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backzone
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# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
# This file is in the public domain.
# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
# the file 'backward'.
# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
# pre-1970 timestamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
# most of the era. Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file. Many of
# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 timestamps.
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
# assumes rules from other files. In the tz distribution, use
# 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone zones' to compile and install this file.
# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
# The following remarks should be incorporated into this table sometime.
# Patches in 'git format-patch' format would be welcome.
#
# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
# ... the historical timezone data for those China zones seems to be
# incorrect. The transition to GMT+8 date given there for these zones
# were 1980 which also contradict the file description that they do
# not disagree with normal zone after 1970. According to sources that
# have also been cited in the asia file, except Xinjiang and Tibet,
# they should have adopted the Beijing Time from around 1949/1950
# depends on exactly when each of those cities were taken over by the
# communist army. And they should also follow the DST setting of
# Asia/Shanghai after that point of time. In addition,
# http://gaz.ncl.edu.tw/detail.jsp?sysid=E1091792 the document from
# Chongqing Nationalist government say in year 1945 all of China
# should adopt summer time due to the war (not sure whether it
# continued after WWII ends)(Probably only enforced in area under
# their rule at the time?) The Asia/Harbin's 1932 and 1940 entry
# should also be incorrect. As per sources recorded at
# https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%99%82
# , in 1932 Harbin should have adopted UTC+8:00 instead of data
# currently listed in the tz database according to official
# announcement from Manchuko. And they should have adopted GMT+9 in
# 1937 January 1st according to official announcement at the time
# being cited on the webpage.
# Zones are sorted by zone name. Each zone is preceded by the
# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
#
# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# and the rule columns are:
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# Ghana
# From P Chan (2020-11-20):
# Interpretation Amendment Ordinance, 1915 (No.24 of 1915) [1915-11-02]
# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1915, p 69-71
# https://books.google.com/books?id=ErA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA70
# This Ordinance added "'Time' shall mean Greenwich Mean Time" to the
# Interpretation Ordinance, 1876.
#
# Determination of the Time Ordinance, 1919 (No. 18 of 1919) [1919-11-24]
# Ordinances of the Gold Coast, Ashanti, Northern Territories 1919, p 75-76
# https://books.google.com/books?id=MbA-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA75
# This Ordinance removed the previous definition of time and introduced DST.
#
# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 214)
# The Laws of the Gold Coast (including Togoland Under British Mandate)
# Vol. II (1937), p 2328
# https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7M-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA2328
# Revised edition of the 1919 Ordinance.
#
# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1940 (No. 9 of 1940) [1940-04-06]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1940, p 22
# https://books.google.com/books?id=1ao-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA22
# This Ordinance changed the forward transition from September to May.
#
# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942
# (Regulations No. 6 of 1942) [1942-01-31, commenced on 1942-02-08]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 48
# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA48
# These regulations advanced the [standard] time by thirty minutes.
#
# Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment (No.2)) Regulations,
# 1942 (Regulations No. 28 of 1942) [1942-04-25]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942, p 87
# https://books.google.com/books?id=Das-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA87
# These regulations abolished DST and changed the time to GMT+0:30.
#
# Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of
# 1945) [1945-10-24, commenced on 1946-01-06]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 256
# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256
# These regulations revoked the previous two sets of Regulations.
#
# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1945 (No. 18 of 1945) [1946-01-06]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945, p 69
# https://books.google.com/books?id=9as-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA69
# This Ordinance abolished DST.
#
# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1950 (No. 26 of 1950) [1950-07-22]
# Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast:
# Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1950, p 35
# https://books.google.com/books?id=e60-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
# This Ordinance restored DST but with thirty minutes offset.
#
# Time Determination Ordinance (Cap. 264)
# The Laws of the Gold Coast, Vol. V (1954), p 380
# https://books.google.com/books?id=Mqc-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA380
# Revised edition of the Time Determination Ordinance.
#
# Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956) [1956-08-29]
# Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the
# Year 1956, p 83
# https://books.google.com/books?id=VLE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA83
# This Ordinance abolished DST.
Rule Ghana 1919 only - Nov 24 0:00 0:20 +0020
Rule Ghana 1920 1942 - Jan 1 2:00 0 GMT
Rule Ghana 1920 1939 - Sep 1 2:00 0:20 +0020
Rule Ghana 1940 1941 - May 1 2:00 0:20 +0020
Rule Ghana 1950 1955 - Sep 1 2:00 0:30 +0030
Rule Ghana 1951 1956 - Jan 1 2:00 0 GMT
Zone Africa/Accra -0:00:52 - LMT 1915 Nov 2
0:00 Ghana %s 1942 Feb 8
0:30 - +0030 1946 Jan 6
0:00 Ghana %s
# Ethiopia
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
# 02:00 or 14:00. Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
#
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05. Perhaps 38E50
# was for Adis Dera. Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
# anyway.
Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa 2:34:48 - LMT 1870
2:35:20 - ADMT 1936 May 5 # Adis Dera MT
3:00 - EAT
# Eritrea
Zone Africa/Asmara 2:35:32 - LMT 1870
2:35:32 - AMT 1890 # Asmara Mean Time
2:35:20 - ADMT 1936 May 5 # Adis Dera MT
3:00 - EAT
Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
# Mali (southern)
Zone Africa/Bamako -0:32:00 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT 1934 Feb 26
-1:00 - -01 1960 Jun 20
0:00 - GMT
# Central African Republic
Zone Africa/Bangui 1:14:20 - LMT 1912
1:00 - WAT
# The Gambia
# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1933-04-01. On 1942-02-01, GMT was
# adopted as a war time measure. This was made permanent in 1946.
#
# Interpretation Ordinance, 1914 (No. 12 of 1914) [1914-09-29]
# Interpretation Ordinance, 1933 (No. 10 of 1933) [1933-03-31]
# Notice No. 5 of 1942, Colony of the Gambia Government Gazette, Vol. LIX,
# No.2, 1942-01-15, p 2
# Interpretation (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 3 of 1946) [1946-07-15]
Zone Africa/Banjul -1:06:36 - LMT 1912
-1:06:36 - BMT 1933 Apr 1 # Banjul Mean Time
-1:00 - -01 1942 Feb 1 0:00
0:00 - GMT
# Malawi
# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
# In 1911, Zomba mean time was adopted as the legal time of Nyasaland. In
# 1914, Zomba mean time switched from GMT+2:21:10 to GMT+2:21. On 1925-07-01,
# GMT+2 was adopted.
#
# Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance, 1911 (No. 12 of 1911)
# [1911-07-24]
# Notice No. 124 of 1914, 1914-06-30, The Nyasaland Government Gazette, Vol.
# XXI, No. 8, 1914-06-30, p 122
# Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance, 1925 (No. 3 of
# 1925) [1925-04-02]
Zone Africa/Blantyre 2:20:00 - LMT 1911 Jul 24
2:21:10 - ZMT 1914 Jun 30 # Zomba Mean Time
2:21 - ZMT 1925 Jul 1
2:00 - CAT
# Republic of the Congo
Zone Africa/Brazzaville 1:01:08 - LMT 1912
1:00 - WAT
# Burundi
Zone Africa/Bujumbura 1:57:28 - LMT 1890
2:00 - CAT
# Guinea
Zone Africa/Conakry -0:54:52 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT 1934 Feb 26
-1:00 - -01 1960
0:00 - GMT
# Senegal
Zone Africa/Dakar -1:09:44 - LMT 1912
-1:00 - -01 1941 Jun
0:00 - GMT
# Tanzania
Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 - LMT 1931
3:00 - EAT 1948
2:45 - +0245 1961
3:00 - EAT
# Djibouti
Zone Africa/Djibouti 2:52:36 - LMT 1911 Jul
3:00 - EAT
# Cameroon
# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Zone Africa/Douala 0:38:48 - LMT 1912
