode.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = 'sqlalchemy'

    def connect(self):
        if SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED:
            return sqlalchemy.create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
        else:
            pytest.skip('SQLAlchemy not installed')

    def test_read_table_columns(self):
        # test columns argument in read_table
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame', self.conn)

        cols = ['A', 'B']
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn, columns=cols)
        assert result.columns.tolist() == cols

    def test_read_table_index_col(self):
        # test columns argument in read_table
        sql.to_sql(self.test_frame1, 'test_frame', self.conn)

        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn, index_col="index")
        assert result.index.names == ["index"]

        result = sql.read_sql_table(
            'test_frame', self.conn, index_col=["A", "B"])
        assert result.index.names == ["A", "B"]

        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_frame', self.conn,
                                    index_col=["A", "B"],
                                    columns=["C", "D"])
        assert result.index.names == ["A", "B"]
        assert result.columns.tolist() == ["C", "D"]

    def test_read_sql_delegate(self):
        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql(
            "SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_table('iris', self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql('iris', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

    def test_not_reflect_all_tables(self):
        # create invalid table
        qry = """CREATE TABLE invalid (x INTEGER, y UNKNOWN);"""
        self.conn.execute(qry)
        qry = """CREATE TABLE other_table (x INTEGER, y INTEGER);"""
        self.conn.execute(qry)

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            # Trigger a warning.
            sql.read_sql_table('other_table', self.conn)
            sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM other_table', self.conn)
            # Verify some things
            assert len(w) == 0

    def test_warning_case_insensitive_table_name(self):
        # see gh-7815
        #
        # We can't test that this warning is triggered, a the database
        # configuration would have to be altered. But here we test that
        # the warning is certainly NOT triggered in a normal case.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            # This should not trigger a Warning
            self.test_frame1.to_sql('CaseSensitive', self.conn)
            # Verify some things
            assert len(w) == 0

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(self.conn)
        ixs = insp.get_indexes('test_index_saved')
        ixs = [i['column_names'] for i in ixs]
        return ixs

    def test_sqlalchemy_type_mapping(self):

        # Test Timestamp objects (no datetime64 because of timezone) (GH9085)
        df = DataFrame({'time': to_datetime(['201412120154', '201412110254'],
                                            utc=True)})
        db = sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn)
        table = sql.SQLTable("test_type", db, frame=df)
        # GH 9086: TIMESTAMP is the suggested type for datetimes with timezones
        assert isinstance(table.table.c['time'].type, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP)

    def test_database_uri_string(self):

        # Test read_sql and .to_sql method with a database URI (GH10654)
        test_frame1 = self.test_frame1
        # db_uri = 'sqlite:///:memory:' # raises
        # sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError: (sqlite3.OperationalError) near
        # "iris": syntax error [SQL: 'iris']
        with tm.ensure_clean() as name:
            db_uri = 'sqlite:///' + name
            table = 'iris'
            test_frame1.to_sql(table, db_uri, if_exists='replace', index=False)
            test_frame2 = sql.read_sql(table, db_uri)
            test_frame3 = sql.read_sql_table(table, db_uri)
            query = 'SELECT * FROM iris'
            test_frame4 = sql.read_sql_query(query, db_uri)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame2)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame3)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(test_frame1, test_frame4)

        # using driver that will not be installed on Travis to trigger error
        # in sqlalchemy.create_engine -> test passing of this error to user
        try:
            # the rest of this test depends on pg8000's being absent
            import pg8000  # noqa
            pytest.skip("pg8000 is installed")
        except ImportError:
            pass

        db_uri = "postgresql+pg8000://user:pass@host/dbname"
        with pytest.raises(ImportError, match="pg8000"):
            sql.read_sql("select * from table", db_uri)

    def _make_iris_table_metadata(self):
        sa = sqlalchemy
        metadata = sa.MetaData()
        iris = sa.Table('iris', metadata,
                        sa.Column('SepalLength', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('SepalWidth', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('PetalLength', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('PetalWidth', sa.REAL),
                        sa.Column('Name', sa.TEXT)
                        )

        return iris

    def test_query_by_text_obj(self):
        # WIP : GH10846
        name_text = sqlalchemy.text('select * from iris where name=:name')
        iris_df = sql.read_sql(name_text, self.conn, params={
                               'name': 'Iris-versicolor'})
        all_names = set(iris_df['Name'])
        assert all_names == {'Iris-versicolor'}

    def test_query_by_select_obj(self):
        # WIP : GH10846
        iris = self._make_iris_table_metadata()

        name_select = sqlalchemy.select([iris]).where(
            iris.c.Name == sqlalchemy.bindparam('name'))
        iris_df = sql.read_sql(name_select, self.conn,
                               params={'name': 'Iris-setosa'})
        all_names = set(iris_df['Name'])
        assert all_names == {'Iris-setosa'}


class _EngineToConnMixin(object):
    """
    A mixin that causes setup_connect to create a conn rather than an engine.
    """

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, load_iris_data):
        super(_EngineToConnMixin, self).load_test_data_and_sql()
        engine = self.conn
        conn = engine.connect()
        self.__tx = conn.begin()
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(conn)
        self.__engine = engine
        self.conn = conn

        yield

        self.__tx.rollback()
        self.conn.close()
        self.conn = self.__engine
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(self.__engine)
        # XXX:
        # super(_EngineToConnMixin, self).teardown_method(method)


@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLApiConn(_EngineToConnMixin, TestSQLApi):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLiteFallbackApi(SQLiteMixIn, _TestSQLApi):
    """
    Test the public sqlite connection fallback API

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'
    mode = 'fallback'

    def connect(self, database=":memory:"):
        return sqlite3.connect(database)

    def test_sql_open_close(self):
        # Test if the IO in the database still work if the connection closed
        # between the writing and reading (as in many real situations).

