midi.md

MIDI File Format

This document is my attempt at simplifying and clairifying the MIDI file format.

I've used two primary sources of information:

1. Official MIDI specifications
2. Real-world MIDI files

I also searched the Internet for random things I found in the files, to hopefully dig up some additional context and information -- specifically, there are points where organizations can extend MIDI with their own codes, so decoding certain messages requires (hopefully) finding information from the appropriate manufacturer.

My intention is to document what a MIDI file should look like (for encoders), but also what real-world data looks like (for lenient decoders).

Real-World Data

Thankfully, there exists a large body of real-world MIDI files to inspect:

The Geocities MIDI Collection (2009)

This archive has 48,197 MIDI files, totalling 1.3 GB of data.

The data also happens to be pretty damn dirty too -- which helps us in figuring out good strategies for recovering useful information.

I've also downloaded the entire VGMusic.com website, which provided another 30,687 MIDI files, 886 MB of data.

MIDI Overview

MIDI is a protocol for transmitting note and controller information across a serial connection. A good mental model is to think of MIDI as the data that comes off a music keyboard before being synthesized into sound. For example, there is a Note On event, which indicates that a key has been pressed, and a Note Off event when it's released.

The MIDI protocol is designed to be used in real-time -- as the musician is generating events with the keyboard, the data is being transmitted over the wire, which a synthesizer can react to in real-time by outputting sound.

In order to store a stream of MIDI events in a file, events are timestamped. This allows a program to "play back" the stream of events at the correct time.

The bulk of the complexity is understanding the events themselves. The MIDI protocol has maintained backwards compatibility, which means it's easy to see the raw bytes that make up a event, but understanding how to unpack and interpret each event is complicated.

General MIDI 2 is an additional layer of requirements on top of the basic MIDI protocol that further specifies the meaning behind events, and systems/devices claiming to support GM 2 are required to support a minimum feature set.

Chunks

MIDI files consist of a stream of chunks. Each chunk has the format:

Name	Size	Description
Chunk Type	4 bytes	Format of the chunk, typically either 'MThd' or 'MTrk'
Data Size	4 bytes (big endian)	Length of the data (not including Chunk Type of Data Size)
Data	Specified by Data Size	Raw data for the chunk, interpreted based on Chunk Type

A MIDI file start with a 'MThd' chunk, followed by one or more 'MTrk' chunks. I've also seen 'XFIH' and 'XFKM' chunks, which after searching online, shows they are extensions by Yamaha for karaoke.

Chunks should be immediately one after another, and most files follow that rule -- however, a few files have junk data between chunks (for example, a string of repeated bytes like 00 00 00 ...), or data that looks useful, but I can't figure out how to decode it. The best strategy is probably to start searching 7 bytes backwards (in case the previous track reported too large a Data Size), and search forward looking for known Chunk Types until the end of the file.

The chunk stream starts with 'MThd', and should only contain 'MThd' once. In practice, all MIDI files I've seen start with 'MThd', but some also have 'MThd' chunks in the middle of the file. I suspect this should be treated like two MIDI files have been concatenated together into one.

The largest Data Size I've seen is 362,528 bytes (dou_01.mid), which is 45 minutes of dense piano. A good sanity check might be to make sure the Data Size isn't larger than, say, 1,000,000 bytes, otherwise you're probably reading bad data.

Header Chunk 'MThd'

Name	Size	Description
Chunk Type	4 bytes	'MThd' (4D 54 68 64)
Data Size	4 bytes (big endian)	6 (00 00 00 06)
Format	2 bytes (big endian)	0, 1, or 2, described below
Track Chunks	2 bytes (big endian)	Number of track chunks in the file
Division	2 bytes (big endian)	Timestamp format, described below

Format

The Format can either be 00 00, 00 01, or 00 02, each with the following meanings:

Format	Description
00 00	The file contains a single multi-channel track (so Track Chunks should be 00 01)
00 01	The file contains one or more tracks that should be played simultaneously
00 02	The file contains one or more tracks that are independant of each other

Track Chunks

The Track Chunks should be a count of 'MTrk' chunks in the file. In practice, this number is sometimes wrong. A decoder should probably just ignore it, because the 'MTrk' chunks can be counted directly.

When multiple 'MThd' chunks are in a file (which is against the specification), sometimes the Track Count represents the tracks up until that point, and sometimes they represent the total number of track chunks in the entire file. And sometimes it's just completely wrong. Yet another reason to ignore the field.

