docs/beta/slides/GreyboxFuzzer.slides.html


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.glyphicon-bitcoin:before {
  content: "\e227";
}
.glyphicon-btc:before {
  content: "\e227";
}
.glyphicon-xbt:before {
  content: "\e227";
}
.glyphicon-yen:before {
  content: "\00a5";
}
.glyphicon-jpy:before {
  content: "\00a5";
}
.glyphicon-ruble:before {
  content: "\20bd";
}
.glyphicon-rub:before {
  content: "\20bd";
}
.glyphicon-scale:before {
  content: "\e230";
}
.glyphicon-ice-lolly:before {
  content: "\e231";
}
.glyphicon-ice-lolly-tasted:before {
  content: "\e232";
}
.glyphicon-education:before {
  content: "\e233";
}
.glyphicon-option-horizontal:before {
  content: "\e234";
}
.glyphicon-option-vertical:before {
  content: "\e235";
}
.glyphicon-menu-hamburger:before {
  content: "\e236";
}
.glyphicon-modal-window:before {
  content: "\e237";
}
.glyphicon-oil:before {
  content: "\e238";
}
.glyphicon-grain:before {
  content: "\e239";
}
.glyphicon-sunglasses:before {
  content: "\e240";
}
.glyphicon-text-size:before {
  content: "\e241";
}
.glyphicon-text-color:before {
  content: "\e242";
}
.glyphicon-text-background:before {
  content: "\e243";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-top:before {
  content: "\e244";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-bottom:before {
  content: "\e245";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-horizontal:before {
  content: "\e246";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-left:before {
  content: "\e247";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-vertical:before {
  content: "\e248";
}
.glyphicon-object-align-right:before {
  content: "\e249";
}
.glyphicon-triangle-right:before {
  content: "\e250";
}
.glyphicon-triangle-left:before {
  content: "\e251";
}
.glyphicon-triangle-bottom:before {
  content: "\e252";
}
.glyphicon-triangle-top:before {
  content: "\e253";
}
.glyphicon-console:before {
  content: "\e254";
}
.glyphicon-superscript:before {
  content: "\e255";
}
.glyphicon-subscript:before {
  content: "\e256";
}
.glyphicon-menu-left:before {
  content: "\e257";
}
.glyphicon-menu-right:before {
  content: "\e258";
}
.glyphicon-menu-down:before {
  content: "\e259";
}
.glyphicon-menu-up:before {
  content: "\e260";
}
* {
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
*:before,
*:after {
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
html {
  font-size: 10px;
  -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
body {
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #000;
  background-color: #fff;
}
input,
button,
select,
textarea {
  font-family: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
  line-height: inherit;
}
a {
  color: #337ab7;
  text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover,
a:focus {
  color: #23527c;
  text-decoration: underline;
}
a:focus {
  outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}
figure {
  margin: 0;
}
img {
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.img-responsive,
.thumbnail > img,
.thumbnail a > img,
.carousel-inner > .item > img,
.carousel-inner > .item > a > img {
  display: block;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}
.img-rounded {
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.img-thumbnail {
  padding: 4px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
  -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
  transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;
  display: inline-block;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}
.img-circle {
  border-radius: 50%;
}
hr {
  margin-top: 18px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  border: 0;
  border-top: 1px solid #eeeeee;
}
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  margin: -1px;
  padding: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  border: 0;
}
.sr-only-focusable:active,
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: visible;
  clip: auto;
}
[role="button"] {
  cursor: pointer;
}
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
.h1,
.h2,
.h3,
.h4,
.h5,
.h6 {
  font-family: inherit;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 1.1;
  color: inherit;
}
h1 small,
h2 small,
h3 small,
h4 small,
h5 small,
h6 small,
.h1 small,
.h2 small,
.h3 small,
.h4 small,
.h5 small,
.h6 small,
h1 .small,
h2 .small,
h3 .small,
h4 .small,
h5 .small,
h6 .small,
.h1 .small,
.h2 .small,
.h3 .small,
.h4 .small,
.h5 .small,
.h6 .small {
  font-weight: normal;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #777777;
}
h1,
.h1,
h2,
.h2,
h3,
.h3 {
  margin-top: 18px;
  margin-bottom: 9px;
}
h1 small,
.h1 small,
h2 small,
.h2 small,
h3 small,
.h3 small,
h1 .small,
.h1 .small,
h2 .small,
.h2 .small,
h3 .small,
.h3 .small {
  font-size: 65%;
}
h4,
.h4,
h5,
.h5,
h6,
.h6 {
  margin-top: 9px;
  margin-bottom: 9px;
}
h4 small,
.h4 small,
h5 small,
.h5 small,
h6 small,
.h6 small,
h4 .small,
.h4 .small,
h5 .small,
.h5 .small,
h6 .small,
.h6 .small {
  font-size: 75%;
}
h1,
.h1 {
  font-size: 33px;
}
h2,
.h2 {
  font-size: 27px;
}
h3,
.h3 {
  font-size: 23px;
}
h4,
.h4 {
  font-size: 17px;
}
h5,
.h5 {
  font-size: 13px;
}
h6,
.h6 {
  font-size: 12px;
}
p {
  margin: 0 0 9px;
}
.lead {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  font-size: 14px;
  font-weight: 300;
  line-height: 1.4;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .lead {
    font-size: 19.5px;
  }
}
small,
.small {
  font-size: 92%;
}
mark,
.mark {
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
  padding: .2em;
}
.text-left {
  text-align: left;
}
.text-right {
  text-align: right;
}
.text-center {
  text-align: center;
}
.text-justify {
  text-align: justify;
}
.text-nowrap {
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.text-lowercase {
  text-transform: lowercase;
}
.text-uppercase {
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
.text-capitalize {
  text-transform: capitalize;
}
.text-muted {
  color: #777777;
}
.text-primary {
  color: #337ab7;
}
a.text-primary:hover,
a.text-primary:focus {
  color: #286090;
}
.text-success {
  color: #3c763d;
}
a.text-success:hover,
a.text-success:focus {
  color: #2b542c;
}
.text-info {
  color: #31708f;
}
a.text-info:hover,
a.text-info:focus {
  color: #245269;
}
.text-warning {
  color: #8a6d3b;
}
a.text-warning:hover,
a.text-warning:focus {
  color: #66512c;
}
.text-danger {
  color: #a94442;
}
a.text-danger:hover,
a.text-danger:focus {
  color: #843534;
}
.bg-primary {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
}
a.bg-primary:hover,
a.bg-primary:focus {
  background-color: #286090;
}
.bg-success {
  background-color: #dff0d8;
}
a.bg-success:hover,
a.bg-success:focus {
  background-color: #c1e2b3;
}
.bg-info {
  background-color: #d9edf7;
}
a.bg-info:hover,
a.bg-info:focus {
  background-color: #afd9ee;
}
.bg-warning {
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
}
a.bg-warning:hover,
a.bg-warning:focus {
  background-color: #f7ecb5;
}
.bg-danger {
  background-color: #f2dede;
}
a.bg-danger:hover,
a.bg-danger:focus {
  background-color: #e4b9b9;
}
.page-header {
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  margin: 36px 0 18px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #eeeeee;
}
ul,
ol {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 9px;
}
ul ul,
ol ul,
ul ol,
ol ol {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.list-unstyled {
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
}
.list-inline {
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
  margin-left: -5px;
}
.list-inline > li {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}
dl {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
dt,
dd {
  line-height: 1.42857143;
}
dt {
  font-weight: bold;
}
dd {
  margin-left: 0;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .dl-horizontal dt {
    float: left;
    width: 160px;
    clear: left;
    text-align: right;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .dl-horizontal dd {
    margin-left: 180px;
  }
}
abbr[title],
abbr[data-original-title] {
  cursor: help;
  border-bottom: 1px dotted #777777;
}
.initialism {
  font-size: 90%;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}
blockquote {
  padding: 9px 18px;
  margin: 0 0 18px;
  font-size: inherit;
  border-left: 5px solid #eeeeee;
}
blockquote p:last-child,
blockquote ul:last-child,
blockquote ol:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
blockquote footer,
blockquote small,
blockquote .small {
  display: block;
  font-size: 80%;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #777777;
}
blockquote footer:before,
blockquote small:before,
blockquote .small:before {
  content: '\2014 \00A0';
}
.blockquote-reverse,
blockquote.pull-right {
  padding-right: 15px;
  padding-left: 0;
  border-right: 5px solid #eeeeee;
  border-left: 0;
  text-align: right;
}
.blockquote-reverse footer:before,
blockquote.pull-right footer:before,
.blockquote-reverse small:before,
blockquote.pull-right small:before,
.blockquote-reverse .small:before,
blockquote.pull-right .small:before {
  content: '';
}
.blockquote-reverse footer:after,
blockquote.pull-right footer:after,
.blockquote-reverse small:after,
blockquote.pull-right small:after,
.blockquote-reverse .small:after,
blockquote.pull-right .small:after {
  content: '\00A0 \2014';
}
address {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  font-style: normal;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
}
code,
kbd,
pre,
samp {
  font-family: monospace;
}
code {
  padding: 2px 4px;
  font-size: 90%;
  color: #c7254e;
  background-color: #f9f2f4;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
kbd {
  padding: 2px 4px;
  font-size: 90%;
  color: #888;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-radius: 1px;
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}
kbd kbd {
  padding: 0;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: bold;
  box-shadow: none;
}
pre {
  display: block;
  padding: 8.5px;
  margin: 0 0 9px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  word-break: break-all;
  word-wrap: break-word;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
pre code {
  padding: 0;
  font-size: inherit;
  color: inherit;
  white-space: pre-wrap;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-radius: 0;
}
.pre-scrollable {
  max-height: 340px;
  overflow-y: scroll;
}
.container {
  margin-right: auto;
  margin-left: auto;
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    width: 768px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .container {
    width: 940px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .container {
    width: 1140px;
  }
}
.container-fluid {
  margin-right: auto;
  margin-left: auto;
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
}
.row {
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
}
.col-xs-1, .col-sm-1, .col-md-1, .col-lg-1, .col-xs-2, .col-sm-2, .col-md-2, .col-lg-2, .col-xs-3, .col-sm-3, .col-md-3, .col-lg-3, .col-xs-4, .col-sm-4, .col-md-4, .col-lg-4, .col-xs-5, .col-sm-5, .col-md-5, .col-lg-5, .col-xs-6, .col-sm-6, .col-md-6, .col-lg-6, .col-xs-7, .col-sm-7, .col-md-7, .col-lg-7, .col-xs-8, .col-sm-8, .col-md-8, .col-lg-8, .col-xs-9, .col-sm-9, .col-md-9, .col-lg-9, .col-xs-10, .col-sm-10, .col-md-10, .col-lg-10, .col-xs-11, .col-sm-11, .col-md-11, .col-lg-11, .col-xs-12, .col-sm-12, .col-md-12, .col-lg-12 {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 1px;
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
}
.col-xs-1, .col-xs-2, .col-xs-3, .col-xs-4, .col-xs-5, .col-xs-6, .col-xs-7, .col-xs-8, .col-xs-9, .col-xs-10, .col-xs-11, .col-xs-12 {
  float: left;
}
.col-xs-12 {
  width: 100%;
}
.col-xs-11 {
  width: 91.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-10 {
  width: 83.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-9 {
  width: 75%;
}
.col-xs-8 {
  width: 66.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-7 {
  width: 58.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-6 {
  width: 50%;
}
.col-xs-5 {
  width: 41.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-4 {
  width: 33.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-3 {
  width: 25%;
}
.col-xs-2 {
  width: 16.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-1 {
  width: 8.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-pull-12 {
  right: 100%;
}
.col-xs-pull-11 {
  right: 91.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-pull-10 {
  right: 83.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-pull-9 {
  right: 75%;
}
.col-xs-pull-8 {
  right: 66.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-pull-7 {
  right: 58.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-pull-6 {
  right: 50%;
}
.col-xs-pull-5 {
  right: 41.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-pull-4 {
  right: 33.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-pull-3 {
  right: 25%;
}
.col-xs-pull-2 {
  right: 16.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-pull-1 {
  right: 8.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-pull-0 {
  right: auto;
}
.col-xs-push-12 {
  left: 100%;
}
.col-xs-push-11 {
  left: 91.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-push-10 {
  left: 83.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-push-9 {
  left: 75%;
}
.col-xs-push-8 {
  left: 66.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-push-7 {
  left: 58.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-push-6 {
  left: 50%;
}
.col-xs-push-5 {
  left: 41.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-push-4 {
  left: 33.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-push-3 {
  left: 25%;
}
.col-xs-push-2 {
  left: 16.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-push-1 {
  left: 8.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-push-0 {
  left: auto;
}
.col-xs-offset-12 {
  margin-left: 100%;
}
.col-xs-offset-11 {
  margin-left: 91.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-offset-10 {
  margin-left: 83.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-offset-9 {
  margin-left: 75%;
}
.col-xs-offset-8 {
  margin-left: 66.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-offset-7 {
  margin-left: 58.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-offset-6 {
  margin-left: 50%;
}
.col-xs-offset-5 {
  margin-left: 41.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-offset-4 {
  margin-left: 33.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-offset-3 {
  margin-left: 25%;
}
.col-xs-offset-2 {
  margin-left: 16.66666667%;
}
.col-xs-offset-1 {
  margin-left: 8.33333333%;
}
.col-xs-offset-0 {
  margin-left: 0%;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .col-sm-1, .col-sm-2, .col-sm-3, .col-sm-4, .col-sm-5, .col-sm-6, .col-sm-7, .col-sm-8, .col-sm-9, .col-sm-10, .col-sm-11, .col-sm-12 {
    float: left;
  }
  .col-sm-12 {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .col-sm-11 {
    width: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-10 {
    width: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-9 {
    width: 75%;
  }
  .col-sm-8 {
    width: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-7 {
    width: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-6 {
    width: 50%;
  }
  .col-sm-5 {
    width: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-4 {
    width: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-3 {
    width: 25%;
  }
  .col-sm-2 {
    width: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-1 {
    width: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-12 {
    right: 100%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-11 {
    right: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-10 {
    right: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-9 {
    right: 75%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-8 {
    right: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-7 {
    right: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-6 {
    right: 50%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-5 {
    right: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-4 {
    right: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-3 {
    right: 25%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-2 {
    right: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-1 {
    right: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-pull-0 {
    right: auto;
  }
  .col-sm-push-12 {
    left: 100%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-11 {
    left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-10 {
    left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-9 {
    left: 75%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-8 {
    left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-7 {
    left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-6 {
    left: 50%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-5 {
    left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-4 {
    left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-3 {
    left: 25%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-2 {
    left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-1 {
    left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-push-0 {
    left: auto;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-12 {
    margin-left: 100%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-11 {
    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-10 {
    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-9 {
    margin-left: 75%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-8 {
    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-7 {
    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-6 {
    margin-left: 50%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-5 {
    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-4 {
    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-3 {
    margin-left: 25%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-2 {
    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-1 {
    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-sm-offset-0 {
    margin-left: 0%;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .col-md-1, .col-md-2, .col-md-3, .col-md-4, .col-md-5, .col-md-6, .col-md-7, .col-md-8, .col-md-9, .col-md-10, .col-md-11, .col-md-12 {
    float: left;
  }
  .col-md-12 {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .col-md-11 {
    width: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-10 {
    width: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-9 {
    width: 75%;
  }
  .col-md-8 {
    width: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-7 {
    width: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-6 {
    width: 50%;
  }
  .col-md-5 {
    width: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-4 {
    width: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-3 {
    width: 25%;
  }
  .col-md-2 {
    width: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-1 {
    width: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-12 {
    right: 100%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-11 {
    right: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-10 {
    right: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-9 {
    right: 75%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-8 {
    right: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-7 {
    right: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-6 {
    right: 50%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-5 {
    right: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-4 {
    right: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-3 {
    right: 25%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-2 {
    right: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-1 {
    right: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-pull-0 {
    right: auto;
  }
  .col-md-push-12 {
    left: 100%;
  }
  .col-md-push-11 {
    left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-push-10 {
    left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-push-9 {
    left: 75%;
  }
  .col-md-push-8 {
    left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-push-7 {
    left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-push-6 {
    left: 50%;
  }
  .col-md-push-5 {
    left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-push-4 {
    left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-push-3 {
    left: 25%;
  }
  .col-md-push-2 {
    left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-push-1 {
    left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-push-0 {
    left: auto;
  }
  .col-md-offset-12 {
    margin-left: 100%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-11 {
    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-10 {
    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-9 {
    margin-left: 75%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-8 {
    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-7 {
    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-6 {
    margin-left: 50%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-5 {
    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-4 {
    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-3 {
    margin-left: 25%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-2 {
    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-1 {
    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-md-offset-0 {
    margin-left: 0%;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .col-lg-1, .col-lg-2, .col-lg-3, .col-lg-4, .col-lg-5, .col-lg-6, .col-lg-7, .col-lg-8, .col-lg-9, .col-lg-10, .col-lg-11, .col-lg-12 {
    float: left;
  }
  .col-lg-12 {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .col-lg-11 {
    width: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-10 {
    width: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-9 {
    width: 75%;
  }
  .col-lg-8 {
    width: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-7 {
    width: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-6 {
    width: 50%;
  }
  .col-lg-5 {
    width: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-4 {
    width: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-3 {
    width: 25%;
  }
  .col-lg-2 {
    width: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-1 {
    width: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-12 {
    right: 100%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-11 {
    right: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-10 {
    right: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-9 {
    right: 75%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-8 {
    right: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-7 {
    right: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-6 {
    right: 50%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-5 {
    right: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-4 {
    right: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-3 {
    right: 25%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-2 {
    right: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-1 {
    right: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-pull-0 {
    right: auto;
  }
  .col-lg-push-12 {
    left: 100%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-11 {
    left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-10 {
    left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-9 {
    left: 75%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-8 {
    left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-7 {
    left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-6 {
    left: 50%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-5 {
    left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-4 {
    left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-3 {
    left: 25%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-2 {
    left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-1 {
    left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-push-0 {
    left: auto;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-12 {
    margin-left: 100%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-11 {
    margin-left: 91.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-10 {
    margin-left: 83.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-9 {
    margin-left: 75%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-8 {
    margin-left: 66.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-7 {
    margin-left: 58.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-6 {
    margin-left: 50%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-5 {
    margin-left: 41.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-4 {
    margin-left: 33.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-3 {
    margin-left: 25%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-2 {
    margin-left: 16.66666667%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-1 {
    margin-left: 8.33333333%;
  }
  .col-lg-offset-0 {
    margin-left: 0%;
  }
}
table {
  background-color: transparent;
}
caption {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  color: #777777;
  text-align: left;
}
th {
  text-align: left;
}
.table {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.table > thead > tr > th,
.table > tbody > tr > th,
.table > tfoot > tr > th,
.table > thead > tr > td,
.table > tbody > tr > td,
.table > tfoot > tr > td {
  padding: 8px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  vertical-align: top;
  border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.table > thead > tr > th {
  vertical-align: bottom;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;
}
.table > caption + thead > tr:first-child > th,
.table > colgroup + thead > tr:first-child > th,
.table > thead:first-child > tr:first-child > th,
.table > caption + thead > tr:first-child > td,
.table > colgroup + thead > tr:first-child > td,
.table > thead:first-child > tr:first-child > td {
  border-top: 0;
}
.table > tbody + tbody {
  border-top: 2px solid #ddd;
}
.table .table {
  background-color: #fff;
}
.table-condensed > thead > tr > th,
.table-condensed > tbody > tr > th,
.table-condensed > tfoot > tr > th,
.table-condensed > thead > tr > td,
.table-condensed > tbody > tr > td,
.table-condensed > tfoot > tr > td {
  padding: 5px;
}
.table-bordered {
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.table-bordered > thead > tr > th,
.table-bordered > tbody > tr > th,
.table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th,
.table-bordered > thead > tr > td,
.table-bordered > tbody > tr > td,
.table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td {
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.table-bordered > thead > tr > th,
.table-bordered > thead > tr > td {
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
}
.table-striped > tbody > tr:nth-of-type(odd) {
  background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover {
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
table col[class*="col-"] {
  position: static;
  float: none;
  display: table-column;
}
table td[class*="col-"],
table th[class*="col-"] {
  position: static;
  float: none;
  display: table-cell;
}
.table > thead > tr > td.active,
.table > tbody > tr > td.active,
.table > tfoot > tr > td.active,
.table > thead > tr > th.active,
.table > tbody > tr > th.active,
.table > tfoot > tr > th.active,
.table > thead > tr.active > td,
.table > tbody > tr.active > td,
.table > tfoot > tr.active > td,
.table > thead > tr.active > th,
.table > tbody > tr.active > th,
.table > tfoot > tr.active > th {
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.active:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.active:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.active:hover > td,
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .active,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.active:hover > th {
  background-color: #e8e8e8;
}
.table > thead > tr > td.success,
.table > tbody > tr > td.success,
.table > tfoot > tr > td.success,
.table > thead > tr > th.success,
.table > tbody > tr > th.success,
.table > tfoot > tr > th.success,
.table > thead > tr.success > td,
.table > tbody > tr.success > td,
.table > tfoot > tr.success > td,
.table > thead > tr.success > th,
.table > tbody > tr.success > th,
.table > tfoot > tr.success > th {
  background-color: #dff0d8;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.success:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.success:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.success:hover > td,
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .success,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.success:hover > th {
  background-color: #d0e9c6;
}
.table > thead > tr > td.info,
.table > tbody > tr > td.info,
.table > tfoot > tr > td.info,
.table > thead > tr > th.info,
.table > tbody > tr > th.info,
.table > tfoot > tr > th.info,
.table > thead > tr.info > td,
.table > tbody > tr.info > td,
.table > tfoot > tr.info > td,
.table > thead > tr.info > th,
.table > tbody > tr.info > th,
.table > tfoot > tr.info > th {
  background-color: #d9edf7;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.info:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.info:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.info:hover > td,
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .info,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.info:hover > th {
  background-color: #c4e3f3;
}
.table > thead > tr > td.warning,
.table > tbody > tr > td.warning,
.table > tfoot > tr > td.warning,
.table > thead > tr > th.warning,
.table > tbody > tr > th.warning,
.table > tfoot > tr > th.warning,
.table > thead > tr.warning > td,
.table > tbody > tr.warning > td,
.table > tfoot > tr.warning > td,
.table > thead > tr.warning > th,
.table > tbody > tr.warning > th,
.table > tfoot > tr.warning > th {
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.warning:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.warning:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.warning:hover > td,
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .warning,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.warning:hover > th {
  background-color: #faf2cc;
}
.table > thead > tr > td.danger,
.table > tbody > tr > td.danger,
.table > tfoot > tr > td.danger,
.table > thead > tr > th.danger,
.table > tbody > tr > th.danger,
.table > tfoot > tr > th.danger,
.table > thead > tr.danger > td,
.table > tbody > tr.danger > td,
.table > tfoot > tr.danger > td,
.table > thead > tr.danger > th,
.table > tbody > tr.danger > th,
.table > tfoot > tr.danger > th {
  background-color: #f2dede;
}
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.danger:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.danger:hover,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.danger:hover > td,
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .danger,
.table-hover > tbody > tr.danger:hover > th {
  background-color: #ebcccc;
}
.table-responsive {
  overflow-x: auto;
  min-height: 0.01%;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
  .table-responsive {
    width: 100%;
    margin-bottom: 13.5px;
    overflow-y: hidden;
    -ms-overflow-style: -ms-autohiding-scrollbar;
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table > thead > tr > th,
  .table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > th,
  .table-responsive > .table > tfoot > tr > th,
  .table-responsive > .table > thead > tr > td,
  .table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > td,
  .table-responsive > .table > tfoot > tr > td {
    white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered {
    border: 0;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child {
    border-left: 0;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child {
    border-right: 0;
  }
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,
  .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td {
    border-bottom: 0;
  }
}
fieldset {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  border: 0;
  min-width: 0;
}
legend {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  font-size: 19.5px;
  line-height: inherit;
  color: #333333;
  border: 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}
label {
  display: inline-block;
  max-width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
}
input[type="search"] {
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}
input[type="radio"],
input[type="checkbox"] {
  margin: 4px 0 0;
  margin-top: 1px \9;
  line-height: normal;
}
input[type="file"] {
  display: block;
}
input[type="range"] {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
}
select[multiple],
select[size] {
  height: auto;
}
input[type="file"]:focus,
input[type="radio"]:focus,
input[type="checkbox"]:focus {
  outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}
output {
  display: block;
  padding-top: 7px;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #555555;
}
.form-control {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 32px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #555555;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  -webkit-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  -o-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
}
.form-control:focus {
  border-color: #66afe9;
  outline: 0;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
}
.form-control::-moz-placeholder {
  color: #999;
  opacity: 1;
}
.form-control:-ms-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.form-control::-webkit-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.form-control::-ms-expand {
  border: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.form-control[disabled],
.form-control[readonly],
fieldset[disabled] .form-control {
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  opacity: 1;
}
.form-control[disabled],
fieldset[disabled] .form-control {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
textarea.form-control {
  height: auto;
}
input[type="search"] {
  -webkit-appearance: none;
}
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 0) {
  input[type="date"].form-control,
  input[type="time"].form-control,
  input[type="datetime-local"].form-control,
  input[type="month"].form-control {
    line-height: 32px;
  }
  input[type="date"].input-sm,
  input[type="time"].input-sm,
  input[type="datetime-local"].input-sm,
  input[type="month"].input-sm,
  .input-group-sm input[type="date"],
  .input-group-sm input[type="time"],
  .input-group-sm input[type="datetime-local"],
  .input-group-sm input[type="month"] {
    line-height: 30px;
  }
  input[type="date"].input-lg,
  input[type="time"].input-lg,
  input[type="datetime-local"].input-lg,
  input[type="month"].input-lg,
  .input-group-lg input[type="date"],
  .input-group-lg input[type="time"],
  .input-group-lg input[type="datetime-local"],
  .input-group-lg input[type="month"] {
    line-height: 45px;
  }
}
.form-group {
  margin-bottom: 15px;
}
.radio,
.checkbox {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  margin-top: 10px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}
.radio label,
.checkbox label {
  min-height: 18px;
  padding-left: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-weight: normal;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.radio input[type="radio"],
.radio-inline input[type="radio"],
.checkbox input[type="checkbox"],
.checkbox-inline input[type="checkbox"] {
  position: absolute;
  margin-left: -20px;
  margin-top: 4px \9;
}
.radio + .radio,
.checkbox + .checkbox {
  margin-top: -5px;
}
.radio-inline,
.checkbox-inline {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 20px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  vertical-align: middle;
  font-weight: normal;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.radio-inline + .radio-inline,
.checkbox-inline + .checkbox-inline {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
input[type="radio"][disabled],
input[type="checkbox"][disabled],
input[type="radio"].disabled,
input[type="checkbox"].disabled,
fieldset[disabled] input[type="radio"],
fieldset[disabled] input[type="checkbox"] {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.radio-inline.disabled,
.checkbox-inline.disabled,
fieldset[disabled] .radio-inline,
fieldset[disabled] .checkbox-inline {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.radio.disabled label,
.checkbox.disabled label,
fieldset[disabled] .radio label,
fieldset[disabled] .checkbox label {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.form-control-static {
  padding-top: 7px;
  padding-bottom: 7px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  min-height: 31px;
}
.form-control-static.input-lg,
.form-control-static.input-sm {
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
}
.input-sm {
  height: 30px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
select.input-sm {
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
textarea.input-sm,
select[multiple].input-sm {
  height: auto;
}
.form-group-sm .form-control {
  height: 30px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.form-group-sm select.form-control {
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
.form-group-sm textarea.form-control,
.form-group-sm select[multiple].form-control {
  height: auto;
}
.form-group-sm .form-control-static {
  height: 30px;
  min-height: 30px;
  padding: 6px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
}
.input-lg {
  height: 45px;
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
select.input-lg {
  height: 45px;
  line-height: 45px;
}
textarea.input-lg,
select[multiple].input-lg {
  height: auto;
}
.form-group-lg .form-control {
  height: 45px;
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.form-group-lg select.form-control {
  height: 45px;
  line-height: 45px;
}
.form-group-lg textarea.form-control,
.form-group-lg select[multiple].form-control {
  height: auto;
}
.form-group-lg .form-control-static {
  height: 45px;
  min-height: 35px;
  padding: 11px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
}
.has-feedback {
  position: relative;
}
.has-feedback .form-control {
  padding-right: 40px;
}
.form-control-feedback {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  z-index: 2;
  display: block;
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
  line-height: 32px;
  text-align: center;
  pointer-events: none;
}
.input-lg + .form-control-feedback,
.input-group-lg + .form-control-feedback,
.form-group-lg .form-control + .form-control-feedback {
  width: 45px;
  height: 45px;
  line-height: 45px;
}
.input-sm + .form-control-feedback,
.input-group-sm + .form-control-feedback,
.form-group-sm .form-control + .form-control-feedback {
  width: 30px;
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
.has-success .help-block,
.has-success .control-label,
.has-success .radio,
.has-success .checkbox,
.has-success .radio-inline,
.has-success .checkbox-inline,
.has-success.radio label,
.has-success.checkbox label,
.has-success.radio-inline label,
.has-success.checkbox-inline label {
  color: #3c763d;
}
.has-success .form-control {
  border-color: #3c763d;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
}
.has-success .form-control:focus {
  border-color: #2b542c;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #67b168;
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #67b168;
}
.has-success .input-group-addon {
  color: #3c763d;
  border-color: #3c763d;
  background-color: #dff0d8;
}
.has-success .form-control-feedback {
  color: #3c763d;
}
.has-warning .help-block,
.has-warning .control-label,
.has-warning .radio,
.has-warning .checkbox,
.has-warning .radio-inline,
.has-warning .checkbox-inline,
.has-warning.radio label,
.has-warning.checkbox label,
.has-warning.radio-inline label,
.has-warning.checkbox-inline label {
  color: #8a6d3b;
}
.has-warning .form-control {
  border-color: #8a6d3b;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
}
.has-warning .form-control:focus {
  border-color: #66512c;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #c0a16b;
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #c0a16b;
}
.has-warning .input-group-addon {
  color: #8a6d3b;
  border-color: #8a6d3b;
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
}
.has-warning .form-control-feedback {
  color: #8a6d3b;
}
.has-error .help-block,
.has-error .control-label,
.has-error .radio,
.has-error .checkbox,
.has-error .radio-inline,
.has-error .checkbox-inline,
.has-error.radio label,
