amazonec2.go

package amazonec2

import (
	"crypto/md5"
	"crypto/rand"
	"encoding/base64"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net"
	"net/url"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/awserr"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/aws/session"
	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go/service/ec2"
	"github.com/docker/machine/drivers/driverutil"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/drivers"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/log"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/mcnflag"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/mcnutils"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/ssh"
	"github.com/docker/machine/libmachine/state"
)

const (
	driverName                  = "amazonec2"
	ipRange                     = "0.0.0.0/0"
	machineSecurityGroupName    = "docker-machine"
	defaultAmiId                = "ami-c60b90d1"
	defaultRegion               = "us-east-1"
	defaultInstanceType         = "t2.micro"
	defaultDeviceName           = "/dev/sda1"
	defaultRootSize             = 16
	defaultVolumeType           = "gp2"
	defaultZone                 = "a"
	defaultSecurityGroup        = machineSecurityGroupName
	defaultSSHUser              = "ubuntu"
	defaultSpotPrice            = "0.50"
	defaultBlockDurationMinutes = 0
)

const (
	keypairNotFoundCode             = "InvalidKeyPair.NotFound"
	spotInstanceRequestNotFoundCode = "InvalidSpotInstanceRequestID.NotFound"
)

var (
	dockerPort                           = 2376
	swarmPort                            = 3376
	errorNoPrivateSSHKey                 = errors.New("using --amazonec2-keypair-name also requires --amazonec2-ssh-keypath")
	errorMissingCredentials              = errors.New("amazonec2 driver requires AWS credentials configured with the --amazonec2-access-key and --amazonec2-secret-key options, environment variables, ~/.aws/credentials, or an instance role")
	errorNoVPCIdFound                    = errors.New("amazonec2 driver requires either the --amazonec2-subnet-id or --amazonec2-vpc-id option or an AWS Account with a default vpc-id")
	errorNoSubnetsFound                  = errors.New("The desired subnet could not be located in this region. Is '--amazonec2-subnet-id' or AWS_SUBNET_ID configured correctly?")
	errorDisableSSLWithoutCustomEndpoint = errors.New("using --amazonec2-insecure-transport also requires --amazonec2-endpoint")
	errorReadingUserData                 = errors.New("unable to read --amazonec2-userdata file")
)

type Driver struct {
	*drivers.BaseDriver
	clientFactory         func() Ec2Client
	awsCredentialsFactory func() awsCredentials
	Id                    string
	AccessKey             string
	SecretKey             string
	SessionToken          string
	Region                string
	AMI                   string
	SSHKeyID              int
	// ExistingKey keeps track of whether the key was created by us or we used an existing one. If an existing one was used, we shouldn't delete it when the machine is deleted.
	ExistingKey      bool
	KeyName          string
	InstanceId       string
	InstanceType     string
	PrivateIPAddress string

	// NB: SecurityGroupId expanded from single value to slice on 26 Feb 2016 - we maintain both for host storage backwards compatibility.
	SecurityGroupId  string
	SecurityGroupIds []string

	// NB: SecurityGroupName expanded from single value to slice on 26 Feb 2016 - we maintain both for host storage backwards compatibility.
	SecurityGroupName  string
	SecurityGroupNames []string

	OpenPorts               []string
	Tags                    string
	ReservationId           string
	DeviceName              string
	RootSize                int64
	VolumeType              string
	IamInstanceProfile      string
	VpcId                   string
	SubnetId                string
	Zone                    string
	keyPath                 string
	RequestSpotInstance     bool
	SpotPrice               string
	BlockDurationMinutes    int64
	PrivateIPOnly           bool
	UsePrivateIP            bool
	UseEbsOptimizedInstance bool
	Monitoring              bool
	SSHPrivateKeyPath       string
	RetryCount              int
	Endpoint                string
	DisableSSL              bool
	UserDataFile            string