Division

According to the specification, the division can come in two formats:

1. If bit 15 is cleared, then bits 14-0 represent the ticks per quarter-note
2. If bit 15 is set, then bits 14-8 represent the negative SMPTE format, and bits 7-0 represent the ticks per frame

In practice, no files have bit 15 set (other than ffmqbatl.mid which has it set due to a corrupted header). If someone can find me some test MIDI files that use SMPTE timing, then I would love to look into it. Otherwise, I will just reject files that have bit 15 set.

Figuring out the timing of the events is, unfortunately, not straight forward. There is an entire section on calculating timing below.

Track Chunk 'MTrk'

Track chunks consist of a stream of timestamped events.

Name	Size	Description
Chunk Type	4 bytes	'MTrk' (4D 54 72 6B)
Data Size	4 bytes (big endian)	Length of the data (not including Chunk Type of Data Size)
MTrk Events	Data Size	One or more MTrk events

A single MTrk event consists of a delta timestamp and an event:

Name	Size	Description
Delta Timestamp <DT>	Variable Int	Number of ticks this event occurs relative to previous
Event	Varies according to event	Channel Message, SysEx Event, or Meta Event

Variable Int Quantities

Some MTrk events contain Variable Int quantities, like the Delta Timestamp. This is a 32-bit integer with a maximum value of 0FFFFFFF (not FFFFFFFF). It is encoded 7 bits per byte, most significant bits first, where the most significant bit of each encoded byte is reserved to indicate whether more bytes need to be read.

The encoding ranges from 1 to 4 bytes, with the following binary decodings:

Encoding	Decoding
0aaaaaaa	00000000 00000000 00000000 0aaaaaaa
1aaaaaaa 0bbbbbbb	00000000 00000000 00aaaaaa abbbbbbb
1aaaaaaa 1bbbbbbb 0ccccccc	00000000 000aaaaa aabbbbbb bccccccc
1aaaaaaa 1bbbbbbb 1ccccccc 0ddddddd	0000aaaa aaabbbbb bbcccccc cddddddd

Examples:

Encoding	Decoding
00	00000000
67	00000067
7F	0000007F
81 00	00000080
C6 45	00002345
FF 7F	00003FFF
81 80 00	00004000
C8 E8 56	00123456
FF FF 7F	001FFFFF
81 80 80 00	00200000
C4 EA F9 5E	089ABCDE
FF FF FF 7F	0FFFFFFF

Channel Messages

Channel Messages start with a single byte in the range 80 to EF. The lower 4 bits represent the channel n (0-15 are usually displayed as 1-16), and the higher 4 bits represent the message type. For example, 94 is a Note On message for channel 5.

Type	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Description
8n	Note (00 to 7F)	Release Velocity (00 to 7F)	Note Off
9n	Note (00 to 7F)	Hit Velocity (00 to 7F)	Note On
An	Note (00 to 7F)	Pressure (00 to 7F)	Note Pressure
Bn	Control (00 to 7F)	Value (00 to 7F)	Control Change
Cn	Patch (00 to 7F)	N/A	Program Change
Dn	Pressure (00 to 7F)	N/A	Channel Pressure
En	Bend Change LSB (00 to 7F)	Bend Change MSB (00 to 7F)	Pitch Bend

Running Status

Running status is based on the fact that it is very common for a string of consecutive Channel Messages to be of the same type. For example, when a chord is played on a keyboard, ten successive Note On messages may be generated.

If a Channel Message is processed (8n-En), then the message type should be saved. If a future sequence is missing a type (detected if the first byte is less than 80), then it should be interpretted as the same message type as the previous message.

<DT> 94 45 40  # Note On, note 45, velocity 40
<DT>    49 40  # Note On, note 49, velocity 40
<DT>    4D 40  # Note On, note 4D, velocity 40
<DT> 84 45 40  # Note Off, note 45, release 40
<DT>    49 40  # Note Off, note 49, release 40
<DT>    4D 40  # Note Off, note 4D, release 40

Notes

Converting bytes 0-127 to notes is based on the fact that note 69 (45 hex) is A440. Oddly, many websites report the wrong octave for a given MIDI note value. The table below assigns octaves based on the fact that Middle C should be Octave 4.