.has-error.checkbox label,
.has-error.radio-inline label,
.has-error.checkbox-inline label {
  color: #a94442;
}
.has-error .form-control {
  border-color: #a94442;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
}
.has-error .form-control:focus {
  border-color: #843534;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #ce8483;
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 6px #ce8483;
}
.has-error .input-group-addon {
  color: #a94442;
  border-color: #a94442;
  background-color: #f2dede;
}
.has-error .form-control-feedback {
  color: #a94442;
}
.has-feedback label ~ .form-control-feedback {
  top: 23px;
}
.has-feedback label.sr-only ~ .form-control-feedback {
  top: 0;
}
.help-block {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 5px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  color: #404040;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .form-inline .form-group {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .form-inline .form-control {
    display: inline-block;
    width: auto;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .form-inline .form-control-static {
    display: inline-block;
  }
  .form-inline .input-group {
    display: inline-table;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .form-inline .input-group .input-group-addon,
  .form-inline .input-group .input-group-btn,
  .form-inline .input-group .form-control {
    width: auto;
  }
  .form-inline .input-group > .form-control {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .form-inline .control-label {
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .form-inline .radio,
  .form-inline .checkbox {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .form-inline .radio label,
  .form-inline .checkbox label {
    padding-left: 0;
  }
  .form-inline .radio input[type="radio"],
  .form-inline .checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {
    position: relative;
    margin-left: 0;
  }
  .form-inline .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {
    top: 0;
  }
}
.form-horizontal .radio,
.form-horizontal .checkbox,
.form-horizontal .radio-inline,
.form-horizontal .checkbox-inline {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding-top: 7px;
}
.form-horizontal .radio,
.form-horizontal .checkbox {
  min-height: 25px;
}
.form-horizontal .form-group {
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .form-horizontal .control-label {
    text-align: right;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    padding-top: 7px;
  }
}
.form-horizontal .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {
  right: 0px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .form-horizontal .form-group-lg .control-label {
    padding-top: 11px;
    font-size: 17px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .form-horizontal .form-group-sm .control-label {
    padding-top: 6px;
    font-size: 12px;
  }
}
.btn {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-align: center;
  vertical-align: middle;
  touch-action: manipulation;
  cursor: pointer;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  white-space: nowrap;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
}
.btn:focus,
.btn:active:focus,
.btn.active:focus,
.btn.focus,
.btn:active.focus,
.btn.active.focus {
  outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;
  outline-offset: -2px;
}
.btn:hover,
.btn:focus,
.btn.focus {
  color: #333;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.btn:active,
.btn.active {
  outline: 0;
  background-image: none;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
  box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
}
.btn.disabled,
.btn[disabled],
fieldset[disabled] .btn {
  cursor: not-allowed;
  opacity: 0.65;
  filter: alpha(opacity=65);
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}
a.btn.disabled,
fieldset[disabled] a.btn {
  pointer-events: none;
}
.btn-default {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
.btn-default:focus,
.btn-default.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
.btn-default:hover {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
.btn-default:active,
.btn-default.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
.btn-default:active:hover,
.btn-default.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default:hover,
.btn-default:active:focus,
.btn-default.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default:focus,
.btn-default:active.focus,
.btn-default.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #d4d4d4;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
.btn-default:active,
.btn-default.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-default.disabled:hover,
.btn-default[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default:hover,
.btn-default.disabled:focus,
.btn-default[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default:focus,
.btn-default.disabled.focus,
.btn-default[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default.focus {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
.btn-default .badge {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #333;
}
.btn-primary {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
  border-color: #2e6da4;
}
.btn-primary:focus,
.btn-primary.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #286090;
  border-color: #122b40;
}
.btn-primary:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #286090;
  border-color: #204d74;
}
.btn-primary:active,
.btn-primary.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #286090;
  border-color: #204d74;
}
.btn-primary:active:hover,
.btn-primary.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary:hover,
.btn-primary:active:focus,
.btn-primary.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary:focus,
.btn-primary:active.focus,
.btn-primary.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #204d74;
  border-color: #122b40;
}
.btn-primary:active,
.btn-primary.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-primary.disabled:hover,
.btn-primary[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:hover,
.btn-primary.disabled:focus,
.btn-primary[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:focus,
.btn-primary.disabled.focus,
.btn-primary[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary.focus {
  background-color: #337ab7;
  border-color: #2e6da4;
}
.btn-primary .badge {
  color: #337ab7;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.btn-success {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #5cb85c;
  border-color: #4cae4c;
}
.btn-success:focus,
.btn-success.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #255625;
}
.btn-success:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #398439;
}
.btn-success:active,
.btn-success.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #398439;
}
.btn-success:active:hover,
.btn-success.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success:hover,
.btn-success:active:focus,
.btn-success.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success:focus,
.btn-success:active.focus,
.btn-success.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #398439;
  border-color: #255625;
}
.btn-success:active,
.btn-success.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-success.disabled:hover,
.btn-success[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success:hover,
.btn-success.disabled:focus,
.btn-success[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success:focus,
.btn-success.disabled.focus,
.btn-success[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success.focus {
  background-color: #5cb85c;
  border-color: #4cae4c;
}
.btn-success .badge {
  color: #5cb85c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.btn-info {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #5bc0de;
  border-color: #46b8da;
}
.btn-info:focus,
.btn-info.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #1b6d85;
}
.btn-info:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #269abc;
}
.btn-info:active,
.btn-info.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #269abc;
}
.btn-info:active:hover,
.btn-info.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info:hover,
.btn-info:active:focus,
.btn-info.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info:focus,
.btn-info:active.focus,
.btn-info.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #269abc;
  border-color: #1b6d85;
}
.btn-info:active,
.btn-info.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-info.disabled:hover,
.btn-info[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info:hover,
.btn-info.disabled:focus,
.btn-info[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info:focus,
.btn-info.disabled.focus,
.btn-info[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info.focus {
  background-color: #5bc0de;
  border-color: #46b8da;
}
.btn-info .badge {
  color: #5bc0de;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.btn-warning {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
  border-color: #eea236;
}
.btn-warning:focus,
.btn-warning.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #985f0d;
}
.btn-warning:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #d58512;
}
.btn-warning:active,
.btn-warning.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #d58512;
}
.btn-warning:active:hover,
.btn-warning.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning:hover,
.btn-warning:active:focus,
.btn-warning.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning:focus,
.btn-warning:active.focus,
.btn-warning.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #d58512;
  border-color: #985f0d;
}
.btn-warning:active,
.btn-warning.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-warning.disabled:hover,
.btn-warning[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning:hover,
.btn-warning.disabled:focus,
.btn-warning[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning:focus,
.btn-warning.disabled.focus,
.btn-warning[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning.focus {
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
  border-color: #eea236;
}
.btn-warning .badge {
  color: #f0ad4e;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.btn-danger {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #d9534f;
  border-color: #d43f3a;
}
.btn-danger:focus,
.btn-danger.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #761c19;
}
.btn-danger:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #ac2925;
}
.btn-danger:active,
.btn-danger.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #ac2925;
}
.btn-danger:active:hover,
.btn-danger.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger:hover,
.btn-danger:active:focus,
.btn-danger.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger:focus,
.btn-danger:active.focus,
.btn-danger.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ac2925;
  border-color: #761c19;
}
.btn-danger:active,
.btn-danger.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger {
  background-image: none;
}
.btn-danger.disabled:hover,
.btn-danger[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger:hover,
.btn-danger.disabled:focus,
.btn-danger[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger:focus,
.btn-danger.disabled.focus,
.btn-danger[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger.focus {
  background-color: #d9534f;
  border-color: #d43f3a;
}
.btn-danger .badge {
  color: #d9534f;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.btn-link {
  color: #337ab7;
  font-weight: normal;
  border-radius: 0;
}
.btn-link,
.btn-link:active,
.btn-link.active,
.btn-link[disabled],
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link {
  background-color: transparent;
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}
.btn-link,
.btn-link:hover,
.btn-link:focus,
.btn-link:active {
  border-color: transparent;
}
.btn-link:hover,
.btn-link:focus {
  color: #23527c;
  text-decoration: underline;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.btn-link[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link:hover,
.btn-link[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link:focus {
  color: #777777;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.btn-lg,
.btn-group-lg > .btn {
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.btn-sm,
.btn-group-sm > .btn {
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.btn-xs,
.btn-group-xs > .btn {
  padding: 1px 5px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.btn-block {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
}
.btn-block + .btn-block {
  margin-top: 5px;
}
input[type="submit"].btn-block,
input[type="reset"].btn-block,
input[type="button"].btn-block {
  width: 100%;
}
.fade {
  opacity: 0;
  -webkit-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;
  -o-transition: opacity 0.15s linear;
  transition: opacity 0.15s linear;
}
.fade.in {
  opacity: 1;
}
.collapse {
  display: none;
}
.collapse.in {
  display: block;
}
tr.collapse.in {
  display: table-row;
}
tbody.collapse.in {
  display: table-row-group;
}
.collapsing {
  position: relative;
  height: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  -webkit-transition-property: height, visibility;
  transition-property: height, visibility;
  -webkit-transition-duration: 0.35s;
  transition-duration: 0.35s;
  -webkit-transition-timing-function: ease;
  transition-timing-function: ease;
}
.caret {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  margin-left: 2px;
  vertical-align: middle;
  border-top: 4px dashed;
  border-top: 4px solid \9;
  border-right: 4px solid transparent;
  border-left: 4px solid transparent;
}
.dropup,
.dropdown {
  position: relative;
}
.dropdown-toggle:focus {
  outline: 0;
}
.dropdown-menu {
  position: absolute;
  top: 100%;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 1000;
  display: none;
  float: left;
  min-width: 160px;
  padding: 5px 0;
  margin: 2px 0 0;
  list-style: none;
  font-size: 13px;
  text-align: left;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);
  box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175);
  background-clip: padding-box;
}
.dropdown-menu.pull-right {
  right: 0;
  left: auto;
}
.dropdown-menu .divider {
  height: 1px;
  margin: 8px 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background-color: #e5e5e5;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a {
  display: block;
  padding: 3px 20px;
  clear: both;
  font-weight: normal;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #333333;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,
.dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #262626;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
.dropdown-menu > .active > a,
.dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,
.dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: none;
  outline: 0;
  background-color: #337ab7;
}
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {
  color: #777777;
}
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.open > .dropdown-menu {
  display: block;
}
.open > a {
  outline: 0;
}
.dropdown-menu-right {
  left: auto;
  right: 0;
}
.dropdown-menu-left {
  left: 0;
  right: auto;
}
.dropdown-header {
  display: block;
  padding: 3px 20px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #777777;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.dropdown-backdrop {
  position: fixed;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 990;
}
.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {
  right: 0;
  left: auto;
}
.dropup .caret,
.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .caret {
  border-top: 0;
  border-bottom: 4px dashed;
  border-bottom: 4px solid \9;
  content: "";
}
.dropup .dropdown-menu,
.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .dropdown-menu {
  top: auto;
  bottom: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 2px;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-right .dropdown-menu {
    left: auto;
    right: 0;
  }
  .navbar-right .dropdown-menu-left {
    left: 0;
    right: auto;
  }
}
.btn-group,
.btn-group-vertical {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.btn-group > .btn,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn {
  position: relative;
  float: left;
}
.btn-group > .btn:hover,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:hover,
.btn-group > .btn:focus,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:focus,
.btn-group > .btn:active,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:active,
.btn-group > .btn.active,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn.active {
  z-index: 2;
}
.btn-group .btn + .btn,
.btn-group .btn + .btn-group,
.btn-group .btn-group + .btn,
.btn-group .btn-group + .btn-group {
  margin-left: -1px;
}
.btn-toolbar {
  margin-left: -5px;
}
.btn-toolbar .btn,
.btn-toolbar .btn-group,
.btn-toolbar .input-group {
  float: left;
}
.btn-toolbar > .btn,
.btn-toolbar > .btn-group,
.btn-toolbar > .input-group {
  margin-left: 5px;
}
.btn-group > .btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) {
  border-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn:first-child {
  margin-left: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn:first-child:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child),
.btn-group > .dropdown-toggle:not(:first-child) {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn-group {
  float: left;
}
.btn-group > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn {
  border-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .btn:last-child,
.btn-group > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .dropdown-toggle {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn-group:last-child:not(:first-child) > .btn:first-child {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group .dropdown-toggle:active,
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle {
  outline: 0;
}
.btn-group > .btn + .dropdown-toggle {
  padding-left: 8px;
  padding-right: 8px;
}
.btn-group > .btn-lg + .dropdown-toggle {
  padding-left: 12px;
  padding-right: 12px;
}
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle {
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
  box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.125);
}
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle.btn-link {
  -webkit-box-shadow: none;
  box-shadow: none;
}
.btn .caret {
  margin-left: 0;
}
.btn-lg .caret {
  border-width: 5px 5px 0;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}
.dropup .btn-lg .caret {
  border-width: 0 5px 5px;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group > .btn {
  display: block;
  float: none;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group > .btn {
  float: none;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn + .btn,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn + .btn-group,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group + .btn,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group + .btn-group {
  margin-top: -1px;
  margin-left: 0;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) {
  border-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:first-child:not(:last-child) {
  border-top-right-radius: 2px;
  border-top-left-radius: 2px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child) {
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 2px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 2px;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn {
  border-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .btn:last-child,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .dropdown-toggle {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:last-child:not(:first-child) > .btn:first-child {
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.btn-group-justified {
  display: table;
  width: 100%;
  table-layout: fixed;
  border-collapse: separate;
}
.btn-group-justified > .btn,
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group {
  float: none;
  display: table-cell;
  width: 1%;
}
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group .btn {
  width: 100%;
}
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group .dropdown-menu {
  left: auto;
}
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn input[type="radio"],
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn-group > .btn input[type="radio"],
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn input[type="checkbox"],
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn-group > .btn input[type="checkbox"] {
  position: absolute;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  pointer-events: none;
}
.input-group {
  position: relative;
  display: table;
  border-collapse: separate;
}
.input-group[class*="col-"] {
  float: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  padding-right: 0;
}
.input-group .form-control {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 2;
  float: left;
  width: 100%;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.input-group .form-control:focus {
  z-index: 3;
}
.input-group-lg > .form-control,
.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,
.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: 45px;
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
select.input-group-lg > .form-control,
select.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,
select.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: 45px;
  line-height: 45px;
}
textarea.input-group-lg > .form-control,
textarea.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,
textarea.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn,
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .form-control,
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: auto;
}
.input-group-sm > .form-control,
.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,
.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: 30px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
select.input-group-sm > .form-control,
select.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,
select.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
textarea.input-group-sm > .form-control,
textarea.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,
textarea.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn,
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .form-control,
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {
  height: auto;
}
.input-group-addon,
.input-group-btn,
.input-group .form-control {
  display: table-cell;
}
.input-group-addon:not(:first-child):not(:last-child),
.input-group-btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child),
.input-group .form-control:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) {
  border-radius: 0;
}
.input-group-addon,
.input-group-btn {
  width: 1%;
  white-space: nowrap;
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.input-group-addon {
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 13px;
  font-weight: normal;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #555555;
  text-align: center;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.input-group-addon.input-sm {
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.input-group-addon.input-lg {
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.input-group-addon input[type="radio"],
.input-group-addon input[type="checkbox"] {
  margin-top: 0;
}
.input-group .form-control:first-child,
.input-group-addon:first-child,
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn,
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group > .btn,
.input-group-btn:first-child > .dropdown-toggle,
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group:not(:last-child) > .btn {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
}
.input-group-addon:first-child {
  border-right: 0;
}
.input-group .form-control:last-child,
.input-group-addon:last-child,
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group > .btn,
.input-group-btn:last-child > .dropdown-toggle,
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn:not(:first-child),
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group:not(:first-child) > .btn {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.input-group-addon:last-child {
  border-left: 0;
}
.input-group-btn {
  position: relative;
  font-size: 0;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.input-group-btn > .btn {
  position: relative;
}
.input-group-btn > .btn + .btn {
  margin-left: -1px;
}
.input-group-btn > .btn:hover,
.input-group-btn > .btn:focus,
.input-group-btn > .btn:active {
  z-index: 2;
}
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn,
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group {
  margin-right: -1px;
}
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group {
  z-index: 2;
  margin-left: -1px;
}
.nav {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
}
.nav > li {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
}
.nav > li > a {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  padding: 10px 15px;
}
.nav > li > a:hover,
.nav > li > a:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
}
.nav > li.disabled > a {
  color: #777777;
}
.nav > li.disabled > a:hover,
.nav > li.disabled > a:focus {
  color: #777777;
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: transparent;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.nav .open > a,
.nav .open > a:hover,
.nav .open > a:focus {
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  border-color: #337ab7;
}
.nav .nav-divider {
  height: 1px;
  margin: 8px 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  background-color: #e5e5e5;
}
.nav > li > a > img {
  max-width: none;
}
.nav-tabs {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.nav-tabs > li {
  float: left;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
}
.nav-tabs > li > a {
  margin-right: 2px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;
}
.nav-tabs > li > a:hover {
  border-color: #eeeeee #eeeeee #ddd;
}
.nav-tabs > li.active > a,
.nav-tabs > li.active > a:hover,
.nav-tabs > li.active > a:focus {
  color: #555555;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-bottom-color: transparent;
  cursor: default;
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified {
  width: 100%;
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li {
  float: none;
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .dropdown .dropdown-menu {
  top: auto;
  left: auto;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > li {
    display: table-cell;
    width: 1%;
  }
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {
  margin-right: 0;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a,
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:hover,
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:focus {
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;
  }
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a,
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:hover,
  .nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:focus {
    border-bottom-color: #fff;
  }
}
.nav-pills > li {
  float: left;
}
.nav-pills > li > a {
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.nav-pills > li + li {
  margin-left: 2px;
}
.nav-pills > li.active > a,
.nav-pills > li.active > a:hover,
.nav-pills > li.active > a:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
}
.nav-stacked > li {
  float: none;
}
.nav-stacked > li + li {
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-left: 0;
}
.nav-justified {
  width: 100%;
}
.nav-justified > li {
  float: none;
}
.nav-justified > li > a {
  text-align: center;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.nav-justified > .dropdown .dropdown-menu {
  top: auto;
  left: auto;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .nav-justified > li {
    display: table-cell;
    width: 1%;
  }
  .nav-justified > li > a {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
.nav-tabs-justified {
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.nav-tabs-justified > li > a {
  margin-right: 0;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a,
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:hover,
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:focus {
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .nav-tabs-justified > li > a {
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;
  }
  .nav-tabs-justified > .active > a,
  .nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:hover,
  .nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:focus {
    border-bottom-color: #fff;
  }
}
.tab-content > .tab-pane {
  display: none;
}
.tab-content > .active {
  display: block;
}
.nav-tabs .dropdown-menu {
  margin-top: -1px;
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.navbar {
  position: relative;
  min-height: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar {
    border-radius: 2px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-header {
    float: left;
  }
}
.navbar-collapse {
  overflow-x: visible;
  padding-right: 0px;
  padding-left: 0px;
  border-top: 1px solid transparent;
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
}
.navbar-collapse.in {
  overflow-y: auto;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-collapse {
    width: auto;
    border-top: 0;
    box-shadow: none;
  }
  .navbar-collapse.collapse {
    display: block !important;
    height: auto !important;
    padding-bottom: 0;
    overflow: visible !important;
  }
  .navbar-collapse.in {
    overflow-y: visible;
  }
  .navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,
  .navbar-static-top .navbar-collapse,
  .navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {
    padding-left: 0;
    padding-right: 0;
  }
}
.navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {
  max-height: 340px;
}
@media (max-device-width: 540px) and (orientation: landscape) {
  .navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,
  .navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {
    max-height: 200px;
  }
}
.container > .navbar-header,
.container-fluid > .navbar-header,
.container > .navbar-collapse,
.container-fluid > .navbar-collapse {
  margin-right: 0px;
  margin-left: 0px;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .container > .navbar-header,
  .container-fluid > .navbar-header,
  .container > .navbar-collapse,
  .container-fluid > .navbar-collapse {
    margin-right: 0;
    margin-left: 0;
  }
}
.navbar-static-top {
  z-index: 1000;
  border-width: 0 0 1px;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-static-top {
    border-radius: 0;
  }
}
.navbar-fixed-top,
.navbar-fixed-bottom {
  position: fixed;
  right: 0;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 1030;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-fixed-top,
  .navbar-fixed-bottom {
    border-radius: 0;
  }
}
.navbar-fixed-top {
  top: 0;
  border-width: 0 0 1px;
}
.navbar-fixed-bottom {
  bottom: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-width: 1px 0 0;
}
.navbar-brand {
  float: left;
  padding: 6px 0px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 18px;
  height: 30px;
}
.navbar-brand:hover,
.navbar-brand:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
}
.navbar-brand > img {
  display: block;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar > .container .navbar-brand,
  .navbar > .container-fluid .navbar-brand {
    margin-left: 0px;
  }
}
.navbar-toggle {
  position: relative;
  float: right;
  margin-right: 0px;
  padding: 9px 10px;
  margin-top: -2px;
  margin-bottom: -2px;
  background-color: transparent;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.navbar-toggle:focus {
  outline: 0;
}
.navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  display: block;
  width: 22px;
  height: 2px;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.navbar-toggle .icon-bar + .icon-bar {
  margin-top: 4px;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-toggle {
    display: none;
  }
}
.navbar-nav {
  margin: 3px 0px;
}
.navbar-nav > li > a {
  padding-top: 10px;
  padding-bottom: 10px;
  line-height: 18px;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu {
    position: static;
    float: none;
    width: auto;
    margin-top: 0;
    background-color: transparent;
    border: 0;
    box-shadow: none;
  }
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a,
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu .dropdown-header {
    padding: 5px 15px 5px 25px;
  }
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {
    line-height: 18px;
  }
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,
  .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {
    background-image: none;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-nav {
    float: left;
    margin: 0;
  }
  .navbar-nav > li {
    float: left;
  }
  .navbar-nav > li > a {
    padding-top: 6px;
    padding-bottom: 6px;
  }
}
.navbar-form {
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
  padding: 10px 0px;
  border-top: 1px solid transparent;
  border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
  margin-top: -1px;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .navbar-form .form-group {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .navbar-form .form-control {
    display: inline-block;
    width: auto;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .navbar-form .form-control-static {
    display: inline-block;
  }
  .navbar-form .input-group {
    display: inline-table;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .navbar-form .input-group .input-group-addon,
  .navbar-form .input-group .input-group-btn,
  .navbar-form .input-group .form-control {
    width: auto;
  }
  .navbar-form .input-group > .form-control {
    width: 100%;
  }
  .navbar-form .control-label {
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .navbar-form .radio,
  .navbar-form .checkbox {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  .navbar-form .radio label,
  .navbar-form .checkbox label {
    padding-left: 0;
  }
  .navbar-form .radio input[type="radio"],
  .navbar-form .checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {
    position: relative;
    margin-left: 0;
  }
  .navbar-form .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {
    top: 0;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  .navbar-form .form-group {
    margin-bottom: 5px;
  }
  .navbar-form .form-group:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-form {
    width: auto;
    border: 0;
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-right: 0;
    padding-top: 0;
    padding-bottom: 0;
    -webkit-box-shadow: none;
    box-shadow: none;
  }
}
.navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu {
  margin-top: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 2px;
  border-top-left-radius: 2px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
}
.navbar-btn {
  margin-top: -1px;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
}
.navbar-btn.btn-sm {
  margin-top: 0px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
}
.navbar-btn.btn-xs {
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.navbar-text {
  margin-top: 6px;
  margin-bottom: 6px;
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-text {
    float: left;
    margin-left: 0px;
    margin-right: 0px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 541px) {
  .navbar-left {
    float: left !important;
    float: left;
  }
  .navbar-right {
    float: right !important;
    float: right;
    margin-right: 0px;
  }
  .navbar-right ~ .navbar-right {
    margin-right: 0;
  }
}
.navbar-default {
  background-color: #f8f8f8;
  border-color: #e7e7e7;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-brand {
  color: #777;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-brand:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-brand:focus {
  color: #5e5e5e;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-text {
  color: #777;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a {
  color: #777;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus {
  color: #555;
  background-color: #e7e7e7;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:focus {
  color: #ccc;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #ddd;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #ddd;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #888;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-collapse,
.navbar-default .navbar-form {
  border-color: #e7e7e7;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover,
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus {
  background-color: #e7e7e7;
  color: #555;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {
    color: #777;
  }
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {
    color: #333;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a,
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {
    color: #555;
    background-color: #e7e7e7;
  }
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,
  .navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {
    color: #ccc;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
}
.navbar-default .navbar-link {
  color: #777;
}
.navbar-default .navbar-link:hover {
  color: #333;
}
.navbar-default .btn-link {
  color: #777;
}
.navbar-default .btn-link:hover,
.navbar-default .btn-link:focus {
  color: #333;
}
.navbar-default .btn-link[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-default .btn-link:hover,
.navbar-default .btn-link[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-default .btn-link:focus {
  color: #ccc;
}
.navbar-inverse {
  background-color: #222;
  border-color: #080808;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand {
  color: #9d9d9d;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-text {
  color: #9d9d9d;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a {
  color: #9d9d9d;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #080808;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:focus {
  color: #444;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle {
  border-color: #333;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle:focus {
  background-color: #333;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {
  background-color: #fff;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-collapse,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-form {
  border-color: #101010;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover,
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus {
  background-color: #080808;
  color: #fff;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .dropdown-header {
    border-color: #080808;
  }
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu .divider {
    background-color: #080808;
  }
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {
    color: #9d9d9d;
  }
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {
    color: #fff;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a,
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {
    color: #fff;
    background-color: #080808;
  }
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,
  .navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {
    color: #444;
    background-color: transparent;
  }
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-link {
  color: #9d9d9d;
}
.navbar-inverse .navbar-link:hover {
  color: #fff;
}
.navbar-inverse .btn-link {
  color: #9d9d9d;
}
.navbar-inverse .btn-link:hover,
.navbar-inverse .btn-link:focus {
  color: #fff;
}
.navbar-inverse .btn-link[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-inverse .btn-link:hover,
.navbar-inverse .btn-link[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-inverse .btn-link:focus {
  color: #444;
}
.breadcrumb {
  padding: 8px 15px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  list-style: none;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.breadcrumb > li {
  display: inline-block;
}
.breadcrumb > li + li:before {
  content: "/\00a0";
  padding: 0 5px;
  color: #5e5e5e;
}
.breadcrumb > .active {
  color: #777777;
}
.pagination {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin: 18px 0;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.pagination > li {
  display: inline;
}
.pagination > li > a,
.pagination > li > span {
  position: relative;
  float: left;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #337ab7;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  margin-left: -1px;
}
.pagination > li:first-child > a,
.pagination > li:first-child > span {
  margin-left: 0;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 2px;
  border-top-left-radius: 2px;
}
.pagination > li:last-child > a,