        with tm.ensure_clean() as name:

            conn = self.connect(name)
            sql.to_sql(self.test_frame3, "test_frame3_legacy",
                       conn, index=False)
            conn.close()

            conn = self.connect(name)
            result = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_frame3_legacy;",
                                        conn)
            conn.close()

        tm.assert_frame_equal(self.test_frame3, result)

    def test_con_string_import_error(self):
        if not SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED:
            conn = 'mysql://root@localhost/pandas_nosetest'
            pytest.raises(ImportError, sql.read_sql, "SELECT * FROM iris",
                          conn)
        else:
            pytest.skip('SQLAlchemy is installed')

    def test_read_sql_delegate(self):
        iris_frame1 = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        iris_frame2 = sql.read_sql("SELECT * FROM iris", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(iris_frame1, iris_frame2)

        pytest.raises(sql.DatabaseError, sql.read_sql, 'iris', self.conn)

    def test_safe_names_warning(self):
        # GH 6798
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', 'b '])  # has a space
        # warns on create table with spaces in names
        with tm.assert_produces_warning():
            sql.to_sql(df, "test_frame3_legacy", self.conn, index=False)

    def test_get_schema2(self):
        # without providing a connection object (available for backwards comp)
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame1, 'test')
        assert 'CREATE' in create_sql

    def _get_sqlite_column_type(self, schema, column):

        for col in schema.split('\n'):
            if col.split()[0].strip('""') == column:
                return col.split()[1]
        raise ValueError('Column %s not found' % (column))

    def test_sqlite_type_mapping(self):

        # Test Timestamp objects (no datetime64 because of timezone) (GH9085)
        df = DataFrame({'time': to_datetime(['201412120154', '201412110254'],
                                            utc=True)})
        db = sql.SQLiteDatabase(self.conn)
        table = sql.SQLiteTable("test_type", db, frame=df)
        schema = table.sql_schema()
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(schema, 'time') == "TIMESTAMP"


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Database flavor specific tests


class _TestSQLAlchemy(SQLAlchemyMixIn, PandasSQLTest):
    """
    Base class for testing the sqlalchemy backend.

    Subclasses for specific database types are created below. Tests that
    deviate for each flavor are overwritten there.

    """
    flavor = None

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope='class')
    def setup_class(cls):
        cls.setup_import()
        cls.setup_driver()
        conn = cls.connect()
        conn.connect()

    def load_test_data_and_sql(self):
        self._load_raw_sql()
        self._load_test1_data()

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, load_iris_data):
        self.load_test_data_and_sql()

    @classmethod
    def setup_import(cls):
        # Skip this test if SQLAlchemy not available
        if not SQLALCHEMY_INSTALLED:
            pytest.skip('SQLAlchemy not installed')

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def setup_connect(self):
        try:
            self.conn = self.connect()
            self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(self.conn)
            # to test if connection can be made:
            self.conn.connect()
        except sqlalchemy.exc.OperationalError:
            pytest.skip(
                "Can't connect to {0} server".format(self.flavor))

    def test_read_sql(self):
        self._read_sql_iris()

    def test_read_sql_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_parameter()

    def test_read_sql_named_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_named_parameter()

    def test_to_sql(self):
        self._to_sql()

    def test_to_sql_empty(self):
        self._to_sql_empty()

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        self._to_sql_fail()

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        self._to_sql_replace()

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        self._to_sql_append()

    def test_to_sql_method_multi(self):
        self._to_sql(method='multi')

    def test_to_sql_method_callable(self):
        self._to_sql_method_callable()

    def test_create_table(self):
        temp_conn = self.connect()
        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(temp_conn)
        pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'temp_frame')

        assert temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame')

    def test_drop_table(self):
        temp_conn = self.connect()

        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        pandasSQL = sql.SQLDatabase(temp_conn)
        pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'temp_frame')

        assert temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame')

        pandasSQL.drop_table('temp_frame')

        assert not temp_conn.has_table('temp_frame')

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        self._roundtrip()

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        self._execute_sql()

    def test_read_table(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_table("iris", con=self.conn)
        self._check_iris_loaded_frame(iris_frame)

    def test_read_table_columns(self):
        iris_frame = sql.read_sql_table(
            "iris", con=self.conn, columns=['SepalLength', 'SepalLength'])
        tm.equalContents(
            iris_frame.columns.values, ['SepalLength', 'SepalLength'])

    def test_read_table_absent(self):
        pytest.raises(
            ValueError, sql.read_sql_table, "this_doesnt_exist", con=self.conn)

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        assert issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating)
        assert issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer)
        assert issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.bool_)

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        assert issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating)
        # Bool column with NA values becomes object
        assert issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.object)

    def test_bigint(self):
        # int64 should be converted to BigInteger, GH7433
        df = DataFrame(data={'i64': [2**62]})
        df.to_sql('test_bigint', self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_bigint', self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, result)

    def test_default_date_load(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        # IMPORTANT - sqlite has no native date type, so shouldn't parse, but
        # MySQL SHOULD be converted.
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

    def test_datetime_with_timezone(self):
        # edge case that converts postgresql datetime with time zone types
        # to datetime64[ns,psycopg2.tz.FixedOffsetTimezone..], which is ok
        # but should be more natural, so coerce to datetime64[ns] for now

        def check(col):
            # check that a column is either datetime64[ns]
            # or datetime64[ns, UTC]
            if is_datetime64_dtype(col.dtype):

                # "2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00" should convert to
                # "2000-01-01 08:00:00"
                assert col[0] == Timestamp('2000-01-01 08:00:00')

                # "2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00" should convert to
                # "2000-06-01 07:00:00"
                assert col[1] == Timestamp('2000-06-01 07:00:00')

            elif is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype):
                assert str(col.dt.tz) == 'UTC'

