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cosmic_dawn_1.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<meta name="description" content="The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation." />
<meta name="keywords" content="early universe, cosmic dawn, first galaxies, first stars, population 3, cosmology" />
<meta name="author" content="Erika Hoffman" />
<title>Era of the First Stars - Cosmic Dark to Cosmic Dawn</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />
<link rel="icon" href="images/galaxy_icon_d.png">
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<body>
<! ALTERED GRID 1 !>
<div class="grid_1">
<! TOP NAVIGATION !>
<header>
<nav class="navbar" style="grid-row:1;">
<a href="index.html"><h1 class="main-header">Cosmic Dark to Cosmic Dawn</h1></a>
</nav>
<nav class="navbar" style="grid-row:1;">
<ul style="padding-top: 27px; ">
<li><a href="dark_ages.html">What happened during the <span class="bold">Dark Ages?</span></a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="cosmic_dawn_1.html">How did the <span class="bold">first stars</span> form?</a></li>
<li><a href="cosmic_dawn_2.html">How did the <span class="bold">first galaxies</span> form?</a></li>
<li><a href="observations.html">How do we <span class="bold">observe</span> them?</a></li>
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<a href="dark_ages.html" class="dark_head">The Dark Ages</a>
<a href="big_bang_cmb.html" class="dark_cont">The Big Bang</a>
<a href="cosmic_web.html" class="dark_cont">The Cosmic Web</a>
<a href="exotic_physics.html" class="dark_cont">Exotic Physics</a>
<a href="cosmic_dawn_1.html" class="cd_1_head">Era of the First Stars</a>
<a href="first_stars.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Stars</a>
<a href="first_black_holes.html" class="cd_1_cont">The First Black Holes</a>
<a href="light_fills_the_universe.html" class="cd_1_cont">Light Fills the Universe</a>
<a href="spin_flip.html" class="cd_1_cont">The Spin-Flip Backgound</a>
<a href="cosmic_dawn_2.html" class="cd_2_head">Era of First Galaxies</a>
<a href="first_galaxies.html" class="cd_2_cont">The First Galaxies</a>
<a href="larger_galaxies.html" class="cd_2_cont">Larger and Larger Galaxies</a>
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<a href="later_universe.html" class="later_head">The Later Universe</a>
<a href="cosmic_noon.html" class="later_cont">Galaxies at Cosmic Noon</a>
<a href="our_galaxy.html" class="later_cont">Our Galaxy: The Milky Way</a>
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<! MAIN IMAGE AND TEXT !>
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<! class="page_title" style=" font-size:5.5vw; margin-top:0; padding:1.5%; grid-row:2; background-color:black;" ERA OF THE FIRST STARS !>
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<a href="exotic_physics.html">Previous: Exotic Physics</a>
<a href="first_stars.html" style="float: right;">Next: The First Stars </a>
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<article class="obs_col" style="grid-template-rows: repeat();">
<div class="in_text_image_left_2" style=" background-image:url(images/blue_supergiant.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position:center; margin:0;">
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<div class="text_right_2" style="padding: 6%; background-color: rgba(0, 255, 255, 0.50); margin:0;">
<h1><a href="first_stars.html">The First Stars</a></h1>
<p>
About 75 million years after the Big Bang, massive gas clouds formed inside dark matter clumps and subsequently condensed into the first stars in the Universe. These stars - likely much more massive than our own - illuminated the Universe in the Cosmic Dawn.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: An artist's conception of a blue giant, a star similar to those in the Cosmic Dawn.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11250" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_right_3" style="background-image:url(images/black_hole_main.jpg); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: cover; margin:0;">
</div>
<div class="text_left_3" style="padding: 6%; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); margin: 0;">
<h1><a href="first_black_holes.html">The First Black Holes</a></h1>
<p>
Because they were likely so massive, the first stars could live only a few million years - after which many likely collapsed and formed the first black holes in the Universe. These black holes seeded some of the most powerful light sources that ever existed.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: An artist's conception of the most primitive supermassive black holes known, at the core of a young, star-rich galaxy.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA12966" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JPL</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_left_5" style="background-image:url('images/star_wave.jpg'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: cover; margin: 0;">
</div>
<div class="text_right_5" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .4); margin: 0; padding:6%;">
<h1><a href="light_fills_the_Universe.html">Light Fills the Universe</a></h1>
<p>
As the first light sources grew during the Cosmic Dawn, their light penetrated even the most distant and isolated regions of the Universe, where it influenced both the tenuous gas outside of dark matter clumps and the gas clouds within it, as they tried to form stars.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: A modern example of a star affecting other stars, but instead of just radiation, with an actual wave of gas.
<br />Credit: <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/pia16604.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NASA/JPL-Caltech</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="text_left_7" style="background-color: rgba(255, 216, 0, 0.49); margin: 0; padding:6%;">
<h1><a href="spin_flip.html">The Spin-Flip Background</a></h1>
<p>
During this early era, only a tiny fraction of the Universe’s matter is actually inside of stars - the vast majority is a tenuous hydrogen gas spread throughout the Universe. To see this gas - and to use it to learn about the sources illuminating the Cosmic Dawn - astronomers hope to use the <i>spin-flip background</i> generated by the hydrogen.
</p>
<p class="img_cred_body">
Image: A computer simulation of the end of the Cosmic Dawn as could be seen in the spin-flip background. The blue shows the brightness of the background, while the black are regions that have been ionized so do not produce a spin-flip background.
<br />Credit: <a href="http://homepage.sns.it/mesinger/DexM___21cmFAST.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Andrei Mesinger</a>
</p>
</div>
<div class="in_text_image_right_7" style="background-image:url(images/21cm_blue.png); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:center; background-size: cover; margin:0;">
</div>
</article>
<! PAGE BEFORE / PAGE AFTER NAVIGATION >
<section class="page_nav">
<a href="exotic_physics.html">Previous: Exotic Physics</a>
<a href="first_stars.html" style="float: right;">Next: The First Stars </a>
</section>
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<div class="mission"><span class="bold">Our Mission:</span> <br />The site is intended as a free educational resource about the frontiers of galaxy formation.</div>
<div class="creation">
<div class="creation_top">
<span class="bold">Creation and Funding:</span>
<br />Content and supervision by Professor Steven Furlanetto, website design by Erika Hoffman, funding and support from NASA NESS, NSF, & UCLA Physics and Astronomy.
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