.pagination > li:last-child > span {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 2px;
  border-top-right-radius: 2px;
}
.pagination > li > a:hover,
.pagination > li > span:hover,
.pagination > li > a:focus,
.pagination > li > span:focus {
  z-index: 2;
  color: #23527c;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  border-color: #ddd;
}
.pagination > .active > a,
.pagination > .active > span,
.pagination > .active > a:hover,
.pagination > .active > span:hover,
.pagination > .active > a:focus,
.pagination > .active > span:focus {
  z-index: 3;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
  border-color: #337ab7;
  cursor: default;
}
.pagination > .disabled > span,
.pagination > .disabled > span:hover,
.pagination > .disabled > span:focus,
.pagination > .disabled > a,
.pagination > .disabled > a:hover,
.pagination > .disabled > a:focus {
  color: #777777;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ddd;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.pagination-lg > li > a,
.pagination-lg > li > span {
  padding: 10px 16px;
  font-size: 17px;
  line-height: 1.3333333;
}
.pagination-lg > li:first-child > a,
.pagination-lg > li:first-child > span {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;
  border-top-left-radius: 3px;
}
.pagination-lg > li:last-child > a,
.pagination-lg > li:last-child > span {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;
  border-top-right-radius: 3px;
}
.pagination-sm > li > a,
.pagination-sm > li > span {
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
}
.pagination-sm > li:first-child > a,
.pagination-sm > li:first-child > span {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
}
.pagination-sm > li:last-child > a,
.pagination-sm > li:last-child > span {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
}
.pager {
  padding-left: 0;
  margin: 18px 0;
  list-style: none;
  text-align: center;
}
.pager li {
  display: inline;
}
.pager li > a,
.pager li > span {
  display: inline-block;
  padding: 5px 14px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-radius: 15px;
}
.pager li > a:hover,
.pager li > a:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
}
.pager .next > a,
.pager .next > span {
  float: right;
}
.pager .previous > a,
.pager .previous > span {
  float: left;
}
.pager .disabled > a,
.pager .disabled > a:hover,
.pager .disabled > a:focus,
.pager .disabled > span {
  color: #777777;
  background-color: #fff;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.label {
  display: inline;
  padding: .2em .6em .3em;
  font-size: 75%;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  white-space: nowrap;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  border-radius: .25em;
}
a.label:hover,
a.label:focus {
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.label:empty {
  display: none;
}
.btn .label {
  position: relative;
  top: -1px;
}
.label-default {
  background-color: #777777;
}
.label-default[href]:hover,
.label-default[href]:focus {
  background-color: #5e5e5e;
}
.label-primary {
  background-color: #337ab7;
}
.label-primary[href]:hover,
.label-primary[href]:focus {
  background-color: #286090;
}
.label-success {
  background-color: #5cb85c;
}
.label-success[href]:hover,
.label-success[href]:focus {
  background-color: #449d44;
}
.label-info {
  background-color: #5bc0de;
}
.label-info[href]:hover,
.label-info[href]:focus {
  background-color: #31b0d5;
}
.label-warning {
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
}
.label-warning[href]:hover,
.label-warning[href]:focus {
  background-color: #ec971f;
}
.label-danger {
  background-color: #d9534f;
}
.label-danger[href]:hover,
.label-danger[href]:focus {
  background-color: #c9302c;
}
.badge {
  display: inline-block;
  min-width: 10px;
  padding: 3px 7px;
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: #fff;
  line-height: 1;
  vertical-align: middle;
  white-space: nowrap;
  text-align: center;
  background-color: #777777;
  border-radius: 10px;
}
.badge:empty {
  display: none;
}
.btn .badge {
  position: relative;
  top: -1px;
}
.btn-xs .badge,
.btn-group-xs > .btn .badge {
  top: 0;
  padding: 1px 5px;
}
a.badge:hover,
a.badge:focus {
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.list-group-item.active > .badge,
.nav-pills > .active > a > .badge {
  color: #337ab7;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.list-group-item > .badge {
  float: right;
}
.list-group-item > .badge + .badge {
  margin-right: 5px;
}
.nav-pills > li > a > .badge {
  margin-left: 3px;
}
.jumbotron {
  padding-top: 30px;
  padding-bottom: 30px;
  margin-bottom: 30px;
  color: inherit;
  background-color: #eeeeee;
}
.jumbotron h1,
.jumbotron .h1 {
  color: inherit;
}
.jumbotron p {
  margin-bottom: 15px;
  font-size: 20px;
  font-weight: 200;
}
.jumbotron > hr {
  border-top-color: #d5d5d5;
}
.container .jumbotron,
.container-fluid .jumbotron {
  border-radius: 3px;
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-right: 0px;
}
.jumbotron .container {
  max-width: 100%;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  .jumbotron {
    padding-top: 48px;
    padding-bottom: 48px;
  }
  .container .jumbotron,
  .container-fluid .jumbotron {
    padding-left: 60px;
    padding-right: 60px;
  }
  .jumbotron h1,
  .jumbotron .h1 {
    font-size: 59px;
  }
}
.thumbnail {
  display: block;
  padding: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out;
  -o-transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out;
  transition: border 0.2s ease-in-out;
}
.thumbnail > img,
.thumbnail a > img {
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}
a.thumbnail:hover,
a.thumbnail:focus,
a.thumbnail.active {
  border-color: #337ab7;
}
.thumbnail .caption {
  padding: 9px;
  color: #000;
}
.alert {
  padding: 15px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.alert h4 {
  margin-top: 0;
  color: inherit;
}
.alert .alert-link {
  font-weight: bold;
}
.alert > p,
.alert > ul {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.alert > p + p {
  margin-top: 5px;
}
.alert-dismissable,
.alert-dismissible {
  padding-right: 35px;
}
.alert-dismissable .close,
.alert-dismissible .close {
  position: relative;
  top: -2px;
  right: -21px;
  color: inherit;
}
.alert-success {
  background-color: #dff0d8;
  border-color: #d6e9c6;
  color: #3c763d;
}
.alert-success hr {
  border-top-color: #c9e2b3;
}
.alert-success .alert-link {
  color: #2b542c;
}
.alert-info {
  background-color: #d9edf7;
  border-color: #bce8f1;
  color: #31708f;
}
.alert-info hr {
  border-top-color: #a6e1ec;
}
.alert-info .alert-link {
  color: #245269;
}
.alert-warning {
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
  border-color: #faebcc;
  color: #8a6d3b;
}
.alert-warning hr {
  border-top-color: #f7e1b5;
}
.alert-warning .alert-link {
  color: #66512c;
}
.alert-danger {
  background-color: #f2dede;
  border-color: #ebccd1;
  color: #a94442;
}
.alert-danger hr {
  border-top-color: #e4b9c0;
}
.alert-danger .alert-link {
  color: #843534;
}
@-webkit-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {
  from {
    background-position: 40px 0;
  }
  to {
    background-position: 0 0;
  }
}
@keyframes progress-bar-stripes {
  from {
    background-position: 40px 0;
  }
  to {
    background-position: 0 0;
  }
}
.progress {
  overflow: hidden;
  height: 18px;
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
.progress-bar {
  float: left;
  width: 0%;
  height: 100%;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 18px;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  background-color: #337ab7;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
  -webkit-transition: width 0.6s ease;
  -o-transition: width 0.6s ease;
  transition: width 0.6s ease;
}
.progress-striped .progress-bar,
.progress-bar-striped {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-size: 40px 40px;
}
.progress.active .progress-bar,
.progress-bar.active {
  -webkit-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;
  -o-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;
  animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;
}
.progress-bar-success {
  background-color: #5cb85c;
}
.progress-striped .progress-bar-success {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
.progress-bar-info {
  background-color: #5bc0de;
}
.progress-striped .progress-bar-info {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
.progress-bar-warning {
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
}
.progress-striped .progress-bar-warning {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
.progress-bar-danger {
  background-color: #d9534f;
}
.progress-striped .progress-bar-danger {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
  background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);
}
.media {
  margin-top: 15px;
}
.media:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}
.media,
.media-body {
  zoom: 1;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.media-body {
  width: 10000px;
}
.media-object {
  display: block;
}
.media-object.img-thumbnail {
  max-width: none;
}
.media-right,
.media > .pull-right {
  padding-left: 10px;
}
.media-left,
.media > .pull-left {
  padding-right: 10px;
}
.media-left,
.media-right,
.media-body {
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.media-middle {
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.media-bottom {
  vertical-align: bottom;
}
.media-heading {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.media-list {
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
}
.list-group {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  padding-left: 0;
}
.list-group-item {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  padding: 10px 15px;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.list-group-item:first-child {
  border-top-right-radius: 2px;
  border-top-left-radius: 2px;
}
.list-group-item:last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 2px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 2px;
}
a.list-group-item,
button.list-group-item {
  color: #555;
}
a.list-group-item .list-group-item-heading,
button.list-group-item .list-group-item-heading {
  color: #333;
}
a.list-group-item:hover,
button.list-group-item:hover,
a.list-group-item:focus,
button.list-group-item:focus {
  text-decoration: none;
  color: #555;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
}
button.list-group-item {
  width: 100%;
  text-align: left;
}
.list-group-item.disabled,
.list-group-item.disabled:hover,
.list-group-item.disabled:focus {
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  color: #777777;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
.list-group-item.disabled .list-group-item-heading,
.list-group-item.disabled:hover .list-group-item-heading,
.list-group-item.disabled:focus .list-group-item-heading {
  color: inherit;
}
.list-group-item.disabled .list-group-item-text,
.list-group-item.disabled:hover .list-group-item-text,
.list-group-item.disabled:focus .list-group-item-text {
  color: #777777;
}
.list-group-item.active,
.list-group-item.active:hover,
.list-group-item.active:focus {
  z-index: 2;
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
  border-color: #337ab7;
}
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading,
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading,
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading,
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading > small,
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading > small,
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading > small,
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading > .small,
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading > .small,
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading > .small {
  color: inherit;
}
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-text,
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-text,
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-text {
  color: #c7ddef;
}
.list-group-item-success {
  color: #3c763d;
  background-color: #dff0d8;
}
a.list-group-item-success,
button.list-group-item-success {
  color: #3c763d;
}
a.list-group-item-success .list-group-item-heading,
button.list-group-item-success .list-group-item-heading {
  color: inherit;
}
a.list-group-item-success:hover,
button.list-group-item-success:hover,
a.list-group-item-success:focus,
button.list-group-item-success:focus {
  color: #3c763d;
  background-color: #d0e9c6;
}
a.list-group-item-success.active,
button.list-group-item-success.active,
a.list-group-item-success.active:hover,
button.list-group-item-success.active:hover,
a.list-group-item-success.active:focus,
button.list-group-item-success.active:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #3c763d;
  border-color: #3c763d;
}
.list-group-item-info {
  color: #31708f;
  background-color: #d9edf7;
}
a.list-group-item-info,
button.list-group-item-info {
  color: #31708f;
}
a.list-group-item-info .list-group-item-heading,
button.list-group-item-info .list-group-item-heading {
  color: inherit;
}
a.list-group-item-info:hover,
button.list-group-item-info:hover,
a.list-group-item-info:focus,
button.list-group-item-info:focus {
  color: #31708f;
  background-color: #c4e3f3;
}
a.list-group-item-info.active,
button.list-group-item-info.active,
a.list-group-item-info.active:hover,
button.list-group-item-info.active:hover,
a.list-group-item-info.active:focus,
button.list-group-item-info.active:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31708f;
  border-color: #31708f;
}
.list-group-item-warning {
  color: #8a6d3b;
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
}
a.list-group-item-warning,
button.list-group-item-warning {
  color: #8a6d3b;
}
a.list-group-item-warning .list-group-item-heading,
button.list-group-item-warning .list-group-item-heading {
  color: inherit;
}
a.list-group-item-warning:hover,
button.list-group-item-warning:hover,
a.list-group-item-warning:focus,
button.list-group-item-warning:focus {
  color: #8a6d3b;
  background-color: #faf2cc;
}
a.list-group-item-warning.active,
button.list-group-item-warning.active,
a.list-group-item-warning.active:hover,
button.list-group-item-warning.active:hover,
a.list-group-item-warning.active:focus,
button.list-group-item-warning.active:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #8a6d3b;
  border-color: #8a6d3b;
}
.list-group-item-danger {
  color: #a94442;
  background-color: #f2dede;
}
a.list-group-item-danger,
button.list-group-item-danger {
  color: #a94442;
}
a.list-group-item-danger .list-group-item-heading,
button.list-group-item-danger .list-group-item-heading {
  color: inherit;
}
a.list-group-item-danger:hover,
button.list-group-item-danger:hover,
a.list-group-item-danger:focus,
button.list-group-item-danger:focus {
  color: #a94442;
  background-color: #ebcccc;
}
a.list-group-item-danger.active,
button.list-group-item-danger.active,
a.list-group-item-danger.active:hover,
button.list-group-item-danger.active:hover,
a.list-group-item-danger.active:focus,
button.list-group-item-danger.active:focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #a94442;
  border-color: #a94442;
}
.list-group-item-heading {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.list-group-item-text {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  line-height: 1.3;
}
.panel {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}
.panel-body {
  padding: 15px;
}
.panel-heading {
  padding: 10px 15px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel-heading > .dropdown .dropdown-toggle {
  color: inherit;
}
.panel-title {
  margin-top: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  font-size: 15px;
  color: inherit;
}
.panel-title > a,
.panel-title > small,
.panel-title > .small,
.panel-title > small > a,
.panel-title > .small > a {
  color: inherit;
}
.panel-footer {
  padding: 10px 15px;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .list-group,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .list-group {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.panel > .list-group .list-group-item,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .list-group .list-group-item {
  border-width: 1px 0;
  border-radius: 0;
}
.panel > .list-group:first-child .list-group-item:first-child,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .list-group:first-child .list-group-item:first-child {
  border-top: 0;
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .list-group:last-child .list-group-item:last-child,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .list-group:last-child .list-group-item:last-child {
  border-bottom: 0;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .list-group .list-group-item:first-child {
  border-top-right-radius: 0;
  border-top-left-radius: 0;
}
.panel-heading + .list-group .list-group-item:first-child {
  border-top-width: 0;
}
.list-group + .panel-footer {
  border-top-width: 0;
}
.panel > .table,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .table {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.panel > .table caption,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table caption,
.panel > .panel-collapse > .table caption {
  padding-left: 15px;
  padding-right: 15px;
}
.panel > .table:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child {
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child {
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child {
  border-top-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child {
  border-top-right-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child {
  border-bottom-right-radius: 1px;
}
.panel > .panel-body + .table,
.panel > .panel-body + .table-responsive,
.panel > .table + .panel-body,
.panel > .table-responsive + .panel-body {
  border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.panel > .table > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th,
.panel > .table > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td {
  border-top: 0;
}
.panel > .table-bordered,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered {
  border: 0;
}
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child {
  border-left: 0;
}
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child {
  border-right: 0;
}
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > td,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > td,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > td,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > td,
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > th,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > th,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > th,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > th {
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td,
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th,
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th {
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.panel > .table-responsive {
  border: 0;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.panel-group {
  margin-bottom: 18px;
}
.panel-group .panel {
  margin-bottom: 0;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.panel-group .panel + .panel {
  margin-top: 5px;
}
.panel-group .panel-heading {
  border-bottom: 0;
}
.panel-group .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body,
.panel-group .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .list-group {
  border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.panel-group .panel-footer {
  border-top: 0;
}
.panel-group .panel-footer + .panel-collapse .panel-body {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.panel-default {
  border-color: #ddd;
}
.panel-default > .panel-heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border-color: #ddd;
}
.panel-default > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #ddd;
}
.panel-default > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #f5f5f5;
  background-color: #333333;
}
.panel-default > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #ddd;
}
.panel-primary {
  border-color: #337ab7;
}
.panel-primary > .panel-heading {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #337ab7;
  border-color: #337ab7;
}
.panel-primary > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #337ab7;
}
.panel-primary > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #337ab7;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.panel-primary > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #337ab7;
}
.panel-success {
  border-color: #d6e9c6;
}
.panel-success > .panel-heading {
  color: #3c763d;
  background-color: #dff0d8;
  border-color: #d6e9c6;
}
.panel-success > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #d6e9c6;
}
.panel-success > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #dff0d8;
  background-color: #3c763d;
}
.panel-success > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #d6e9c6;
}
.panel-info {
  border-color: #bce8f1;
}
.panel-info > .panel-heading {
  color: #31708f;
  background-color: #d9edf7;
  border-color: #bce8f1;
}
.panel-info > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #bce8f1;
}
.panel-info > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #d9edf7;
  background-color: #31708f;
}
.panel-info > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #bce8f1;
}
.panel-warning {
  border-color: #faebcc;
}
.panel-warning > .panel-heading {
  color: #8a6d3b;
  background-color: #fcf8e3;
  border-color: #faebcc;
}
.panel-warning > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #faebcc;
}
.panel-warning > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #fcf8e3;
  background-color: #8a6d3b;
}
.panel-warning > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #faebcc;
}
.panel-danger {
  border-color: #ebccd1;
}
.panel-danger > .panel-heading {
  color: #a94442;
  background-color: #f2dede;
  border-color: #ebccd1;
}
.panel-danger > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-top-color: #ebccd1;
}
.panel-danger > .panel-heading .badge {
  color: #f2dede;
  background-color: #a94442;
}
.panel-danger > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
  border-bottom-color: #ebccd1;
}
.embed-responsive {
  position: relative;
  display: block;
  height: 0;
  padding: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.embed-responsive .embed-responsive-item,
.embed-responsive iframe,
.embed-responsive embed,
.embed-responsive object,
.embed-responsive video {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  border: 0;
}
.embed-responsive-16by9 {
  padding-bottom: 56.25%;
}
.embed-responsive-4by3 {
  padding-bottom: 75%;
}
.well {
  min-height: 20px;
  padding: 19px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  background-color: #f5f5f5;
  border: 1px solid #e3e3e3;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}
.well blockquote {
  border-color: #ddd;
  border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}
.well-lg {
  padding: 24px;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
.well-sm {
  padding: 9px;
  border-radius: 1px;
}
.close {
  float: right;
  font-size: 19.5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1;
  color: #000;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #fff;
  opacity: 0.2;
  filter: alpha(opacity=20);
}
.close:hover,
.close:focus {
  color: #000;
  text-decoration: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  opacity: 0.5;
  filter: alpha(opacity=50);
}
button.close {
  padding: 0;
  cursor: pointer;
  background: transparent;
  border: 0;
  -webkit-appearance: none;
}
.modal-open {
  overflow: hidden;
}
.modal {
  display: none;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 1050;
  -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
  outline: 0;
}
.modal.fade .modal-dialog {
  -webkit-transform: translate(0, -25%);
  -ms-transform: translate(0, -25%);
  -o-transform: translate(0, -25%);
  transform: translate(0, -25%);
  -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.3s ease-out;
  -moz-transition: -moz-transform 0.3s ease-out;
  -o-transition: -o-transform 0.3s ease-out;
  transition: transform 0.3s ease-out;
}
.modal.in .modal-dialog {
  -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0);
  -ms-transform: translate(0, 0);
  -o-transform: translate(0, 0);
  transform: translate(0, 0);
}
.modal-open .modal {
  overflow-x: hidden;
  overflow-y: auto;
}
.modal-dialog {
  position: relative;
  width: auto;
  margin: 10px;
}
.modal-content {
  position: relative;
  background-color: #fff;
  border: 1px solid #999;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  border-radius: 3px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  box-shadow: 0 3px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  background-clip: padding-box;
  outline: 0;
}
.modal-backdrop {
  position: fixed;
  top: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 1040;
  background-color: #000;
}
.modal-backdrop.fade {
  opacity: 0;
  filter: alpha(opacity=0);
}
.modal-backdrop.in {
  opacity: 0.5;
  filter: alpha(opacity=50);
}
.modal-header {
  padding: 15px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}
.modal-header .close {
  margin-top: -2px;
}
.modal-title {
  margin: 0;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
}
.modal-body {
  position: relative;
  padding: 15px;
}
.modal-footer {
  padding: 15px;
  text-align: right;
  border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
}
.modal-footer .btn + .btn {
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.modal-footer .btn-group .btn + .btn {
  margin-left: -1px;
}
.modal-footer .btn-block + .btn-block {
  margin-left: 0;
}
.modal-scrollbar-measure {
  position: absolute;
  top: -9999px;
  width: 50px;
  height: 50px;
  overflow: scroll;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .modal-dialog {
    width: 600px;
    margin: 30px auto;
  }
  .modal-content {
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
    box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
  }
  .modal-sm {
    width: 300px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .modal-lg {
    width: 900px;
  }
}
.tooltip {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1070;
  display: block;
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;
  letter-spacing: normal;
  line-break: auto;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  text-align: left;
  text-align: start;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-shadow: none;
  text-transform: none;
  white-space: normal;
  word-break: normal;
  word-spacing: normal;
  word-wrap: normal;
  font-size: 12px;
  opacity: 0;
  filter: alpha(opacity=0);
}
.tooltip.in {
  opacity: 0.9;
  filter: alpha(opacity=90);
}
.tooltip.top {
  margin-top: -3px;
  padding: 5px 0;
}
.tooltip.right {
  margin-left: 3px;
  padding: 0 5px;
}
.tooltip.bottom {
  margin-top: 3px;
  padding: 5px 0;
}
.tooltip.left {
  margin-left: -3px;
  padding: 0 5px;
}
.tooltip-inner {
  max-width: 200px;
  padding: 3px 8px;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  background-color: #000;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.tooltip-arrow {
  position: absolute;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-color: transparent;
  border-style: solid;
}
.tooltip.top .tooltip-arrow {
  bottom: 0;
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -5px;
  border-width: 5px 5px 0;
  border-top-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.top-left .tooltip-arrow {
  bottom: 0;
  right: 5px;
  margin-bottom: -5px;
  border-width: 5px 5px 0;
  border-top-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.top-right .tooltip-arrow {
  bottom: 0;
  left: 5px;
  margin-bottom: -5px;
  border-width: 5px 5px 0;
  border-top-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.right .tooltip-arrow {
  top: 50%;
  left: 0;
  margin-top: -5px;
  border-width: 5px 5px 5px 0;
  border-right-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.left .tooltip-arrow {
  top: 50%;
  right: 0;
  margin-top: -5px;
  border-width: 5px 0 5px 5px;
  border-left-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.bottom .tooltip-arrow {
  top: 0;
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -5px;
  border-width: 0 5px 5px;
  border-bottom-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.bottom-left .tooltip-arrow {
  top: 0;
  right: 5px;
  margin-top: -5px;
  border-width: 0 5px 5px;
  border-bottom-color: #000;
}
.tooltip.bottom-right .tooltip-arrow {
  top: 0;
  left: 5px;
  margin-top: -5px;
  border-width: 0 5px 5px;
  border-bottom-color: #000;
}
.popover {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  z-index: 1060;
  display: none;
  max-width: 276px;
  padding: 1px;
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: normal;
  letter-spacing: normal;
  line-break: auto;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  text-align: left;
  text-align: start;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-shadow: none;
  text-transform: none;
  white-space: normal;
  word-break: normal;
  word-spacing: normal;
  word-wrap: normal;
  font-size: 13px;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-clip: padding-box;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  border-radius: 3px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
  box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
}
.popover.top {
  margin-top: -10px;
}
.popover.right {
  margin-left: 10px;
}
.popover.bottom {
  margin-top: 10px;
}
.popover.left {
  margin-left: -10px;
}
.popover-title {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 8px 14px;
  font-size: 13px;
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ebebeb;
  border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;
}
.popover-content {
  padding: 9px 14px;
}
.popover > .arrow,
.popover > .arrow:after {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-color: transparent;
  border-style: solid;
}
.popover > .arrow {
  border-width: 11px;
}
.popover > .arrow:after {
  border-width: 10px;
  content: "";
}
.popover.top > .arrow {
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -11px;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
  border-top-color: #999999;
  border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  bottom: -11px;
}
.popover.top > .arrow:after {
  content: " ";
  bottom: 1px;
  margin-left: -10px;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
  border-top-color: #fff;
}
.popover.right > .arrow {
  top: 50%;
  left: -11px;
  margin-top: -11px;
  border-left-width: 0;
  border-right-color: #999999;
  border-right-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}
.popover.right > .arrow:after {
  content: " ";
  left: 1px;
  bottom: -10px;
  border-left-width: 0;
  border-right-color: #fff;
}
.popover.bottom > .arrow {
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -11px;
  border-top-width: 0;
  border-bottom-color: #999999;
  border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
  top: -11px;
}
.popover.bottom > .arrow:after {
  content: " ";
  top: 1px;
  margin-left: -10px;
  border-top-width: 0;
  border-bottom-color: #fff;
}
.popover.left > .arrow {
  top: 50%;
  right: -11px;
  margin-top: -11px;
  border-right-width: 0;
  border-left-color: #999999;
  border-left-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);
}
.popover.left > .arrow:after {
  content: " ";
  right: 1px;
  border-right-width: 0;
  border-left-color: #fff;
  bottom: -10px;
}
.carousel {
  position: relative;
}
.carousel-inner {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  width: 100%;
}
.carousel-inner > .item {
  display: none;
  position: relative;
  -webkit-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;
  -o-transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;
  transition: 0.6s ease-in-out left;
}
.carousel-inner > .item > img,
.carousel-inner > .item > a > img {
  line-height: 1;
}
@media all and (transform-3d), (-webkit-transform-3d) {
  .carousel-inner > .item {
    -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
    -moz-transition: -moz-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
    -o-transition: -o-transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
    transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out;
    -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;
    -moz-backface-visibility: hidden;
    backface-visibility: hidden;
    -webkit-perspective: 1000px;
    -moz-perspective: 1000px;
    perspective: 1000px;
  }
  .carousel-inner > .item.next,
  .carousel-inner > .item.active.right {
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(100%, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(100%, 0, 0);
    left: 0;
  }
  .carousel-inner > .item.prev,
  .carousel-inner > .item.active.left {
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(-100%, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(-100%, 0, 0);
    left: 0;
  }
  .carousel-inner > .item.next.left,
  .carousel-inner > .item.prev.right,
  .carousel-inner > .item.active {
    -webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
    left: 0;
  }
}
.carousel-inner > .active,
.carousel-inner > .next,
.carousel-inner > .prev {
  display: block;
}
.carousel-inner > .active {
  left: 0;
}
.carousel-inner > .next,
.carousel-inner > .prev {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  width: 100%;
}
.carousel-inner > .next {
  left: 100%;
}
.carousel-inner > .prev {
  left: -100%;
}
.carousel-inner > .next.left,
.carousel-inner > .prev.right {
  left: 0;
}
.carousel-inner > .active.left {
  left: -100%;
}
.carousel-inner > .active.right {
  left: 100%;
}
.carousel-control {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 15%;
  opacity: 0.5;
  filter: alpha(opacity=50);
  font-size: 20px;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
.carousel-control.left {
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 100%);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 100%);
  background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 100%);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#80000000', endColorstr='#00000000', GradientType=1);
}
.carousel-control.right {
  left: auto;
  right: 0;
  background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%);
  background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%);
  background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) 100%);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
  filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00000000', endColorstr='#80000000', GradientType=1);
}
.carousel-control:hover,
.carousel-control:focus {
  outline: 0;
  color: #fff;
  text-decoration: none;
  opacity: 0.9;
  filter: alpha(opacity=90);
}
.carousel-control .icon-prev,
.carousel-control .icon-next,
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  margin-top: -10px;
  z-index: 5;
  display: inline-block;
}
.carousel-control .icon-prev,
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left {
  left: 50%;
  margin-left: -10px;
}
.carousel-control .icon-next,
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right {
  right: 50%;
  margin-right: -10px;
}
.carousel-control .icon-prev,
.carousel-control .icon-next {
  width: 20px;
  height: 20px;
  line-height: 1;
  font-family: serif;
}
.carousel-control .icon-prev:before {
  content: '\2039';
}
.carousel-control .icon-next:before {
  content: '\203a';
}
.carousel-indicators {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 10px;
  left: 50%;
  z-index: 15;
  width: 60%;
  margin-left: -30%;
  padding-left: 0;
  list-style: none;
  text-align: center;
}
.carousel-indicators li {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 10px;
  height: 10px;
  margin: 1px;
  text-indent: -999px;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  border-radius: 10px;
  cursor: pointer;
  background-color: #000 \9;
  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
}
.carousel-indicators .active {
  margin: 0;
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.carousel-caption {
  position: absolute;
  left: 15%;
  right: 15%;
  bottom: 20px;
  z-index: 10;
  padding-top: 20px;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}
.carousel-caption .btn {
  text-shadow: none;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
  .carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,
  .carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right,
  .carousel-control .icon-prev,
  .carousel-control .icon-next {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    margin-top: -10px;
    font-size: 30px;
  }
  .carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,
  .carousel-control .icon-prev {
    margin-left: -10px;
  }
  .carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right,
  .carousel-control .icon-next {
    margin-right: -10px;
  }
  .carousel-caption {
    left: 20%;
    right: 20%;
    padding-bottom: 30px;
  }
  .carousel-indicators {
    bottom: 20px;
  }
}
.clearfix:before,
.clearfix:after,
.dl-horizontal dd:before,
.dl-horizontal dd:after,
.container:before,
.container:after,
.container-fluid:before,
.container-fluid:after,
.row:before,
.row:after,
.form-horizontal .form-group:before,
.form-horizontal .form-group:after,
.btn-toolbar:before,
.btn-toolbar:after,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:before,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:after,
.nav:before,
.nav:after,
.navbar:before,
.navbar:after,
.navbar-header:before,
.navbar-header:after,
.navbar-collapse:before,
.navbar-collapse:after,
.pager:before,
.pager:after,
.panel-body:before,
.panel-body:after,
.modal-header:before,
.modal-header:after,
.modal-footer:before,
.modal-footer:after,
.item_buttons:before,
.item_buttons:after {
  content: " ";
  display: table;
}
.clearfix:after,
.dl-horizontal dd:after,
.container:after,
.container-fluid:after,
.row:after,
.form-horizontal .form-group:after,
.btn-toolbar:after,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:after,
.nav:after,
.navbar:after,
.navbar-header:after,
.navbar-collapse:after,
.pager:after,
.panel-body:after,
.modal-header:after,
.modal-footer:after,
.item_buttons:after {
  clear: both;
}
.center-block {
  display: block;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}
.pull-right {
  float: right !important;
}
.pull-left {
  float: left !important;
}
.hide {
  display: none !important;
}
.show {
  display: block !important;
}
.invisible {
  visibility: hidden;
}
.text-hide {
  font: 0/0 a;
  color: transparent;
  text-shadow: none;
  background-color: transparent;
  border: 0;
}
.hidden {
  display: none !important;
}
.affix {
  position: fixed;
}
@-ms-viewport {
  width: device-width;
}
.visible-xs,
.visible-sm,
.visible-md,
.visible-lg {
  display: none !important;
}
.visible-xs-block,
.visible-xs-inline,
.visible-xs-inline-block,
.visible-sm-block,
.visible-sm-inline,
.visible-sm-inline-block,
.visible-md-block,
.visible-md-inline,
.visible-md-inline-block,
.visible-lg-block,
.visible-lg-inline,
.visible-lg-inline-block {
  display: none !important;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .visible-xs {
    display: block !important;
  }
  table.visible-xs {
    display: table !important;
  }
  tr.visible-xs {
    display: table-row !important;
  }
  th.visible-xs,
  td.visible-xs {
    display: table-cell !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .visible-xs-block {
    display: block !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .visible-xs-inline {
    display: inline !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .visible-xs-inline-block {
    display: inline-block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  .visible-sm {
    display: block !important;
  }
  table.visible-sm {
    display: table !important;
  }
  tr.visible-sm {
    display: table-row !important;
  }
  th.visible-sm,
  td.visible-sm {
    display: table-cell !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  .visible-sm-block {
    display: block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  .visible-sm-inline {
    display: inline !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  .visible-sm-inline-block {
    display: inline-block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .visible-md {
    display: block !important;
  }
  table.visible-md {
    display: table !important;
  }
  tr.visible-md {
    display: table-row !important;
  }
  th.visible-md,
  td.visible-md {
    display: table-cell !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .visible-md-block {
    display: block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .visible-md-inline {