                # "2000-01-01 00:00:00-08:00" should convert to
                # "2000-01-01 08:00:00"
                # "2000-06-01 00:00:00-07:00" should convert to
                # "2000-06-01 07:00:00"
                # GH 6415
                expected_data = [Timestamp('2000-01-01 08:00:00', tz='UTC'),
                                 Timestamp('2000-06-01 07:00:00', tz='UTC')]
                expected = Series(expected_data, name=col.name)
                tm.assert_series_equal(col, expected)

            else:
                raise AssertionError("DateCol loaded with incorrect type "
                                     "-> {0}".format(col.dtype))

        # GH11216
        df = pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data", self.conn)
        if not hasattr(df, 'DateColWithTz'):
            pytest.skip("no column with datetime with time zone")

        # this is parsed on Travis (linux), but not on macosx for some reason
        # even with the same versions of psycopg2 & sqlalchemy, possibly a
        # Postgrsql server version difference
        col = df.DateColWithTz
        assert is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype)

        df = pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data",
                               self.conn, parse_dates=['DateColWithTz'])
        if not hasattr(df, 'DateColWithTz'):
            pytest.skip("no column with datetime with time zone")
        col = df.DateColWithTz
        assert is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype)
        assert str(col.dt.tz) == 'UTC'
        check(df.DateColWithTz)

        df = pd.concat(list(pd.read_sql_query("select * from types_test_data",
                                              self.conn, chunksize=1)),
                       ignore_index=True)
        col = df.DateColWithTz
        assert is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype)
        assert str(col.dt.tz) == 'UTC'
        expected = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)
        col = expected.DateColWithTz
        assert is_datetime64tz_dtype(col.dtype)
        tm.assert_series_equal(df.DateColWithTz, expected.DateColWithTz)

        # xref #7139
        # this might or might not be converted depending on the postgres driver
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)
        check(df.DateColWithTz)

    def test_datetime_with_timezone_roundtrip(self):
        # GH 9086
        # Write datetimetz data to a db and read it back
        # For dbs that support timestamps with timezones, should get back UTC
        # otherwise naive data should be returned
        expected = DataFrame({'A': date_range(
            '2013-01-01 09:00:00', periods=3, tz='US/Pacific'
        )})
        expected.to_sql('test_datetime_tz', self.conn, index=False)

        if self.flavor == 'postgresql':
            # SQLAlchemy "timezones" (i.e. offsets) are coerced to UTC
            expected['A'] = expected['A'].dt.tz_convert('UTC')
        else:
            # Otherwise, timestamps are returned as local, naive
            expected['A'] = expected['A'].dt.tz_localize(None)

        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_datetime_tz', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        result = sql.read_sql_query(
            'SELECT * FROM test_datetime_tz', self.conn
        )
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            # read_sql_query does not return datetime type like read_sql_table
            assert isinstance(result.loc[0, 'A'], string_types)
            result['A'] = to_datetime(result['A'])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_naive_datetimeindex_roundtrip(self):
        # GH 23510
        # Ensure that a naive DatetimeIndex isn't converted to UTC
        dates = date_range('2018-01-01', periods=5, freq='6H')
        expected = DataFrame({'nums': range(5)}, index=dates)
        expected.to_sql('foo_table', self.conn, index_label='info_date')
        result = sql.read_sql_table('foo_table', self.conn,
                                    index_col='info_date')
        # result index with gain a name from a set_index operation; expected
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected, check_names=False)

    def test_date_parsing(self):
        # No Parsing
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)
        expected_type = object if self.flavor == 'sqlite' else np.datetime64
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, expected_type)

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates=['DateCol'])
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'DateCol': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'})
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates={
            'DateCol': {'format': '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'}})
        assert issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_table(
            "types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates=['IntDateCol'])
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_table(
            "types_test_data", self.conn, parse_dates={'IntDateCol': 's'})
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn,
                                parse_dates={'IntDateCol': {'unit': 's'}})
        assert issubclass(df.IntDateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

    def test_datetime(self):
        df = DataFrame({'A': date_range('2013-01-01 09:00:00', periods=3),
                        'B': np.arange(3.0)})
        df.to_sql('test_datetime', self.conn)

        # with read_table -> type information from schema used
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_datetime', self.conn)
        result = result.drop('index', axis=1)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> no type information -> sqlite has no native
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_datetime', self.conn)
        result = result.drop('index', axis=1)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            assert isinstance(result.loc[0, 'A'], string_types)
            result['A'] = to_datetime(result['A'])
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)
        else:
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_datetime_NaT(self):
        df = DataFrame({'A': date_range('2013-01-01 09:00:00', periods=3),
                        'B': np.arange(3.0)})
        df.loc[1, 'A'] = np.nan
        df.to_sql('test_datetime', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table -> type information from schema used
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_datetime', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> no type information -> sqlite has no native
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_datetime', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            assert isinstance(result.loc[0, 'A'], string_types)
            result['A'] = to_datetime(result['A'], errors='coerce')
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)
        else:
            tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_datetime_date(self):
        # test support for datetime.date
        df = DataFrame([date(2014, 1, 1), date(2014, 1, 2)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_date', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_table('test_date', self.conn)
        result = res['a']
        expected = to_datetime(df['a'])
        # comes back as datetime64
        tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    def test_datetime_time(self):
        # test support for datetime.time
        df = DataFrame([time(9, 0, 0), time(9, 1, 30)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_time', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_table('test_time', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

        # GH8341
        # first, use the fallback to have the sqlite adapter put in place
        sqlite_conn = TestSQLiteFallback.connect()
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_time2", sqlite_conn, index=False)
        res = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_time2", sqlite_conn)
        ref = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
        tm.assert_frame_equal(ref, res)  # check if adapter is in place
        # then test if sqlalchemy is unaffected by the sqlite adapter
        sql.to_sql(df, "test_time3", self.conn, index=False)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            res = sql.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM test_time3", self.conn)
            ref = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            tm.assert_frame_equal(ref, res)
        res = sql.read_sql_table("test_time3", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res)

    def test_mixed_dtype_insert(self):
        # see GH6509
        s1 = Series(2**25 + 1, dtype=np.int32)
        s2 = Series(0.0, dtype=np.float32)
        df = DataFrame({'s1': s1, 's2': s2})