1:00 - WAT
# Sierra Leone
# From P Chan (2020-12-09):
# Standard time of GMT-1 was adopted on 1913-07-01. Twenty minutes of DST was
# introduce[d] in 1932 and was suspended in 1939. In 1941, GMT was adopted by
# Defence Regulations. This was made permanent in 1946.
#
# Government Notice No. 121 of 1913, 1913-06-06, Sierra Leone Royal Gazette,
# Vol. XLIV, No. 1384, 1913-06-14, p 347
# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (No. 34 of 1932) [1932-12-01]
# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1938 (No. 25 of 1938) [1938-11-24]
# Defence Regulations (No. 9), 1939 (Regulations No. 9 of 1939), 1939-09-05
# Defence Regulations (No. 11), 1939 (Regulations No. 11 of 1939), 1939-09-27
# Defence (Amendment) (No. 17) Regulations, 1941 (Public Notice No. 157 of
# 1941), 1914-12-04
# Alteration of Time (Amendment) Ordinance, 1946 (No. 2 of 1946) [1946-02-07]
# From Tim Parenti (2021-03-02), per P Chan (2021-02-25):
# For Sierra Leone in 1957-1962, the standard time was defined in the
# Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1932 (as amended in 1946, renamed to Local Time
# Ordinance in 1960 and Local Time Act in 1961). It was unamended throughout
# that period. See references to "Time" in the Alphabetical Index of the
# Legislation in force on the 31st day of December,
# 1957: https://books.google.com/books?id=lvQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA49
# 1958: https://books.google.com/books?id=4fQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA50
# 1959: https://books.google.com/books?id=p_U-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA55
# 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=JPY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA37
# 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=7vY-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA41
# 1962: https://books.google.com/books?id=W_c-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA44
# 1963: https://books.google.com/books?id=9vk-AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA47
#
# Although Shanks & Pottenger had DST from Jun 1 00:00 to Sep 1 00:00 in this
# period, many contemporaneous almanacs agree that it wasn't used:
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2021-February/029866.html
# Go with the above.
Rule SL 1932 only - Dec 1 0:00 0:20 -0040
Rule SL 1933 1938 - Mar 31 24:00 0 -01
Rule SL 1933 1939 - Aug 31 24:00 0:20 -0040
Rule SL 1939 only - May 31 24:00 0 -01
Zone Africa/Freetown -0:53:00 - LMT 1882
-0:53:00 - FMT 1913 Jul 1 # Freetown MT
-1:00 SL %s 1939 Sep 5
-1:00 - -01 1941 Dec 6 24:00
0:00 SL GMT/+01
# Botswana
# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
Zone Africa/Gaborone 1:43:40 - LMT 1885
1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
2:00 - CAT 1943 Sep 19 2:00
2:00 1:00 CAST 1944 Mar 19 2:00
2:00 - CAT
# Zimbabwe
Zone Africa/Harare 2:04:12 - LMT 1903 Mar
2:00 - CAT
# Uganda
Zone Africa/Kampala 2:09:40 - LMT 1928 Jul
3:00 - EAT 1930
2:30 - +0230 1948
2:45 - +0245 1957
3:00 - EAT
# Rwanda
Zone Africa/Kigali 2:00:16 - LMT 1935 Jun
2:00 - CAT
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
Zone Africa/Kinshasa 1:01:12 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
1:00 - WAT
# Gabon
Zone Africa/Libreville 0:37:48 - LMT 1912
1:00 - WAT
# Togo
Zone Africa/Lome 0:04:52 - LMT 1893
0:00 - GMT
# Angola
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
# (see Europe/Lisbon) with the date that it took effect.
#
Zone Africa/Luanda 0:52:56 - LMT 1892
0:52:04 - LMT 1911 Dec 31 23:00u # Luanda MT?
1:00 - WAT
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
#
# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-28):