	spotInstanceRequestId string
}

type clientFactory interface {
	build(d *Driver) Ec2Client
}

func (d *Driver) GetCreateFlags() []mcnflag.Flag {
	return []mcnflag.Flag{
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-access-key",
			Usage:  "AWS Access Key",
			EnvVar: "AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-secret-key",
			Usage:  "AWS Secret Key",
			EnvVar: "AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-session-token",
			Usage:  "AWS Session Token",
			EnvVar: "AWS_SESSION_TOKEN",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-ami",
			Usage:  "AWS machine image",
			EnvVar: "AWS_AMI",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-region",
			Usage:  "AWS region",
			Value:  defaultRegion,
			EnvVar: "AWS_DEFAULT_REGION",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-vpc-id",
			Usage:  "AWS VPC id",
			EnvVar: "AWS_VPC_ID",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-zone",
			Usage:  "AWS zone for instance (i.e. a,b,c,d,e)",
			Value:  defaultZone,
			EnvVar: "AWS_ZONE",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-subnet-id",
			Usage:  "AWS VPC subnet id",
			EnvVar: "AWS_SUBNET_ID",
		},
		mcnflag.StringSliceFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-security-group",
			Usage:  "AWS VPC security group",
			Value:  []string{defaultSecurityGroup},
			EnvVar: "AWS_SECURITY_GROUP",
		},
		mcnflag.StringSliceFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-open-port",
			Usage: "Make the specified port number accessible from the Internet",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-tags",
			Usage:  "AWS Tags (e.g. key1,value1,key2,value2)",
			EnvVar: "AWS_TAGS",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-instance-type",
			Usage:  "AWS instance type",
			Value:  defaultInstanceType,
			EnvVar: "AWS_INSTANCE_TYPE",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-device-name",
			Usage:  "AWS root device name",
			Value:  defaultDeviceName,
			EnvVar: "AWS_DEVICE_NAME",
		},
		mcnflag.IntFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-root-size",
			Usage:  "AWS root disk size (in GB)",
			Value:  defaultRootSize,
			EnvVar: "AWS_ROOT_SIZE",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-volume-type",
			Usage:  "Amazon EBS volume type",
			Value:  defaultVolumeType,
			EnvVar: "AWS_VOLUME_TYPE",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-iam-instance-profile",
			Usage:  "AWS IAM Instance Profile",
			EnvVar: "AWS_INSTANCE_PROFILE",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-ssh-user",
			Usage:  "Set the name of the ssh user",
			Value:  defaultSSHUser,
			EnvVar: "AWS_SSH_USER",
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-request-spot-instance",
			Usage: "Set this flag to request spot instance",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-spot-price",
			Usage: "AWS spot instance bid price (in dollar)",
			Value: defaultSpotPrice,
		},
		mcnflag.IntFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-block-duration-minutes",
			Usage: "AWS spot instance duration in minutes (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, or 360)",
			Value: defaultBlockDurationMinutes,
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-private-address-only",
			Usage: "Only use a private IP address",
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-use-private-address",
			Usage: "Force the usage of private IP address",
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-monitoring",
			Usage: "Set this flag to enable CloudWatch monitoring",
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-use-ebs-optimized-instance",
			Usage: "Create an EBS optimized instance",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-ssh-keypath",
			Usage:  "SSH Key for Instance",
			EnvVar: "AWS_SSH_KEYPATH",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-keypair-name",
			Usage:  "AWS keypair to use; requires --amazonec2-ssh-keypath",
			EnvVar: "AWS_KEYPAIR_NAME",
		},
		mcnflag.IntFlag{
			Name:  "amazonec2-retries",
			Usage: "Set retry count for recoverable failures (use -1 to disable)",
			Value: 5,
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-endpoint",
			Usage:  "Optional endpoint URL (hostname only or fully qualified URI)",
			Value:  "",
			EnvVar: "AWS_ENDPOINT",
		},
		mcnflag.BoolFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-insecure-transport",
			Usage:  "Disable SSL when sending requests",
			EnvVar: "AWS_INSECURE_TRANSPORT",
		},
		mcnflag.StringFlag{
			Name:   "amazonec2-userdata",
			Usage:  "path to file with cloud-init user data",
			EnvVar: "AWS_USERDATA",
		},
	}
}

func NewDriver(hostName, storePath string) *Driver {
	id := generateId()
	driver := &Driver{
		Id:                   id,
		AMI:                  defaultAmiId,
		Region:               defaultRegion,
		InstanceType:         defaultInstanceType,
		RootSize:             defaultRootSize,
		Zone:                 defaultZone,
		SecurityGroupNames:   []string{defaultSecurityGroup},
		SpotPrice:            defaultSpotPrice,
		BlockDurationMinutes: defaultBlockDurationMinutes,
		BaseDriver: &drivers.BaseDriver{
			SSHUser:     defaultSSHUser,
			MachineName: hostName,
			StorePath:   storePath,
		},
	}

	driver.clientFactory = driver.buildClient
	driver.awsCredentialsFactory = driver.buildCredentials

	return driver
}

func (d *Driver) buildClient() Ec2Client {
	config := aws.NewConfig()
	alogger := AwsLogger()
	config = config.WithRegion(d.Region)
	config = config.WithCredentials(d.awsCredentialsFactory().Credentials())
	config = config.WithLogger(alogger)
	config = config.WithLogLevel(aws.LogDebugWithHTTPBody)
	config = config.WithMaxRetries(d.RetryCount)
	if d.Endpoint != "" {
		config = config.WithEndpoint(d.Endpoint)
		config = config.WithDisableSSL(d.DisableSSL)
	}
	return ec2.New(session.New(config))
}

