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MITRE ATT&CK™ Sub-techniques T1558.001 and T1558.002 |
Silver, Golden, Diamond and Sapphire tickets are forged or modified Kerberos tickets that can be used with pass-the-ticket to access services in an Active Directory domain.
Glossary
PAC (Privileged Authentication Certificate): a special set of data contained in the ticket (TGT or Service Ticket) that give information about the requesting user (username, groups, UserAccountControl, etc.).
Long-term key: the long-term key of an account refers to its NT hash (when the RC4 etype is not disabled in the domain) or another Kerberos key (DES, AES128, AES256).
Silver ticket: the long-term key of a service account can be used to forge a Service ticket that can later be used with pass-the-ticket to access that service. In a Silver Ticket scenario, an attacker will forge a Service Ticket containing a PAC that features arbitrary information about the requesting user, effectively granting lots of access.
{% content-ref url="silver.md" %} silver.md {% endcontent-ref %}
Golden ticket: the long-term key of the krbtgt account can be used to forge a special TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) that can later be used with pass-the-ticket to access any resource within the AD domain. The krbtgt's key is used to encrypt the PAC. In a Golden Ticket scenario, an attacker that has knowledge of the krbtgt long-term key, will usually forge a PAC indicating that the user belongs to privileged groups. This PAC will be embedded in a forged TGT. The TGT will be used to request Service Tickets than will then feature the PAC presented in the TGT, hence granting lots of access to the attacker.
{% content-ref url="golden.md" %} golden.md {% endcontent-ref %}
Diamond ticket: Golden and Silver tickets can usually be detected by probes that monitor the service ticket requests (KRB_TGS_REQ) that have no corresponding TGT requests (KRB_AS_REQ). Those types of tickets also feature forged PACs that sometimes fail at mimicking real ones, thus increasing their detection rates. Diamond tickets can be a useful alternative in the way they simply request a normal ticket, decrypt the PAC, modify it, recalculate the signatures and encrypt it again. It requires knowledge of the target service long-term key (can be the krbtgt for a TGT, or a target service for a Service Ticket).
{% content-ref url="diamond.md" %} diamond.md {% endcontent-ref %}
Sapphire ticket: Sapphire tickets are similar to Diamond tickets in the way the ticket is not forged, but instead based on a legitimate one obtained after a request. The difference lays in how the PAC is modified. The Diamond ticket approach modifies the legitimate PAC to add some privileged groups (or replace it with a fully-forged one). In the Sapphire ticket approach, the PAC of another powerful user is obtained through an S4U2self+u2u trick. This PAC then replaces the one featured in the legitimate ticket. The resulting ticket is an assembly of legitimate elements, and follows a standard ticket request, which makes it then most difficult silver/golden ticket variant to detect.
{% content-ref url="sapphire.md" %} sapphire.md {% endcontent-ref %}
The Bronze bit vulnerability (CVE-2020-17049) introduced the possibility of forwarding service tickets when it shouldn't normally be possible (protected users, unconstrained delegation, constrained delegation configured with protocol transition).
{% embed url="https://en.hackndo.com/kerberos" %}