    display: inline !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .visible-md-inline-block {
    display: inline-block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .visible-lg {
    display: block !important;
  }
  table.visible-lg {
    display: table !important;
  }
  tr.visible-lg {
    display: table-row !important;
  }
  th.visible-lg,
  td.visible-lg {
    display: table-cell !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .visible-lg-block {
    display: block !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .visible-lg-inline {
    display: inline !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .visible-lg-inline-block {
    display: inline-block !important;
  }
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .hidden-xs {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  .hidden-sm {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 992px) and (max-width: 1199px) {
  .hidden-md {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .hidden-lg {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
.visible-print {
  display: none !important;
}
@media print {
  .visible-print {
    display: block !important;
  }
  table.visible-print {
    display: table !important;
  }
  tr.visible-print {
    display: table-row !important;
  }
  th.visible-print,
  td.visible-print {
    display: table-cell !important;
  }
}
.visible-print-block {
  display: none !important;
}
@media print {
  .visible-print-block {
    display: block !important;
  }
}
.visible-print-inline {
  display: none !important;
}
@media print {
  .visible-print-inline {
    display: inline !important;
  }
}
.visible-print-inline-block {
  display: none !important;
}
@media print {
  .visible-print-inline-block {
    display: inline-block !important;
  }
}
@media print {
  .hidden-print {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
/*!
*
* Font Awesome
*
*/
/*!
 *  Font Awesome 4.7.0 by @davegandy - http://fontawesome.io - @fontawesome
 *  License - http://fontawesome.io/license (Font: SIL OFL 1.1, CSS: MIT License)
 */
/* FONT PATH
 * -------------------------- */
@font-face {
  font-family: 'FontAwesome';
  src: url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot?v=4.7.0');
  src: url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot?#iefix&v=4.7.0') format('embedded-opentype'), url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2?v=4.7.0') format('woff2'), url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff?v=4.7.0') format('woff'), url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf?v=4.7.0') format('truetype'), url('../components/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.svg?v=4.7.0#fontawesomeregular') format('svg');
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
}
.fa {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}
/* makes the font 33% larger relative to the icon container */
.fa-lg {
  font-size: 1.33333333em;
  line-height: 0.75em;
  vertical-align: -15%;
}
.fa-2x {
  font-size: 2em;
}
.fa-3x {
  font-size: 3em;
}
.fa-4x {
  font-size: 4em;
}
.fa-5x {
  font-size: 5em;
}
.fa-fw {
  width: 1.28571429em;
  text-align: center;
}
.fa-ul {
  padding-left: 0;
  margin-left: 2.14285714em;
  list-style-type: none;
}
.fa-ul > li {
  position: relative;
}
.fa-li {
  position: absolute;
  left: -2.14285714em;
  width: 2.14285714em;
  top: 0.14285714em;
  text-align: center;
}
.fa-li.fa-lg {
  left: -1.85714286em;
}
.fa-border {
  padding: .2em .25em .15em;
  border: solid 0.08em #eee;
  border-radius: .1em;
}
.fa-pull-left {
  float: left;
}
.fa-pull-right {
  float: right;
}
.fa.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.fa.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
/* Deprecated as of 4.4.0 */
.pull-right {
  float: right;
}
.pull-left {
  float: left;
}
.fa.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.fa.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.fa-spin {
  -webkit-animation: fa-spin 2s infinite linear;
  animation: fa-spin 2s infinite linear;
}
.fa-pulse {
  -webkit-animation: fa-spin 1s infinite steps(8);
  animation: fa-spin 1s infinite steps(8);
}
@-webkit-keyframes fa-spin {
  0% {
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);
    transform: rotate(0deg);
  }
  100% {
    -webkit-transform: rotate(359deg);
    transform: rotate(359deg);
  }
}
@keyframes fa-spin {
  0% {
    -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);
    transform: rotate(0deg);
  }
  100% {
    -webkit-transform: rotate(359deg);
    transform: rotate(359deg);
  }
}
.fa-rotate-90 {
  -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=1)";
  -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg);
  -ms-transform: rotate(90deg);
  transform: rotate(90deg);
}
.fa-rotate-180 {
  -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2)";
  -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg);
  -ms-transform: rotate(180deg);
  transform: rotate(180deg);
}
.fa-rotate-270 {
  -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=3)";
  -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);
  -ms-transform: rotate(270deg);
  transform: rotate(270deg);
}
.fa-flip-horizontal {
  -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=0, mirror=1)";
  -webkit-transform: scale(-1, 1);
  -ms-transform: scale(-1, 1);
  transform: scale(-1, 1);
}
.fa-flip-vertical {
  -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.BasicImage(rotation=2, mirror=1)";
  -webkit-transform: scale(1, -1);
  -ms-transform: scale(1, -1);
  transform: scale(1, -1);
}
:root .fa-rotate-90,
:root .fa-rotate-180,
:root .fa-rotate-270,
:root .fa-flip-horizontal,
:root .fa-flip-vertical {
  filter: none;
}
.fa-stack {
  position: relative;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 2em;
  height: 2em;
  line-height: 2em;
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.fa-stack-1x,
.fa-stack-2x {
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: center;
}
.fa-stack-1x {
  line-height: inherit;
}
.fa-stack-2x {
  font-size: 2em;
}
.fa-inverse {
  color: #fff;
}
/* Font Awesome uses the Unicode Private Use Area (PUA) to ensure screen
   readers do not read off random characters that represent icons */
.fa-glass:before {
  content: "\f000";
}
.fa-music:before {
  content: "\f001";
}
.fa-search:before {
  content: "\f002";
}
.fa-envelope-o:before {
  content: "\f003";
}
.fa-heart:before {
  content: "\f004";
}
.fa-star:before {
  content: "\f005";
}
.fa-star-o:before {
  content: "\f006";
}
.fa-user:before {
  content: "\f007";
}
.fa-film:before {
  content: "\f008";
}
.fa-th-large:before {
  content: "\f009";
}
.fa-th:before {
  content: "\f00a";
}
.fa-th-list:before {
  content: "\f00b";
}
.fa-check:before {
  content: "\f00c";
}
.fa-remove:before,
.fa-close:before,
.fa-times:before {
  content: "\f00d";
}
.fa-search-plus:before {
  content: "\f00e";
}
.fa-search-minus:before {
  content: "\f010";
}
.fa-power-off:before {
  content: "\f011";
}
.fa-signal:before {
  content: "\f012";
}
.fa-gear:before,
.fa-cog:before {
  content: "\f013";
}
.fa-trash-o:before {
  content: "\f014";
}
.fa-home:before {
  content: "\f015";
}
.fa-file-o:before {
  content: "\f016";
}
.fa-clock-o:before {
  content: "\f017";
}
.fa-road:before {
  content: "\f018";
}
.fa-download:before {
  content: "\f019";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-o-down:before {
  content: "\f01a";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-o-up:before {
  content: "\f01b";
}
.fa-inbox:before {
  content: "\f01c";
}
.fa-play-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f01d";
}
.fa-rotate-right:before,
.fa-repeat:before {
  content: "\f01e";
}
.fa-refresh:before {
  content: "\f021";
}
.fa-list-alt:before {
  content: "\f022";
}
.fa-lock:before {
  content: "\f023";
}
.fa-flag:before {
  content: "\f024";
}
.fa-headphones:before {
  content: "\f025";
}
.fa-volume-off:before {
  content: "\f026";
}
.fa-volume-down:before {
  content: "\f027";
}
.fa-volume-up:before {
  content: "\f028";
}
.fa-qrcode:before {
  content: "\f029";
}
.fa-barcode:before {
  content: "\f02a";
}
.fa-tag:before {
  content: "\f02b";
}
.fa-tags:before {
  content: "\f02c";
}
.fa-book:before {
  content: "\f02d";
}
.fa-bookmark:before {
  content: "\f02e";
}
.fa-print:before {
  content: "\f02f";
}
.fa-camera:before {
  content: "\f030";
}
.fa-font:before {
  content: "\f031";
}
.fa-bold:before {
  content: "\f032";
}
.fa-italic:before {
  content: "\f033";
}
.fa-text-height:before {
  content: "\f034";
}
.fa-text-width:before {
  content: "\f035";
}
.fa-align-left:before {
  content: "\f036";
}
.fa-align-center:before {
  content: "\f037";
}
.fa-align-right:before {
  content: "\f038";
}
.fa-align-justify:before {
  content: "\f039";
}
.fa-list:before {
  content: "\f03a";
}
.fa-dedent:before,
.fa-outdent:before {
  content: "\f03b";
}
.fa-indent:before {
  content: "\f03c";
}
.fa-video-camera:before {
  content: "\f03d";
}
.fa-photo:before,
.fa-image:before,
.fa-picture-o:before {
  content: "\f03e";
}
.fa-pencil:before {
  content: "\f040";
}
.fa-map-marker:before {
  content: "\f041";
}
.fa-adjust:before {
  content: "\f042";
}
.fa-tint:before {
  content: "\f043";
}
.fa-edit:before,
.fa-pencil-square-o:before {
  content: "\f044";
}
.fa-share-square-o:before {
  content: "\f045";
}
.fa-check-square-o:before {
  content: "\f046";
}
.fa-arrows:before {
  content: "\f047";
}
.fa-step-backward:before {
  content: "\f048";
}
.fa-fast-backward:before {
  content: "\f049";
}
.fa-backward:before {
  content: "\f04a";
}
.fa-play:before {
  content: "\f04b";
}
.fa-pause:before {
  content: "\f04c";
}
.fa-stop:before {
  content: "\f04d";
}
.fa-forward:before {
  content: "\f04e";
}
.fa-fast-forward:before {
  content: "\f050";
}
.fa-step-forward:before {
  content: "\f051";
}
.fa-eject:before {
  content: "\f052";
}
.fa-chevron-left:before {
  content: "\f053";
}
.fa-chevron-right:before {
  content: "\f054";
}
.fa-plus-circle:before {
  content: "\f055";
}
.fa-minus-circle:before {
  content: "\f056";
}
.fa-times-circle:before {
  content: "\f057";
}
.fa-check-circle:before {
  content: "\f058";
}
.fa-question-circle:before {
  content: "\f059";
}
.fa-info-circle:before {
  content: "\f05a";
}
.fa-crosshairs:before {
  content: "\f05b";
}
.fa-times-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f05c";
}
.fa-check-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f05d";
}
.fa-ban:before {
  content: "\f05e";
}
.fa-arrow-left:before {
  content: "\f060";
}
.fa-arrow-right:before {
  content: "\f061";
}
.fa-arrow-up:before {
  content: "\f062";
}
.fa-arrow-down:before {
  content: "\f063";
}
.fa-mail-forward:before,
.fa-share:before {
  content: "\f064";
}
.fa-expand:before {
  content: "\f065";
}
.fa-compress:before {
  content: "\f066";
}
.fa-plus:before {
  content: "\f067";
}
.fa-minus:before {
  content: "\f068";
}
.fa-asterisk:before {
  content: "\f069";
}
.fa-exclamation-circle:before {
  content: "\f06a";
}
.fa-gift:before {
  content: "\f06b";
}
.fa-leaf:before {
  content: "\f06c";
}
.fa-fire:before {
  content: "\f06d";
}
.fa-eye:before {
  content: "\f06e";
}
.fa-eye-slash:before {
  content: "\f070";
}
.fa-warning:before,
.fa-exclamation-triangle:before {
  content: "\f071";
}
.fa-plane:before {
  content: "\f072";
}
.fa-calendar:before {
  content: "\f073";
}
.fa-random:before {
  content: "\f074";
}
.fa-comment:before {
  content: "\f075";
}
.fa-magnet:before {
  content: "\f076";
}
.fa-chevron-up:before {
  content: "\f077";
}
.fa-chevron-down:before {
  content: "\f078";
}
.fa-retweet:before {
  content: "\f079";
}
.fa-shopping-cart:before {
  content: "\f07a";
}
.fa-folder:before {
  content: "\f07b";
}
.fa-folder-open:before {
  content: "\f07c";
}
.fa-arrows-v:before {
  content: "\f07d";
}
.fa-arrows-h:before {
  content: "\f07e";
}
.fa-bar-chart-o:before,
.fa-bar-chart:before {
  content: "\f080";
}
.fa-twitter-square:before {
  content: "\f081";
}
.fa-facebook-square:before {
  content: "\f082";
}
.fa-camera-retro:before {
  content: "\f083";
}
.fa-key:before {
  content: "\f084";
}
.fa-gears:before,
.fa-cogs:before {
  content: "\f085";
}
.fa-comments:before {
  content: "\f086";
}
.fa-thumbs-o-up:before {
  content: "\f087";
}
.fa-thumbs-o-down:before {
  content: "\f088";
}
.fa-star-half:before {
  content: "\f089";
}
.fa-heart-o:before {
  content: "\f08a";
}
.fa-sign-out:before {
  content: "\f08b";
}
.fa-linkedin-square:before {
  content: "\f08c";
}
.fa-thumb-tack:before {
  content: "\f08d";
}
.fa-external-link:before {
  content: "\f08e";
}
.fa-sign-in:before {
  content: "\f090";
}
.fa-trophy:before {
  content: "\f091";
}
.fa-github-square:before {
  content: "\f092";
}
.fa-upload:before {
  content: "\f093";
}
.fa-lemon-o:before {
  content: "\f094";
}
.fa-phone:before {
  content: "\f095";
}
.fa-square-o:before {
  content: "\f096";
}
.fa-bookmark-o:before {
  content: "\f097";
}
.fa-phone-square:before {
  content: "\f098";
}
.fa-twitter:before {
  content: "\f099";
}
.fa-facebook-f:before,
.fa-facebook:before {
  content: "\f09a";
}
.fa-github:before {
  content: "\f09b";
}
.fa-unlock:before {
  content: "\f09c";
}
.fa-credit-card:before {
  content: "\f09d";
}
.fa-feed:before,
.fa-rss:before {
  content: "\f09e";
}
.fa-hdd-o:before {
  content: "\f0a0";
}
.fa-bullhorn:before {
  content: "\f0a1";
}
.fa-bell:before {
  content: "\f0f3";
}
.fa-certificate:before {
  content: "\f0a3";
}
.fa-hand-o-right:before {
  content: "\f0a4";
}
.fa-hand-o-left:before {
  content: "\f0a5";
}
.fa-hand-o-up:before {
  content: "\f0a6";
}
.fa-hand-o-down:before {
  content: "\f0a7";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-left:before {
  content: "\f0a8";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-right:before {
  content: "\f0a9";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-up:before {
  content: "\f0aa";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-down:before {
  content: "\f0ab";
}
.fa-globe:before {
  content: "\f0ac";
}
.fa-wrench:before {
  content: "\f0ad";
}
.fa-tasks:before {
  content: "\f0ae";
}
.fa-filter:before {
  content: "\f0b0";
}
.fa-briefcase:before {
  content: "\f0b1";
}
.fa-arrows-alt:before {
  content: "\f0b2";
}
.fa-group:before,
.fa-users:before {
  content: "\f0c0";
}
.fa-chain:before,
.fa-link:before {
  content: "\f0c1";
}
.fa-cloud:before {
  content: "\f0c2";
}
.fa-flask:before {
  content: "\f0c3";
}
.fa-cut:before,
.fa-scissors:before {
  content: "\f0c4";
}
.fa-copy:before,
.fa-files-o:before {
  content: "\f0c5";
}
.fa-paperclip:before {
  content: "\f0c6";
}
.fa-save:before,
.fa-floppy-o:before {
  content: "\f0c7";
}
.fa-square:before {
  content: "\f0c8";
}
.fa-navicon:before,
.fa-reorder:before,
.fa-bars:before {
  content: "\f0c9";
}
.fa-list-ul:before {
  content: "\f0ca";
}
.fa-list-ol:before {
  content: "\f0cb";
}
.fa-strikethrough:before {
  content: "\f0cc";
}
.fa-underline:before {
  content: "\f0cd";
}
.fa-table:before {
  content: "\f0ce";
}
.fa-magic:before {
  content: "\f0d0";
}
.fa-truck:before {
  content: "\f0d1";
}
.fa-pinterest:before {
  content: "\f0d2";
}
.fa-pinterest-square:before {
  content: "\f0d3";
}
.fa-google-plus-square:before {
  content: "\f0d4";
}
.fa-google-plus:before {
  content: "\f0d5";
}
.fa-money:before {
  content: "\f0d6";
}
.fa-caret-down:before {
  content: "\f0d7";
}
.fa-caret-up:before {
  content: "\f0d8";
}
.fa-caret-left:before {
  content: "\f0d9";
}
.fa-caret-right:before {
  content: "\f0da";
}
.fa-columns:before {
  content: "\f0db";
}
.fa-unsorted:before,
.fa-sort:before {
  content: "\f0dc";
}
.fa-sort-down:before,
.fa-sort-desc:before {
  content: "\f0dd";
}
.fa-sort-up:before,
.fa-sort-asc:before {
  content: "\f0de";
}
.fa-envelope:before {
  content: "\f0e0";
}
.fa-linkedin:before {
  content: "\f0e1";
}
.fa-rotate-left:before,
.fa-undo:before {
  content: "\f0e2";
}
.fa-legal:before,
.fa-gavel:before {
  content: "\f0e3";
}
.fa-dashboard:before,
.fa-tachometer:before {
  content: "\f0e4";
}
.fa-comment-o:before {
  content: "\f0e5";
}
.fa-comments-o:before {
  content: "\f0e6";
}
.fa-flash:before,
.fa-bolt:before {
  content: "\f0e7";
}
.fa-sitemap:before {
  content: "\f0e8";
}
.fa-umbrella:before {
  content: "\f0e9";
}
.fa-paste:before,
.fa-clipboard:before {
  content: "\f0ea";
}
.fa-lightbulb-o:before {
  content: "\f0eb";
}
.fa-exchange:before {
  content: "\f0ec";
}
.fa-cloud-download:before {
  content: "\f0ed";
}
.fa-cloud-upload:before {
  content: "\f0ee";
}
.fa-user-md:before {
  content: "\f0f0";
}
.fa-stethoscope:before {
  content: "\f0f1";
}
.fa-suitcase:before {
  content: "\f0f2";
}
.fa-bell-o:before {
  content: "\f0a2";
}
.fa-coffee:before {
  content: "\f0f4";
}
.fa-cutlery:before {
  content: "\f0f5";
}
.fa-file-text-o:before {
  content: "\f0f6";
}
.fa-building-o:before {
  content: "\f0f7";
}
.fa-hospital-o:before {
  content: "\f0f8";
}
.fa-ambulance:before {
  content: "\f0f9";
}
.fa-medkit:before {
  content: "\f0fa";
}
.fa-fighter-jet:before {
  content: "\f0fb";
}
.fa-beer:before {
  content: "\f0fc";
}
.fa-h-square:before {
  content: "\f0fd";
}
.fa-plus-square:before {
  content: "\f0fe";
}
.fa-angle-double-left:before {
  content: "\f100";
}
.fa-angle-double-right:before {
  content: "\f101";
}
.fa-angle-double-up:before {
  content: "\f102";
}
.fa-angle-double-down:before {
  content: "\f103";
}
.fa-angle-left:before {
  content: "\f104";
}
.fa-angle-right:before {
  content: "\f105";
}
.fa-angle-up:before {
  content: "\f106";
}
.fa-angle-down:before {
  content: "\f107";
}
.fa-desktop:before {
  content: "\f108";
}
.fa-laptop:before {
  content: "\f109";
}
.fa-tablet:before {
  content: "\f10a";
}
.fa-mobile-phone:before,
.fa-mobile:before {
  content: "\f10b";
}
.fa-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f10c";
}
.fa-quote-left:before {
  content: "\f10d";
}
.fa-quote-right:before {
  content: "\f10e";
}
.fa-spinner:before {
  content: "\f110";
}
.fa-circle:before {
  content: "\f111";
}
.fa-mail-reply:before,
.fa-reply:before {
  content: "\f112";
}
.fa-github-alt:before {
  content: "\f113";
}
.fa-folder-o:before {
  content: "\f114";
}
.fa-folder-open-o:before {
  content: "\f115";
}
.fa-smile-o:before {
  content: "\f118";
}
.fa-frown-o:before {
  content: "\f119";
}
.fa-meh-o:before {
  content: "\f11a";
}
.fa-gamepad:before {
  content: "\f11b";
}
.fa-keyboard-o:before {
  content: "\f11c";
}
.fa-flag-o:before {
  content: "\f11d";
}
.fa-flag-checkered:before {
  content: "\f11e";
}
.fa-terminal:before {
  content: "\f120";
}
.fa-code:before {
  content: "\f121";
}
.fa-mail-reply-all:before,
.fa-reply-all:before {
  content: "\f122";
}
.fa-star-half-empty:before,
.fa-star-half-full:before,
.fa-star-half-o:before {
  content: "\f123";
}
.fa-location-arrow:before {
  content: "\f124";
}
.fa-crop:before {
  content: "\f125";
}
.fa-code-fork:before {
  content: "\f126";
}
.fa-unlink:before,
.fa-chain-broken:before {
  content: "\f127";
}
.fa-question:before {
  content: "\f128";
}
.fa-info:before {
  content: "\f129";
}
.fa-exclamation:before {
  content: "\f12a";
}
.fa-superscript:before {
  content: "\f12b";
}
.fa-subscript:before {
  content: "\f12c";
}
.fa-eraser:before {
  content: "\f12d";
}
.fa-puzzle-piece:before {
  content: "\f12e";
}
.fa-microphone:before {
  content: "\f130";
}
.fa-microphone-slash:before {
  content: "\f131";
}
.fa-shield:before {
  content: "\f132";
}
.fa-calendar-o:before {
  content: "\f133";
}
.fa-fire-extinguisher:before {
  content: "\f134";
}
.fa-rocket:before {
  content: "\f135";
}
.fa-maxcdn:before {
  content: "\f136";
}
.fa-chevron-circle-left:before {
  content: "\f137";
}
.fa-chevron-circle-right:before {
  content: "\f138";
}
.fa-chevron-circle-up:before {
  content: "\f139";
}
.fa-chevron-circle-down:before {
  content: "\f13a";
}
.fa-html5:before {
  content: "\f13b";
}
.fa-css3:before {
  content: "\f13c";
}
.fa-anchor:before {
  content: "\f13d";
}
.fa-unlock-alt:before {
  content: "\f13e";
}
.fa-bullseye:before {
  content: "\f140";
}
.fa-ellipsis-h:before {
  content: "\f141";
}
.fa-ellipsis-v:before {
  content: "\f142";
}
.fa-rss-square:before {
  content: "\f143";
}
.fa-play-circle:before {
  content: "\f144";
}
.fa-ticket:before {
  content: "\f145";
}
.fa-minus-square:before {
  content: "\f146";
}
.fa-minus-square-o:before {
  content: "\f147";
}
.fa-level-up:before {
  content: "\f148";
}
.fa-level-down:before {
  content: "\f149";
}
.fa-check-square:before {
  content: "\f14a";
}
.fa-pencil-square:before {
  content: "\f14b";
}
.fa-external-link-square:before {
  content: "\f14c";
}
.fa-share-square:before {
  content: "\f14d";
}
.fa-compass:before {
  content: "\f14e";
}
.fa-toggle-down:before,
.fa-caret-square-o-down:before {
  content: "\f150";
}
.fa-toggle-up:before,
.fa-caret-square-o-up:before {
  content: "\f151";
}
.fa-toggle-right:before,
.fa-caret-square-o-right:before {
  content: "\f152";
}
.fa-euro:before,
.fa-eur:before {
  content: "\f153";
}
.fa-gbp:before {
  content: "\f154";
}
.fa-dollar:before,
.fa-usd:before {
  content: "\f155";
}
.fa-rupee:before,
.fa-inr:before {
  content: "\f156";
}
.fa-cny:before,
.fa-rmb:before,
.fa-yen:before,
.fa-jpy:before {
  content: "\f157";
}
.fa-ruble:before,
.fa-rouble:before,
.fa-rub:before {
  content: "\f158";
}
.fa-won:before,
.fa-krw:before {
  content: "\f159";
}
.fa-bitcoin:before,
.fa-btc:before {
  content: "\f15a";
}
.fa-file:before {
  content: "\f15b";
}
.fa-file-text:before {
  content: "\f15c";
}
.fa-sort-alpha-asc:before {
  content: "\f15d";
}
.fa-sort-alpha-desc:before {
  content: "\f15e";
}
.fa-sort-amount-asc:before {
  content: "\f160";
}
.fa-sort-amount-desc:before {
  content: "\f161";
}
.fa-sort-numeric-asc:before {
  content: "\f162";
}
.fa-sort-numeric-desc:before {
  content: "\f163";
}
.fa-thumbs-up:before {
  content: "\f164";
}
.fa-thumbs-down:before {
  content: "\f165";
}
.fa-youtube-square:before {
  content: "\f166";
}
.fa-youtube:before {
  content: "\f167";
}
.fa-xing:before {
  content: "\f168";
}
.fa-xing-square:before {
  content: "\f169";
}
.fa-youtube-play:before {
  content: "\f16a";
}
.fa-dropbox:before {
  content: "\f16b";
}
.fa-stack-overflow:before {
  content: "\f16c";
}
.fa-instagram:before {
  content: "\f16d";
}
.fa-flickr:before {
  content: "\f16e";
}
.fa-adn:before {
  content: "\f170";
}
.fa-bitbucket:before {
  content: "\f171";
}
.fa-bitbucket-square:before {
  content: "\f172";
}
.fa-tumblr:before {
  content: "\f173";
}
.fa-tumblr-square:before {
  content: "\f174";
}
.fa-long-arrow-down:before {
  content: "\f175";
}
.fa-long-arrow-up:before {
  content: "\f176";
}
.fa-long-arrow-left:before {
  content: "\f177";
}
.fa-long-arrow-right:before {
  content: "\f178";
}
.fa-apple:before {
  content: "\f179";
}
.fa-windows:before {
  content: "\f17a";
}
.fa-android:before {
  content: "\f17b";
}
.fa-linux:before {
  content: "\f17c";
}
.fa-dribbble:before {
  content: "\f17d";
}
.fa-skype:before {
  content: "\f17e";
}
.fa-foursquare:before {
  content: "\f180";
}
.fa-trello:before {
  content: "\f181";
}
.fa-female:before {
  content: "\f182";
}
.fa-male:before {
  content: "\f183";
}
.fa-gittip:before,
.fa-gratipay:before {
  content: "\f184";
}
.fa-sun-o:before {
  content: "\f185";
}
.fa-moon-o:before {
  content: "\f186";
}
.fa-archive:before {
  content: "\f187";
}
.fa-bug:before {
  content: "\f188";
}
.fa-vk:before {
  content: "\f189";
}
.fa-weibo:before {
  content: "\f18a";
}
.fa-renren:before {
  content: "\f18b";
}
.fa-pagelines:before {
  content: "\f18c";
}
.fa-stack-exchange:before {
  content: "\f18d";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-o-right:before {
  content: "\f18e";
}
.fa-arrow-circle-o-left:before {
  content: "\f190";
}
.fa-toggle-left:before,
.fa-caret-square-o-left:before {
  content: "\f191";
}
.fa-dot-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f192";
}
.fa-wheelchair:before {
  content: "\f193";
}
.fa-vimeo-square:before {
  content: "\f194";
}
.fa-turkish-lira:before,
.fa-try:before {
  content: "\f195";
}
.fa-plus-square-o:before {
  content: "\f196";
}
.fa-space-shuttle:before {
  content: "\f197";
}
.fa-slack:before {
  content: "\f198";
}
.fa-envelope-square:before {
  content: "\f199";
}
.fa-wordpress:before {
  content: "\f19a";
}
.fa-openid:before {
  content: "\f19b";
}
.fa-institution:before,
.fa-bank:before,
.fa-university:before {
  content: "\f19c";
}
.fa-mortar-board:before,
.fa-graduation-cap:before {
  content: "\f19d";
}
.fa-yahoo:before {
  content: "\f19e";
}
.fa-google:before {
  content: "\f1a0";
}
.fa-reddit:before {
  content: "\f1a1";
}
.fa-reddit-square:before {
  content: "\f1a2";
}
.fa-stumbleupon-circle:before {
  content: "\f1a3";
}
.fa-stumbleupon:before {
  content: "\f1a4";
}
.fa-delicious:before {
  content: "\f1a5";
}
.fa-digg:before {
  content: "\f1a6";
}
.fa-pied-piper-pp:before {
  content: "\f1a7";
}
.fa-pied-piper-alt:before {
  content: "\f1a8";
}
.fa-drupal:before {
  content: "\f1a9";
}
.fa-joomla:before {
  content: "\f1aa";
}
.fa-language:before {
  content: "\f1ab";
}
.fa-fax:before {
  content: "\f1ac";
}
.fa-building:before {
  content: "\f1ad";
}
.fa-child:before {
  content: "\f1ae";
}
.fa-paw:before {
  content: "\f1b0";
}
.fa-spoon:before {
  content: "\f1b1";
}
.fa-cube:before {
  content: "\f1b2";
}
.fa-cubes:before {
  content: "\f1b3";
}
.fa-behance:before {
  content: "\f1b4";
}
.fa-behance-square:before {
  content: "\f1b5";
}
.fa-steam:before {
  content: "\f1b6";
}
.fa-steam-square:before {
  content: "\f1b7";
}
.fa-recycle:before {
  content: "\f1b8";
}
.fa-automobile:before,
.fa-car:before {
  content: "\f1b9";
}
.fa-cab:before,
.fa-taxi:before {
  content: "\f1ba";
}
.fa-tree:before {
  content: "\f1bb";
}
.fa-spotify:before {
  content: "\f1bc";
}
.fa-deviantart:before {
  content: "\f1bd";
}
.fa-soundcloud:before {
  content: "\f1be";
}
.fa-database:before {
  content: "\f1c0";
}
.fa-file-pdf-o:before {
  content: "\f1c1";
}
.fa-file-word-o:before {
  content: "\f1c2";
}
.fa-file-excel-o:before {
  content: "\f1c3";
}
.fa-file-powerpoint-o:before {
  content: "\f1c4";
}
.fa-file-photo-o:before,
.fa-file-picture-o:before,
.fa-file-image-o:before {
  content: "\f1c5";
}
.fa-file-zip-o:before,
.fa-file-archive-o:before {
  content: "\f1c6";
}
.fa-file-sound-o:before,
.fa-file-audio-o:before {
  content: "\f1c7";
}
.fa-file-movie-o:before,
.fa-file-video-o:before {
  content: "\f1c8";
}
.fa-file-code-o:before {
  content: "\f1c9";
}
.fa-vine:before {
  content: "\f1ca";
}
.fa-codepen:before {
  content: "\f1cb";
}
.fa-jsfiddle:before {
  content: "\f1cc";
}
.fa-life-bouy:before,
.fa-life-buoy:before,
.fa-life-saver:before,
.fa-support:before,
.fa-life-ring:before {
  content: "\f1cd";
}
.fa-circle-o-notch:before {
  content: "\f1ce";
}
.fa-ra:before,
.fa-resistance:before,
.fa-rebel:before {
  content: "\f1d0";
}
.fa-ge:before,
.fa-empire:before {
  content: "\f1d1";
}
.fa-git-square:before {
  content: "\f1d2";
}
.fa-git:before {
  content: "\f1d3";
}
.fa-y-combinator-square:before,
.fa-yc-square:before,
.fa-hacker-news:before {
  content: "\f1d4";
}
.fa-tencent-weibo:before {
  content: "\f1d5";
}
.fa-qq:before {
  content: "\f1d6";
}
.fa-wechat:before,
.fa-weixin:before {
  content: "\f1d7";
}
.fa-send:before,
.fa-paper-plane:before {
  content: "\f1d8";
}
.fa-send-o:before,
.fa-paper-plane-o:before {
  content: "\f1d9";
}
.fa-history:before {
  content: "\f1da";
}
.fa-circle-thin:before {
  content: "\f1db";
}
.fa-header:before {
  content: "\f1dc";
}
.fa-paragraph:before {
  content: "\f1dd";
}
.fa-sliders:before {
  content: "\f1de";
}
.fa-share-alt:before {
  content: "\f1e0";
}
.fa-share-alt-square:before {
  content: "\f1e1";
}
.fa-bomb:before {
  content: "\f1e2";
}
.fa-soccer-ball-o:before,
.fa-futbol-o:before {
  content: "\f1e3";
}
.fa-tty:before {
  content: "\f1e4";
}
.fa-binoculars:before {
  content: "\f1e5";
}
.fa-plug:before {
  content: "\f1e6";
}
.fa-slideshare:before {
  content: "\f1e7";
}
.fa-twitch:before {
  content: "\f1e8";
}
.fa-yelp:before {
  content: "\f1e9";
}
.fa-newspaper-o:before {
  content: "\f1ea";
}
.fa-wifi:before {
  content: "\f1eb";
}
.fa-calculator:before {
  content: "\f1ec";
}
.fa-paypal:before {
  content: "\f1ed";
}
.fa-google-wallet:before {
  content: "\f1ee";
}
.fa-cc-visa:before {
  content: "\f1f0";
}
.fa-cc-mastercard:before {
  content: "\f1f1";
}
.fa-cc-discover:before {
  content: "\f1f2";
}
.fa-cc-amex:before {
  content: "\f1f3";
}
.fa-cc-paypal:before {
  content: "\f1f4";
}
.fa-cc-stripe:before {
  content: "\f1f5";
}
.fa-bell-slash:before {
  content: "\f1f6";
}
.fa-bell-slash-o:before {
  content: "\f1f7";
}
.fa-trash:before {
  content: "\f1f8";
}
.fa-copyright:before {
  content: "\f1f9";
}
.fa-at:before {
  content: "\f1fa";
}
.fa-eyedropper:before {
  content: "\f1fb";
}
.fa-paint-brush:before {
  content: "\f1fc";
}
.fa-birthday-cake:before {
  content: "\f1fd";
}
.fa-area-chart:before {
  content: "\f1fe";
}
.fa-pie-chart:before {
  content: "\f200";
}
.fa-line-chart:before {
  content: "\f201";
}
.fa-lastfm:before {
  content: "\f202";
}
.fa-lastfm-square:before {
  content: "\f203";
}
.fa-toggle-off:before {
  content: "\f204";
}
.fa-toggle-on:before {
  content: "\f205";
}
.fa-bicycle:before {
  content: "\f206";
}
.fa-bus:before {
  content: "\f207";
}
.fa-ioxhost:before {
  content: "\f208";
}
.fa-angellist:before {
  content: "\f209";
}
.fa-cc:before {
  content: "\f20a";
}
.fa-shekel:before,
.fa-sheqel:before,
.fa-ils:before {
  content: "\f20b";
}
.fa-meanpath:before {
  content: "\f20c";
}
.fa-buysellads:before {
  content: "\f20d";
}
.fa-connectdevelop:before {
  content: "\f20e";
}
.fa-dashcube:before {
  content: "\f210";
}
.fa-forumbee:before {
  content: "\f211";
}
.fa-leanpub:before {
  content: "\f212";
}
.fa-sellsy:before {
  content: "\f213";
}
.fa-shirtsinbulk:before {
  content: "\f214";
}
.fa-simplybuilt:before {
  content: "\f215";
}
.fa-skyatlas:before {
  content: "\f216";
}
.fa-cart-plus:before {
  content: "\f217";
}
.fa-cart-arrow-down:before {
  content: "\f218";
}
.fa-diamond:before {
  content: "\f219";
}
.fa-ship:before {
  content: "\f21a";
}
.fa-user-secret:before {
  content: "\f21b";
}
.fa-motorcycle:before {
  content: "\f21c";
}
.fa-street-view:before {
  content: "\f21d";
}
.fa-heartbeat:before {
  content: "\f21e";
}
.fa-venus:before {
  content: "\f221";
}
.fa-mars:before {
  content: "\f222";
}
.fa-mercury:before {
  content: "\f223";
}
.fa-intersex:before,
.fa-transgender:before {
  content: "\f224";
}
.fa-transgender-alt:before {
  content: "\f225";
}
.fa-venus-double:before {
  content: "\f226";
}
.fa-mars-double:before {
  content: "\f227";
}
.fa-venus-mars:before {
  content: "\f228";
}
.fa-mars-stroke:before {
  content: "\f229";
}
.fa-mars-stroke-v:before {
  content: "\f22a";
}
.fa-mars-stroke-h:before {
  content: "\f22b";
}
.fa-neuter:before {
  content: "\f22c";
}
.fa-genderless:before {
  content: "\f22d";
}
.fa-facebook-official:before {
  content: "\f230";
}
.fa-pinterest-p:before {
  content: "\f231";
}
.fa-whatsapp:before {
  content: "\f232";
}
.fa-server:before {
  content: "\f233";
}
.fa-user-plus:before {
  content: "\f234";
}
.fa-user-times:before {
  content: "\f235";
}
.fa-hotel:before,
.fa-bed:before {
  content: "\f236";
}
.fa-viacoin:before {
  content: "\f237";
}
.fa-train:before {
  content: "\f238";
}
.fa-subway:before {
  content: "\f239";
}
.fa-medium:before {
  content: "\f23a";
}
.fa-yc:before,
.fa-y-combinator:before {
  content: "\f23b";
}
.fa-optin-monster:before {
  content: "\f23c";
}
.fa-opencart:before {
  content: "\f23d";
}
.fa-expeditedssl:before {
  content: "\f23e";
}
.fa-battery-4:before,
.fa-battery:before,
.fa-battery-full:before {
  content: "\f240";
}
.fa-battery-3:before,
.fa-battery-three-quarters:before {
  content: "\f241";
}
.fa-battery-2:before,
.fa-battery-half:before {
  content: "\f242";
}
.fa-battery-1:before,
.fa-battery-quarter:before {
  content: "\f243";
}
.fa-battery-0:before,
.fa-battery-empty:before {
  content: "\f244";
}
.fa-mouse-pointer:before {
  content: "\f245";
}
.fa-i-cursor:before {
  content: "\f246";
}
.fa-object-group:before {
  content: "\f247";
}
.fa-object-ungroup:before {
  content: "\f248";
}
.fa-sticky-note:before {
  content: "\f249";
}
.fa-sticky-note-o:before {
  content: "\f24a";
}
.fa-cc-jcb:before {
  content: "\f24b";
}
.fa-cc-diners-club:before {
  content: "\f24c";
}
.fa-clone:before {
  content: "\f24d";
}
.fa-balance-scale:before {
  content: "\f24e";
}
.fa-hourglass-o:before {
  content: "\f250";
}
.fa-hourglass-1:before,
.fa-hourglass-start:before {
  content: "\f251";
}
.fa-hourglass-2:before,
.fa-hourglass-half:before {
  content: "\f252";
}
.fa-hourglass-3:before,
.fa-hourglass-end:before {
  content: "\f253";
}
.fa-hourglass:before {
  content: "\f254";
}
.fa-hand-grab-o:before,
.fa-hand-rock-o:before {
  content: "\f255";
}
.fa-hand-stop-o:before,
.fa-hand-paper-o:before {
  content: "\f256";
}
.fa-hand-scissors-o:before {
  content: "\f257";
}
.fa-hand-lizard-o:before {
  content: "\f258";
}
.fa-hand-spock-o:before {
  content: "\f259";
}
.fa-hand-pointer-o:before {
  content: "\f25a";
}
.fa-hand-peace-o:before {
  content: "\f25b";
}
.fa-trademark:before {
  content: "\f25c";
}
.fa-registered:before {
  content: "\f25d";
}
.fa-creative-commons:before {
  content: "\f25e";
}
.fa-gg:before {
  content: "\f260";
}
.fa-gg-circle:before {
  content: "\f261";
}
.fa-tripadvisor:before {
  content: "\f262";
}
.fa-odnoklassniki:before {
  content: "\f263";
}
.fa-odnoklassniki-square:before {
  content: "\f264";
}
.fa-get-pocket:before {
  content: "\f265";
}
.fa-wikipedia-w:before {
  content: "\f266";
}
.fa-safari:before {
  content: "\f267";
}
.fa-chrome:before {
  content: "\f268";
}
.fa-firefox:before {
  content: "\f269";
}
.fa-opera:before {
  content: "\f26a";
}
.fa-internet-explorer:before {
  content: "\f26b";
}
.fa-tv:before,
.fa-television:before {
  content: "\f26c";
}
.fa-contao:before {
  content: "\f26d";
}
.fa-500px:before {
  content: "\f26e";
}
.fa-amazon:before {
  content: "\f270";
}
.fa-calendar-plus-o:before {
  content: "\f271";
}
.fa-calendar-minus-o:before {
  content: "\f272";
}
.fa-calendar-times-o:before {
  content: "\f273";
}
.fa-calendar-check-o:before {
  content: "\f274";
}
.fa-industry:before {
  content: "\f275";
}
.fa-map-pin:before {
  content: "\f276";
}
.fa-map-signs:before {
  content: "\f277";
}
.fa-map-o:before {
  content: "\f278";
}
.fa-map:before {
  content: "\f279";
}
.fa-commenting:before {
  content: "\f27a";
}
.fa-commenting-o:before {
  content: "\f27b";
}
.fa-houzz:before {
  content: "\f27c";
}
.fa-vimeo:before {
  content: "\f27d";
}
.fa-black-tie:before {
  content: "\f27e";
}
.fa-fonticons:before {
  content: "\f280";
}
.fa-reddit-alien:before {
  content: "\f281";
}
.fa-edge:before {
  content: "\f282";
}
.fa-credit-card-alt:before {
  content: "\f283";
}
.fa-codiepie:before {
  content: "\f284";
}
.fa-modx:before {
  content: "\f285";
}
.fa-fort-awesome:before {
  content: "\f286";
}
.fa-usb:before {
  content: "\f287";
}
.fa-product-hunt:before {
  content: "\f288";
}
.fa-mixcloud:before {
  content: "\f289";
}
.fa-scribd:before {
  content: "\f28a";
}
.fa-pause-circle:before {
  content: "\f28b";
}
.fa-pause-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f28c";
}
.fa-stop-circle:before {
  content: "\f28d";
}
.fa-stop-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f28e";
}
.fa-shopping-bag:before {
  content: "\f290";
}
.fa-shopping-basket:before {
  content: "\f291";
}
.fa-hashtag:before {
  content: "\f292";
}
.fa-bluetooth:before {
  content: "\f293";
}
.fa-bluetooth-b:before {
  content: "\f294";
}
.fa-percent:before {
  content: "\f295";
}
.fa-gitlab:before {
  content: "\f296";
}
.fa-wpbeginner:before {
  content: "\f297";
}
.fa-wpforms:before {
  content: "\f298";
}
.fa-envira:before {
  content: "\f299";
}
.fa-universal-access:before {
  content: "\f29a";
}
.fa-wheelchair-alt:before {
  content: "\f29b";
}
.fa-question-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f29c";
}
.fa-blind:before {
  content: "\f29d";
}
.fa-audio-description:before {
  content: "\f29e";
}
.fa-volume-control-phone:before {
  content: "\f2a0";
}
.fa-braille:before {
  content: "\f2a1";
}
.fa-assistive-listening-systems:before {
  content: "\f2a2";
}
.fa-asl-interpreting:before,
.fa-american-sign-language-interpreting:before {
  content: "\f2a3";
}
.fa-deafness:before,
.fa-hard-of-hearing:before,
.fa-deaf:before {
  content: "\f2a4";
}
.fa-glide:before {
  content: "\f2a5";
}
.fa-glide-g:before {
  content: "\f2a6";
}
.fa-signing:before,
.fa-sign-language:before {
  content: "\f2a7";
}
.fa-low-vision:before {
  content: "\f2a8";
}
.fa-viadeo:before {
  content: "\f2a9";
}
.fa-viadeo-square:before {
  content: "\f2aa";
}
.fa-snapchat:before {
  content: "\f2ab";
}
.fa-snapchat-ghost:before {
  content: "\f2ac";
}
.fa-snapchat-square:before {
  content: "\f2ad";
}
.fa-pied-piper:before {
  content: "\f2ae";
}
.fa-first-order:before {
  content: "\f2b0";
}
.fa-yoast:before {
  content: "\f2b1";
}
.fa-themeisle:before {
  content: "\f2b2";
}
.fa-google-plus-circle:before,
.fa-google-plus-official:before {
  content: "\f2b3";
}
.fa-fa:before,
.fa-font-awesome:before {
  content: "\f2b4";
}
.fa-handshake-o:before {
  content: "\f2b5";
}
.fa-envelope-open:before {
  content: "\f2b6";
}
.fa-envelope-open-o:before {
  content: "\f2b7";
}
.fa-linode:before {
  content: "\f2b8";
}
.fa-address-book:before {
  content: "\f2b9";
}
.fa-address-book-o:before {
  content: "\f2ba";
}
.fa-vcard:before,
.fa-address-card:before {
  content: "\f2bb";
}
.fa-vcard-o:before,
.fa-address-card-o:before {
  content: "\f2bc";
}
.fa-user-circle:before {
  content: "\f2bd";
}
.fa-user-circle-o:before {
  content: "\f2be";
}
.fa-user-o:before {
  content: "\f2c0";
}
.fa-id-badge:before {
  content: "\f2c1";
}
.fa-drivers-license:before,
.fa-id-card:before {
  content: "\f2c2";
}
.fa-drivers-license-o:before,
.fa-id-card-o:before {
  content: "\f2c3";
}
.fa-quora:before {
  content: "\f2c4";
}
.fa-free-code-camp:before {
  content: "\f2c5";
}
.fa-telegram:before {
  content: "\f2c6";
}
.fa-thermometer-4:before,
.fa-thermometer:before,
.fa-thermometer-full:before {
  content: "\f2c7";
}
.fa-thermometer-3:before,
.fa-thermometer-three-quarters:before {
  content: "\f2c8";
}
.fa-thermometer-2:before,
.fa-thermometer-half:before {
  content: "\f2c9";
}
.fa-thermometer-1:before,
.fa-thermometer-quarter:before {
  content: "\f2ca";
}
.fa-thermometer-0:before,
.fa-thermometer-empty:before {
  content: "\f2cb";
}
.fa-shower:before {
  content: "\f2cc";
}
.fa-bathtub:before,
.fa-s15:before,
.fa-bath:before {
  content: "\f2cd";
}
.fa-podcast:before {
  content: "\f2ce";
}
.fa-window-maximize:before {
  content: "\f2d0";
}
.fa-window-minimize:before {
  content: "\f2d1";
}
.fa-window-restore:before {
  content: "\f2d2";
}
.fa-times-rectangle:before,
.fa-window-close:before {
  content: "\f2d3";
}
.fa-times-rectangle-o:before,
.fa-window-close-o:before {
  content: "\f2d4";
}
.fa-bandcamp:before {
  content: "\f2d5";
}
.fa-grav:before {
  content: "\f2d6";
}
.fa-etsy:before {
  content: "\f2d7";
}
.fa-imdb:before {
  content: "\f2d8";
}
.fa-ravelry:before {
  content: "\f2d9";
}
.fa-eercast:before {
  content: "\f2da";
}
.fa-microchip:before {
  content: "\f2db";
}
.fa-snowflake-o:before {
  content: "\f2dc";
}
.fa-superpowers:before {
  content: "\f2dd";
}
.fa-wpexplorer:before {
  content: "\f2de";
}
.fa-meetup:before {
  content: "\f2e0";
}
.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  border: 0;
}
.sr-only-focusable:active,
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: visible;
  clip: auto;
}
.sr-only-focusable:active,
.sr-only-focusable:focus {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: visible;
  clip: auto;
}
/*!
*
* IPython base
*
*/
.modal.fade .modal-dialog {
  -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0);
  -ms-transform: translate(0, 0);
  -o-transform: translate(0, 0);
  transform: translate(0, 0);
}
code {
  color: #000;
}
pre {
  font-size: inherit;
  line-height: inherit;
}
label {
  font-weight: normal;
}
/* Make the page background atleast 100% the height of the view port */
/* Make the page itself atleast 70% the height of the view port */
.border-box-sizing {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}
.corner-all {
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.no-padding {
  padding: 0px;
}
/* Flexible box model classes */
/* Taken from Alex Russell http://infrequently.org/2009/08/css-3-progress/ */
/* This file is a compatability layer.  It allows the usage of flexible box 
model layouts accross multiple browsers, including older browsers.  The newest,
universal implementation of the flexible box model is used when available (see
`Modern browsers` comments below).  Browsers that are known to implement this 
new spec completely include:

    Firefox 28.0+
    Chrome 29.0+
    Internet Explorer 11+ 
    Opera 17.0+

Browsers not listed, including Safari, are supported via the styling under the
`Old browsers` comments below.
*/
.hbox {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
}
.hbox > * {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 0;
  -moz-box-flex: 0;
  box-flex: 0;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: none;
}
.vbox {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
}
.vbox > * {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 0;
  -moz-box-flex: 0;
  box-flex: 0;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: none;
}
.hbox.reverse,
.vbox.reverse,
.reverse {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-direction: reverse;
  -moz-box-direction: reverse;
  box-direction: reverse;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}
.hbox.box-flex0,
.vbox.box-flex0,
.box-flex0 {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 0;
  -moz-box-flex: 0;
  box-flex: 0;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: none;
  width: auto;
}
.hbox.box-flex1,
.vbox.box-flex1,
.box-flex1 {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  box-flex: 1;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 1;
}
.hbox.box-flex,
.vbox.box-flex,
.box-flex {
  /* Old browsers */
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  box-flex: 1;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 1;
}
.hbox.box-flex2,
.vbox.box-flex2,
.box-flex2 {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 2;
  -moz-box-flex: 2;
  box-flex: 2;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 2;
}
.box-group1 {
  /*  Deprecated */
  -webkit-box-flex-group: 1;
  -moz-box-flex-group: 1;
  box-flex-group: 1;
}
.box-group2 {
  /* Deprecated */
  -webkit-box-flex-group: 2;
  -moz-box-flex-group: 2;
  box-flex-group: 2;
}
.hbox.start,
.vbox.start,
.start {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: start;
  -moz-box-pack: start;
  box-pack: start;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: flex-start;
}
.hbox.end,
.vbox.end,
.end {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: end;
  -moz-box-pack: end;
  box-pack: end;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: flex-end;
}
.hbox.center,
.vbox.center,
.center {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: center;
  -moz-box-pack: center;
  box-pack: center;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: center;
}
.hbox.baseline,
.vbox.baseline,
.baseline {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: baseline;
  -moz-box-pack: baseline;
  box-pack: baseline;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: baseline;
}
.hbox.stretch,
.vbox.stretch,
.stretch {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: stretch;
  -moz-box-pack: stretch;
  box-pack: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: stretch;
}
.hbox.align-start,
.vbox.align-start,
.align-start {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-align: start;
  -moz-box-align: start;
  box-align: start;
  /* Modern browsers */
  align-items: flex-start;
}
.hbox.align-end,
.vbox.align-end,
.align-end {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-align: end;
  -moz-box-align: end;
  box-align: end;
  /* Modern browsers */
  align-items: flex-end;
}
.hbox.align-center,
.vbox.align-center,
.align-center {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-align: center;
  -moz-box-align: center;
  box-align: center;
  /* Modern browsers */
  align-items: center;
}
.hbox.align-baseline,
.vbox.align-baseline,
.align-baseline {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-align: baseline;
  -moz-box-align: baseline;
  box-align: baseline;
  /* Modern browsers */
  align-items: baseline;
}
.hbox.align-stretch,
.vbox.align-stretch,
.align-stretch {
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  align-items: stretch;
}
div.error {
  margin: 2em;
  text-align: center;
}
div.error > h1 {
  font-size: 500%;
  line-height: normal;
}
div.error > p {
  font-size: 200%;
  line-height: normal;
}
div.traceback-wrapper {
  text-align: left;
  max-width: 800px;
  margin: auto;
}
div.traceback-wrapper pre.traceback {
  max-height: 600px;
  overflow: auto;
}
/**
 * Primary styles
 *
 * Author: Jupyter Development Team
 */
body {
  background-color: #fff;
  /* This makes sure that the body covers the entire window and needs to
       be in a different element than the display: box in wrapper below */
  position: absolute;
  left: 0px;
  right: 0px;
  top: 0px;
  bottom: 0px;
  overflow: visible;
}
body > #header {
  /* Initially hidden to prevent FLOUC */
  display: none;
  background-color: #fff;
  /* Display over codemirror */
  position: relative;
  z-index: 100;
}
body > #header #header-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  justify-content: space-between;
  padding: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  padding-top: 5px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}
body > #header .header-bar {
  width: 100%;
  height: 1px;
  background: #e7e7e7;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
}
@media print {
  body > #header {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
#header-spacer {
  width: 100%;
  visibility: hidden;
}
@media print {
  #header-spacer {
    display: none;
  }
}
#ipython_notebook {
  padding-left: 0px;
  padding-top: 1px;
  padding-bottom: 1px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #ipython_notebook {
  margin-right: 10px;
  margin-left: 0;
}
[dir="rtl"] #ipython_notebook.pull-left {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
}
.flex-spacer {
  flex: 1;
}
#noscript {
  width: auto;
  padding-top: 16px;
  padding-bottom: 16px;
  text-align: center;
  font-size: 22px;
  color: red;
  font-weight: bold;
}
#ipython_notebook img {
  height: 28px;
}
#site {
  width: 100%;
  display: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  overflow: auto;
}
@media print {
  #site {
    height: auto !important;
  }
}
/* Smaller buttons */
.ui-button .ui-button-text {
  padding: 0.2em 0.8em;
  font-size: 77%;
}
input.ui-button {
  padding: 0.3em 0.9em;
}
span#kernel_logo_widget {
  margin: 0 10px;
}
span#login_widget {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] span#login_widget {
  float: left;
}
span#login_widget > .button,
#logout {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
span#login_widget > .button:focus,
#logout:focus,
span#login_widget > .button.focus,
#logout.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
span#login_widget > .button:hover,
#logout:hover {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
span#login_widget > .button:active,
#logout:active,
span#login_widget > .button.active,
#logout.active,
.open > .dropdown-togglespan#login_widget > .button,
.open > .dropdown-toggle#logout {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
span#login_widget > .button:active:hover,
#logout:active:hover,
span#login_widget > .button.active:hover,
#logout.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-togglespan#login_widget > .button:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle#logout:hover,
span#login_widget > .button:active:focus,
#logout:active:focus,
span#login_widget > .button.active:focus,
#logout.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-togglespan#login_widget > .button:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle#logout:focus,
span#login_widget > .button:active.focus,
#logout:active.focus,
span#login_widget > .button.active.focus,
#logout.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-togglespan#login_widget > .button.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle#logout.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #d4d4d4;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
span#login_widget > .button:active,
#logout:active,
span#login_widget > .button.active,
#logout.active,
.open > .dropdown-togglespan#login_widget > .button,
.open > .dropdown-toggle#logout {
  background-image: none;
}
span#login_widget > .button.disabled:hover,
#logout.disabled:hover,
span#login_widget > .button[disabled]:hover,
#logout[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] span#login_widget > .button:hover,
fieldset[disabled] #logout:hover,
span#login_widget > .button.disabled:focus,
#logout.disabled:focus,
span#login_widget > .button[disabled]:focus,
#logout[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] span#login_widget > .button:focus,
fieldset[disabled] #logout:focus,
span#login_widget > .button.disabled.focus,
#logout.disabled.focus,
span#login_widget > .button[disabled].focus,
#logout[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] span#login_widget > .button.focus,
fieldset[disabled] #logout.focus {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
span#login_widget > .button .badge,
#logout .badge {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #333;
}
.nav-header {
  text-transform: none;
}
#header > span {
  margin-top: 10px;
}
.modal_stretch .modal-dialog {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
  min-height: 80vh;
}
.modal_stretch .modal-dialog .modal-body {
  max-height: calc(100vh - 200px);
  overflow: auto;
  flex: 1;
}
.modal-header {
  cursor: move;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .modal .modal-dialog {
    width: 700px;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  select.form-control {
    margin-left: 12px;
    margin-right: 12px;
  }
}
/*!
*
* IPython auth
*
*/
.center-nav {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-bottom: -4px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .center-nav form.pull-left {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] .center-nav .navbar-text {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] .navbar-inner {
  text-align: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] div.text-left {
  text-align: right;
}
/*!
*
* IPython tree view
*
*/
/* We need an invisible input field on top of the sentense*/
/* "Drag file onto the list ..." */
.alternate_upload {
  background-color: none;
  display: inline;
}
.alternate_upload.form {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}
.alternate_upload input.fileinput {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  cursor: pointer;
  opacity: 0;
  z-index: 2;
}
.alternate_upload .btn-xs > input.fileinput {
  margin: -1px -5px;
}
.alternate_upload .btn-upload {
  position: relative;
  height: 22px;
}
::-webkit-file-upload-button {
  cursor: pointer;
}
/**
 * Primary styles
 *
 * Author: Jupyter Development Team
 */
ul#tabs {
  margin-bottom: 4px;
}
ul#tabs a {
  padding-top: 6px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#tabs.nav-tabs > li {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#tabs.nav.nav-tabs {
  padding-right: 0;
}
ul.breadcrumb a:focus,
ul.breadcrumb a:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}
ul.breadcrumb i.icon-home {
  font-size: 16px;
  margin-right: 4px;
}
ul.breadcrumb span {
  color: #5e5e5e;
}
.list_toolbar {
  padding: 4px 0 4px 0;
  vertical-align: middle;
}
.list_toolbar .tree-buttons {
  padding-top: 1px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .list_toolbar .tree-buttons .pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] .list_toolbar .col-sm-4,
[dir="rtl"] .list_toolbar .col-sm-8 {
  float: right;
}
.dynamic-buttons {
  padding-top: 3px;
  display: inline-block;
}
.list_toolbar [class*="span"] {
  min-height: 24px;
}
.list_header {
  font-weight: bold;
  background-color: #EEE;
}
.list_placeholder {
  font-weight: bold;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 7px;
  padding-right: 7px;
}
.list_container {
  margin-top: 4px;
  margin-bottom: 20px;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
.list_container > div {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
.list_container > div:hover .list-item {
  background-color: red;
}
.list_container > div:last-child {
  border: none;
}
.list_item:hover .list_item {
  background-color: #ddd;
}
.list_item a {
  text-decoration: none;
}
.list_item:hover {
  background-color: #fafafa;
}
.list_header > div,
.list_item > div {
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 7px;
  padding-right: 7px;
  line-height: 22px;
}
.list_header > div input,
.list_item > div input {
  margin-right: 7px;
  margin-left: 14px;
  vertical-align: text-bottom;
  line-height: 22px;
  position: relative;
  top: -1px;
}
.list_header > div .item_link,
.list_item > div .item_link {
  margin-left: -1px;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  line-height: 22px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .list_item > div input {
  margin-right: 0;
}
.new-file input[type=checkbox] {
  visibility: hidden;
}
.item_name {
  line-height: 22px;
  height: 24px;
}
.item_icon {
  font-size: 14px;
  color: #5e5e5e;
  margin-right: 7px;
  margin-left: 7px;
  line-height: 22px;
  vertical-align: baseline;
}
.item_modified {
  margin-right: 7px;
  margin-left: 7px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .item_modified.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
.item_buttons {
  line-height: 1em;
  margin-left: -5px;
}
.item_buttons .btn,
.item_buttons .btn-group,
.item_buttons .input-group {
  float: left;
}
.item_buttons > .btn,
.item_buttons > .btn-group,
.item_buttons > .input-group {
  margin-left: 5px;
}
.item_buttons .btn {
  min-width: 13ex;
}
.item_buttons .running-indicator {
  padding-top: 4px;
  color: #5cb85c;
}
.item_buttons .kernel-name {
  padding-top: 4px;
  color: #5bc0de;
  margin-right: 7px;
  float: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] .item_buttons.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] .item_buttons .kernel-name {
  margin-left: 7px;
  float: right;
}
.toolbar_info {
  height: 24px;
  line-height: 24px;
}
.list_item input:not([type=checkbox]) {
  padding-top: 3px;
  padding-bottom: 3px;
  height: 22px;
  line-height: 14px;
  margin: 0px;
}
.highlight_text {
  color: blue;
}
#project_name {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 7px;
  margin-left: -2px;
}
#project_name > .breadcrumb {
  padding: 0px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
  background-color: transparent;
  font-weight: bold;
}
.sort_button {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-left: 7px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .sort_button.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
#tree-selector {
  padding-right: 0px;
}
#button-select-all {
  min-width: 50px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #button-select-all.btn {
  float: right ;
}
#select-all {
  margin-left: 7px;
  margin-right: 2px;
  margin-top: 2px;
  height: 16px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #select-all.pull-left {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
}
.menu_icon {
  margin-right: 2px;
}
.tab-content .row {
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
}
.folder_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f114";
}
.folder_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.folder_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.folder_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.folder_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.notebook_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f02d";
  position: relative;
  top: -1px;
}
.notebook_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.notebook_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.notebook_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.notebook_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.running_notebook_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f02d";
  position: relative;
  top: -1px;
  color: #5cb85c;
}
.running_notebook_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.running_notebook_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.running_notebook_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.running_notebook_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.file_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f016";
  position: relative;
  top: -2px;
}
.file_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.file_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.file_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.file_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
#notebook_toolbar .pull-right {
  padding-top: 0px;
  margin-right: -1px;
}
ul#new-menu {
  left: auto;
  right: 0;
}
#new-menu .dropdown-header {
  font-size: 10px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
  padding: 0 0 3px;
  margin: -3px 20px 0;
}
.kernel-menu-icon {
  padding-right: 12px;
  width: 24px;
  content: "\f096";
}
.kernel-menu-icon:before {
  content: "\f096";
}
.kernel-menu-icon-current:before {
  content: "\f00c";
}
#tab_content {
  padding-top: 20px;
}
#running .panel-group .panel {
  margin-top: 3px;
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-heading {
  background-color: #EEE;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  padding-left: 7px;
  padding-right: 7px;
  line-height: 22px;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-heading a:focus,
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-heading a:hover {
  text-decoration: none;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-body {
  padding: 0px;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-body .list_container {
  margin-top: 0px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
  border: 0px;
  border-radius: 0px;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-body .list_container .list_item {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}
#running .panel-group .panel .panel-body .list_container .list_item:last-child {
  border-bottom: 0px;
}
.delete-button {
  display: none;
}
.duplicate-button {
  display: none;
}
.rename-button {
  display: none;
}
.move-button {
  display: none;
}
.download-button {
  display: none;
}
.shutdown-button {
  display: none;
}
.dynamic-instructions {
  display: inline-block;
  padding-top: 4px;
}
/*!
*
* IPython text editor webapp
*
*/
.selected-keymap i.fa {
  padding: 0px 5px;
}
.selected-keymap i.fa:before {
  content: "\f00c";
}
#mode-menu {
  overflow: auto;
  max-height: 20em;
}
.edit_app #header {
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
}
.edit_app #menubar .navbar {
  /* Use a negative 1 bottom margin, so the border overlaps the border of the
    header */
  margin-bottom: -1px;
}
.dirty-indicator {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  width: 20px;
}
.dirty-indicator.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-dirty {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  width: 20px;
}
.dirty-indicator-dirty.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-dirty.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-dirty.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-dirty.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  width: 20px;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f00c";
}
.dirty-indicator-clean:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dirty-indicator-clean:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
#filename {
  font-size: 16pt;
  display: table;
  padding: 0px 5px;
}
#current-mode {
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}
#texteditor-backdrop {
  padding-top: 20px;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
}
@media not print {
  #texteditor-backdrop {
    background-color: #EEE;
  }
}
@media print {
  #texteditor-backdrop #texteditor-container .CodeMirror-gutter,
  #texteditor-backdrop #texteditor-container .CodeMirror-gutters {
    background-color: #fff;
  }
}
@media not print {
  #texteditor-backdrop #texteditor-container .CodeMirror-gutter,
  #texteditor-backdrop #texteditor-container .CodeMirror-gutters {
    background-color: #fff;
  }
}
@media not print {
  #texteditor-backdrop #texteditor-container {
    padding: 0px;
    background-color: #fff;
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
    box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  }
}
.CodeMirror-dialog {
  background-color: #fff;
}
/*!
*
* IPython notebook
*
*/
/* CSS font colors for translated ANSI escape sequences */
/* The color values are a mix of
   http://www.xcolors.net/dl/baskerville-ivorylight and
   http://www.xcolors.net/dl/euphrasia */
.ansi-black-fg {
  color: #3E424D;
}
.ansi-black-bg {
  background-color: #3E424D;
}
.ansi-black-intense-fg {
  color: #282C36;
}
.ansi-black-intense-bg {
  background-color: #282C36;
}
.ansi-red-fg {
  color: #E75C58;
}
.ansi-red-bg {
  background-color: #E75C58;
}
.ansi-red-intense-fg {
  color: #B22B31;
}
.ansi-red-intense-bg {
  background-color: #B22B31;
}
.ansi-green-fg {
  color: #00A250;
}
.ansi-green-bg {
  background-color: #00A250;
}
.ansi-green-intense-fg {
  color: #007427;
}
.ansi-green-intense-bg {
  background-color: #007427;
}
.ansi-yellow-fg {
  color: #DDB62B;
}
.ansi-yellow-bg {
  background-color: #DDB62B;
}
.ansi-yellow-intense-fg {
  color: #B27D12;
}
.ansi-yellow-intense-bg {
  background-color: #B27D12;
}
.ansi-blue-fg {
  color: #208FFB;
}
.ansi-blue-bg {
  background-color: #208FFB;
}
.ansi-blue-intense-fg {
  color: #0065CA;
}
.ansi-blue-intense-bg {
  background-color: #0065CA;
}
.ansi-magenta-fg {
  color: #D160C4;
}
.ansi-magenta-bg {
  background-color: #D160C4;
}
.ansi-magenta-intense-fg {
  color: #A03196;
}
.ansi-magenta-intense-bg {
  background-color: #A03196;
}
.ansi-cyan-fg {
  color: #60C6C8;
}
.ansi-cyan-bg {
  background-color: #60C6C8;
}
.ansi-cyan-intense-fg {
  color: #258F8F;
}
.ansi-cyan-intense-bg {
  background-color: #258F8F;
}
.ansi-white-fg {
  color: #C5C1B4;
}
.ansi-white-bg {
  background-color: #C5C1B4;
}
.ansi-white-intense-fg {
  color: #A1A6B2;
}
.ansi-white-intense-bg {
  background-color: #A1A6B2;
}
.ansi-default-inverse-fg {
  color: #FFFFFF;
}
.ansi-default-inverse-bg {
  background-color: #000000;
}
.ansi-bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}
.ansi-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
/* The following styles are deprecated an will be removed in a future version */
.ansibold {
  font-weight: bold;
}
.ansi-inverse {
  outline: 0.5px dotted;
}
/* use dark versions for foreground, to improve visibility */
.ansiblack {
  color: black;
}
.ansired {
  color: darkred;
}
.ansigreen {
  color: darkgreen;
}
.ansiyellow {
  color: #c4a000;
}
.ansiblue {
  color: darkblue;
}
.ansipurple {
  color: darkviolet;
}
.ansicyan {
  color: steelblue;
}
.ansigray {
  color: gray;
}
/* and light for background, for the same reason */
.ansibgblack {
  background-color: black;
}
.ansibgred {
  background-color: red;
}
.ansibggreen {
  background-color: green;
}
.ansibgyellow {
  background-color: yellow;
}
.ansibgblue {
  background-color: blue;
}
.ansibgpurple {
  background-color: magenta;
}
.ansibgcyan {
  background-color: cyan;
}
.ansibggray {
  background-color: gray;
}
div.cell {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
  border-radius: 2px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: transparent;
  width: 100%;
  padding: 5px;
  /* This acts as a spacer between cells, that is outside the border */
  margin: 0px;
  outline: none;
  position: relative;
  overflow: visible;
}
div.cell:before {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  top: -1px;
  left: -1px;
  width: 5px;
  height: calc(100% +  2px);
  content: '';
  background: transparent;
}
div.cell.jupyter-soft-selected {
  border-left-color: #E3F2FD;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  border-right-color: #E3F2FD;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  background: #E3F2FD;
}
@media print {
  div.cell.jupyter-soft-selected {
    border-color: transparent;
  }
}
div.cell.selected,
div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected {
  border-color: #ababab;
}
div.cell.selected:before,
div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected:before {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  top: -1px;
  left: -1px;
  width: 5px;
  height: calc(100% +  2px);
  content: '';
  background: #42A5F5;
}
@media print {
  div.cell.selected,
  div.cell.selected.jupyter-soft-selected {
    border-color: transparent;
  }
}
.edit_mode div.cell.selected {
  border-color: #66BB6A;
}
.edit_mode div.cell.selected:before {
  position: absolute;
  display: block;
  top: -1px;
  left: -1px;
  width: 5px;
  height: calc(100% +  2px);
  content: '';
  background: #66BB6A;
}
@media print {
  .edit_mode div.cell.selected {
    border-color: transparent;
  }
}
.prompt {
  /* This needs to be wide enough for 3 digit prompt numbers: In[100]: */
  min-width: 14ex;
  /* This padding is tuned to match the padding on the CodeMirror editor. */
  padding: 0.4em;
  margin: 0px;
  font-family: monospace;
  text-align: right;
  /* This has to match that of the the CodeMirror class line-height below */
  line-height: 1.21429em;
  /* Don't highlight prompt number selection */
  -webkit-touch-callout: none;
  -webkit-user-select: none;
  -khtml-user-select: none;
  -moz-user-select: none;
  -ms-user-select: none;
  user-select: none;
  /* Use default cursor */
  cursor: default;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  .prompt {
    text-align: left;
  }
}
div.inner_cell {
  min-width: 0;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  box-flex: 1;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 1;
}
/* input_area and input_prompt must match in top border and margin for alignment */
div.input_area {
  border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
  border-radius: 2px;
  background: #f7f7f7;
  line-height: 1.21429em;
}
/* This is needed so that empty prompt areas can collapse to zero height when there
   is no content in the output_subarea and the prompt. The main purpose of this is
   to make sure that empty JavaScript output_subareas have no height. */
div.prompt:empty {
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
}
div.unrecognized_cell {
  padding: 5px 5px 5px 0px;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell {
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: red;
  border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
  background: #eaeaea;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}
div.unrecognized_cell .inner_cell a:hover {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  div.unrecognized_cell > div.prompt {
    display: none;
  }
}
div.code_cell {
  /* avoid page breaking on code cells when printing */
}
@media print {
  div.code_cell {
    page-break-inside: avoid;
  }
}
/* any special styling for code cells that are currently running goes here */
div.input {
  page-break-inside: avoid;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  div.input {
    /* Old browsers */
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    -webkit-box-align: stretch;
    display: -moz-box;
    -moz-box-orient: vertical;
    -moz-box-align: stretch;
    display: box;
    box-orient: vertical;
    box-align: stretch;
    /* Modern browsers */
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch;
  }
}
/* input_area and input_prompt must match in top border and margin for alignment */
div.input_prompt {
  color: #303F9F;
  border-top: 1px solid transparent;
}
div.input_area > div.highlight {
  margin: 0.4em;
  border: none;
  padding: 0px;
  background-color: transparent;
}
div.input_area > div.highlight > pre {
  margin: 0px;
  border: none;
  padding: 0px;
  background-color: transparent;
}
/* The following gets added to the <head> if it is detected that the user has a
 * monospace font with inconsistent normal/bold/italic height.  See
 * notebookmain.js.  Such fonts will have keywords vertically offset with
 * respect to the rest of the text.  The user should select a better font.
 * See: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1503
 *
 * .CodeMirror span {
 *      vertical-align: bottom;
 * }
 */
.CodeMirror {
  line-height: 1.21429em;
  /* Changed from 1em to our global default */
  font-size: 14px;
  height: auto;
  /* Changed to auto to autogrow */
  background: none;
  /* Changed from white to allow our bg to show through */
}
.CodeMirror-scroll {
  /*  The CodeMirror docs are a bit fuzzy on if overflow-y should be hidden or visible.*/
  /*  We have found that if it is visible, vertical scrollbars appear with font size changes.*/
  overflow-y: hidden;
  overflow-x: auto;
}
.CodeMirror-lines {
  /* In CM2, this used to be 0.4em, but in CM3 it went to 4px. We need the em value because */
  /* we have set a different line-height and want this to scale with that. */
  /* Note that this should set vertical padding only, since CodeMirror assumes
       that horizontal padding will be set on CodeMirror pre */
  padding: 0.4em 0;
}
.CodeMirror-linenumber {
  padding: 0 8px 0 4px;
}
.CodeMirror-gutters {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 2px;
  border-top-left-radius: 2px;
}
.CodeMirror pre {
  /* In CM3 this went to 4px from 0 in CM2. This sets horizontal padding only,
    use .CodeMirror-lines for vertical */
  padding: 0 0.4em;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
}
.CodeMirror-cursor {
  border-left: 1.4px solid black;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 2138px) and (max-width: 4319px) {
  .CodeMirror-cursor {
    border-left: 2px solid black;
  }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 4320px) {
  .CodeMirror-cursor {
    border-left: 4px solid black;
  }
}
/*