func (d *Driver) buildCredentials() awsCredentials {
	return NewAWSCredentials(d.AccessKey, d.SecretKey, d.SessionToken)
}

func (d *Driver) getClient() Ec2Client {
	return d.clientFactory()
}

func (d *Driver) SetConfigFromFlags(flags drivers.DriverOptions) error {
	d.Endpoint = flags.String("amazonec2-endpoint")

	region, err := validateAwsRegion(flags.String("amazonec2-region"))
	if err != nil && d.Endpoint == "" {
		return err
	}

	image := flags.String("amazonec2-ami")
	if len(image) == 0 {
		image = regionDetails[region].AmiId
	}

	d.AccessKey = flags.String("amazonec2-access-key")
	d.SecretKey = flags.String("amazonec2-secret-key")
	d.SessionToken = flags.String("amazonec2-session-token")
	d.Region = region
	d.AMI = image
	d.RequestSpotInstance = flags.Bool("amazonec2-request-spot-instance")
	d.SpotPrice = flags.String("amazonec2-spot-price")
	d.BlockDurationMinutes = int64(flags.Int("amazonec2-block-duration-minutes"))
	d.InstanceType = flags.String("amazonec2-instance-type")
	d.VpcId = flags.String("amazonec2-vpc-id")
	d.SubnetId = flags.String("amazonec2-subnet-id")
	d.SecurityGroupNames = flags.StringSlice("amazonec2-security-group")
	d.Tags = flags.String("amazonec2-tags")
	zone := flags.String("amazonec2-zone")
	d.Zone = zone[:]
	d.DeviceName = flags.String("amazonec2-device-name")
	d.RootSize = int64(flags.Int("amazonec2-root-size"))
	d.VolumeType = flags.String("amazonec2-volume-type")
	d.IamInstanceProfile = flags.String("amazonec2-iam-instance-profile")
	d.SSHUser = flags.String("amazonec2-ssh-user")
	d.SSHPort = 22
	d.PrivateIPOnly = flags.Bool("amazonec2-private-address-only")
	d.UsePrivateIP = flags.Bool("amazonec2-use-private-address")
	d.Monitoring = flags.Bool("amazonec2-monitoring")
	d.UseEbsOptimizedInstance = flags.Bool("amazonec2-use-ebs-optimized-instance")
	d.SSHPrivateKeyPath = flags.String("amazonec2-ssh-keypath")
	d.KeyName = flags.String("amazonec2-keypair-name")
	d.ExistingKey = flags.String("amazonec2-keypair-name") != ""
	d.SetSwarmConfigFromFlags(flags)
	d.RetryCount = flags.Int("amazonec2-retries")
	d.OpenPorts = flags.StringSlice("amazonec2-open-port")
	d.UserDataFile = flags.String("amazonec2-userdata")

	d.DisableSSL = flags.Bool("amazonec2-insecure-transport")

	if d.DisableSSL && d.Endpoint == "" {
		return errorDisableSSLWithoutCustomEndpoint
	}

	if d.KeyName != "" && d.SSHPrivateKeyPath == "" {
		return errorNoPrivateSSHKey
	}

	_, err = d.awsCredentialsFactory().Credentials().Get()
	if err != nil {
		return errorMissingCredentials
	}

	if d.VpcId == "" {
		d.VpcId, err = d.getDefaultVPCId()
		if err != nil {
			log.Warnf("Couldn't determine your account Default VPC ID : %q", err)
		}
	}

	if d.SubnetId == "" && d.VpcId == "" {
		return errorNoVPCIdFound
	}

	if d.SubnetId != "" && d.VpcId != "" {
		subnetFilter := []*ec2.Filter{
			{
				Name:   aws.String("subnet-id"),
				Values: []*string{&d.SubnetId},
			},
		}

		subnets, err := d.getClient().DescribeSubnets(&ec2.DescribeSubnetsInput{
			Filters: subnetFilter,
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if subnets == nil || len(subnets.Subnets) == 0 {
			return errorNoSubnetsFound
		}

		if *subnets.Subnets[0].VpcId != d.VpcId {
			return fmt.Errorf("SubnetId: %s does not belong to VpcId: %s", d.SubnetId, d.VpcId)
		}
	}

	if d.isSwarmMaster() {
		u, err := url.Parse(d.SwarmHost)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("error parsing swarm host: %s", err)
		}

		parts := strings.Split(u.Host, ":")
		port, err := strconv.Atoi(parts[1])
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		swarmPort = port
	}