        # write and read again
        df.to_sql("test_read_write", self.conn, index=False)
        df2 = sql.read_sql_table("test_read_write", self.conn)

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, df2, check_dtype=False, check_exact=True)

    def test_nan_numeric(self):
        # NaNs in numeric float column
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': [0.2, np.nan, 5.6]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_nan_fullcolumn(self):
        # full NaN column (numeric float column)
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql -> not type info from table -> stays None
        df['B'] = df['B'].astype('object')
        df['B'] = None
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def test_nan_string(self):
        # NaNs in string column
        df = DataFrame({'A': [0, 1, 2], 'B': ['a', 'b', np.nan]})
        df.to_sql('test_nan', self.conn, index=False)

        # NaNs are coming back as None
        df.loc[2, 'B'] = None

        # with read_table
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

        # with read_sql
        result = sql.read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_nan', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df)

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
        insp = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(self.conn)
        ixs = insp.get_indexes(tbl_name)
        ixs = [i['column_names'] for i in ixs]
        return ixs

    def test_to_sql_save_index(self):
        self._to_sql_save_index()

    def test_transactions(self):
        self._transaction_test()

    def test_get_schema_create_table(self):
        # Use a dataframe without a bool column, since MySQL converts bool to
        # TINYINT (which read_sql_table returns as an int and causes a dtype
        # mismatch)

        self._load_test3_data()
        tbl = 'test_get_schema_create_table'
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(self.test_frame3, tbl, con=self.conn)
        blank_test_df = self.test_frame3.iloc[:0]

        self.drop_table(tbl)
        self.conn.execute(create_sql)
        returned_df = sql.read_sql_table(tbl, self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(returned_df, blank_test_df,
                              check_index_type=False)
        self.drop_table(tbl)

    def test_dtype(self):
        cols = ['A', 'B']
        data = [(0.8, True),
                (0.9, None)]
        df = DataFrame(data, columns=cols)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test', self.conn)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test2', self.conn, dtype={'B': sqlalchemy.TEXT})
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        sqltype = meta.tables['dtype_test2'].columns['B'].type
        assert isinstance(sqltype, sqlalchemy.TEXT)
        pytest.raises(ValueError, df.to_sql,
                      'error', self.conn, dtype={'B': str})

        # GH9083
        df.to_sql('dtype_test3', self.conn, dtype={'B': sqlalchemy.String(10)})
        meta.reflect()
        sqltype = meta.tables['dtype_test3'].columns['B'].type
        assert isinstance(sqltype, sqlalchemy.String)
        assert sqltype.length == 10

        # single dtype
        df.to_sql('single_dtype_test', self.conn, dtype=sqlalchemy.TEXT)
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        sqltypea = meta.tables['single_dtype_test'].columns['A'].type
        sqltypeb = meta.tables['single_dtype_test'].columns['B'].type
        assert isinstance(sqltypea, sqlalchemy.TEXT)
        assert isinstance(sqltypeb, sqlalchemy.TEXT)

    def test_notna_dtype(self):
        cols = {'Bool': Series([True, None]),
                'Date': Series([datetime(2012, 5, 1), None]),
                'Int': Series([1, None], dtype='object'),
                'Float': Series([1.1, None])
                }
        df = DataFrame(cols)

        tbl = 'notna_dtype_test'
        df.to_sql(tbl, self.conn)
        returned_df = sql.read_sql_table(tbl, self.conn)  # noqa
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            my_type = sqltypes.Integer
        else:
            my_type = sqltypes.Boolean

        col_dict = meta.tables[tbl].columns

        assert isinstance(col_dict['Bool'].type, my_type)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['Date'].type, sqltypes.DateTime)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['Int'].type, sqltypes.Integer)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['Float'].type, sqltypes.Float)

    def test_double_precision(self):
        V = 1.23456789101112131415

        df = DataFrame({'f32': Series([V, ], dtype='float32'),
                        'f64': Series([V, ], dtype='float64'),
                        'f64_as_f32': Series([V, ], dtype='float64'),
                        'i32': Series([5, ], dtype='int32'),
                        'i64': Series([5, ], dtype='int64'),
                        })

        df.to_sql('test_dtypes', self.conn, index=False, if_exists='replace',
                  dtype={'f64_as_f32': sqlalchemy.Float(precision=23)})
        res = sql.read_sql_table('test_dtypes', self.conn)

        # check precision of float64
        assert (np.round(df['f64'].iloc[0], 14) ==
                np.round(res['f64'].iloc[0], 14))

        # check sql types
        meta = sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData(bind=self.conn)
        meta.reflect()
        col_dict = meta.tables['test_dtypes'].columns
        assert str(col_dict['f32'].type) == str(col_dict['f64_as_f32'].type)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['f32'].type, sqltypes.Float)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['f64'].type, sqltypes.Float)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['i32'].type, sqltypes.Integer)
        assert isinstance(col_dict['i64'].type, sqltypes.BigInteger)

    def test_connectable_issue_example(self):
        # This tests the example raised in issue
        # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/10104

        def foo(connection):
            query = 'SELECT test_foo_data FROM test_foo_data'
            return sql.read_sql_query(query, con=connection)

        def bar(connection, data):
            data.to_sql(name='test_foo_data',
                        con=connection, if_exists='append')

        def main(connectable):
            with connectable.connect() as conn:
                with conn.begin():
                    foo_data = conn.run_callable(foo)
                    conn.run_callable(bar, foo_data)

        DataFrame({'test_foo_data': [0, 1, 2]}).to_sql(
            'test_foo_data', self.conn)
        main(self.conn)

    def test_temporary_table(self):
        test_data = u'Hello, World!'
        expected = DataFrame({'spam': [test_data]})
        Base = declarative.declarative_base()

        class Temporary(Base):
            __tablename__ = 'temp_test'
            __table_args__ = {'prefixes': ['TEMPORARY']}
            id = sqlalchemy.Column(sqlalchemy.Integer, primary_key=True)
            spam = sqlalchemy.Column(sqlalchemy.Unicode(30), nullable=False)