Original style from softwaremaniacs.org (c) Ivan Sagalaev <Maniac@SoftwareManiacs.Org>
Adapted from GitHub theme

*/
.highlight-base {
  color: #000;
}
.highlight-variable {
  color: #000;
}
.highlight-variable-2 {
  color: #1a1a1a;
}
.highlight-variable-3 {
  color: #333333;
}
.highlight-string {
  color: #BA2121;
}
.highlight-comment {
  color: #408080;
  font-style: italic;
}
.highlight-number {
  color: #080;
}
.highlight-atom {
  color: #88F;
}
.highlight-keyword {
  color: #008000;
  font-weight: bold;
}
.highlight-builtin {
  color: #008000;
}
.highlight-error {
  color: #f00;
}
.highlight-operator {
  color: #AA22FF;
  font-weight: bold;
}
.highlight-meta {
  color: #AA22FF;
}
/* previously not defined, copying from default codemirror */
.highlight-def {
  color: #00f;
}
.highlight-string-2 {
  color: #f50;
}
.highlight-qualifier {
  color: #555;
}
.highlight-bracket {
  color: #997;
}
.highlight-tag {
  color: #170;
}
.highlight-attribute {
  color: #00c;
}
.highlight-header {
  color: blue;
}
.highlight-quote {
  color: #090;
}
.highlight-link {
  color: #00c;
}
/* apply the same style to codemirror */
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-keyword {
  color: #008000;
  font-weight: bold;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-atom {
  color: #88F;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-number {
  color: #080;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-def {
  color: #00f;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable {
  color: #000;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-operator {
  color: #AA22FF;
  font-weight: bold;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable-2 {
  color: #1a1a1a;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-variable-3 {
  color: #333333;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-comment {
  color: #408080;
  font-style: italic;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-string {
  color: #BA2121;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-string-2 {
  color: #f50;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-meta {
  color: #AA22FF;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-qualifier {
  color: #555;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-builtin {
  color: #008000;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-bracket {
  color: #997;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-tag {
  color: #170;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-attribute {
  color: #00c;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-header {
  color: blue;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-quote {
  color: #090;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-link {
  color: #00c;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-error {
  color: #f00;
}
.cm-s-ipython span.cm-tab {
  background: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADAAAAAMCAYAAAAkuj5RAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAGFJREFUSMft1LsRQFAQheHPowAKoACx3IgEKtaEHujDjORSgWTH/ZOdnZOcM/sgk/kFFWY0qV8foQwS4MKBCS3qR6ixBJvElOobYAtivseIE120FaowJPN75GMu8j/LfMwNjh4HUpwg4LUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);
  background-position: right;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
div.output_wrapper {
  /* this position must be relative to enable descendents to be absolute within it */
  position: relative;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
  z-index: 1;
}
/* class for the output area when it should be height-limited */
div.output_scroll {
  /* ideally, this would be max-height, but FF barfs all over that */
  height: 24em;
  /* FF needs this *and the wrapper* to specify full width, or it will shrinkwrap */
  width: 100%;
  overflow: auto;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
  box-shadow: inset 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);
  display: block;
}
/* output div while it is collapsed */
div.output_collapsed {
  margin: 0px;
  padding: 0px;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
}
div.out_prompt_overlay {
  height: 100%;
  padding: 0px 0.4em;
  position: absolute;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
div.out_prompt_overlay:hover {
  /* use inner shadow to get border that is computed the same on WebKit/FF */
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px #000;
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 1px #000;
  background: rgba(240, 240, 240, 0.5);
}
div.output_prompt {
  color: #D84315;
}
/* This class is the outer container of all output sections. */
div.output_area {
  padding: 0px;
  page-break-inside: avoid;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
}
div.output_area .MathJax_Display {
  text-align: left !important;
}
div.output_area .rendered_html table {
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: 0;
}
div.output_area .rendered_html img {
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: 0;
}
div.output_area img,
div.output_area svg {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}
div.output_area img.unconfined,
div.output_area svg.unconfined {
  max-width: none;
}
div.output_area .mglyph > img {
  max-width: none;
}
/* This is needed to protect the pre formating from global settings such
   as that of bootstrap */
.output {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: vertical;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: vertical;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: stretch;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  div.output_area {
    /* Old browsers */
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    -webkit-box-align: stretch;
    display: -moz-box;
    -moz-box-orient: vertical;
    -moz-box-align: stretch;
    display: box;
    box-orient: vertical;
    box-align: stretch;
    /* Modern browsers */
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    align-items: stretch;
  }
}
div.output_area pre {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 1px 0 1px 0;
  border: 0;
  vertical-align: baseline;
  color: black;
  background-color: transparent;
  border-radius: 0;
}
/* This class is for the output subarea inside the output_area and after
   the prompt div. */
div.output_subarea {
  overflow-x: auto;
  padding: 0.4em;
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  box-flex: 1;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 1;
  max-width: calc(100% - 14ex);
}
div.output_scroll div.output_subarea {
  overflow-x: visible;
}
/* The rest of the output_* classes are for special styling of the different
   output types */
/* all text output has this class: */
div.output_text {
  text-align: left;
  color: #000;
  /* This has to match that of the the CodeMirror class line-height below */
  line-height: 1.21429em;
}
/* stdout/stderr are 'text' as well as 'stream', but execute_result/error are *not* streams */
div.output_stderr {
  background: #fdd;
  /* very light red background for stderr */
}
div.output_latex {
  text-align: left;
}
/* Empty output_javascript divs should have no height */
div.output_javascript:empty {
  padding: 0;
}
.js-error {
  color: darkred;
}
/* raw_input styles */
div.raw_input_container {
  line-height: 1.21429em;
  padding-top: 5px;
}
pre.raw_input_prompt {
  /* nothing needed here. */
}
input.raw_input {
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: inherit;
  color: inherit;
  width: auto;
  /* make sure input baseline aligns with prompt */
  vertical-align: baseline;
  /* padding + margin = 0.5em between prompt and cursor */
  padding: 0em 0.25em;
  margin: 0em 0.25em;
}
input.raw_input:focus {
  box-shadow: none;
}
p.p-space {
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}
div.output_unrecognized {
  padding: 5px;
  font-weight: bold;
  color: red;
}
div.output_unrecognized a {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}
div.output_unrecognized a:hover {
  color: inherit;
  text-decoration: none;
}
.rendered_html {
  color: #000;
  /* any extras will just be numbers: */
}
.rendered_html em {
  font-style: italic;
}
.rendered_html strong {
  font-weight: bold;
}
.rendered_html u {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.rendered_html :link {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.rendered_html :visited {
  text-decoration: underline;
}
.rendered_html h1 {
  font-size: 185.7%;
  margin: 1.08em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
}
.rendered_html h2 {
  font-size: 157.1%;
  margin: 1.27em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
}
.rendered_html h3 {
  font-size: 128.6%;
  margin: 1.55em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
}
.rendered_html h4 {
  font-size: 100%;
  margin: 2em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
}
.rendered_html h5 {
  font-size: 100%;
  margin: 2em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
  font-style: italic;
}
.rendered_html h6 {
  font-size: 100%;
  margin: 2em 0 0 0;
  font-weight: bold;
  line-height: 1.0;
  font-style: italic;
}
.rendered_html h1:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.538em;
}
.rendered_html h2:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.636em;
}
.rendered_html h3:first-child {
  margin-top: 0.777em;
}
.rendered_html h4:first-child {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html h5:first-child {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html h6:first-child {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html ul:not(.list-inline),
.rendered_html ol:not(.list-inline) {
  padding-left: 2em;
}
.rendered_html ul {
  list-style: disc;
}
.rendered_html ul ul {
  list-style: square;
  margin-top: 0;
}
.rendered_html ul ul ul {
  list-style: circle;
}
.rendered_html ol {
  list-style: decimal;
}
.rendered_html ol ol {
  list-style: upper-alpha;
  margin-top: 0;
}
.rendered_html ol ol ol {
  list-style: lower-alpha;
}
.rendered_html ol ol ol ol {
  list-style: lower-roman;
}
.rendered_html ol ol ol ol ol {
  list-style: decimal;
}
.rendered_html * + ul {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html * + ol {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html hr {
  color: black;
  background-color: black;
}
.rendered_html pre {
  margin: 1em 2em;
  padding: 0px;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.rendered_html code {
  background-color: #eff0f1;
}
.rendered_html p code {
  padding: 1px 5px;
}
.rendered_html pre code {
  background-color: #fff;
}
.rendered_html pre,
.rendered_html code {
  border: 0;
  color: #000;
  font-size: 100%;
}
.rendered_html blockquote {
  margin: 1em 2em;
}
.rendered_html table {
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  border: none;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  border-spacing: 0;
  color: black;
  font-size: 12px;
  table-layout: fixed;
}
.rendered_html thead {
  border-bottom: 1px solid black;
  vertical-align: bottom;
}
.rendered_html tr,
.rendered_html th,
.rendered_html td {
  text-align: right;
  vertical-align: middle;
  padding: 0.5em 0.5em;
  line-height: normal;
  white-space: normal;
  max-width: none;
  border: none;
}
.rendered_html th {
  font-weight: bold;
}
.rendered_html tbody tr:nth-child(odd) {
  background: #f5f5f5;
}
.rendered_html tbody tr:hover {
  background: rgba(66, 165, 245, 0.2);
}
.rendered_html * + table {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html p {
  text-align: left;
}
.rendered_html * + p {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html img {
  display: block;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}
.rendered_html * + img {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
.rendered_html img,
.rendered_html svg {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}
.rendered_html img.unconfined,
.rendered_html svg.unconfined {
  max-width: none;
}
.rendered_html .alert {
  margin-bottom: initial;
}
.rendered_html * + .alert {
  margin-top: 1em;
}
[dir="rtl"] .rendered_html p {
  text-align: right;
}
div.text_cell {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
}
@media (max-width: 540px) {
  div.text_cell > div.prompt {
    display: none;
  }
}
div.text_cell_render {
  /*font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif;*/
  outline: none;
  resize: none;
  width: inherit;
  border-style: none;
  padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.4em;
  color: #000;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}
a.anchor-link:link {
  text-decoration: none;
  padding: 0px 20px;
  visibility: hidden;
}
h1:hover .anchor-link,
h2:hover .anchor-link,
h3:hover .anchor-link,
h4:hover .anchor-link,
h5:hover .anchor-link,
h6:hover .anchor-link {
  visibility: visible;
}
.text_cell.rendered .input_area {
  display: none;
}
.text_cell.rendered .rendered_html {
  overflow-x: auto;
  overflow-y: hidden;
}
.text_cell.rendered .rendered_html tr,
.text_cell.rendered .rendered_html th,
.text_cell.rendered .rendered_html td {
  max-width: none;
}
.text_cell.unrendered .text_cell_render {
  display: none;
}
.text_cell .dropzone .input_area {
  border: 2px dashed #bababa;
  margin: -1px;
}
.cm-header-1,
.cm-header-2,
.cm-header-3,
.cm-header-4,
.cm-header-5,
.cm-header-6 {
  font-weight: bold;
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.cm-header-1 {
  font-size: 185.7%;
}
.cm-header-2 {
  font-size: 157.1%;
}
.cm-header-3 {
  font-size: 128.6%;
}
.cm-header-4 {
  font-size: 110%;
}
.cm-header-5 {
  font-size: 100%;
  font-style: italic;
}
.cm-header-6 {
  font-size: 100%;
  font-style: italic;
}
/*!
*
* IPython notebook webapp
*
*/
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .notebook_app {
    padding-left: 0px;
    padding-right: 0px;
  }
}
#ipython-main-app {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  height: 100%;
}
div#notebook_panel {
  margin: 0px;
  padding: 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  height: 100%;
}
div#notebook {
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  overflow-y: hidden;
  overflow-x: auto;
  width: 100%;
  /* This spaces the page away from the edge of the notebook area */
  padding-top: 20px;
  margin: 0px;
  outline: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  min-height: 100%;
}
@media not print {
  #notebook-container {
    padding: 15px;
    background-color: #fff;
    min-height: 0;
    -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
    box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  }
}
@media print {
  #notebook-container {
    width: 100%;
  }
}
div.ui-widget-content {
  border: 1px solid #ababab;
  outline: none;
}
pre.dialog {
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 0.4em;
  padding-left: 2em;
}
p.dialog {
  padding: 0.2em;
}
/* Word-wrap output correctly.  This is the CSS3 spelling, though Firefox seems
   to not honor it correctly.  Webkit browsers (Chrome, rekonq, Safari) do.
 */
pre,
code,
kbd,
samp {
  white-space: pre-wrap;
}
#fonttest {
  font-family: monospace;
}
p {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}
.end_space {
  min-height: 100px;
  transition: height .2s ease;
}
.notebook_app > #header {
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
}
@media not print {
  .notebook_app {
    background-color: #EEE;
  }
}
kbd {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 1px;
  box-shadow: none;
  margin: 2px;
  padding-left: 2px;
  padding-right: 2px;
  padding-top: 1px;
  padding-bottom: 1px;
}
.jupyter-keybindings {
  padding: 1px;
  line-height: 24px;
  border-bottom: 1px solid gray;
}
.jupyter-keybindings input {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  border: none;
}
.jupyter-keybindings i {
  padding: 6px;
}
.well code {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  border-color: #ababab;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-style: solid;
  padding: 2px;
  padding-top: 1px;
  padding-bottom: 1px;
}
/* CSS for the cell toolbar */
.celltoolbar {
  border: thin solid #CFCFCF;
  border-bottom: none;
  background: #EEE;
  border-radius: 2px 2px 0px 0px;
  width: 100%;
  height: 29px;
  padding-right: 4px;
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-pack: end;
  -moz-box-pack: end;
  box-pack: end;
  /* Modern browsers */
  justify-content: flex-end;
  display: -webkit-flex;
}
@media print {
  .celltoolbar {
    display: none;
  }
}
.ctb_hideshow {
  display: none;
  vertical-align: bottom;
}
/* ctb_show is added to the ctb_hideshow div to show the cell toolbar.
   Cell toolbars are only shown when the ctb_global_show class is also set.
*/
.ctb_global_show .ctb_show.ctb_hideshow {
  display: block;
}
.ctb_global_show .ctb_show + .input_area,
.ctb_global_show .ctb_show + div.text_cell_input,
.ctb_global_show .ctb_show ~ div.text_cell_render {
  border-top-right-radius: 0px;
  border-top-left-radius: 0px;
}
.ctb_global_show .ctb_show ~ div.text_cell_render {
  border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.celltoolbar {
  font-size: 87%;
  padding-top: 3px;
}
.celltoolbar select {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 32px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #555555;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  -webkit-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  -o-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  height: 30px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
  width: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
  height: 22px;
  padding: 0px;
  display: inline-block;
}
.celltoolbar select:focus {
  border-color: #66afe9;
  outline: 0;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
}
.celltoolbar select::-moz-placeholder {
  color: #999;
  opacity: 1;
}
.celltoolbar select:-ms-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.celltoolbar select::-webkit-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.celltoolbar select::-ms-expand {
  border: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.celltoolbar select[disabled],
.celltoolbar select[readonly],
fieldset[disabled] .celltoolbar select {
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  opacity: 1;
}
.celltoolbar select[disabled],
fieldset[disabled] .celltoolbar select {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
textarea.celltoolbar select {
  height: auto;
}
select.celltoolbar select {
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
textarea.celltoolbar select,
select[multiple].celltoolbar select {
  height: auto;
}
.celltoolbar label {
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
}
.tags_button_container {
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
}
.tag-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-grow: 1;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: relative;
}
.tag-container > * {
  margin: 0 4px;
}
.remove-tag-btn {
  margin-left: 4px;
}
.tags-input {
  display: flex;
}
.cell-tag:last-child:after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
  width: 40px;
  height: 100%;
  /* Fade to background color of cell toolbar */
  background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #EEE);
}
.tags-input > * {
  margin-left: 4px;
}
.cell-tag,
.tags-input input,
.tags-input button {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 32px;
  padding: 6px 12px;
  font-size: 13px;
  line-height: 1.42857143;
  color: #555555;
  background-color: #fff;
  background-image: none;
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075);
  -webkit-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  -o-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;
  height: 30px;
  padding: 5px 10px;
  font-size: 12px;
  line-height: 1.5;
  border-radius: 1px;
  box-shadow: none;
  width: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
  height: 22px;
  line-height: 22px;
  padding: 0px 4px;
  display: inline-block;
}
.cell-tag:focus,
.tags-input input:focus,
.tags-input button:focus {
  border-color: #66afe9;
  outline: 0;
  -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
  box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6);
}
.cell-tag::-moz-placeholder,
.tags-input input::-moz-placeholder,
.tags-input button::-moz-placeholder {
  color: #999;
  opacity: 1;
}
.cell-tag:-ms-input-placeholder,
.tags-input input:-ms-input-placeholder,
.tags-input button:-ms-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.cell-tag::-webkit-input-placeholder,
.tags-input input::-webkit-input-placeholder,
.tags-input button::-webkit-input-placeholder {
  color: #999;
}
.cell-tag::-ms-expand,
.tags-input input::-ms-expand,
.tags-input button::-ms-expand {
  border: 0;
  background-color: transparent;
}
.cell-tag[disabled],
.tags-input input[disabled],
.tags-input button[disabled],
.cell-tag[readonly],
.tags-input input[readonly],
.tags-input button[readonly],
fieldset[disabled] .cell-tag,
fieldset[disabled] .tags-input input,
fieldset[disabled] .tags-input button {
  background-color: #eeeeee;
  opacity: 1;
}
.cell-tag[disabled],
.tags-input input[disabled],
.tags-input button[disabled],
fieldset[disabled] .cell-tag,
fieldset[disabled] .tags-input input,
fieldset[disabled] .tags-input button {
  cursor: not-allowed;
}
textarea.cell-tag,
textarea.tags-input input,
textarea.tags-input button {
  height: auto;
}
select.cell-tag,
select.tags-input input,
select.tags-input button {
  height: 30px;
  line-height: 30px;
}
textarea.cell-tag,
textarea.tags-input input,
textarea.tags-input button,
select[multiple].cell-tag,
select[multiple].tags-input input,
select[multiple].tags-input button {
  height: auto;
}
.cell-tag,
.tags-input button {
  padding: 0px 4px;
}
.cell-tag {
  background-color: #fff;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.tags-input input[type=text]:focus {
  outline: none;
  box-shadow: none;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
.completions {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 110;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 1px solid #ababab;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 10px -1px #adadad;
  box-shadow: 0px 6px 10px -1px #adadad;
  line-height: 1;
}
.completions select {
  background: white;
  outline: none;
  border: none;
  padding: 0px;
  margin: 0px;
  overflow: auto;
  font-family: monospace;
  font-size: 110%;
  color: #000;
  width: auto;
}
.completions select option.context {
  color: #286090;
}
#kernel_logo_widget .current_kernel_logo {
  display: none;
  margin-top: -1px;
  margin-bottom: -1px;
  width: 32px;
  height: 32px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #kernel_logo_widget {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
.modal .modal-body .move-path {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  justify-content: space;
  align-items: center;
}
.modal .modal-body .move-path .server-root {
  padding-right: 20px;
}
.modal .modal-body .move-path .path-input {
  flex: 1;
}
#menubar {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
  margin-top: 1px;
}
#menubar .navbar {
  border-top: 1px;
  border-radius: 0px 0px 2px 2px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
}
#menubar .navbar-toggle {
  float: left;
  padding-top: 7px;
  padding-bottom: 7px;
  border: none;
}
#menubar .navbar-collapse {
  clear: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .navbar-toggle {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .navbar-collapse {
  clear: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .navbar-nav {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .nav {
  padding-right: 0px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .navbar-nav > li {
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] #menubar .navbar-right {
  float: left !important;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul.dropdown-menu {
  text-align: right;
  left: auto;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#new-menu.dropdown-menu {
  right: auto;
  left: 0;
}
.nav-wrapper {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e7e7e7;
}
i.menu-icon {
  padding-top: 4px;
}
[dir="rtl"] i.menu-icon.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
ul#help_menu li a {
  overflow: hidden;
  padding-right: 2.2em;
}
ul#help_menu li a i {
  margin-right: -1.2em;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#help_menu li a {
  padding-left: 2.2em;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#help_menu li a i {
  margin-right: 0;
  margin-left: -1.2em;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul#help_menu li a i.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
.dropdown-submenu {
  position: relative;
}
.dropdown-submenu > .dropdown-menu {
  top: 0;
  left: 100%;
  margin-top: -6px;
  margin-left: -1px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .dropdown-submenu > .dropdown-menu {
  right: 100%;
  margin-right: -1px;
}
.dropdown-submenu:hover > .dropdown-menu {
  display: block;
}
.dropdown-submenu > a:after {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  display: block;
  content: "\f0da";
  float: right;
  color: #333333;
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-right: -10px;
}
.dropdown-submenu > a:after.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dropdown-submenu > a:after.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.dropdown-submenu > a:after.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.dropdown-submenu > a:after.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
[dir="rtl"] .dropdown-submenu > a:after {
  float: left;
  content: "\f0d9";
  margin-right: 0;
  margin-left: -10px;
}
.dropdown-submenu:hover > a:after {
  color: #262626;
}
.dropdown-submenu.pull-left {
  float: none;
}
.dropdown-submenu.pull-left > .dropdown-menu {
  left: -100%;
  margin-left: 10px;
}
#notification_area {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
  z-index: 10;
}
[dir="rtl"] #notification_area {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
.indicator_area {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
  color: #777;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  width: 11px;
  z-index: 10;
  text-align: center;
  width: auto;
}
[dir="rtl"] .indicator_area {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
#kernel_indicator {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
  color: #777;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  width: 11px;
  z-index: 10;
  text-align: center;
  width: auto;
  border-left: 1px solid;
}
#kernel_indicator .kernel_indicator_name {
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}
[dir="rtl"] #kernel_indicator {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
  border-left: 0;
  border-right: 1px solid;
}
#modal_indicator {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
  color: #777;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  width: 11px;
  z-index: 10;
  text-align: center;
  width: auto;
}
[dir="rtl"] #modal_indicator {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
#readonly-indicator {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
  color: #777;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 5px;
  width: 11px;
  z-index: 10;
  text-align: center;
  width: auto;
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
  margin-left: 0px;
  margin-right: 0px;
  display: none;
}
.modal_indicator:before {
  width: 1.28571429em;
  text-align: center;
}
.edit_mode .modal_indicator:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f040";
}
.edit_mode .modal_indicator:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.edit_mode .modal_indicator:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.edit_mode .modal_indicator:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.edit_mode .modal_indicator:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.command_mode .modal_indicator:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: ' ';
}
.command_mode .modal_indicator:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.command_mode .modal_indicator:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.command_mode .modal_indicator:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.command_mode .modal_indicator:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_idle_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f10c";
}
.kernel_idle_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_idle_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_idle_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_idle_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_busy_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f111";
}
.kernel_busy_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_busy_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_busy_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_busy_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_dead_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f1e2";
}
.kernel_dead_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_dead_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_dead_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_dead_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_disconnected_icon:before {
  display: inline-block;
  font: normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;
  font-size: inherit;
  text-rendering: auto;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
  content: "\f127";
}
.kernel_disconnected_icon:before.fa-pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_disconnected_icon:before.fa-pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.kernel_disconnected_icon:before.pull-left {
  margin-right: .3em;
}
.kernel_disconnected_icon:before.pull-right {
  margin-left: .3em;
}
.notification_widget {
  color: #777;
  z-index: 10;
  background: rgba(240, 240, 240, 0.5);
  margin-right: 4px;
  color: #333;
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
.notification_widget:focus,
.notification_widget.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
.notification_widget:hover {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
.notification_widget:active,
.notification_widget.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
  border-color: #adadad;
}
.notification_widget:active:hover,
.notification_widget.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget:hover,
.notification_widget:active:focus,
.notification_widget.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget:focus,
.notification_widget:active.focus,
.notification_widget.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.focus {
  color: #333;
  background-color: #d4d4d4;
  border-color: #8c8c8c;
}
.notification_widget:active,
.notification_widget.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget {
  background-image: none;
}
.notification_widget.disabled:hover,
.notification_widget[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget:hover,
.notification_widget.disabled:focus,
.notification_widget[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget:focus,
.notification_widget.disabled.focus,
.notification_widget[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.focus {
  background-color: #fff;
  border-color: #ccc;
}
.notification_widget .badge {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #333;
}
.notification_widget.warning {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
  border-color: #eea236;
}
.notification_widget.warning:focus,
.notification_widget.warning.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #985f0d;
}
.notification_widget.warning:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #d58512;
}
.notification_widget.warning:active,
.notification_widget.warning.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.warning {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ec971f;
  border-color: #d58512;
}
.notification_widget.warning:active:hover,
.notification_widget.warning.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.warning:hover,
.notification_widget.warning:active:focus,
.notification_widget.warning.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.warning:focus,
.notification_widget.warning:active.focus,
.notification_widget.warning.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.warning.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #d58512;
  border-color: #985f0d;
}
.notification_widget.warning:active,
.notification_widget.warning.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.warning {
  background-image: none;
}
.notification_widget.warning.disabled:hover,
.notification_widget.warning[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.warning:hover,
.notification_widget.warning.disabled:focus,
.notification_widget.warning[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.warning:focus,
.notification_widget.warning.disabled.focus,
.notification_widget.warning[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.warning.focus {
  background-color: #f0ad4e;
  border-color: #eea236;
}
.notification_widget.warning .badge {
  color: #f0ad4e;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.notification_widget.success {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #5cb85c;
  border-color: #4cae4c;
}
.notification_widget.success:focus,
.notification_widget.success.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #255625;
}
.notification_widget.success:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #398439;
}
.notification_widget.success:active,
.notification_widget.success.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.success {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #449d44;
  border-color: #398439;
}
.notification_widget.success:active:hover,
.notification_widget.success.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.success:hover,
.notification_widget.success:active:focus,
.notification_widget.success.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.success:focus,
.notification_widget.success:active.focus,
.notification_widget.success.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.success.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #398439;
  border-color: #255625;
}
.notification_widget.success:active,
.notification_widget.success.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.success {
  background-image: none;
}
.notification_widget.success.disabled:hover,
.notification_widget.success[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.success:hover,
.notification_widget.success.disabled:focus,
.notification_widget.success[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.success:focus,
.notification_widget.success.disabled.focus,
.notification_widget.success[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.success.focus {
  background-color: #5cb85c;
  border-color: #4cae4c;
}
.notification_widget.success .badge {
  color: #5cb85c;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.notification_widget.info {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #5bc0de;
  border-color: #46b8da;
}
.notification_widget.info:focus,
.notification_widget.info.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #1b6d85;
}
.notification_widget.info:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #269abc;
}
.notification_widget.info:active,
.notification_widget.info.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.info {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #31b0d5;
  border-color: #269abc;
}
.notification_widget.info:active:hover,
.notification_widget.info.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.info:hover,
.notification_widget.info:active:focus,
.notification_widget.info.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.info:focus,
.notification_widget.info:active.focus,
.notification_widget.info.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.info.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #269abc;
  border-color: #1b6d85;
}
.notification_widget.info:active,
.notification_widget.info.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.info {
  background-image: none;
}
.notification_widget.info.disabled:hover,
.notification_widget.info[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.info:hover,
.notification_widget.info.disabled:focus,
.notification_widget.info[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.info:focus,
.notification_widget.info.disabled.focus,
.notification_widget.info[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.info.focus {
  background-color: #5bc0de;
  border-color: #46b8da;
}
.notification_widget.info .badge {
  color: #5bc0de;
  background-color: #fff;
}
.notification_widget.danger {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #d9534f;
  border-color: #d43f3a;
}
.notification_widget.danger:focus,
.notification_widget.danger.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #761c19;
}
.notification_widget.danger:hover {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #ac2925;
}
.notification_widget.danger:active,
.notification_widget.danger.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.danger {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #c9302c;
  border-color: #ac2925;
}
.notification_widget.danger:active:hover,
.notification_widget.danger.active:hover,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.danger:hover,
.notification_widget.danger:active:focus,
.notification_widget.danger.active:focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.danger:focus,
.notification_widget.danger:active.focus,
.notification_widget.danger.active.focus,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.danger.focus {
  color: #fff;
  background-color: #ac2925;
  border-color: #761c19;
}
.notification_widget.danger:active,
.notification_widget.danger.active,
.open > .dropdown-toggle.notification_widget.danger {
  background-image: none;
}
.notification_widget.danger.disabled:hover,
.notification_widget.danger[disabled]:hover,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.danger:hover,
.notification_widget.danger.disabled:focus,
.notification_widget.danger[disabled]:focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.danger:focus,
.notification_widget.danger.disabled.focus,
.notification_widget.danger[disabled].focus,
fieldset[disabled] .notification_widget.danger.focus {
  background-color: #d9534f;
  border-color: #d43f3a;
}
.notification_widget.danger .badge {
  color: #d9534f;
  background-color: #fff;
}
div#pager {
  background-color: #fff;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  overflow: hidden;
  display: none;
  position: fixed;
  bottom: 0px;
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 50%;
  padding-top: 8px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  /* Display over codemirror */
  z-index: 100;
  /* Hack which prevents jquery ui resizable from changing top. */
  top: auto !important;
}
div#pager pre {
  line-height: 1.21429em;
  color: #000;
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
  padding: 0.4em;
}
div#pager #pager-button-area {
  position: absolute;
  top: 8px;
  right: 20px;
}
div#pager #pager-contents {
  position: relative;
  overflow: auto;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}
div#pager #pager-contents #pager-container {
  position: relative;
  padding: 15px 0px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}
div#pager .ui-resizable-handle {
  top: 0px;
  height: 8px;
  background: #f7f7f7;
  border-top: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
  /* This injects handle bars (a short, wide = symbol) for 
        the resize handle. */
}
div#pager .ui-resizable-handle::after {
  content: '';
  top: 2px;
  left: 50%;
  height: 3px;
  width: 30px;
  margin-left: -15px;
  position: absolute;
  border-top: 1px solid #cfcfcf;
}
.quickhelp {
  /* Old browsers */
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
  -webkit-box-align: stretch;
  display: -moz-box;
  -moz-box-orient: horizontal;
  -moz-box-align: stretch;
  display: box;
  box-orient: horizontal;
  box-align: stretch;
  /* Modern browsers */
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  align-items: stretch;
  line-height: 1.8em;
}
.shortcut_key {
  display: inline-block;
  width: 21ex;
  text-align: right;
  font-family: monospace;
}
.shortcut_descr {
  display: inline-block;
  /* Old browsers */
  -webkit-box-flex: 1;
  -moz-box-flex: 1;
  box-flex: 1;
  /* Modern browsers */
  flex: 1;
}
span.save_widget {
  height: 30px;
  margin-top: 4px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
  align-items: baseline;
  width: 50%;
  flex: 1;
}
span.save_widget span.filename {
  height: 100%;
  line-height: 1em;
  margin-left: 16px;
  border: none;
  font-size: 146.5%;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  overflow: hidden;
  white-space: nowrap;
  border-radius: 2px;
}
span.save_widget span.filename:hover {
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
}
[dir="rtl"] span.save_widget.pull-left {
  float: right !important;
  float: right;
}
[dir="rtl"] span.save_widget span.filename {
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: 16px;
}
span.checkpoint_status,
span.autosave_status {
  font-size: small;
  white-space: nowrap;
  padding: 0 5px;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  span.save_widget {
    font-size: small;
    padding: 0 0 0 5px;
  }
  span.checkpoint_status,
  span.autosave_status {
    display: none;
  }
}
@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px) {
  span.checkpoint_status {
    display: none;
  }
  span.autosave_status {
    font-size: x-small;
  }
}
.toolbar {
  padding: 0px;
  margin-left: -5px;
  margin-top: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 5px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
  -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
}
.toolbar select,
.toolbar label {
  width: auto;
  vertical-align: middle;
  margin-right: 2px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
  display: inline;
  font-size: 92%;
  margin-left: 0.3em;
  margin-right: 0.3em;
  padding: 0px;
  padding-top: 3px;
}
.toolbar .btn {
  padding: 2px 8px;
}
.toolbar .btn-group {
  margin-top: 0px;
  margin-left: 5px;
}
.toolbar-btn-label {
  margin-left: 6px;
}
#maintoolbar {
  margin-bottom: -3px;
  margin-top: -8px;
  border: 0px;
  min-height: 27px;
  margin-left: 0px;
  padding-top: 11px;
  padding-bottom: 3px;
}
#maintoolbar .navbar-text {
  float: none;
  vertical-align: middle;
  text-align: right;
  margin-left: 5px;
  margin-right: 0px;
  margin-top: 0px;
}
.select-xs {
  height: 24px;
}
[dir="rtl"] .btn-group > .btn,
.btn-group-vertical > .btn {
  float: right;
}
.pulse,
.dropdown-menu > li > a.pulse,
li.pulse > a.dropdown-toggle,
li.pulse.open > a.dropdown-toggle {
  background-color: #F37626;
  color: white;
}
/**
 * Primary styles
 *
 * Author: Jupyter Development Team
 */
/** WARNING IF YOU ARE EDITTING THIS FILE, if this is a .css file, It has a lot
 * of chance of beeing generated from the ../less/[samename].less file, you can
 * try to get back the less file by reverting somme commit in history
 **/
/*
 * We'll try to get something pretty, so we
 * have some strange css to have the scroll bar on
 * the left with fix button on the top right of the tooltip
 */
@-moz-keyframes fadeOut {
  from {
    opacity: 1;
  }
  to {
    opacity: 0;
  }
}
@-webkit-keyframes fadeOut {
  from {
    opacity: 1;
  }
  to {
    opacity: 0;
  }
}
@-moz-keyframes fadeIn {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
  }
}
@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
  }
}
/*properties of tooltip after "expand"*/
.bigtooltip {
  overflow: auto;
  height: 200px;
  -webkit-transition-property: height;
  -webkit-transition-duration: 500ms;
  -moz-transition-property: height;
  -moz-transition-duration: 500ms;
  transition-property: height;
  transition-duration: 500ms;
}
/*properties of tooltip before "expand"*/
.smalltooltip {
  -webkit-transition-property: height;
  -webkit-transition-duration: 500ms;
  -moz-transition-property: height;
  -moz-transition-duration: 500ms;
  transition-property: height;
  transition-duration: 500ms;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  overflow: hidden;
  height: 80px;
}
.tooltipbuttons {
  position: absolute;
  padding-right: 15px;
  top: 0px;
  right: 0px;
}
.tooltiptext {
  /*avoid the button to overlap on some docstring*/
  padding-right: 30px;
}
.ipython_tooltip {
  max-width: 700px;
  /*fade-in animation when inserted*/
  -webkit-animation: fadeOut 400ms;
  -moz-animation: fadeOut 400ms;
  animation: fadeOut 400ms;
  -webkit-animation: fadeIn 400ms;
  -moz-animation: fadeIn 400ms;
  animation: fadeIn 400ms;
  vertical-align: middle;
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
  overflow: visible;
  border: #ababab 1px solid;
  outline: none;
  padding: 3px;
  margin: 0px;
  padding-left: 7px;
  font-family: monospace;
  min-height: 50px;
  -moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 10px -1px #adadad;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 10px -1px #adadad;
  box-shadow: 0px 6px 10px -1px #adadad;
  border-radius: 2px;
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 1000;
}
.ipython_tooltip a {
  float: right;
}
.ipython_tooltip .tooltiptext pre {
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0;
  font-size: 100%;
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
}
.pretooltiparrow {
  left: 0px;
  margin: 0px;
  top: -16px;
  width: 40px;
  height: 16px;
  overflow: hidden;
  position: absolute;
}
.pretooltiparrow:before {
  background-color: #f7f7f7;
  border: 1px #ababab solid;
  z-index: 11;
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 15px;
  top: 10px;
  width: 25px;
  height: 25px;
  -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);
  -moz-transform: rotate(45deg);
  -ms-transform: rotate(45deg);
  -o-transform: rotate(45deg);
}
ul.typeahead-list i {
  margin-left: -10px;
  width: 18px;
}
[dir="rtl"] ul.typeahead-list i {
  margin-left: 0;
  margin-right: -10px;
}
ul.typeahead-list {
  max-height: 80vh;
  overflow: auto;
}
ul.typeahead-list > li > a {
  /** Firefox bug **/
  /* see https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/issues/559 */
  white-space: normal;
}
ul.typeahead-list  > li > a.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] .typeahead-list {
  text-align: right;
}
.cmd-palette .modal-body {
  padding: 7px;
}
.cmd-palette form {
  background: white;
}
.cmd-palette input {
  outline: none;
}
.no-shortcut {
  min-width: 20px;
  color: transparent;
}
[dir="rtl"] .no-shortcut.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
[dir="rtl"] .command-shortcut.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
.command-shortcut:before {
  content: "(command mode)";
  padding-right: 3px;
  color: #777777;
}
.edit-shortcut:before {
  content: "(edit)";
  padding-right: 3px;
  color: #777777;
}
[dir="rtl"] .edit-shortcut.pull-right {
  float: left !important;
  float: left;
}
#find-and-replace #replace-preview .match,
#find-and-replace #replace-preview .insert {
  background-color: #BBDEFB;
  border-color: #90CAF9;
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-radius: 0px;
}
[dir="ltr"] #find-and-replace .input-group-btn + .form-control {
  border-left: none;
}
[dir="rtl"] #find-and-replace .input-group-btn + .form-control {
  border-right: none;
}
#find-and-replace #replace-preview .replace .match {
  background-color: #FFCDD2;
  border-color: #EF9A9A;
  border-radius: 0px;
}
#find-and-replace #replace-preview .replace .insert {
  background-color: #C8E6C9;
  border-color: #A5D6A7;
  border-radius: 0px;
}
#find-and-replace #replace-preview {
  max-height: 60vh;
  overflow: auto;
}
#find-and-replace #replace-preview pre {
  padding: 5px 10px;
}
.terminal-app {
  background: #EEE;
}
.terminal-app #header {
  background: #fff;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.2);
}
.terminal-app .terminal {
  width: 100%;
  float: left;
  font-family: monospace;
  color: white;
  background: black;
  padding: 0.4em;
  border-radius: 2px;
  -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.4);
  box-shadow: 0px 0px 12px 1px rgba(87, 87, 87, 0.4);
}
.terminal-app .terminal,
.terminal-app .terminal dummy-screen {
  line-height: 1em;
  font-size: 14px;
}
.terminal-app .terminal .xterm-rows {
  padding: 10px;
}
.terminal-app .terminal-cursor {
  color: black;
  background: white;
}
.terminal-app #terminado-container {
  margin-top: 20px;
}
/*# sourceMappingURL=style.min.css.map */
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<style type="text/css">
    .highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.highlight  { background: #f8f8f8; }
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.highlight .k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.highlight .ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.highlight .cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.highlight .cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.highlight .cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.highlight .c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.highlight .cs { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.highlight .go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.highlight .gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.highlight .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.highlight .kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.highlight .kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.highlight .kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.highlight .kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.highlight .kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
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.highlight .nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
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.highlight .sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
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<body>