	return nil
}

// DriverName returns the name of the driver
func (d *Driver) DriverName() string {
	return driverName
}

func (d *Driver) checkPrereqs() error {
	// check for existing keypair
	keyName := d.KeyName
	keyShouldExist := true
	if keyName == "" {
		keyName = d.MachineName
		keyShouldExist = false
	}

	key, err := d.getClient().DescribeKeyPairs(&ec2.DescribeKeyPairsInput{
		KeyNames: []*string{&keyName},
	})
	if err != nil {
		if awsErr, ok := err.(awserr.Error); ok {
			if awsErr.Code() == keypairNotFoundCode && keyShouldExist {
				return fmt.Errorf("There is no keypair with the name %s. Please verify the key name provided.", keyName)
			}
			if awsErr.Code() == keypairNotFoundCode && !keyShouldExist {
				// Not a real error for 'NotFound' since we're checking existence
			}
		} else {
			return err
		}
	}

	// In case we got a result with an empty set of keys
	if err == nil && len(key.KeyPairs) != 0 {
		if !keyShouldExist {
			return fmt.Errorf("There is already a keypair with the name %s.  Please either remove that keypair or use a different machine name.", d.MachineName)
		}
		// otherwise we found the key: success
	}

	regionZone := d.getRegionZone()
	if d.SubnetId == "" {
		filters := []*ec2.Filter{
			{
				Name:   aws.String("availability-zone"),
				Values: []*string{&regionZone},
			},
			{
				Name:   aws.String("vpc-id"),
				Values: []*string{&d.VpcId},
			},
		}

		subnets, err := d.getClient().DescribeSubnets(&ec2.DescribeSubnetsInput{
			Filters: filters,
		})
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if len(subnets.Subnets) == 0 {
			return fmt.Errorf("unable to find a subnet in the zone: %s", regionZone)
		}

		d.SubnetId = *subnets.Subnets[0].SubnetId

		// try to find default
		if len(subnets.Subnets) > 1 {
			for _, subnet := range subnets.Subnets {
				if subnet.DefaultForAz != nil && *subnet.DefaultForAz {
					d.SubnetId = *subnet.SubnetId
					break
				}
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) PreCreateCheck() error {
	return d.checkPrereqs()
}

func (d *Driver) instanceIpAvailable() bool {
	ip, err := d.GetIP()
	if err != nil {
		log.Debug(err)
	}
	if ip != "" {
		d.IPAddress = ip
		log.Debugf("Got the IP Address, it's %q", d.IPAddress)
		return true
	}
	return false
}

func makePointerSlice(stackSlice []string) []*string {
	pointerSlice := []*string{}
	for i := range stackSlice {
		pointerSlice = append(pointerSlice, &stackSlice[i])
	}
	return pointerSlice
}

// Support migrating single string Driver fields to slices.
func migrateStringToSlice(value string, values []string) (result []string) {
	if value != "" {
		result = append(result, value)
	}
	result = append(result, values...)
	return
}

func (d *Driver) securityGroupNames() (ids []string) {
	return migrateStringToSlice(d.SecurityGroupName, d.SecurityGroupNames)
}

func (d *Driver) securityGroupIds() (ids []string) {
	return migrateStringToSlice(d.SecurityGroupId, d.SecurityGroupIds)
}

func (d *Driver) Base64UserData() (userdata string, err error) {
	if d.UserDataFile != "" {
		buf, ioerr := ioutil.ReadFile(d.UserDataFile)
		if ioerr != nil {
			log.Warnf("failed to read user data file %q: %s", d.UserDataFile, ioerr)
			err = errorReadingUserData
			return
		}
		userdata = base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(buf)
	}
	return
}

func (d *Driver) Create() error {
	if err := d.checkPrereqs(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := d.innerCreate(); err != nil {
		// cleanup partially created resources
		d.Remove()
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) innerCreate() error {
	log.Infof("Launching instance...")

	if err := d.createKeyPair(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create key pair: %s", err)
	}

	if err := d.configureSecurityGroups(d.securityGroupNames()); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var userdata string
	if b64, err := d.Base64UserData(); err != nil {
		return err
	} else {
		userdata = b64
	}

	bdm := &ec2.BlockDeviceMapping{
		DeviceName: aws.String(d.DeviceName),
		Ebs: &ec2.EbsBlockDevice{
			VolumeSize:          aws.Int64(d.RootSize),
			VolumeType:          aws.String(d.VolumeType),
			DeleteOnTermination: aws.Bool(true),
		},
	}
	netSpecs := []*ec2.InstanceNetworkInterfaceSpecification{{
		DeviceIndex:              aws.Int64(0), // eth0
		Groups:                   makePointerSlice(d.securityGroupIds()),
		SubnetId:                 &d.SubnetId,
		AssociatePublicIpAddress: aws.Bool(!d.PrivateIPOnly),
	}}