        Session = sa_session.sessionmaker(bind=self.conn)
        session = Session()
        with session.transaction:
            conn = session.connection()
            Temporary.__table__.create(conn)
            session.add(Temporary(spam=test_data))
            session.flush()
            df = sql.read_sql_query(
                sql=sqlalchemy.select([Temporary.spam]),
                con=conn,
            )

        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected)


class _TestSQLAlchemyConn(_EngineToConnMixin, _TestSQLAlchemy):

    def test_transactions(self):
        pytest.skip(
            "Nested transactions rollbacks don't work with Pandas")


class _TestSQLiteAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an in-memory sqlite database.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        # sqlite3 is built-in
        cls.driver = None

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        assert issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating)
        assert issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer)

        # sqlite has no boolean type, so integer type is returned
        assert issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.integer)

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        assert issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating)

        # Non-native Bool column with NA values stays as float
        assert issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating)

    def test_default_date_load(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        # IMPORTANT - sqlite has no native date type, so shouldn't parse, but
        assert not issubclass(df.DateCol.dtype.type, np.datetime64)

    def test_bigint_warning(self):
        # test no warning for BIGINT (to support int64) is raised (GH7433)
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1, 2]}, dtype='int64')
        df.to_sql('test_bigintwarning', self.conn, index=False)

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            sql.read_sql_table('test_bigintwarning', self.conn)
            assert len(w) == 0


class _TestMySQLAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an MySQL database.

    """
    flavor = 'mysql'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        url = 'mysql+{driver}://root@localhost/pandas_nosetest'
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine(url.format(driver=cls.driver),
                                        connect_args=cls.connect_args)

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        pymysql = pytest.importorskip('pymysql')
        cls.driver = 'pymysql'
        cls.connect_args = {
            'client_flag': pymysql.constants.CLIENT.MULTI_STATEMENTS}

    def test_default_type_conversion(self):
        df = sql.read_sql_table("types_test_data", self.conn)

        assert issubclass(df.FloatCol.dtype.type, np.floating)
        assert issubclass(df.IntCol.dtype.type, np.integer)

        # MySQL has no real BOOL type (it's an alias for TINYINT)
        assert issubclass(df.BoolCol.dtype.type, np.integer)

        # Int column with NA values stays as float
        assert issubclass(df.IntColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating)

        # Bool column with NA = int column with NA values => becomes float
        assert issubclass(df.BoolColWithNull.dtype.type, np.floating)

    def test_read_procedure(self):
        import pymysql
        # see GH7324. Although it is more an api test, it is added to the
        # mysql tests as sqlite does not have stored procedures
        df = DataFrame({'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [0.1, 0.2, 0.3]})
        df.to_sql('test_procedure', self.conn, index=False)

        proc = """DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS get_testdb;

        CREATE PROCEDURE get_testdb ()

        BEGIN
            SELECT * FROM test_procedure;
        END"""

        connection = self.conn.connect()
        trans = connection.begin()
        try:
            r1 = connection.execute(proc)  # noqa
            trans.commit()
        except pymysql.Error:
            trans.rollback()
            raise

        res1 = sql.read_sql_query("CALL get_testdb();", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res1)

        # test delegation to read_sql_query
        res2 = sql.read_sql("CALL get_testdb();", self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res2)


class _TestPostgreSQLAlchemy(object):
    """
    Test the sqlalchemy backend against an PostgreSQL database.

    """
    flavor = 'postgresql'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        url = 'postgresql+{driver}://postgres@localhost/pandas_nosetest'
        return sqlalchemy.create_engine(url.format(driver=cls.driver))

    @classmethod
    def setup_driver(cls):
        pytest.importorskip('psycopg2')
        cls.driver = 'psycopg2'

    def test_schema_support(self):
        # only test this for postgresql (schema's not supported in
        # mysql/sqlite)
        df = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [
                       0.1, 0.2], 'col3': ['a', 'n']})

        # create a schema
        self.conn.execute("DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS other CASCADE;")
        self.conn.execute("CREATE SCHEMA other;")

        # write dataframe to different schema's
        df.to_sql('test_schema_public', self.conn, index=False)
        df.to_sql('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn, index=False,
                  schema='public')
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, index=False, schema='other')

        # read dataframes back in
        res1 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res1)
        res2 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res2)
        res3 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_public_explicit', self.conn,
                                  schema='public')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res3)
        res4 = sql.read_sql_table('test_schema_other', self.conn,
                                  schema='other')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(df, res4)
        pytest.raises(ValueError, sql.read_sql_table, 'test_schema_other',
                      self.conn, schema='public')

        # different if_exists options

        # create a schema
        self.conn.execute("DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS other CASCADE;")
        self.conn.execute("CREATE SCHEMA other;")

        # write dataframe with different if_exists options
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False)
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False,
                  if_exists='replace')
        df.to_sql('test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other', index=False,
                  if_exists='append')
        res = sql.read_sql_table(
            'test_schema_other', self.conn, schema='other')
        tm.assert_frame_equal(concat([df, df], ignore_index=True), res)