<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
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<h1 id="Greybox-Fuzzing">Greybox Fuzzing<a class="anchor-link" href="#Greybox-Fuzzing">&#182;</a></h1><p>In the <a href="MutationFuzzer.slides.html">previous chapter</a>, we have introduced <em>mutation-based fuzzing</em>, a technique that generates fuzz inputs by applying small mutations to given inputs.  In this chapter, we show how to <em>guide</em> these mutations towards specific goals such as coverage.  The algorithms in this book stem from the popular <a href="http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/">American Fuzzy Lop</a> (AFL) fuzzer, in particular from its <a href="https://github.com/mboehme/aflfast">AFLFast</a> and <a href="https://github.com/aflgo/aflgo">AFLGo</a> flavors. We will explore the greybox fuzzing algorithm behind AFL and how we can exploit it to solve various problems for automated vulnerability detection.</p>

</div>
</div>
</div></section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
</div><div class="inner_cell">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<p><strong>Prerequisites</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Reading the introduction on <a href="MutationFuzzer.slides.html">mutation-based fuzzing</a> is recommended.</li>
</ul>

</div>
</div>
</div></section></section><section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
</div><div class="inner_cell">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="Ingredients-for-Greybox-Fuzzing">Ingredients for Greybox Fuzzing<a class="anchor-link" href="#Ingredients-for-Greybox-Fuzzing">&#182;</a></h2><p>We start with discussing the most important parts we need for mutational testing and goal guidance.</p>

</div>
</div>
</div></section></section><section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
</div><div class="inner_cell">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="Background">Background<a class="anchor-link" href="#Background">&#182;</a></h3><p>AFL is a <em>mutation-based fuzzer</em>. Meaning, AFL generates new inputs by slightly modifying a seed input (i.e., mutation), or by joining the first half of one input with the second half of another (i.e., splicing).</p>

</div>
</div>
</div></section></section><section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
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<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<p>AFL is also a <em>greybox fuzzer</em> (not blackbox nor whitebox). Meaning, AFL leverages coverage-feedback to learn how to reach deeper into the program. It is not entirely blackbox because AFL leverages at least <em>some</em> program analysis. It is not entirely whitebox either because AFL does not build on heavyweight program analysis or constraint solving. Instead, AFL uses lightweight program instrumentation to glean some information about the (branch) coverage of a generated input.
If a generated input increases coverage, it is added to the seed corpus for further fuzzing.</p>

</div>
</div>
</div></section></section><section><section>
<div class="cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered"><div class="prompt input_prompt">
</div><div class="inner_cell">
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<p>To instrument a program, AFL injects a piece of code right after every conditional jump instruction. When executed, this so-called trampoline assigns the exercised branch a unique identifier and increments a counter that is associated with this branch. For efficiency, only a coarse branch hit count is maintained. In other words, for each input the fuzzer knows which branches and roughly how often they are exercised. 
The instrumentation is usually done at compile-time, i.e., when the program source code is compiled to an executable binary. However, it is possible to run AFL on uninstrumented binaries using tools such as a virtual machine (e.g., <a href="https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/qemu_mode">QEMU</a>) or a dynamic instrumentation tool (e.g., <a href="https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/afl-pin">Intel PinTool</a>). For Python programs, we can collect coverage information without any instrumentation (see chapter on <a href="Coverage.ipynb#Coverage-of-Basic-Fuzzing">collecting coverage</a>).</p>

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<h3 id="Mutator-and-Seed">Mutator and Seed<a class="anchor-link" href="#Mutator-and-Seed">&#182;</a></h3><p>We introduce specific classes for mutating a seed.</p>

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<p>First, we'll introduce the <code>Mutator</code> class. Given a seed input <code>inp</code>, the mutator returns a slightly modified version of <code>inp</code>.  In the <a href="GreyboxGrammarFuzzer.slides.html">chapter on greybox grammar fuzzing</a>, we extend this class to consider the input grammar for smart greybox fuzzing.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutators</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_random_character</span><span class="p">,</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert_random_character</span><span class="p">,</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flip_random_character</span>
        <span class="p">]</span>
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<p>For insertion, we add a a random character in a random position.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">insert_random_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s with a random character inserted&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="n">random_character</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randrange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">127</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">random_character</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<p>For deletion, if the string is non-empty choose a random position and delete the character. Otherwise, use the insertion-operation.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delete_random_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s with a random character deleted&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert_random_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<p>For substitution, if the string is non-empty choose a random position and flip a random bit in the character. Otherwise, use the insertion-operation.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">flip_random_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s with a random bit flipped in a random position&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert_random_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span>
        <span class="n">bit</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">new_c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">chr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">ord</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">^</span> <span class="n">bit</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">new_c</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<p>The main method is <code>mutate</code> which chooses a random mutation operator from the list of operators.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">):</span>    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Return s with a random mutation applied&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">mutator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutators</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">mutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>Let's try the mutator. You can actually interact with such a "cell" and try other inputs by loading this chapter as Jupyter notebook. After opening, run all cells in the notebook using "Kernel -&gt; Restart &amp; Run All".</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;cood&#39;</pre>
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<h3 id="Power-Schedules">Power Schedules<a class="anchor-link" href="#Power-Schedules">&#182;</a></h3><p>Now we introduce a new concept; the <em>power schedule</em>. A power schedule distributes the precious fuzzing time among the seeds in the population. Our objective is to maximize the time spent fuzzing those (most progressive) seeds which lead to higher coverage increase in shorter time.</p>
<p>We call the likelihood with which a seed is chosen from the population as the seed's <em>energy</em>. Throughout a fuzzing campaign, we would like to prioritize seeds that are more promising. Simply said, we do not want to waste energy fuzzing non-progressive seeds. We call the procedure that decides a seed's energy as the fuzzer's <em>power schedule</em>. For instance, AFL's schedule assigns more energy to seeds that are shorter, that execute faster, and yield coverage increases more often.</p>
<p>First, there is some information that we need to attach to each seed in addition to the seed's data. Hence, we define the following <code>Seed</code> class.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Set seed data&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span>
        
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns data as string representation of the seed&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span>
    <span class="fm">__repr__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="fm">__str__</span>
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<p>The power schedule that is implemented below assigns each seed the same energy. Once a seed is in the population, it will be fuzzed as often as any other seed in the population.</p>
<p>In Python, we can can squeeze long for-loops into much smaller statements.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>lambda x: ...</code> returns a function that takes <code>x</code> as input. Lambda allows for quick definitions unnamed functions.</li>
<li><code>map(f, l)</code> returns a list where the function <code>f</code> is applied to each element in list <code>l</code>.</li>
<li><code>np.random.choice(l,p)</code> returns element <code>l[i]</code> with probability in <code>p[i]</code>.</li>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">assignEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Assigns each seed the same energy&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">normalizedEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Normalize energy&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="n">sum_energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">energy</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># Add up all values in energy</span>
        <span class="n">norm_energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">nrg</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">nrg</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sum_energy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">energy</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">norm_energy</span>
    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">choose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Choose weighted by normalized energy.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>

        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">assignEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">norm_energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalizedEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">norm_energy</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">seed</span>
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<p>Let's see whether this power schedule chooses seeds uniformly at random. We ask the schedule 10k times to choose a seed from the population of three seeds (A, B, C) and keep track of the number of times we have seen each seed. We should see each seed about 3.3k times.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">population</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;A&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;B&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="n">schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">hits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="s2">&quot;A&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="s2">&quot;B&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="s2">&quot;C&quot;</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="p">}</span>

<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">hits</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>

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<pre>{&#39;A&#39;: 3372, &#39;B&#39;: 3319, &#39;C&#39;: 3309}</pre>
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<p>Looks good. Every seed has been chosen about a third of the time.</p>

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<h3 id="Runner-and-Sample-Program">Runner and Sample Program<a class="anchor-link" href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">&#182;</a></h3><p>We'll start with a small sample program of six lines. In order to collect coverage information during execution, we import the <code>FunctionCoverageRunner</code> class from the chapter on <a href="MutationFuzzer.ipynb#Guiding-by-Coverage">mutation-based fuzzing</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>FunctionCoverageRunner</code> constructor takes a Python <code>function</code> to execute. The function <code>run</code> takes an input, passes it on to the Python <code>function</code>, and collects the coverage information for this execution. The function <code>coverage()</code> returns a list of tuples <code>(function name, line number)</code> for each statement that has been covered in the Python <code>function</code>.</p>

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<p>The <code>crashme()</code> function raises an exception for the input "bad!". Let's see which statements are covered for the input "good".</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">crashme</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">if</span>             <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="k">if</span>         <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span>     <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;d&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">3</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;!&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">Exception</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="n">crashme_runner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">crashme_runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme_runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<pre>[(&#39;__exit__&#39;, 25), (&#39;crashme&#39;, 2), (&#39;run_function&#39;, 7)]</pre>
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<p>In <code>crashme</code>, the input "good" only covers the if-statement in line 2. The branch condition <code>len(s) &gt; 0 and s[0] == 'b'</code> evaluates to False.</p>

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<h2 id="Blackbox,-Greybox,-and-Boosted-Greybox-Fuzzing">Blackbox, Greybox, and Boosted Greybox Fuzzing<a class="anchor-link" href="#Blackbox,-Greybox,-and-Boosted-Greybox-Fuzzing">&#182;</a></h2><h3 id="Blackbox-Mutation-based-Fuzzer">Blackbox Mutation-based Fuzzer<a class="anchor-link" href="#Blackbox-Mutation-based-Fuzzer">&#182;</a></h3><p>Let's integrate both the mutator and power schedule into a fuzzer. We'll start with a blackbox fuzzer -- which does <em>not</em> leverage any coverage information.</p>
<p>Our <code>MutationFuzzer</code> class inherits from the <a href="Fuzzer.ipynb#Fuzzer-Classes">Fuzzer</a> class. For now, we only need to know the functions <code>fuzz</code> which returns a generated input and <code>runs</code> which executes <code>fuzz</code> a specified number of times. For our <code>MutationFuzzer</code> class, we override the function <code>fuzz</code>.</p>

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<p>The <code>MutationFuzzer</code> is constructed with a set of initial seeds, a mutator, and a power schedule. Throughout the fuzzing campaign, it maintains a seed corpus called <code>population</code>. The function <code>fuzz</code> returns either an unfuzzed seed from the initial seeds, or the result of fuzzing a seed in the population. The function <code>create_candidate</code> handles the latter. It randomly chooses an input from the population and applies a number of mutations.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MutationFuzzer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Fuzzer</span><span class="p">):</span>
    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seeds</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mutator</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seeds</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">seeds</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mutator</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">schedule</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Reset the initial population and seed index&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seeds</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed_index</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_candidate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns an input generated by fuzzing a seed in the population&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c1"># Stacking: Apply multiple mutations to generate the candidate</span>
        <span class="n">candidate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span>
        <span class="n">trials</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">candidate</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">trials</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="n">candidate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutator</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">candidate</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">candidate</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">fuzz</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns first each seed once and then generates new inputs&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed_index</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seeds</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="c1"># Still seeding</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seeds</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed_index</span><span class="p">]</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed_index</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="c1"># Mutating</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_candidate</span><span class="p">()</span>
            
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inp</span>
    
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<p>Okay, let's take the mutation fuzzer for a spin. Given a single seed, we ask it to generate three inputs.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span>
<span class="n">mutation_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MutationFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mutation_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fuzz</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mutation_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fuzz</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mutation_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fuzz</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<pre>good
ooD
cW(ond
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<p>Let's see how many statements the mutation-based blackbox fuzzer covers in a campaign with n=30k inputs.</p>
<p>The fuzzer function <code>runs(crashme_runner, trials=n)</code> generates <code>n</code> inputs and executes them on the <code>crashme</code> function via the <code>crashme_runner</code>. As stated earlier, the <code>crashme_runner</code> also collects coverage information.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MutationFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">())</span>

<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the blackbox mutation-based fuzzer </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the blackbox mutation-based fuzzer 1.41 seconds to generate and execute 30000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<p>In order to measure coverage, we import the <a href="Coverage.ipynb#Coverage-of-Basic-Fuzzing">population_coverage</a> function. It takes a set of inputs and a Python function, executes the inputs on that function and collects coverage information. Specifically, it returns a tuple <code>(all_coverage, cumulative_coverage)</code> where <code>all_coverage</code> is the set of statements covered by all inputs, and <code>cumulative_coverage</code> is the number of statements covered as the number of executed inputs increases. We are just interested in the latter to plot coverage over time.</p>

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<p>We extract the generated inputs from the blackbox fuzzer and measure coverage as the number of inputs increases.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">bb_max_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;The blackbox mutation-based fuzzer achieved a maximum coverage of </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> statements.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">bb_max_coverage</span>
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<pre>&#39;The blackbox mutation-based fuzzer achieved a maximum coverage of 3 statements.&#39;</pre>
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<p>The following generated inputs increased the coverage for our <code>crashme</code> <a href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">example</a>.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> \
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">idx</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span><span class="p">))</span> 
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">idx</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
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<pre>[&#39;good&#39;, &#39;bgod&#39;]</pre>
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<p><strong><em>Summary</em></strong>. This is how a blackbox mutation-based fuzzer works. We have integrated the <em>mutator</em> to generate inputs by fuzzing a provided set of initial seeds and the <em>power schedule</em> to decide which seed to choose next.</p>

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<h3 id="Greybox-Mutation-based-Fuzzer">Greybox Mutation-based Fuzzer<a class="anchor-link" href="#Greybox-Mutation-based-Fuzzer">&#182;</a></h3><p>In contrast to a blackbox fuzzer, a greybox fuzzer like <a href="http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/">AFL</a> <em>does</em> leverage coverage information. Specifically, a greybox fuzzer adds to the seed population generated inputs which increase code coverage.</p>
<p>The method <code>run()</code> is inherited from the <a href="Fuzzer.ipynb#Fuzzer-Classes">Fuzzer</a> class. It is called to generate and execute exactly one input. We override this function to add an input to the <code>population</code> that increases coverage. The greybox fuzzer attribute <code>coverages_seen</code> maintains the set of statements, that have previously been covered.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MutationFuzzer</span><span class="p">):</span>    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Reset the initial population, seed index, coverage information&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverages_seen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c1"># population is filled during greybox fuzzing</span>
           
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">runner</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Run function(inp) while tracking coverage.</span>
<span class="sd">           If we reach new coverage,</span>
<span class="sd">           add inp to population and its coverage to population_coverage</span>
<span class="sd">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outcome</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="n">new_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">())</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">new_coverage</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverages_seen</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="c1"># We have new coverage</span>
            <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">()</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverages_seen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_coverage</span><span class="p">)</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outcome</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>Let's take our greybox fuzzer for a spin.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span>
<span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">())</span>

<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the greybox mutation-based fuzzer </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the greybox mutation-based fuzzer 1.67 seconds to generate and execute 30000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<p>Does the greybox fuzzer cover more statements after generating the same number of test inputs?</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">greybox_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">gb_max_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">greybox_coverage</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;Our greybox mutation-based fuzzer covers </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> more statements&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gb_max_coverage</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">bb_max_coverage</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;Our greybox mutation-based fuzzer covers 2 more statements&#39;</pre>
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<p>Our seed population for our <a href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">example</a> now contains the following seeds.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span>
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<pre>[good, bood, ba,oo`, bad
 oo1]</pre>
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<p>Coverage-feedback is indeed helpful. The new seeds are like bread crumbs or milestones that guide the fuzzer to progress more quickly into deeper code regions. Following is a simple plot showing the coverage achieved over time for both fuzzers on our simple <a href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">example</a>.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="o">%</span><span class="k">matplotlib</span> inline
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">line_bb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blackbox_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Blackbox&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_gb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">greybox_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Greybox&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">handles</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">line_bb</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line_gb</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Coverage over time&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;# of inputs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;lines covered&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<p><strong><em>Summary</em></strong>. We have seen how a greybox fuzzer "discovers" interesting seeds that can lead to more progress. From the input <code>good</code>, our greybox fuzzer has slowly learned how to generate the input <code>bad!</code> which raises the exception. Now, how can we do that even faster?</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. How much coverage would be achieved over time using a blackbox <em>generation-based</em> fuzzer? Try plotting the coverage for all three fuzzers. You can define the blackbox generation-based fuzzer as follows.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">Fuzzer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">RandomFuzzer</span>
<span class="n">blackbox_gen_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RandomFuzzer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">min_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_length</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">char_start</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">char_range</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">96</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>You can execute your own code by opening this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>
<p><strong><em>Read</em></strong>. This is the high-level view how AFL works, one of the most successful vulnerability detection tools. If you are interested in the technical details, have a look at: <a href="https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/docs/technical_details.txt">https://github.com/mirrorer/afl/blob/master/docs/technical_details.txt</a></p>

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<h3 id="Boosted-Greybox-Fuzzer">Boosted Greybox Fuzzer<a class="anchor-link" href="#Boosted-Greybox-Fuzzer">&#182;</a></h3><p>Our boosted greybox fuzzer assigns more energy to seeds that promise to achieve more coverage. We change the power schedule such that seeds that exercise "unusual" paths have more energy. With <em>unusual paths</em>, we mean paths that are not exercised very often by generated inputs.</p>
<p>In order to identify which path is exercised by an input, we leverage the function <code>getPathID</code> from the section on <a href="WhenIsEnough.ipynb#Trace-Coverage">trace coverage</a>.</p>

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<p>The function <code>getPathID</code> returns a unique hash for a coverage set.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">getPathID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns a unique hash for the covered statements&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
    <span class="n">pickled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">hashlib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">md5</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pickled</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hexdigest</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<p>There are several ways to assign energy based on how unusual the exercised path is. In this case, we implement an exponential power schedule which computes the energy $e(s)$ for a seed $s$ as follows
$$e(s) = \frac{1}{f(p(s))^a}$$
where</p>
<ul>
<li>$p(s)$ returns the ID of the path exercised by $s$, </li>
<li>$f(p)$ returns the number of times the path $p$ is exercised by generated inputs, and </li>
<li>$a$ is a given exponent.</li>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">AFLFastSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">):</span> 
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exponent</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exponent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">exponent</span>
            