	regionZone := d.getRegionZone()
	log.Debugf("launching instance in subnet %s", d.SubnetId)

	var instance *ec2.Instance

	if d.RequestSpotInstance {
		req := ec2.RequestSpotInstancesInput{
			LaunchSpecification: &ec2.RequestSpotLaunchSpecification{
				ImageId: &d.AMI,
				Placement: &ec2.SpotPlacement{
					AvailabilityZone: &regionZone,
				},
				KeyName:           &d.KeyName,
				InstanceType:      &d.InstanceType,
				NetworkInterfaces: netSpecs,
				Monitoring:        &ec2.RunInstancesMonitoringEnabled{Enabled: aws.Bool(d.Monitoring)},
				IamInstanceProfile: &ec2.IamInstanceProfileSpecification{
					Name: &d.IamInstanceProfile,
				},
				EbsOptimized:        &d.UseEbsOptimizedInstance,
				BlockDeviceMappings: []*ec2.BlockDeviceMapping{bdm},
				UserData:            &userdata,
			},
			InstanceCount: aws.Int64(1),
			SpotPrice:     &d.SpotPrice,
		}
		if d.BlockDurationMinutes != 0 {
			req.BlockDurationMinutes = &d.BlockDurationMinutes
		}

		spotInstanceRequest, err := d.getClient().RequestSpotInstances(&req)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Error request spot instance: %s", err)
		}
		d.spotInstanceRequestId = *spotInstanceRequest.SpotInstanceRequests[0].SpotInstanceRequestId

		log.Info("Waiting for spot instance...")
		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
			// AWS eventual consistency means we could not have SpotInstanceRequest ready yet
			err = d.getClient().WaitUntilSpotInstanceRequestFulfilled(&ec2.DescribeSpotInstanceRequestsInput{
				SpotInstanceRequestIds: []*string{&d.spotInstanceRequestId},
			})
			if err != nil {
				if awsErr, ok := err.(awserr.Error); ok {
					if awsErr.Code() == spotInstanceRequestNotFoundCode {
						time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
						continue
					}
				}
				return fmt.Errorf("Error fulfilling spot request: %v", err)
			}
			break
		}
		log.Infof("Created spot instance request %v", d.spotInstanceRequestId)
		// resolve instance id
		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
			// Even though the waiter succeeded, eventual consistency means we could
			// get a describe output that does not include this information. Try a
			// few times just in case
			var resolvedSpotInstance *ec2.DescribeSpotInstanceRequestsOutput
			resolvedSpotInstance, err = d.getClient().DescribeSpotInstanceRequests(&ec2.DescribeSpotInstanceRequestsInput{
				SpotInstanceRequestIds: []*string{&d.spotInstanceRequestId},
			})
			if err != nil {
				// Unexpected; no need to retry
				return fmt.Errorf("Error describing previously made spot instance request: %v", err)
			}
			maybeInstanceId := resolvedSpotInstance.SpotInstanceRequests[0].InstanceId
			if maybeInstanceId != nil {
				var instances *ec2.DescribeInstancesOutput
				instances, err = d.getClient().DescribeInstances(&ec2.DescribeInstancesInput{
					InstanceIds: []*string{maybeInstanceId},
				})
				if err != nil {
					// Retry if we get an id from spot instance but EC2 doesn't recognize it yet; see above, eventual consistency possible
					continue
				}
				instance = instances.Reservations[0].Instances[0]
				err = nil
				break
			}
			time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
		}

		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Error resolving spot instance to real instance: %v", err)
		}
	} else {
		inst, err := d.getClient().RunInstances(&ec2.RunInstancesInput{
			ImageId:  &d.AMI,
			MinCount: aws.Int64(1),
			MaxCount: aws.Int64(1),
			Placement: &ec2.Placement{
				AvailabilityZone: &regionZone,
			},
			KeyName:           &d.KeyName,
			InstanceType:      &d.InstanceType,
			NetworkInterfaces: netSpecs,
			Monitoring:        &ec2.RunInstancesMonitoringEnabled{Enabled: aws.Bool(d.Monitoring)},
			IamInstanceProfile: &ec2.IamInstanceProfileSpecification{
				Name: &d.IamInstanceProfile,
			},
			EbsOptimized:        &d.UseEbsOptimizedInstance,
			BlockDeviceMappings: []*ec2.BlockDeviceMapping{bdm},
			UserData:            &userdata,
		})