        # specifying schema in user-provided meta

        # The schema won't be applied on another Connection
        # because of transactional schemas
        if isinstance(self.conn, sqlalchemy.engine.Engine):
            engine2 = self.connect()
            meta = sqlalchemy.MetaData(engine2, schema='other')
            pdsql = sql.SQLDatabase(engine2, meta=meta)
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2', index=False)
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2',
                         index=False, if_exists='replace')
            pdsql.to_sql(df, 'test_schema_other2',
                         index=False, if_exists='append')
            res1 = sql.read_sql_table(
                'test_schema_other2', self.conn, schema='other')
            res2 = pdsql.read_table('test_schema_other2')
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res1, res2)

    def test_copy_from_callable_insertion_method(self):
        # GH 8953
        # Example in io.rst found under _io.sql.method
        # not available in sqlite, mysql
        def psql_insert_copy(table, conn, keys, data_iter):
            # gets a DBAPI connection that can provide a cursor
            dbapi_conn = conn.connection
            with dbapi_conn.cursor() as cur:
                s_buf = compat.StringIO()
                writer = csv.writer(s_buf)
                writer.writerows(data_iter)
                s_buf.seek(0)

                columns = ', '.join('"{}"'.format(k) for k in keys)
                if table.schema:
                    table_name = '{}.{}'.format(table.schema, table.name)
                else:
                    table_name = table.name

                sql_query = 'COPY {} ({}) FROM STDIN WITH CSV'.format(
                    table_name, columns)
                cur.copy_expert(sql=sql_query, file=s_buf)

        expected = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [0.1, 0.2],
                              'col3': ['a', 'n']})
        expected.to_sql('test_copy_insert', self.conn, index=False,
                        method=psql_insert_copy)
        result = sql.read_sql_table('test_copy_insert', self.conn)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)


@pytest.mark.single
@pytest.mark.db
class TestMySQLAlchemy(_TestMySQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
@pytest.mark.db
class TestMySQLAlchemyConn(_TestMySQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
@pytest.mark.db
class TestPostgreSQLAlchemy(_TestPostgreSQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
@pytest.mark.db
class TestPostgreSQLAlchemyConn(_TestPostgreSQLAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLiteAlchemy(_TestSQLiteAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemy):
    pass


@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLiteAlchemyConn(_TestSQLiteAlchemy, _TestSQLAlchemyConn):
    pass


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Test Sqlite / MySQL fallback

@pytest.mark.single
class TestSQLiteFallback(SQLiteMixIn, PandasSQLTest):
    """
    Test the fallback mode against an in-memory sqlite database.

    """
    flavor = 'sqlite'

    @classmethod
    def connect(cls):
        return sqlite3.connect(':memory:')

    def setup_connect(self):
        self.conn = self.connect()

    def load_test_data_and_sql(self):
        self.pandasSQL = sql.SQLiteDatabase(self.conn)
        self._load_test1_data()

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, load_iris_data):
        self.load_test_data_and_sql()

    def test_read_sql(self):
        self._read_sql_iris()

    def test_read_sql_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_parameter()

    def test_read_sql_named_parameter(self):
        self._read_sql_iris_named_parameter()

    def test_to_sql(self):
        self._to_sql()

    def test_to_sql_empty(self):
        self._to_sql_empty()

    def test_to_sql_fail(self):
        self._to_sql_fail()

    def test_to_sql_replace(self):
        self._to_sql_replace()

    def test_to_sql_append(self):
        self._to_sql_append()

    def test_create_and_drop_table(self):
        temp_frame = DataFrame(
            {'one': [1., 2., 3., 4.], 'two': [4., 3., 2., 1.]})

        self.pandasSQL.to_sql(temp_frame, 'drop_test_frame')

        assert self.pandasSQL.has_table('drop_test_frame')

        self.pandasSQL.drop_table('drop_test_frame')

        assert not self.pandasSQL.has_table('drop_test_frame')

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        self._roundtrip()

    def test_execute_sql(self):
        self._execute_sql()

    def test_datetime_date(self):
        # test support for datetime.date
        df = DataFrame([date(2014, 1, 1), date(2014, 1, 2)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_date', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_date', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            # comes back as strings
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df.astype(str))
        elif self.flavor == 'mysql':
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, df)

    def test_datetime_time(self):
        # test support for datetime.time, GH #8341
        df = DataFrame([time(9, 0, 0), time(9, 1, 30)], columns=["a"])
        df.to_sql('test_time', self.conn, index=False)
        res = read_sql_query('SELECT * FROM test_time', self.conn)
        if self.flavor == 'sqlite':
            # comes back as strings
            expected = df.applymap(lambda _: _.strftime("%H:%M:%S.%f"))
            tm.assert_frame_equal(res, expected)

    def _get_index_columns(self, tbl_name):
        ixs = sql.read_sql_query(
            "SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' " +
            "AND tbl_name = '%s'" % tbl_name, self.conn)
        ix_cols = []
        for ix_name in ixs.name:
            ix_info = sql.read_sql_query(
                "PRAGMA index_info(%s)" % ix_name, self.conn)
            ix_cols.append(ix_info.name.tolist())
        return ix_cols

    def test_to_sql_save_index(self):
        self._to_sql_save_index()

    def test_transactions(self):
        if PY36:
            pytest.skip("not working on python > 3.5")
        self._transaction_test()

    def _get_sqlite_column_type(self, table, column):
        recs = self.conn.execute('PRAGMA table_info(%s)' % table)
        for cid, name, ctype, not_null, default, pk in recs:
            if name == column:
                return ctype
        raise ValueError('Table %s, column %s not found' % (table, column))

    def test_dtype(self):
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            pytest.skip('Not applicable to MySQL legacy')
        cols = ['A', 'B']
        data = [(0.8, True),
                (0.9, None)]
        df = DataFrame(data, columns=cols)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test', self.conn)
        df.to_sql('dtype_test2', self.conn, dtype={'B': 'STRING'})

        # sqlite stores Boolean values as INTEGER
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'dtype_test', 'B') == 'INTEGER'

        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'dtype_test2', 'B') == 'STRING'
        pytest.raises(ValueError, df.to_sql,
                      'error', self.conn, dtype={'B': bool})