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">assignEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Assign exponential energy inversely proportional to path frequency&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">getPathID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exponent</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>In the greybox fuzzer, lets keep track of the number of times $f(p)$ each path $p$ is exercised, and update the power schedule.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CountingGreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">reset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Reset path frequency&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">runner</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Inform scheduler about path frequency&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outcome</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">path_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getPathID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">runner</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">())</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">path_id</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">path_id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">path_id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
            
        <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">outcome</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>Okay, lets run our boosted greybox fuzzer $n=10k$ times on our simple <a href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">example</a>. We set the exponentent of our exponential power schedule to $a=5$.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10000</span>
<span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span>
<span class="n">fast_schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AFLFastSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fast_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CountingGreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">fast_schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">fast_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the fuzzer w/ exponential schedule </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the fuzzer w/ exponential schedule 1.08 seconds to generate and execute 10000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x_axis</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">y_axis</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">())</span>

<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_axis</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_axis</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_axis</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">#plt.yscale(&quot;log&quot;)</span>
<span class="c1">#plt.yticks([10,100,1000,10000])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">;</span>
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FVVK2bfgU8DHwF+PXQji8VwWHzH9SgQnbySvBr4MvChqvrp0P0slar6VVW9g9ETDjYmedvQPS2FJO8B9lXV7qF7WUyGw+LzUSArWJKXMQqGL1TV3UP3M4Sqeg74Givn2tP5wHuTPMnoNPIFSf5p2JYmZzgsPh8FskIlCXArsKeqPjV0P0spyVSS09ryK4F3Az8YtqulUVXXVdXaqlrP6N/7g1X1ZwO3NTHDYZFV1SHg8KNA9gB3ngSPAjluSb4IfAN4c5K5JNuG7mkJnQ+8n9Fvjt9pr0uHbmqJnAk8lOQxRr8g7aqqk+KWzpXKx2dIkjoeOUiSOoaDJKljOEiSOoaDJKljOEiSOoaDJKljOEiSOv8HQyDohJol8AkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;             path id &#39;p&#39;           : path frequency &#39;f(p)&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">fast_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span>
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<pre>             path id &#39;p&#39;           : path frequency &#39;f(p)&#39;
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<pre>{&#39;f2e66f5447cf94afc06f4aff3d7cf349&#39;: 5684,
 &#39;3e55dc120b76995e04fdeb76ef790af8&#39;: 2629,
 &#39;e11bfcc84cfe5320d36a03abff4d8135&#39;: 1121,
 &#39;ccab8793361783ff88e8cafc58ed178b&#39;: 442,
 &#39;d5b7040bdd60ea92a98a0d715bdb7ced&#39;: 124}</pre>
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<p>How does it compare to our greybox fuzzer with the classical power schedule?</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;good&quot;</span>
<span class="n">orig_schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">orig_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CountingGreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">orig_schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">orig_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the fuzzer w/ original schedule </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the fuzzer w/ original schedule 0.76 seconds to generate and execute 10000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x_axis</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">y_axis</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">())</span>

<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_axis</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_axis</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_axis</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">#plt.yscale(&quot;log&quot;)</span>
<span class="c1">#plt.yticks([10,100,1000,10000])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="p">;</span>
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xb0FSHS6ZbkpcDngPdV1Q8mvZ6lpKp+VlW/xehbHNYned5e3jQOZ45fEaKJa9fKPwd8uqo+P+n1LFVV9TTwZWDDhJdy2hiHM8evCNFEtTdUdwD7quqjk17PUpNkKsmK9vjFwNuAb092VaePcThDquoocOwrQvYBtz/PvyLklEvyGeBrwGuTzCbZMuk1LTFvBt4FvDXJw+3n6kkvagm5ELg3yTcY/bG3p6q+MOE1nTbeyipJ6njmIEnqGAdJUsc4SJI6xkGS1DEOkqSOcZAkdYyDJKnzv+Q0489NlkzFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;             path id &#39;p&#39;           : path frequency &#39;f(p)&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">orig_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path_frequency</span>
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<pre>             path id &#39;p&#39;           : path frequency &#39;f(p)&#39;
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<pre>{&#39;f2e66f5447cf94afc06f4aff3d7cf349&#39;: 6799,
 &#39;3e55dc120b76995e04fdeb76ef790af8&#39;: 2164,
 &#39;e11bfcc84cfe5320d36a03abff4d8135&#39;: 743,
 &#39;ccab8793361783ff88e8cafc58ed178b&#39;: 294}</pre>
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<p>The exponential power schedule shaves some of the executions of the "high-frequency path" off and adds them to the lower-frequency paths. The path executed least often is either not at all exercised using the traditional power schedule or it is exercised much less often.</p>
<p>Let's have a look at the energy that is assigned to the discovered seeds.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">orig_energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">orig_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalizedEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">norm_energy</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orig_energy</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&#39;, </span><span class="si">%0.5f</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getPathID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">norm_energy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)))</span>
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<pre>&#39;f2e66f5447cf94afc06f4aff3d7cf349&#39;, 0.25000, &#39;good&#39;
&#39;3e55dc120b76995e04fdeb76ef790af8&#39;, 0.25000, &#39;bgko?&#39;
&#39;e11bfcc84cfe5320d36a03abff4d8135&#39;, 0.25000, &#39;bao|oD?&#39;
&#39;ccab8793361783ff88e8cafc58ed178b&#39;, 0.25000, &#39;bado}oiD\x7f&#39;
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fast_energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fast_schedule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">normalizedEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">norm_energy</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fast_energy</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&#39;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&#39;, </span><span class="si">%0.5f</span><span class="s2">, </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getPathID</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">norm_energy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)))</span>
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<pre>&#39;f2e66f5447cf94afc06f4aff3d7cf349&#39;, 0.00000, &#39;good&#39;
&#39;3e55dc120b76995e04fdeb76ef790af8&#39;, 0.00000, &#39;bood/&#39;
&#39;e11bfcc84cfe5320d36a03abff4d8135&#39;, 0.00002, &#39;ba^noD\x0f&#39;
&#39;ccab8793361783ff88e8cafc58ed178b&#39;, 0.00173, &#39;bad\x0f&#39;
&#39;d5b7040bdd60ea92a98a0d715bdb7ced&#39;, 0.99825, &#39;bad!\x0e&#39;
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<p>Exactly. Our new exponential power schedule assigns most energy to the seed exercising the lowest-frequency path.</p>
<p>Let's compare them in terms of coverage achieved over time for our simple <a href="#Runner-and-Sample-Program">example</a>.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orig_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fast_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crashme</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_orig</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orig_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Original Greybox Fuzzer&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_fast</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fast_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Boosted Greybox Fuzzer&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">handles</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">line_orig</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line_fast</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Coverage over time&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;# of inputs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;lines covered&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>

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<p>As expected, the boosted greybox fuzzer (with the exponential power schedule) achieves coverage much faster.</p>
<p><strong><em>Summary</em></strong>. By fuzzing seeds more often that exercises low-frequency paths, we can explore program paths in a much more efficient manner.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. You can try other exponents for the fast power schedule, or change the power shedule entirely. Note that a large exponent can lead to overflows and imprecisions in the floating point arithmetic producing unexpected results. You can execute your own code by opening this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>
<p><strong><em>Read</em></strong>. You can find out more about fuzzer boosting in the paper "<a href="https://mboehme.github.io/paper/CCS16.pdf">Coverage-based Greybox Fuzzing as Markov Chain</a>" \cite{boehme2018greybox} and check out the implementation into AFL at [<a href="http://github.com/mboehme/aflfast">http://github.com/mboehme/aflfast</a>].</p>

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<h3 id="Complex-Example:-XMLParser">Complex Example: XMLParser<a class="anchor-link" href="#Complex-Example:-XMLParser">&#182;</a></h3><p>Let's compare the three fuzzers on a more realistic example, the Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/html.parser.html">HTML parser</a>. We run all three fuzzers $n=5k$ times on the HTMLParser, starting with the "empty" seed.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># create wrapper function</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_parser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">HTMLParser</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># resets the HTMLParser object for every fuzz input</span>
    <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">feed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">inp</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5000</span>
<span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot; &quot;</span> <span class="c1"># empty seed</span>
<span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MutationFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">boosted_fuzzer</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CountingGreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">AFLFastSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">boosted_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took all three fuzzers </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took all three fuzzers 15.90 seconds to generate and execute 5000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<p>How do the fuzzers compare in terms of coverage over time?</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">black_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">grey_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">greybox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">boost_coverage</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">population_coverage</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">boosted_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">my_parser</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_black</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">black_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Blackbox Fuzzer&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_grey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">grey_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Greybox Fuzzer&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">line_boost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">boost_coverage</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Boosted Greybox Fuzzer&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">handles</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">line_boost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line_grey</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">line_black</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Coverage over time&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;# of inputs&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;lines covered&#39;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>

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<p>Both greybox fuzzers clearly outperform the greybox fuzzer. The reason is that the greybox fuzzer "discovers" interesting inputs along the way. Let's have a look at the last 10 inputs generated by the greybox versus blackbox fuzzer.</p>

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<div class="prompt input_prompt">In&nbsp;[47]:</div>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">blackbox_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inputs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<pre>[&#39;0&#39;, &#39;&#39;, &#39;$&#39;, &#39;0&#39;, &#39; u&#39;, &#39; |&#39;, &#39; L&#39;, &#39;!&#39;, &#39;&#39;, &#39;x &#39;]</pre>
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<pre>[&#39;wq e#kHy|jgQob16{4&lt;B/`rBG&gt;R&#39;,
 &#39;&lt;\n92h#Z?8- &amp;&lt;&#39;,
 &#39;L&lt;C5c&amp;tr)4%&lt;f&#39;,
 &#39;&#34;0=C\n*\x1c[&#34;&lt;`&#39;,
 &#39;&gt;?&#39;,
 &#39;8\x1380S&amp;&lt;&#39;,
 &#39;.&lt;izdc&#39;,
 &#39;/&amp;&lt;J&amp;\x15&#39;,
 &#34;c{VIw&lt;&lt;%&#39;JG_Z&#34;,
 &#39;;&amp;+\x18&lt;~&#39;]</pre>
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<p>The greybox fuzzer executes much more complicated inputs, many of which include special characters such as opening and closing brackets and chevrons (i.e., <code>&lt;, &gt;, [, ]</code>). Yet, many important keywords, such as <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> are still missing.</p>
<p>To inform the fuzzer about these important keywords, we will need <a href="Grammars.slides.html">grammars</a>; in the section on <a href="LangFuzzer.slides.html">smart greybox fuzzing</a>, we combine them with the techniques above.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. You can re-run these experiments to understand the variance of fuzzing experiments. Sometimes, the fuzzer that we claim to be superior does not seem to outperform the inferior fuzzer. In order to do this, you just need to open this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>

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<h2 id="Directed-Greybox-Fuzzing">Directed Greybox Fuzzing<a class="anchor-link" href="#Directed-Greybox-Fuzzing">&#182;</a></h2><p>Sometimes, you just want the fuzzer to reach some dangerous location in the source code. This could be a location, where you expect a buffer overflow. Or you want to test a recent change in your code base. How do we direct the fuzzer towards these locations?</p>
<p>In this chapter, we introduce directed greybox fuzzing as an optimization problem.</p>

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<h3 id="Solving-the-Maze">Solving the Maze<a class="anchor-link" href="#Solving-the-Maze">&#182;</a></h3><p>To provide a meaningful example where you can easily change the code complexity and target location, we generate the maze source code from the maze provided as string. This example is loosly based on an old <a href="https://feliam.wordpress.com/2010/10/07/the-symbolic-maze/">blog post</a> on symbolic execution by Felipe Andres Manzano (Quick shout-out!).</p>
<p>You simply specify the maze as a string. Like so.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">maze_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="s2">+-+-----+</span>
<span class="s2">|X|     |</span>
<span class="s2">| | --+ |</span>
<span class="s2">| |   | |</span>
<span class="s2">| +-- | |</span>
<span class="s2">|     |#|</span>
<span class="s2">+-----+-+</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
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<p>The code is generated using the function <code>generate_maze_code</code>. We'll hide the implementation and instead explain what it does. If you are interested in the coding, go <a href="ControlFlow.ipynb#Example:-Maze">here</a>.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">maze_code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">generate_maze_code</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze_string</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze_code</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<p>The objective is to get the "X" to the "#" by providing inputs <code>D</code> for down, <code>U</code> for up, <code>L</code> for left, and <code>R</code> for right.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;DDDDRRRRUULLUURRRRDDDD&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># Appending one more &#39;D&#39;, you have reached the target.</span>
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<pre>SOLVED

+-+-----+
| |     |
| | --+ |
| |   | |
| +-- | |
|     |X|
+-----+-+

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<p>Each character in <code>maze_string</code> represents a tile. For each tile, a tile-function is generated.</p>
<ul>
<li>If the current tile is "benign" (<code></code>), the tile-function corresponding to the next input character (D, U, L, R) is called. Unexpected input characters are ignored. If no more input characters are left, it returns "VALID" and the current maze state.</li>
<li>If the current tile is a "trap" (<code>+</code>,<code>|</code>,<code>-</code>), it returns "INVALID" and the current maze state.</li>
<li>If the current tile is the "target" (<code>#</code>), it returns "SOLVED" and the current maze state.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. You can test other sequences of input characters, or even change the maze entirely. In order to execute your own code, you just need to open this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>
<p>To get an idea of the generated code, lets look at the static <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_graph">call graph</a>. A call graph shows the order in which functions can be executed.</p>

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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_0&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge79" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_2_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_1_1</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_2_0</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_2_1</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_2_2</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_1_3</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_2_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_2_3</title>
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<g id="edge112" class="edge">
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<g id="edge111" class="edge">
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<g id="edge115" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_2_8&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge116" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_3_0&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge120" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_3_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge119" class="edge">
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<g id="edge122" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_3_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_3_0</title>
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<g id="edge118" class="edge">
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<g id="edge121" class="edge">
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<g id="edge117" class="edge">
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<g id="edge123" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_3_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge124" class="edge">
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<title>callgraphX__tile_4_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_4_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_3_1</title>
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<g id="edge142" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_4_1</title>
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<g id="edge145" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_4_2</title>
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<g id="edge141" class="edge">
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<g id="edge147" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge148" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<g id="edge153" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_3_3</title>
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<g id="edge150" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_4_2</title>
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<g id="edge151" class="edge">
<title>callgraphX__tile_4_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_4_3</title>
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<g id="edge152" class="edge">
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<g id="edge149" class="edge">
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<title>callgraphX__tile_5_1&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_5_1</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_6_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_5_2</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_6_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_6_1</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_6_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_6_2</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_6_2&#45;&gt;callgraphX__tile_7_2</title>
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<title>callgraphX__tile_6_3&#45;&gt;callgraphX__print_maze</title>
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<h3 id="A-First-Attempt">A First Attempt<a class="anchor-link" href="#A-First-Attempt">&#182;</a></h3><p>We introduce a <code>DictMutator</code> class which mutates strings by inserting a keyword from a given dictionary:</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DictMutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Mutator</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insert_from_dictionary</span><span class="p">)</span>
        
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">insert_from_dictionary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s with a keyword from the dictionary inserted&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">pos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="n">random_keyword</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">random_keyword</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">:]</span>
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<p>To fuzz the maze, we extend the <code>DictMutator</code> class to append dictionary keywords to the end of the seed and to remove a character from the end of the seed.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MazeMutator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DictMutator</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delete_last_character</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mutators</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append_from_dictionary</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">append_from_dictionary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s with a keyword from the dictionary appended&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">random_keyword</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">choice</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">random_keyword</span>
    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">delete_last_character</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Returns s without the last character&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<p>Let's try a standard greybox fuzzer with the classic power schedule and our extended maze mutator (n=10k).</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10000</span>
<span class="n">seed_input</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot; &quot;</span> <span class="c1"># empty seed</span>

<span class="n">maze_mutator</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MazeMutator</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;L&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;R&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;U&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;D&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">maze_schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">maze_fuzzer</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">maze_mutator</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maze_schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">maze_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the fuzzer </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the fuzzer 10.89 seconds to generate and execute 10000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<p>We will need to print statistics for several fuzzers. Why don't we define a function for that?</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fuzzer</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">total</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">solved</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
    <span class="n">invalid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
    <span class="n">valid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s2">&quot;INVALID&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">invalid</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
        <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="s2">&quot;VALID&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">valid</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
        <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SOLVED&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span> 
            <span class="n">solved</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">solved</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> 
                <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;First solution: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">))</span>
        <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;??&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;&quot;Out of </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> seeds, </span>
<span class="s2">* </span><span class="si">%4d</span><span class="s2"> solved the maze, </span>
<span class="s2">* </span><span class="si">%4d</span><span class="s2"> were valid but did not solve the maze, and </span>
<span class="s2">* </span><span class="si">%4d</span><span class="s2"> were invalid&quot;&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">total</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">solved</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">valid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">invalid</span><span class="p">))</span>   
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<p>How well does our good, old greybox fuzzer do?</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze_fuzzer</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>Out of 844 seeds, 
*    0 solved the maze, 
*  204 were valid but did not solve the maze, and 
*  640 were invalid
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<p>It probably didn't solve the maze a single time. How can we make the fuzzer aware how "far" a seed is from reaching the target? If we know that, we can just assign more energy to that seed.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. Print the statistics for the boosted fuzzer using the <code>AFLFastSchedule</code> and the <code>CountingGreyboxFuzzer</code>. It will likely perform much better than the unboosted greybox fuzzer: The lowest-probablity path happens to be also the path which reaches the target. You can execute your own code by opening this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>

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<h3 id="Computing-Function-Level-Distance">Computing Function-Level Distance<a class="anchor-link" href="#Computing-Function-Level-Distance">&#182;</a></h3><p>Using the static call graph for the maze code and the target function, we can compute the distance of each function $f$ to the target $t$ as the length of the shortest path between $f$ and $t$.</p>
<p>Fortunately, the generated maze code includes a function called <code>target_tile</code> which returns the name of the target-function.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">target</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">target_tile</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">target</span>
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<pre>&#39;tile_6_7&#39;</pre>
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<p>Now, we need to find the corresponding function in the call graph. The function <code>get_callgraph</code> returns the call graph for the maze code as <a href="https://networkx.github.io/">networkx</a> graph. Networkx provides some useful functions for graph analysis.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_callgraph</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze_code</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">node</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">target</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">target_node</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">node</span>
        <span class="k">break</span>
<span class="n">target_node</span>
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<pre>&#39;callgraphX__tile_6_7&#39;</pre>
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<p>We can now generate the function-level distance. The dictionary <code>distance</code> contains for each function the distance to the target-function.  If there is no path to the target, we assign a maximum distance (<code>0xFFFF</code>).</p>
<p>The function <code>nx.shortest_path_length(CG, node, target_node)</code> returns the length of the shortest path from function <code>node</code> to function <code>target_node</code> in the call graph <code>CG</code>.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">node</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nodes</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s2">&quot;__&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="p">:</span> 
        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;__&quot;</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
    <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> 
        <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">node</span>
    <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shortest_path_length</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cg</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">target_node</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">except</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0xFFFF</span>
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<p>These are the distance values for all tile-functions on the path to the target function.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mh">0xFFFF</span><span class="p">}</span>
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<pre>{&#39;callgraphX&#39;: 1,
 &#39;tile_2_1&#39;: 22,
 &#39;maze&#39;: 23,
 &#39;tile_6_3&#39;: 16,
 &#39;tile_6_4&#39;: 15,
 &#39;tile_2_3&#39;: 8,
 &#39;tile_6_5&#39;: 14,
 &#39;tile_5_1&#39;: 19,
 &#39;tile_2_4&#39;: 7,
 &#39;tile_3_7&#39;: 3,
 &#39;tile_2_5&#39;: 6,
 &#39;tile_6_7&#39;: 0,
 &#39;tile_2_6&#39;: 5,
 &#39;tile_2_7&#39;: 4,
 &#39;tile_4_1&#39;: 20,
 &#39;tile_5_5&#39;: 13,
 &#39;tile_4_3&#39;: 10,
 &#39;tile_4_4&#39;: 11,
 &#39;tile_5_7&#39;: 1,
 &#39;tile_3_1&#39;: 21,
 &#39;tile_4_5&#39;: 12,
 &#39;tile_6_2&#39;: 17,
 &#39;tile_4_7&#39;: 2,
 &#39;tile_6_1&#39;: 18,
 &#39;tile_3_3&#39;: 9}</pre>
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<p><strong><em>Summary</em></strong>. Using the static call graph and the target function $t$, we have shown how to compute the function-level distance of each function $f$ to the target $t$.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. You can try and execute your own code by opening this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>
<ul>
<li>How do we compute distance if there are multiple targets? (Hint: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean">Geometric Mean</a>).</li>
<li>Given the call graph (CG) and the control-flow graph (CFG$_f$) for each function $f$, how do we compute basic-block (BB)-level distance? (Hint: In CFG$_f$, measure the BB-level distance to <em>calls</em> of functions on the path to the target function. Remember that BB-level distance in functions with higher function-level distance is higher, too.)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>Read</em></strong>. If you are interested in other aspects of search, you can follow up by reading the chapter on <a href="SearchBasedFuzzer.slides.html">Search-based Fuzzing</a>. If you are interested, how to solve the problems above, you can have a look at our paper on "<a href="https://mboehme.github.io/paper/CCS17.pdf">Directed Greybox Fuzzing</a>".</p>

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<h3 id="Directed-Power-Schedule">Directed Power Schedule<a class="anchor-link" href="#Directed-Power-Schedule">&#182;</a></h3><p>Now that we know how to compute the function-level distance, let's try to implement a power schedule that assigns <em>more energy to seeds with a lower average distance</em> to the target function. Notice that the distance values are all <em>pre-computed</em>. These values are injected into program binary, just like the coverage instrumentation. In practice, this makes the computation of the average distance <em>extremely efficient</em>.</p>
<p>If you really want to know. Given the function-level distance $d_f(s,t)$ of a function $s$ to a function $t$ in call graph $CG$, our directed power schedule computes the seed distance $d(i,t)$ for a seed $i$ to function $t$ as $d(i,t)=\sum_{s\in CG}\dfrac{d_f(s,t)}{|CG|}$ where $|CG|$ is the number of nodes in the call graph $CG$.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DirectedSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PowerSchedule</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exponent</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">distance</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exponent</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">exponent</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getFunctions__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="n">functions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">):</span>
            <span class="n">functions</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">functions</span>
    
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">assignEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Assigns each seed energy inversely proportional</span>
<span class="sd">           to the average function-level distance to target.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;distance&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
                <span class="n">num_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
                <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
                <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getFunctions__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">):</span>
                    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">):</span>
                        <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">]</span>
                        <span class="n">num_dist</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
                <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">num_dist</span>
                <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exponent</span>
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<p>Let's see how the directed schedule performs against the good, old greybox fuzzer.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">directed_schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DirectedSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">directed_fuzzer</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">maze_mutator</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">directed_schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">directed_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the fuzzer </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the fuzzer 14.61 seconds to generate and execute 10000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">directed_fuzzer</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>Out of 1441 seeds, 
*    0 solved the maze, 
*  542 were valid but did not solve the maze, and 
*  899 were invalid
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<p>It probably didn't solve a single maze either, but we have more valid solutions. So, there is definitely progress.</p>
<p>Let's have a look at the distance values for each seed.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">directed_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xlabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Seed ID&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Distance&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
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<p>Let's normalize the y-axis and improve the importance of the small distance seeds.</p>
<h3 id="Improved-Directed-Power-Schedule">Improved Directed Power Schedule<a class="anchor-link" href="#Improved-Directed-Power-Schedule">&#182;</a></h3><p>The improved directed schedule normalizes seed distance between the minimal and maximal distance.
Again, if you really want to know. Given the seed distance $d(i,t)$ of a seed $i$ to a function $t$, our improved power schedule computes the new seed distance $d'(i,t)$ as 
$$
d'(i,t)=\begin{cases}
1 &amp; \text{if } d(i,t) = \text{minD} = \text{maxD}\\
\text{maxD} - \text{minD} &amp; \text{if } d(i,t) = \text{minD} \neq \text{maxD}\\
\frac{d(i,t)-\text{minD}}{\text{maxD} - \text{minD}} &amp; \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
$$
where 
$$\text{minD}=\min_{i\in T}[d(i,t)]$$
and
$$\text{maxD}=\max_{i\in T}[d(i,t)]$$
where $T$ is the set of seeds (i.e., the population).</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">AFLGoSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DirectedSchedule</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">assignEnergy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">):</span>
        <span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Assigns each seed energy inversely proportional</span>
<span class="sd">           to the average function-level distance to target.&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
        <span class="n">min_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0xFFFF</span>
        <span class="n">max_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;distance&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
                <span class="n">num_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
                <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
                <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__getFunctions__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coverage</span><span class="p">):</span>
                    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">):</span>
                        <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">]</span>
                        <span class="n">num_dist</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
                <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sum_dist</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">num_dist</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">max_dist</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">max_dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span>

        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span><span class="p">):</span>
                <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">max_dist</span><span class="p">:</span>
                    <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
                <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> 
                    <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">max_dist</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span>
            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">energy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">max_dist</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">min_dist</span><span class="p">))</span> 
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<p>Let's see how the improved power schedule performs.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">aflgo_schedule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AFLGoSchedule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">aflgo_fuzzer</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GreyboxFuzzer</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">seed_input</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">maze_mutator</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">aflgo_schedule</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">aflgo_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FunctionCoverageRunner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">trials</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>

<span class="s2">&quot;It took the fuzzer </span><span class="si">%0.2f</span><span class="s2"> seconds to generate and execute </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> inputs.&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>&#39;It took the fuzzer 22.91 seconds to generate and execute 10000 inputs.&#39;</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">print_stats</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">aflgo_fuzzer</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>First solution: &amp;.@9DWDx$SD:qD?R5RX1RRsU0ULLUCU&amp;R~RRRDDFDDDm
Out of 1987 seeds, 
*  332 solved the maze, 
*  192 were valid but did not solve the maze, and 
* 1463 were invalid
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<p>In contrast to all previous power schedules, this one generates hundreds of solutions. It has generated many solutions.</p>
<p>Let's filter out all ignored input characters from the first solution. The function <code>filter(f, seed.data)</code> returns a list of elements <code>e</code> in <code>seed.data</code> where the function <code>f</code> applied on <code>e</code> returns True.</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">seed</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">aflgo_fuzzer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">population</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">maze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="s2">&quot;SOLVED&quot;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="n">filtered</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="s2">&quot;UDLR&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">seed</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)))</span>
        <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filtered</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="k">break</span>
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<pre>DDDDRRRRUULLUURRRRDDDDD
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<p>This is definitely a solution for the maze specified at the beginning!</p>
<p><strong><em>Summary</em></strong>. After pre-computing the function-level distance to the target, we can develop a power schedule that assigns more energy to a seed with a smaller average function-level distance to the target. By normalizing seed distance values between the minimum and maximum seed distance, we can further boost the directed power schedule.</p>
<p><strong><em>Try it</em></strong>. Implement and evaluate a simpler directed power that uses the minimal (rather than average) function-level distance. What is the downside of using the minimal distance? In order to execute your code, you just need to open this chapter as Jupyter notebook.</p>
<p><strong><em>Read</em></strong>. You can find out more about directed greybox fuzzing in the equally-named paper "<a href="https://mboehme.github.io/paper/CCS17.pdf">Directed Greybox Fuzzing</a>" \cite{boehme2017greybox} and check out the implementation into AFL at <a href="http://github.com/aflgo/aflgo">http://github.com/aflgo/aflgo</a>.</p>

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<h2 id="Lessons-Learned">Lessons Learned<a class="anchor-link" href="#Lessons-Learned">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>A <em>greybox fuzzer</em> generates thousands of inputs per second. Pre-processing and lightweight instrumentation <ul>
<li>allows to maintain the efficiency <em>during</em> the fuzzing campaign, and </li>
<li>still provides enough information to control progress and slightly steer the fuzzer.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <em>power schedule</em> allows to steer/control the fuzzer. For instance,<ul>
<li>Our <a href="#Fuzzer-Boosting">boosted greybox fuzzer</a> spends more energy on seeds that exercise "unlikely" paths. The hope is that the generated inputs exercise even more unlikely paths. This in turn increases the number of paths explored per unit time.</li>
<li>Our <a href="#Directed-Greybox-Fuzzing">directed greybox fuzzer</a> spends more energy on seeds that are "closer" to a target location. The hope is that the generated inputs get even closer to the target.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The <em>mutator</em> defines the fuzzer's search space. <a href="GreyboxFuzzer.ipynb#A-First-Attempt">Customizing the mutator</a> for the given program allows to reduce the search space to only relevant inputs. In a couple of chapters, we'll learn about <a href="GreyboxGrammarFuzzer.slides.html">dictionary-based, and grammar-based mutators</a> to increase the ratio of valid inputs generated.</li>
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<h2 id="Next-Steps">Next Steps<a class="anchor-link" href="#Next-Steps">&#182;</a></h2><p>Our aim is still to sufficiently cover functionality, such that we can trigger as many bugs as possible.  To this end, we focus on two classes of techniques:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Try to cover as much <em>specified</em> functionality as possible.  Here, we would need a <em>specification of the input format,</em> distinguishing between individual input elements such as (in our case) numbers, operators, comments, and strings – and attempting to cover as many of these as possible.  We will explore this as it comes to <a href="GrammarFuzzer.slides.html">grammar-based testing</a>, and especially in <a href="GreyboxGrammarFuzzer.slides.html">grammar-based mutations</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Try to cover as much <em>implemented</em> functionality as possible.  The concept of a "population" that is systematically "evolved" through "mutations" will be explored in depth when discussing <a href="SearchBasedFuzzer.slides.html">search-based testing</a>.  Furthermore, <a href="SymbolicFuzzer.slides.html">symbolic testing</a> introduces how to systematically reach program locations by solving the conditions that lie on their paths.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>These two techniques make up the gist of the book; and, of course, they can also be combined with each other.  As usual, we provide runnable code for all.  Enjoy!</p>

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<p>We're done, so we clean up:</p>

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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;callgraph.dot&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;callgraph.dot&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;callgraph.py&#39;</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;callgraph.py&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<h2 id="Background">Background<a class="anchor-link" href="#Background">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li><strong>Find out more about AFL</strong>: <a href="http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/">http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/</a></li>
<li><strong>Learn about LibFuzzer</strong> (another famous greybox fuzzer): <a href="http://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html">http://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html</a></li>
<li><strong>How quickly must a whitebox fuzzer exercise each path to remain more efficient than a greybox fuzzer?</strong> Marcel Böhme and Soumya Paul. 2016. <a href="https://mboehme.github.io/paper/TSE15.pdf">A Probabilistic Analysis of the Efficiency of Automated Software Testing</a>, IEEE TSE, 42:345-360 \cite{boehme2016efficiency}</li>
</ul>

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<h2 id="Exercises">Exercises<a class="anchor-link" href="#Exercises">&#182;</a></h2><p>To be added. \todo{}</p>

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