		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("Error launching instance: %s", err)
		}
		instance = inst.Instances[0]
	}

	d.InstanceId = *instance.InstanceId

	log.Debug("waiting for ip address to become available")
	if err := mcnutils.WaitFor(d.instanceIpAvailable); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if instance.PrivateIpAddress != nil {
		d.PrivateIPAddress = *instance.PrivateIpAddress
	}

	d.waitForInstance()

	log.Debugf("created instance ID %s, IP address %s, Private IP address %s",
		d.InstanceId,
		d.IPAddress,
		d.PrivateIPAddress,
	)

	log.Debug("Settings tags for instance")
	err := d.configureTags(d.Tags)

	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("Unable to tag instance %s: %s", d.InstanceId, err)
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) GetURL() (string, error) {
	if err := drivers.MustBeRunning(d); err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	ip, err := d.GetIP()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}
	if ip == "" {
		return "", nil
	}

	return fmt.Sprintf("tcp://%s", net.JoinHostPort(ip, strconv.Itoa(dockerPort))), nil
}

func (d *Driver) GetIP() (string, error) {
	inst, err := d.getInstance()
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	if d.PrivateIPOnly {
		if inst.PrivateIpAddress == nil {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("No private IP for instance %v", *inst.InstanceId)
		}
		return *inst.PrivateIpAddress, nil
	}

	if d.UsePrivateIP {
		if inst.PrivateIpAddress == nil {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("No private IP for instance %v", *inst.InstanceId)
		}
		return *inst.PrivateIpAddress, nil
	}

	if inst.PublicIpAddress == nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("No IP for instance %v", *inst.InstanceId)
	}
	return *inst.PublicIpAddress, nil
}

func (d *Driver) GetState() (state.State, error) {
	inst, err := d.getInstance()
	if err != nil {
		return state.Error, err
	}
	switch *inst.State.Name {
	case ec2.InstanceStateNamePending:
		return state.Starting, nil
	case ec2.InstanceStateNameRunning:
		return state.Running, nil
	case ec2.InstanceStateNameStopping:
		return state.Stopping, nil
	case ec2.InstanceStateNameShuttingDown:
		return state.Stopping, nil
	case ec2.InstanceStateNameStopped:
		return state.Stopped, nil
	case ec2.InstanceStateNameTerminated:
		return state.Error, nil
	default:
		log.Warnf("unrecognized instance state: %v", *inst.State.Name)
		return state.Error, nil
	}
}

func (d *Driver) GetSSHHostname() (string, error) {
	// TODO: use @nathanleclaire retry func here (ehazlett)
	return d.GetIP()
}

func (d *Driver) GetSSHUsername() string {
	if d.SSHUser == "" {
		d.SSHUser = defaultSSHUser
	}

	return d.SSHUser
}

func (d *Driver) Start() error {
	_, err := d.getClient().StartInstances(&ec2.StartInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return d.waitForInstance()
}

func (d *Driver) Stop() error {
	_, err := d.getClient().StopInstances(&ec2.StopInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
		Force:       aws.Bool(false),
	})
	return err
}

func (d *Driver) Restart() error {
	_, err := d.getClient().RebootInstances(&ec2.RebootInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
	})
	return err
}

func (d *Driver) Kill() error {
	_, err := d.getClient().StopInstances(&ec2.StopInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
		Force:       aws.Bool(true),
	})
	return err
}

func (d *Driver) Remove() error {
	multierr := mcnutils.MultiError{
		Errs: []error{},
	}

	if err := d.terminate(); err != nil {
		multierr.Errs = append(multierr.Errs, err)
	}

	// In case of failure waiting for a SpotInstance, we must cancel the unfulfilled request, otherwise an instance may be created later.
	// If the instance was created, terminating it will be enough for canceling the SpotInstanceRequest
	if d.RequestSpotInstance && d.spotInstanceRequestId != "" {
		if err := d.cancelSpotInstanceRequest(); err != nil {
			multierr.Errs = append(multierr.Errs, err)
		}
	}

	if !d.ExistingKey {
		if err := d.deleteKeyPair(); err != nil {
			multierr.Errs = append(multierr.Errs, err)
		}
	}

	if len(multierr.Errs) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	return multierr
}

func (d *Driver) cancelSpotInstanceRequest() error {
	// NB: Canceling a Spot instance request does not terminate running Spot instances associated with the request
	_, err := d.getClient().CancelSpotInstanceRequests(&ec2.CancelSpotInstanceRequestsInput{
		SpotInstanceRequestIds: []*string{&d.spotInstanceRequestId},
	})

	return err
}

func (d *Driver) getInstance() (*ec2.Instance, error) {
	instances, err := d.getClient().DescribeInstances(&ec2.DescribeInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return instances.Reservations[0].Instances[0], nil
}