# My main source for its time zone history is
# Henri le Corre, Régimes horaires pour l'Europe et l'Afrique.
# Shanks follows le Corre. As does Françoise Schneider-Gauquelin in her book
# Problèmes de l'heure résolus pour le monde entier.
#
Zone Africa/Lubumbashi 1:49:52 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
1:00 - WAT 1920 Apr 25
2:00 - CAT
# Zambia
Zone Africa/Lusaka 1:53:08 - LMT 1903 Mar
2:00 - CAT
# Equatorial Guinea
#
# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UT +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
# says that Spanish Guinea was at +01 back then. The Shanks data entries
# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
#
Zone Africa/Malabo 0:35:08 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT 1963 Dec 15
1:00 - WAT
# Lesotho
Zone Africa/Maseru 1:50:00 - LMT 1903 Mar
2:00 - SAST 1943 Sep 19 2:00
2:00 1:00 SAST 1944 Mar 19 2:00
2:00 - SAST
# Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
Zone Africa/Mbabane 2:04:24 - LMT 1903 Mar
2:00 - SAST
# Somalia
Zone Africa/Mogadishu 3:01:28 - LMT 1893 Nov
3:00 - EAT 1931
2:30 - +0230 1957
3:00 - EAT
# Niger
Zone Africa/Niamey 0:08:28 - LMT 1912
-1:00 - -01 1934 Feb 26
0:00 - GMT 1960
1:00 - WAT
# Mauritania
Zone Africa/Nouakchott -1:03:48 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT 1934 Feb 26
-1:00 - -01 1960 Nov 28
0:00 - GMT
# Burkina Faso
Zone Africa/Ouagadougou -0:06:04 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT
# Benin
# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
Zone Africa/Porto-Novo 0:10:28 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
0:00 - GMT 1934 Feb 26
1:00 - WAT
# Mali (northern)
Zone Africa/Timbuktu -0:12:04 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT
# Anguilla
Zone America/Anguilla -4:12:16 - LMT 1912 Mar 2
-4:00 - AST
# Antigua and Barbuda
Zone America/Antigua -4:07:12 - LMT 1912 Mar 2
-5:00 - EST 1951
-4:00 - AST
# Chubut, Argentina
# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
-3:00 Arg -03/-02 1991 Mar 3
-4:00 - -04 1991 Oct 20
-3:00 Arg -03/-02 1999 Oct 3
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 2000 Mar 3
-3:00 - -03 2004 Jun 1
-4:00 - -04 2004 Jun 20
-3:00 - -03
# Aruba
Zone America/Aruba -4:40:24 - LMT 1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
-4:30 - -0430 1965
-4:00 - AST
# Atikokan, Ontario
# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
# violation of the official Ontario rules.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
# Chris Walton (2006-07-06) mentioned an article by Stephanie MacLellan in the
# 2005-07-21 Chronicle-Journal, which said:
#
# The clocks in Atikokan stay set on standard time year-round.
# This means they spend about half the time on central time and
# the other half on eastern time.
#
# For the most part, the system works, Mayor Dennis Brown said.
#
# "The majority of businesses in Atikokan deal more with Eastern
# Canada, but there are some that deal with Western Canada," he
# said. "I don't see any changes happening here."
#
# Walton also writes "Supposedly Pickle Lake and Mishkeegogamang
# [New Osnaburgh] follow the same practice."
# From Garry McKinnon (2006-07-14) via Chris Walton:
# I chatted with a member of my board who has an outstanding memory
# and a long history in Atikokan (and in the telecom industry) and he
# can say for certain that Atikokan has been practicing the current
# time keeping since 1952, at least.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-17):
# Shanks & Pottenger say that Atikokan has agreed with Rainy River
# ever since standard time was introduced, but the information from
# McKinnon sounds more authoritative. For now, assume that Atikokan
# switched to EST immediately after WWII era daylight saving time
# ended. This matches the old (less-populous) America/Coral_Harbour
# entry since our cutoff date of 1970, so we can move
# America/Coral_Harbour to the 'backward' file.
Zone America/Atikokan -6:06:28 - LMT 1895
-6:00 Canada C%sT 1940 Sep 29
-6:00 1:00 CDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
-6:00 Canada C%sT 1945 Sep 30 2:00
-5:00 - EST
# Quebec east of Natashquan
# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
# says that Quebec east of the -63 meridian is supposed to observe
# AST, but residents as far east as Natashquan use EST/EDT, and
# residents east of Natashquan use AST.
# The Quebec department of justice writes in
# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
# https://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/en/department/ministre/functions-and-responsabilities/legal-time-in-quebec/the-situation-in-minganie-and-basse-cote-nord/
# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
# This common practice was codified into law as of 2007; see Legal Time Act,
# CQLR c T-5.1 <http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/T-5.1>.
# For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
# Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 - LMT 1884
-4:00 Canada A%sT 1970
-4:00 - AST
# Cayman Is
Zone America/Cayman -5:25:32 - LMT 1890 # Georgetown
-5:07:10 - KMT 1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
-5:00 - EST
# United States
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
# America/Chillicothe would be tricky, as it was a city of two-timers:
# "To prevent a constant mixup at Chillicothe, caused by the courthouse
# clock running on central time and the city running on 'daylight saving'
# time, a third hand was added to the dial of the courthouse clock."
# -- Ohio news in brief. The Cedarville Herald. 1920-05-21;43(21):1 (col. 5)
# https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cedarville_herald/794
# Canada
Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 - LMT 1884
-5:00 NT_YK E%sT 1946
-5:00 - EST
# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01):
# There are two areas within the Canadian province of British Columbia
# that do not currently observe daylight saving:
# a) The Creston Valley (includes the town of Creston and surrounding area)
# b) The eastern half of the Peace River Regional District
# (includes the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John)
# Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
# keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
# manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
# According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UT-7 for 93 years.
# Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
# Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
# unknown and will be difficult to ascertain. I e-mailed Tammy a few months
# ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess. She said it was just
# as plausible as any other date (in June). She also said that after writing
# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
# http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
# Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
# 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
# Exact date unknown
# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
# 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
# Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
# note 1:
# On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
# Creston did not change its clocks.
# note 2:
# During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
# Creston did not oblige.
# note 3:
# There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
# (UTC-7) forever.
# The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
# http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
# During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
# In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
# summer time to cause the offset to be -7:00, the same as it had been before
# the change. It can be argued that the timezone abbreviation during this
# period should be PDT rather than MST, but that doesn't seem important enough
# (to anyone) to further complicate the rules.
# The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
Zone America/Creston -7:46:04 - LMT 1884
-7:00 - MST 1916 Oct 1
-8:00 - PST 1918 Jun 2
-7:00 - MST
# Curaçao
# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
# -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
# Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
# 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01. The former is dubious, since S&P also say
# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
#
# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
# associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
# Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
# Netherlands as Kingdom Islands. This won't affect their time zones
# though, as far as we know.
#
Zone America/Curacao -4:35:47 - LMT 1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
-4:30 - -0430 1965
-4:00 - AST
Link America/Curacao America/Kralendijk
Link America/Curacao America/Lower_Princes
# Dominica
Zone America/Dominica -4:05:36 - LMT 1911 Jul 1 0:01 # Roseau
-4:00 - AST
# Baja California
# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
Zone America/Ensenada -7:46:28 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:13:32
-8:00 - PST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-7:00 - MST 1930 Nov 16
-8:00 - PST 1942 Apr
-7:00 - MST 1949 Jan 14
-8:00 - PST 1996
-8:00 Mexico P%sT
# Grenada
Zone America/Grenada -4:07:00 - LMT 1911 Jul # St George's
-4:00 - AST
# Guadeloupe
Zone America/Guadeloupe -4:06:08 - LMT 1911 Jun 8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
-4:00 - AST
# Canada
#
# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
# America/Toronto. However, earlier versions of the tz database
# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
# Pottenger data. The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
#
Rule Mont 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1917 only - Apr 24 0:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1919 only - Mar 31 2:30 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1919 only - Oct 25 2:30 0 S
Rule Mont 1920 only - May 2 2:30 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1920 1922 - Oct Sun>=1 2:30 0 S
Rule Mont 1921 only - May 1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1922 only - Apr 30 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1924 only - May 17 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1924 1926 - Sep lastSun 2:30 0 S
Rule Mont 1925 1926 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1927 1937 - Apr lastSat 24:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1927 1937 - Sep lastSat 24:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1938 1940 - Apr lastSun 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1938 1939 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1946 1973 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mont 1945 1948 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1949 1950 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1951 1956 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Mont 1957 1973 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Zone America/Montreal -4:54:16 - LMT 1884