        # single dtype
        df.to_sql('single_dtype_test', self.conn, dtype='STRING')
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'single_dtype_test', 'A') == 'STRING'
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(
            'single_dtype_test', 'B') == 'STRING'

    def test_notna_dtype(self):
        if self.flavor == 'mysql':
            pytest.skip('Not applicable to MySQL legacy')

        cols = {'Bool': Series([True, None]),
                'Date': Series([datetime(2012, 5, 1), None]),
                'Int': Series([1, None], dtype='object'),
                'Float': Series([1.1, None])
                }
        df = DataFrame(cols)

        tbl = 'notna_dtype_test'
        df.to_sql(tbl, self.conn)

        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Bool') == 'INTEGER'
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Date') == 'TIMESTAMP'
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Int') == 'INTEGER'
        assert self._get_sqlite_column_type(tbl, 'Float') == 'REAL'

    def test_illegal_names(self):
        # For sqlite, these should work fine
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', 'b'])

        # Raise error on blank
        pytest.raises(ValueError, df.to_sql, "", self.conn)

        for ndx, weird_name in enumerate(
                ['test_weird_name]', 'test_weird_name[',
                 'test_weird_name`', 'test_weird_name"', 'test_weird_name\'',
                 '_b.test_weird_name_01-30', '"_b.test_weird_name_01-30"',
                 '99beginswithnumber', '12345', u'\xe9']):
            df.to_sql(weird_name, self.conn)
            sql.table_exists(weird_name, self.conn)

            df2 = DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns=['a', weird_name])
            c_tbl = 'test_weird_col_name%d' % ndx
            df2.to_sql(c_tbl, self.conn)
            sql.table_exists(c_tbl, self.conn)


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# -- Old tests from 0.13.1 (before refactor using sqlalchemy)


def date_format(dt):
    """Returns date in YYYYMMDD format."""
    return dt.strftime('%Y%m%d')


_formatters = {
    datetime: lambda dt: "'%s'" % date_format(dt),
    str: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    np.str_: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    compat.text_type: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    compat.binary_type: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
    float: lambda x: "%.8f" % x,
    int: lambda x: "%s" % x,
    type(None): lambda x: "NULL",
    np.float64: lambda x: "%.10f" % x,
    bool: lambda x: "'%s'" % x,
}


def format_query(sql, *args):
    """

    """
    processed_args = []
    for arg in args:
        if isinstance(arg, float) and isna(arg):
            arg = None

        formatter = _formatters[type(arg)]
        processed_args.append(formatter(arg))

    return sql % tuple(processed_args)


def tquery(query, con=None, cur=None):
    """Replace removed sql.tquery function"""
    res = sql.execute(query, con=con, cur=cur).fetchall()
    if res is None:
        return None
    else:
        return list(res)


@pytest.mark.single
class TestXSQLite(SQLiteMixIn):

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, request, datapath):
        self.method = request.function
        self.conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')

        # In some test cases we may close db connection
        # Re-open conn here so we can perform cleanup in teardown
        yield
        self.method = request.function
        self.conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')

    def test_basic(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        self._check_roundtrip(frame)

    def test_write_row_by_row(self):

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.iloc[0, 0] = np.nan
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        cur = self.conn.cursor()

        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
        for idx, row in frame.iterrows():
            fmt_sql = format_query(ins, *row)
            tquery(fmt_sql, cur=cur)

        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", con=self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame, check_less_precise=True)

    def test_execute(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)"

        row = frame.iloc[0]
        sql.execute(ins, self.conn, params=tuple(row))
        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index[:1]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame[:1])

    def test_schema(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        for l in lines:
            tokens = l.split(' ')
            if len(tokens) == 2 and tokens[0] == 'A':
                assert tokens[1] == 'DATETIME'

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', keys=['A', 'B'])
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        assert 'PRIMARY KEY ("A", "B")' in create_sql
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

    def test_execute_fail(self):
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "baz", 2.567)', self.conn)

        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 7)', self.conn)

    def test_execute_closed_connection(self):
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a, b)
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        self.conn.close()

        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            tquery("select * from test", con=self.conn)

    def test_na_roundtrip(self):
        pass

    def _check_roundtrip(self, frame):
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test_table', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table", self.conn)

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        result.index = frame.index

        expected = frame
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        frame['txt'] = ['a'] * len(frame)
        frame2 = frame.copy()
        frame2['Idx'] = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        sql.to_sql(frame2, name='test_table2', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table2", self.conn,
                              index_col='Idx')
        expected = frame.copy()
        expected.index = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        expected.index.name = 'Idx'
        tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    def test_keyword_as_column_names(self):
        df = DataFrame({'From': np.ones(5)})
        sql.to_sql(df, con=self.conn, name='testkeywords', index=False)

    def test_onecolumn_of_integer(self):
        # GH 3628
        # a column_of_integers dataframe should transfer well to sql

        mono_df = DataFrame([1, 2], columns=['c0'])
        sql.to_sql(mono_df, con=self.conn, name='mono_df', index=False)
        # computing the sum via sql
        con_x = self.conn
        the_sum = sum(my_c0[0]
                      for my_c0 in con_x.execute("select * from mono_df"))
        # it should not fail, and gives 3 ( Issue #3628 )
        assert the_sum == 3

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from mono_df", con_x)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, mono_df)

    def test_if_exists(self):
        df_if_exists_1 = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': ['A', 'B']})
        df_if_exists_2 = DataFrame(
            {'col1': [3, 4, 5], 'col2': ['C', 'D', 'E']})
        table_name = 'table_if_exists'
        sql_select = "SELECT * FROM %s" % table_name

        def clean_up(test_table_to_drop):
            """
            Drops tables created from individual tests
            so no dependencies arise from sequential tests
            """
            self.drop_table(test_table_to_drop)

        # test if invalid value for if_exists raises appropriate error
        pytest.raises(ValueError,
                      sql.to_sql,
                      frame=df_if_exists_1,
                      con=self.conn,
                      name=table_name,
                      if_exists='notvalidvalue')
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='fail'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn,
                   name=table_name, if_exists='fail')
        pytest.raises(ValueError,
                      sql.to_sql,
                      frame=df_if_exists_1,
                      con=self.conn,
                      name=table_name,
                      if_exists='fail')

        # test if_exists='replace'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        assert tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) == [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        assert (tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) ==
                [(3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='append'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        assert tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) == [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='append', index=False)
        assert (tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) ==
                [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B'), (3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)


@pytest.mark.single
@pytest.mark.db
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="gh-13611: there is no support for MySQL "
                  "if SQLAlchemy is not installed")
class TestXMySQL(MySQLMixIn):

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope='class')
    def setup_class(cls):
        pymysql = pytest.importorskip('pymysql')
        pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='',
                        db='pandas_nosetest')
        try:
            pymysql.connect(read_default_group='pandas')
        except pymysql.ProgrammingError:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf.")
        except pymysql.Error:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Cannot connect to database. "
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf.")