func (d *Driver) instanceIsRunning() bool {
	st, err := d.GetState()
	if err != nil {
		log.Debug(err)
	}
	if st == state.Running {
		return true
	}
	return false
}

func (d *Driver) waitForInstance() error {
	if err := mcnutils.WaitFor(d.instanceIsRunning); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) createKeyPair() error {
	keyPath := ""

	if d.SSHPrivateKeyPath == "" {
		log.Debugf("Creating New SSH Key")
		if err := ssh.GenerateSSHKey(d.GetSSHKeyPath()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		keyPath = d.GetSSHKeyPath()
	} else {
		log.Debugf("Using SSHPrivateKeyPath: %s", d.SSHPrivateKeyPath)
		if err := mcnutils.CopyFile(d.SSHPrivateKeyPath, d.GetSSHKeyPath()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if err := mcnutils.CopyFile(d.SSHPrivateKeyPath+".pub", d.GetSSHKeyPath()+".pub"); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if d.KeyName != "" {
			log.Debugf("Using existing EC2 key pair: %s", d.KeyName)
			return nil
		}
		keyPath = d.SSHPrivateKeyPath
	}

	publicKey, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyPath + ".pub")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	keyName := d.MachineName

	log.Debugf("creating key pair: %s", keyName)
	_, err = d.getClient().ImportKeyPair(&ec2.ImportKeyPairInput{
		KeyName:           &keyName,
		PublicKeyMaterial: publicKey,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	d.KeyName = keyName
	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) terminate() error {
	if d.InstanceId == "" {
		log.Warn("Missing instance ID, this is likely due to a failure during machine creation")
		return nil
	}

	log.Debugf("terminating instance: %s", d.InstanceId)
	_, err := d.getClient().TerminateInstances(&ec2.TerminateInstancesInput{
		InstanceIds: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
	})

	if err != nil {
		if strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "unknown instance") ||
			strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "InvalidInstanceID.NotFound") {
			log.Warn("Remote instance does not exist, proceeding with removing local reference")
			return nil
		}

		return fmt.Errorf("unable to terminate instance: %s", err)
	}
	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) isSwarmMaster() bool {
	return d.SwarmMaster
}

func (d *Driver) securityGroupAvailableFunc(id string) func() bool {
	return func() bool {

		securityGroup, err := d.getClient().DescribeSecurityGroups(&ec2.DescribeSecurityGroupsInput{
			GroupIds: []*string{&id},
		})
		if err == nil && len(securityGroup.SecurityGroups) > 0 {
			return true
		} else if err == nil {
			log.Debugf("No security group with id %v found", id)
			return false
		}
		log.Debug(err)
		return false
	}
}

func (d *Driver) configureTags(tagGroups string) error {

	tags := []*ec2.Tag{}
	tags = append(tags, &ec2.Tag{
		Key:   aws.String("Name"),
		Value: &d.MachineName,
	})

	if tagGroups != "" {
		t := strings.Split(tagGroups, ",")
		if len(t) > 0 && len(t)%2 != 0 {
			log.Warnf("Tags are not key value in pairs. %d elements found", len(t))
		}
		for i := 0; i < len(t)-1; i += 2 {
			tags = append(tags, &ec2.Tag{
				Key:   &t[i],
				Value: &t[i+1],
			})
		}
	}

	_, err := d.getClient().CreateTags(&ec2.CreateTagsInput{
		Resources: []*string{&d.InstanceId},
		Tags:      tags,
	})

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) configureSecurityGroups(groupNames []string) error {
	if len(groupNames) == 0 {
		log.Debugf("no security groups to configure in %s", d.VpcId)
		return nil
	}

	log.Debugf("configuring security groups in %s", d.VpcId)

	filters := []*ec2.Filter{
		{
			Name:   aws.String("group-name"),
			Values: makePointerSlice(groupNames),
		},
		{
			Name:   aws.String("vpc-id"),
			Values: []*string{&d.VpcId},
		},
	}
	groups, err := d.getClient().DescribeSecurityGroups(&ec2.DescribeSecurityGroupsInput{
		Filters: filters,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var groupsByName = make(map[string]*ec2.SecurityGroup)
	for _, securityGroup := range groups.SecurityGroups {
		groupsByName[*securityGroup.GroupName] = securityGroup
	}