-5:00 Mont E%sT 1918
-5:00 Canada E%sT 1919
-5:00 Mont E%sT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
-5:00 Canada E%sT 1946
-5:00 Mont E%sT 1974
-5:00 Canada E%sT
# Montserrat
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
Zone America/Montserrat -4:08:52 - LMT 1911 Jul 1 0:01 # Cork Hill
-4:00 - AST
# The Bahamas
#
# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
#
# From P Chan (2020-11-27, corrected on 2020-12-02):
# There were two periods of DST observed in 1942-1945: 1942-05-01
# midnight to 1944-12-31 midnight and 1945-02-01 to 1945-10-17 midnight.
# "midnight" should mean 24:00 from the context.
#
# War Time Order 1942 [1942-05-01] and War Time (No. 2) Order 1942 [1942-09-29]
# Appendix to the Statutes of 7 George VI. and the Year 1942. p 34, 43
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA34
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA43
#
# War Time Order 1943 [1943-03-31] and War Time Order 1944 [1943-12-29]
# Appendix to the Statutes of 8 George VI. and the Year 1943. p 9-10, 28-29
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA9
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA28
#
# War Time Order 1945 [1945-01-31] and the Order which revoke War Time Order
# 1945 [1945-10-16] Appendix to the Statutes of 9 George VI. and the Year
# 1945. p 160, 247-248
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA160
# https://books.google.com/books?id=5rlNAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA247
#
# From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
# The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
# rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
# http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=10412
Rule Bahamas 1942 only - May 1 24:00 1:00 W
Rule Bahamas 1944 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 S
Rule Bahamas 1945 only - Feb 1 0:00 1:00 W
Rule Bahamas 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
Rule Bahamas 1945 only - Oct 17 24:00 0 S
Rule Bahamas 1964 1975 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Bahamas 1964 1975 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Zone America/Nassau -5:09:30 - LMT 1912 Mar 2
-5:00 Bahamas E%sT 1976
-5:00 US E%sT
# United States
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
# America/Palm_Springs would be tricky, as it kept two sets of clocks
# in 1946/7. See the following notes.
#
# From Steve Allen (2018-01-19):
# The shadow of Mt. San Jacinto brings darkness very early in the winter
# months. In 1946 the chamber of commerce decided to put the clocks of Palm
# Springs forward by an hour in the winter.
# https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/2017/12/27/palm-springs-struggle-daylight-savings-time-and-idea-sun-time/984416001/
# Desert Sun, Number 18, 1 November 1946
# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461101
# has proposal for meeting on front page and page 21.
# Desert Sun, Number 19, 5 November 1946
# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19461105
# reports that Sun Time won at the meeting on front page and page 5.
# Desert Sun, Number 37, 7 January 1947
# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470107.2.12
# front page reports request to abandon Sun Time and page 7 notes a "class war".
# Desert Sun, Number 38, 10 January 1947
# https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19470110
# front page reports on end.
# Trinidad and Tobago
Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 - LMT 1912 Mar 2
-4:00 - AST
Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot
Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy
# Argentina
# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
# more detailed zones.
# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
Zone America/Rosario -4:02:40 - LMT 1894 Nov
-4:16:44 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
-3:00 Arg -03/-02 1991 Jul
-3:00 - -03 1999 Oct 3 0:00
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 2000 Mar 3 0:00
-3:00 - -03
# St Kitts-Nevis
Zone America/St_Kitts -4:10:52 - LMT 1912 Mar 2 # Basseterre
-4:00 - AST
# St Lucia
Zone America/St_Lucia -4:04:00 - LMT 1890 # Castries
-4:04:00 - CMT 1912 # Castries Mean Time
-4:00 - AST
# US Virgin Is
Zone America/St_Thomas -4:19:44 - LMT 1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