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_method(self, request, datapath):
        pymysql = pytest.importorskip('pymysql')
        pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='root', passwd='',
                        db='pandas_nosetest')
        try:
            pymysql.connect(read_default_group='pandas')
        except pymysql.ProgrammingError:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf.")
        except pymysql.Error:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Cannot connect to database. "
                "Create a group of connection parameters under the heading "
                "[pandas] in your system's mysql default file, "
                "typically located at ~/.my.cnf or /etc/.my.cnf.")

        self.method = request.function

    def test_basic(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        self._check_roundtrip(frame)

    def test_write_row_by_row(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.iloc[0, 0] = np.nan
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"
        for idx, row in frame.iterrows():
            fmt_sql = format_query(ins, *row)
            tquery(fmt_sql, cur=cur)

        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", con=self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame, check_less_precise=True)

    def test_chunksize_read_type(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        frame.index.name = "index"
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test', con=self.conn)
        query = "select * from test"
        chunksize = 5
        chunk_gen = pd.read_sql_query(sql=query, con=self.conn,
                                      chunksize=chunksize, index_col="index")
        chunk_df = next(chunk_gen)
        tm.assert_frame_equal(frame[:chunksize], chunk_df)

    def test_execute(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)
        ins = "INSERT INTO test VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)"

        row = frame.iloc[0].values.tolist()
        sql.execute(ins, self.conn, params=tuple(row))
        self.conn.commit()

        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test", self.conn)
        result.index = frame.index[:1]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, frame[:1])

    def test_schema(self):
        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test')
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        for l in lines:
            tokens = l.split(' ')
            if len(tokens) == 2 and tokens[0] == 'A':
                assert tokens[1] == 'DATETIME'

        frame = tm.makeTimeDataFrame()
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = sql.get_schema(frame, 'test', keys=['A', 'B'])
        lines = create_sql.splitlines()
        assert 'PRIMARY KEY (`A`, `B`)' in create_sql
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

    def test_execute_fail(self):
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a(5), b(5))
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "baz", 2.567)', self.conn)

        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 7)', self.conn)

    def test_execute_closed_connection(self, request, datapath):
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test"
        create_sql = """
        CREATE TABLE test
        (
        a TEXT,
        b TEXT,
        c REAL,
        PRIMARY KEY (a(5), b(5))
        );
        """
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        cur.execute(drop_sql)
        cur.execute(create_sql)

        sql.execute('INSERT INTO test VALUES("foo", "bar", 1.234)', self.conn)
        self.conn.close()

        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            tquery("select * from test", con=self.conn)

        # Initialize connection again (needed for tearDown)
        self.setup_method(request, datapath)

    def test_na_roundtrip(self):
        pass

    def _check_roundtrip(self, frame):
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame, name='test_table', con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table", self.conn)

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        result.index = frame.index
        result.index.name = frame.index.name

        expected = frame
        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        frame['txt'] = ['a'] * len(frame)
        frame2 = frame.copy()
        index = Index(lrange(len(frame2))) + 10
        frame2['Idx'] = index
        drop_sql = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS test_table2"
        cur = self.conn.cursor()
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "Unknown table.*")
            cur.execute(drop_sql)
        sql.to_sql(frame2, name='test_table2',
                   con=self.conn, index=False)
        result = sql.read_sql("select * from test_table2", self.conn,
                              index_col='Idx')
        expected = frame.copy()

        # HACK! Change this once indexes are handled properly.
        expected.index = index
        expected.index.names = result.index.names
        tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)

    def test_keyword_as_column_names(self):
        df = DataFrame({'From': np.ones(5)})
        sql.to_sql(df, con=self.conn, name='testkeywords',
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)

    def test_if_exists(self):
        df_if_exists_1 = DataFrame({'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': ['A', 'B']})
        df_if_exists_2 = DataFrame(
            {'col1': [3, 4, 5], 'col2': ['C', 'D', 'E']})
        table_name = 'table_if_exists'
        sql_select = "SELECT * FROM %s" % table_name

        def clean_up(test_table_to_drop):
            """
            Drops tables created from individual tests
            so no dependencies arise from sequential tests
            """
            self.drop_table(test_table_to_drop)

        # test if invalid value for if_exists raises appropriate error
        pytest.raises(ValueError,
                      sql.to_sql,
                      frame=df_if_exists_1,
                      con=self.conn,
                      name=table_name,
                      if_exists='notvalidvalue')
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='fail'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        pytest.raises(ValueError,
                      sql.to_sql,
                      frame=df_if_exists_1,
                      con=self.conn,
                      name=table_name,
                      if_exists='fail')

        # test if_exists='replace'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        assert tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) == [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='replace', index=False)
        assert (tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) ==
                [(3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)

        # test if_exists='append'
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_1, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='fail', index=False)
        assert tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) == [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B')]
        sql.to_sql(frame=df_if_exists_2, con=self.conn, name=table_name,
                   if_exists='append', index=False)
        assert (tquery(sql_select, con=self.conn) ==
                [(1, 'A'), (2, 'B'), (3, 'C'), (4, 'D'), (5, 'E')])
        clean_up(table_name)