	for _, groupName := range groupNames {
		var group *ec2.SecurityGroup
		securityGroup, ok := groupsByName[groupName]
		if ok {
			log.Debugf("found existing security group (%s) in %s", groupName, d.VpcId)
			group = securityGroup
		} else {
			log.Debugf("creating security group (%s) in %s", groupName, d.VpcId)
			groupResp, err := d.getClient().CreateSecurityGroup(&ec2.CreateSecurityGroupInput{
				GroupName:   aws.String(groupName),
				Description: aws.String("Docker Machine"),
				VpcId:       aws.String(d.VpcId),
			})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			// Manually translate into the security group construct
			group = &ec2.SecurityGroup{
				GroupId:   groupResp.GroupId,
				VpcId:     aws.String(d.VpcId),
				GroupName: aws.String(groupName),
			}
			// wait until created (dat eventual consistency)
			log.Debugf("waiting for group (%s) to become available", *group.GroupId)
			if err := mcnutils.WaitFor(d.securityGroupAvailableFunc(*group.GroupId)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		d.SecurityGroupIds = append(d.SecurityGroupIds, *group.GroupId)

		perms, err := d.configureSecurityGroupPermissions(group)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if len(perms) != 0 {
			log.Debugf("authorizing group %s with permissions: %v", groupNames, perms)
			_, err := d.getClient().AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress(&ec2.AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressInput{
				GroupId:       group.GroupId,
				IpPermissions: perms,
			})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) configureSecurityGroupPermissions(group *ec2.SecurityGroup) ([]*ec2.IpPermission, error) {
	hasPorts := make(map[string]bool)
	for _, p := range group.IpPermissions {
		if p.FromPort != nil {
			hasPorts[fmt.Sprintf("%d/%s", *p.FromPort, *p.IpProtocol)] = true
		}
	}

	perms := []*ec2.IpPermission{}

	if !hasPorts["22/tcp"] {
		perms = append(perms, &ec2.IpPermission{
			IpProtocol: aws.String("tcp"),
			FromPort:   aws.Int64(22),
			ToPort:     aws.Int64(22),
			IpRanges:   []*ec2.IpRange{{CidrIp: aws.String(ipRange)}},
		})
	}

	if !hasPorts[fmt.Sprintf("%d/tcp", dockerPort)] {
		perms = append(perms, &ec2.IpPermission{
			IpProtocol: aws.String("tcp"),
			FromPort:   aws.Int64(int64(dockerPort)),
			ToPort:     aws.Int64(int64(dockerPort)),
			IpRanges:   []*ec2.IpRange{{CidrIp: aws.String(ipRange)}},
		})
	}

	if !hasPorts[fmt.Sprintf("%d/tcp", swarmPort)] && d.SwarmMaster {
		perms = append(perms, &ec2.IpPermission{
			IpProtocol: aws.String("tcp"),
			FromPort:   aws.Int64(int64(swarmPort)),
			ToPort:     aws.Int64(int64(swarmPort)),
			IpRanges:   []*ec2.IpRange{{CidrIp: aws.String(ipRange)}},
		})
	}

	for _, p := range d.OpenPorts {
		port, protocol := driverutil.SplitPortProto(p)
		portNum, err := strconv.ParseInt(port, 10, 0)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port number %s: %s", port, err)
		}
		if !hasPorts[fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", port, protocol)] {
			perms = append(perms, &ec2.IpPermission{
				IpProtocol: aws.String(protocol),
				FromPort:   aws.Int64(portNum),
				ToPort:     aws.Int64(portNum),
				IpRanges:   []*ec2.IpRange{{CidrIp: aws.String(ipRange)}},
			})
		}
	}

	log.Debugf("configuring security group authorization for %s", ipRange)

	return perms, nil
}

func (d *Driver) deleteKeyPair() error {
	if d.KeyName == "" {
		log.Warn("Missing key pair name, this is likely due to a failure during machine creation")
		return nil
	}

	log.Debugf("deleting key pair: %s", d.KeyName)

	_, err := d.getClient().DeleteKeyPair(&ec2.DeleteKeyPairInput{
		KeyName: &d.KeyName,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

func (d *Driver) getDefaultVPCId() (string, error) {
	output, err := d.getClient().DescribeAccountAttributes(&ec2.DescribeAccountAttributesInput{})
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	}

	for _, attribute := range output.AccountAttributes {
		if *attribute.AttributeName == "default-vpc" {
			return *attribute.AttributeValues[0].AttributeValue, nil
		}
	}

	return "", errors.New("No default-vpc attribute")
}

func (d *Driver) getRegionZone() string {
	if d.Endpoint == "" {
		return d.Region + d.Zone
	}
	return d.Zone
}

func generateId() string {
	rb := make([]byte, 10)
	_, err := rand.Read(rb)
	if err != nil {
		log.Warnf("Unable to generate id: %s", err)
	}

	h := md5.New()
	io.WriteString(h, string(rb))
	return fmt.Sprintf("%x", h.Sum(nil))
}