-4:00 - AST
Link America/St_Thomas America/Virgin
# St Vincent and the Grenadines
Zone America/St_Vincent -4:04:56 - LMT 1890 # Kingstown
-4:04:56 - KMT 1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
-4:00 - AST
# British Virgin Is
Zone America/Tortola -4:18:28 - LMT 1911 Jul # Road Town
-4:00 - AST
# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
#
# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
#
Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 - -00 1947
10:00 - +10 1952 Jan 14
0 - -00 1956 Nov
10:00 - +10
# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
Zone Antarctica/McMurdo 0 - -00 1956
12:00 NZ NZ%sT
Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
# Syowa, Antarctica
#
# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
#
# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
# was established on 1957-01-29. Since Syowa station is still the main
# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
# See:
# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
Zone Antarctica/Syowa 0 - -00 1957 Jan 29
3:00 - +03
# Yemen
# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
Zone Asia/Aden 2:59:54 - LMT 1950
3:00 - +03
# Bahrain
#
# From Paul Eggert (2020-07-23):
# Most of this data comes from:
# Stewart A. Why Gulf Standard Time is far from standard: the fascinating story
# behind the time zone's invention. The National (Abu Dhabi). 2020-07-22.
# https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/why-gulf-standard-time-is-far-from-standard-the-fascinating-story-behind-the-time-zone-s-invention-1.1052589
# Stewart writes that before 1941 some companies in Bahrain were at +0330 and
# others at +0323. Reginald George Alban, a British political agent based in
# Manama, worked to standardize this, and from 1941-07-20 Bahrain was at
# +0330. However, BOAC asked that clocks be moved to gain more light at day's
# end, so Bahrain switched to +04 on 1944-01-01.
#
# Re the 1941 transition, Stewart privately sent me this citation:
# "File 16/53 Enquiries Re: Calculation of Local Time", British Library: India
# Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/2/1564, in Qatar Digital Library
# https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100000000282.0x00012b
# It says there was no real standard in Bahrain before 1941-07-20.
# +0330 was used by steamers of the British India Co, by Petroleum Concessions
# and by Cable & Wireless; +0323 was used by the Eastern Bank Ltd, BOAC, and
# Bahrein Petroleum (Bapco), and California Arabian Standard Oil Co (Casoc)
# adopted DST effective 1941-05-24. Alban suggested adopting DST, R.B. Coomb
# of C&W countersuggested +0330, and although C.A. Rodstrom of Casoc (formerly
# of Bapco) stated that Bahrain had formerly used +0330 before Bapco arrived
# but Bapco switched to +0323 because of "constant confusion", the consensus
# was +0330. The government adopted +0330 in 1941-07-20 and companies seem to
# have switched by 08-01. No time of day was given for the 1940s transitions.
Zone Asia/Bahrain 3:22:20 - LMT 1941 Jul 20 # Manamah
3:30 - +0330 1944 Jan 1
4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3:00 - +03
# India
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80° 18' 30" E). Also,
# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back. See:
# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
#Zone Asia/Chennai [not enough info to complete]
# China
# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
Zone Asia/Chongqing 7:06:20 - LMT 1928 # or Chungking
7:00 - +07 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
# Vietnam
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
Zone Asia/Hanoi 7:03:24 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1
7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
8:00 - +08 1954 Oct
7:00 - +07
# China
# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
Zone Asia/Harbin 8:26:44 - LMT 1928 # or Haerbin
8:30 - +0830 1932 Mar
8:00 - CST 1940
9:00 - +09 1966 May
8:30 - +0830 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
# far west China
Zone Asia/Kashgar 5:03:56 - LMT 1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
5:30 - +0530 1940
5:00 - +05 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Kuwait
Zone Asia/Kuwait 3:11:56 - LMT 1950
3:00 - +03
# Oman
# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
Zone Asia/Muscat 3:54:24 - LMT 1920
4:00 - +04
# India
# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
# https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# Portuguese India switched to UT +05 on 1912-01-01.
#Zone Asia/Panaji [not enough info to complete]
# Cambodia
# From an adoptive daughter of the late Cambodian ruler Prince Sihanouk,
# via Alois Treindl (2019-08-08):
#
# King Sihanouk said that, during the Japanese occupation, starting with
# what historians refer to as "le coup de force du 9 mars 1945", Cambodia,
# like the entire French Indochina, used Tokyo time zone. After Japan
# surrendered, 2 September 1945, Cambodia fell under French rule again and
# adopted Hanoi time zone again.
#
# However, on 7 January 1946, Sihanouk and Tioulong managed to obtain a
# status of "internal autonomy" from the government of Charles de Gaulle.
# Although many fields remained under the administration of the French
# (customs, taxes, justice, defence, foreign affairs, etc.), the Cambodian
# administration was responsible for religious matters and traditional
# celebrations, which included our calendar and time. The time zone was GMT
# + 7 and _no_ DST was applied.
#
# After Sihanouk and Tioulong achieved full independence, on 9 November 1953,
# GMT + 7 was maintained.
# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-26):
# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of rest of this data.
Zone Asia/Phnom_Penh 6:59:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1
7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
7:00 - +07
# Israel
Zone Asia/Tel_Aviv 2:19:04 - LMT 1880
2:21 - JMT 1918
2:00 Zion I%sT
# Laos
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT +07 on 1955-04-15.
# Also, guess that Laos reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
Zone Asia/Vientiane 6:50:24 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1
7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
8:00 - +08 1955 Apr 15
7:00 - +07
# Jan Mayen
# From Whitman:
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - -01
# St Helena
Zone Atlantic/St_Helena -0:22:48 - LMT 1890 # Jamestown
-0:22:48 - JMT 1951 # Jamestown Mean Time