Default tuning will be: Frequency = 440 × 2^{(Note - 69) / 12}

Octave	C	C#	D	D#	E	F	F#	G	G#	A	A#	B
-1	00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07	08	09	0A	0B
0	0C	0D	0E	0F	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	18	19	1A	1B	1C	1D	1E	1F	20	21	22	23
2	24	25	26	27	28	29	2A	2B	2C	2D	2E	2F
3	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37	38	39	3A	3B
4	3C	3D	3E	3F	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47
5	48	49	4A	4B	4C	4D	4E	4F	50	51	52	53
6	54	55	56	57	58	59	5A	5B	5C	5D	5E	5F
7	60	61	62	63	64	65	66	67	68	69	6A	6B
8	6C	6D	6E	6F	70	71	72	73	74	75	76	77
9	78	79	7A	7B	7C	7D	7E	7F	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Control Change Message Bn

Different functions have been crammed into Control Change messages, so they are a bit messy to deal with. Some of these functions require more data than what fits in a single Control Change message, so they span multiple Control Change messages.

Generally speaking, there are four different functions:

1. Low-resolution Controller (1 message)
2. High-resolution Controller (spans 1 or 2 messages)
3. Registered/Non-Registered Parameter (spans 3+ messages)
4. Channel Mode (1 message)

Low-resolution Controller

<DT> Bn NN VV

Low-resolution Controllers are the most simple. The NN value ranges from 40 to 5F, and the 7 bit value inside VV is the new value for that controller. For boolean controllers, values 00-3F are considered "off", and 40-7F are considered "on". If transmitting, use 00 for off and 7F for on.

NN	Control
40	Damper/Sustain Pedal (Hold 1) on/off
41	Portamento on/off
42	Sostenuto on/off
43	Soft Pedal on/off
44	Legato Footswitch
45	Hold 2
46	Sound Controller 1 (Sound Variation)
47	Sound Controller 2 (Timber/Harmonic Intensity)
48	Sound Controller 3 (Release Time)
49	Sound Controller 4 (Attack Time)
4A	Sound Controller 5 (Brightness)
4B	Sound Controller 6 (Decay Time)
4C	Sound Controller 7 (Vibrato Rate)
4D	Sound Controller 8 (Vibrato Depth)
4E	Sound Controller 9 (Vibrato Delay)
4F	Sound Controller 10
50	General Purpose 5
51	General Purpose 6
52	General Purpose 7
53	General Purpose 8
54	Portamento Control
55	Undefined
56	Undefined
57	Undefined
58	High Resolution Velocity LSB (see CA-031)
59	Undefined
5A	Undefined
5B	Effect 1 Depth (Reverb Send Level)
5C	Effect 2 Depth (Tremolo Depth)
5D	Effect 3 Depth (Chorus Send Level)
5E	Effect 4 Depth (Celeste Detune Depth)
5F	Effect 5 Depth (Phaser Depth)

High-resolution Controller

<DT> Bn NN MM
<DT> Bn NN LL

There are 32 High-resolution Controllers. These controllers have a 14 bit value, which is split between the 7 most significant bits (MSB MM), and 7 least significant bits (LSB LL).

When the MSB is set, the LSB should be cleared to zero. When the LSB is set, it should overwrite any previous LSB. This allows a stream of LSB messages to modify the value a little bit without needing MSB messages (with the sole exception of the Bank Select control).

Setting the MSB/LSB is determined via the value of NN:

MSB NN	LSB NN	Control
00	20	Bank Select (LSB always required)
01	21	Modulation Wheel or Lever
02	22	Breath Controller
03	23	Undefined
04	24	Foot Controller
05	25	Portamento Time
06	26	Data Entry (RPNs/NRPNs)
07	27	Channel Volume
08	28	Balance
09	29	Undefined
0A	2A	Pan
0B	2B	Expression
0C	2C	Effect Control 1
0D	2D	Effect Control 2
0E	2E	Undefined
0F	2F	Undefined
10	30	General Purpose 1
11	31	General Purpose 2
12	32	General Purpose 3
13	33	General Purpose 4
14	34	Undefined
15	35	Undefined
16	36	Undefined
17	37	Undefined
18	38	Undefined
19	39	Undefined
1A	3A	Undefined
1B	3B	Undefined
1C	3C	Undefined
1D	3D	Undefined
1E	3E	Undefined
1F	3F	Undefined

So, for example, setting the General Purpose 2 value to 12 34 on channel 8 (7) would mean the sequence:

<DT> B7 11 12  # Set MSB of General Purpose 2 on channel 8 to 12H
<DT> B7 31 34  # Set LSB of General Purpose 2 on channel 8 to 34H

Note that the value of 12 34 is actually the number 2356, not 4660, because 7 bits per byte are used.

Balance (08/28) and Pan (0A/2A) values are defined in the specification that 00 00 is hard-left and 7F 7F is hard-right.

The default value for Channel Volume should be 64 00 (i.e. 100 / 127).

TODO: Volume + Expression formula (see GM2 docs)

TODO: Panning formula (see GM2 docs)

TODO: Bank Select of 79 XX corresponds to the GM1 Sound Set

TODO: Bank Select of 78 XX corresponds to the GM1 Drum Set

TODO: All channels default to 79 00 except Channel 10, which defaults to 78 00.

Registered/Non-Registered Parameter

Registered Parameter Numbers (RPNs) and Non-Registered Parameter Numbers (NRPNs) expand the space of possible control values that can be changed. RPNs are reserved for official parameters (table below), and NRPNs are reserved for private use.

Each channel has a currently selected RPN/NRPN, which defaults to 7F 7F (indicating no parameter is selected).

To change an RPN/NRPN value, first select the parameter using:

<DT> Bn 65 MM  # Select RPN MSB
<DT> Bn 64 LL  # Select RPN LSB

or:

<DT> Bn 63 MM  # Select NRPN MSB
<DT> Bn 62 LL  # Select NRPN LSB

(As far as I can tell, the order of the messages selecting the parameter shouldn't matter)

Once a parameter is selected, it can be set using the Data Entry messages under the High-resolution Controller (06/26).

The value can also be incremented or decremented using messages Bn 60 XX (increment), or Bn 61 XX (decrement). The data values (XX) are ignored. The value is incremented/decremented differently, based on which RPN selected (explained below).

Once the RPN/NRPN is finished being modified, it's recommended to select the 7F 7F parameter again, indicating no parameter is selected.

MSB MM	LSB LL	Control	Inc/Dec
00	00	Pitch Bend Range (MSB = semitones, LSB = cents)	LSB, wrapping at 100
00	01	Fine Tuning	LSB
00	02	Coarse Tuning	MSB
00	03	Tuning Program Select	MSB
00	04	Tuning Bank Select	MSB
00	05	Modulation Depth Range	LSB (?)
3D	00	Azimuth Angle	LSB (?)
3D	01	Elevation Angle	LSB (?)
3D	02	Gain	LSB (?)
3D	03	Distance Ratio	LSB (?)
3D	04	Maximum Distance	LSB (?)
3D	05	Gain at Maximum Distance	LSB (?)
3D	06	Reference Distance Ratio	LSB (?)
3D	07	Pan Spread Angle	LSB (?)
3D	08	Roll Angle	LSB (?)
7F	7F	Deselect RPN	LSB (?)

Note that increment and decrement commands affect RPNs differently, depending on which RPN is selected. When the LSB over/underflows, the MSB should be affected accordingly. Pitch Bend Range in particular is interesting because the LSB represents cents, which means it should wrap at 100 (not 127). See RP-018.

The default value for Pitch Bend Range is 02 00, which is 2 semitones (i.e., a Pitch Bend message should affect the pitch at most ±2 semitones).

Channel Mode

<DT> Bn NN VV

Lastly, there are a few Controllers that have special meaning, with NN ranging from 78-7F.

NN	VV	Action
78	00	All Sound Off
79	00	Reset All Controllers
7A	VV	Local Control (VV = 00 off, 7F on)
7B	00	All Notes Off
7C	00	Omni Off
7D	00	Omni On
7E	VV	Mono On (Poly Off) (VV = number of channels, 00 for all)
7F	00	Poly On (Mono Off)

Undefined Controllers

If you've been paying attention, there are a range of controllers that aren't allocated, 66-77. These are reserved as single byte controllers.

SysEx Event

System Exclusive (SysEx) Events are used for transfering files/samples, timing information, and tuning.

Name	Size	Description
F0 or F7	1 byte	Byte indicating a SysEx Event
Data Size	Variable Int	Length of the data for this event
Data	Data Size	Raw data associated with SysEx Event

SysEx data can be broken into packets and sent as multiple SysEx Events, requiring the parser to piece together the parts before processing the entire event. According to the MIDI specification, some systems will send packeted data at certain time intervals -- so the delay between packets could be meaningful too.

In general though, software parsers should probably just ignore SysEx Events that it can't recognize -- it's easy to skip over the data since the length is always known.

General MIDI SysEx

There is a SysEx Event for enabling General MIDI or General MIDI 2.

<DT> F0 05 7E TT 09 GG F7

Where TT is the device target (usually 7F to mean all devices), and GG is the General MIDI command:

GG	Description
01	General MIDI On
02	General MIDI Off
03	General MIDI 2 On

Master Volume SysEx

<DT> F0 07 7F TT 04 01 LL MM F7

Sets the Master Volume, where TT is the device target (usually 7F), and LL MM is the value, where LL is the LSB (00-7F) and MM is the MSB (00-7F).

Master Balance SysEx

<DT> F0 07 7F TT 04 02 LL MM F7

Sets the Master Balance, where TT is the device target (usually 7F), and LL MM is the value, where LL is the LSB (00-7F) and MM is the MSB (00-7F). Hard-left is 00 00 and hard-right is 7F 7F.

Meta Event

Meta Events are always at least 3 bytes in length.

The first byte is FF which is what identifies the event as a Meta Event.

The second byte determines the type of meta event.

The third byte determines the byte length of the remaining parameters. This is useful because you don't need to understand the meta event type in order to skip over the event.

Any parameters spanning multiple bytes should be interpreted as big endian.

Byte Sequence	Description
FF 00 02 SS SS	Sequence Number SSSS
FF 01 LL text	Generic Text of length LL
FF 02 LL text	Copyright Notice of length LL
FF 03 LL text	Track Name of length LL
FF 04 LL text	Instrument Name of length LL
FF 05 LL text	Lyric of length LL
FF 06 LL text	Marker of length LL ('First Verse', 'Chrous', etc)
FF 07 LL text	Cue Point of length LL ('curtain opens', 'character is slapped', etc)
FF 08 LL text	Program Name of length LL (see RP-019)
FF 09 LL text	Device Name of length LL (see RP-019)
FF 20 01 NN	Channel Prefix, select channel NN (0-15) for future SysEx/Meta events
FF 21 01 PP	MIDI Port, select output port PP for MIDI events
FF 2E ?? ????	Track Loop Event (?)
FF 2F 00	End of Track, required as last event in a MTrk chunk
FF 51 03 TT TT TT	Set Tempo, in TTTTTT microseconds per MIDI quarter-note
FF 54 05 HH MM SS RR TT	SMPTE Offset, hour, minute, second, frame, 1/100th of frame
FF 58 04 NN MM LL TT	Time Signature, see below for details
FF 59 02 SS MM	Key Signature, see below for details
FF 7F LL data	Sequencer-Specific Meta Event, see below for details

Key Signature Meta Event

TODO

Sequencer-Specific Meta Event

TODO

Calculating Timing

The MIDI specification has a lot of ways to represent timing.

The unit of the Delta Timestamps is ticks passed since previous event. But what is a tick? Specifically, we need to calculate samples per tick, so that when we see how many ticks until the next event, we can move forward the appropriate amount of samples.

The unit of the Division parameter in the header is ticks per quarter-note.

The unit of the Set Tempo Meta Event (TTTTTT) is microseconds per quarter-note. Reminder: there are 1,000,000 microseconds per second.

If Set Tempo is not set, then the default value is 120 beats per minute.

The Time Signature Meta Event's denominator (MM) represents quarter-notes per beat in a goofy way:

MM	Time Signature Denominator	Quarter-Notes per Beat
00	1	4
01	2	2
02	4	1
03	8	1/2
04	16	1/4
MM	2MM	22 - MM

If Time Signature is not set, the denominator defaults to 4, which represents 1 quarter-note per beat.

The MIDI specification also talks about another unit, the MIDI clock, which is simply ¹/_24th the length of a quarter-note.

Lastly, Sample Rate (samples per second) is provided by the audio output format.

So with all this information, we can calculate the samples per tick:

We start assuming 120 beats per minute and 1 quarter-note per beat, therefore we have 120 quarter-notes per minute, or 2 quarter-notes per second.

When we receive the Division parameter from the header (ticks per quarter-note) and the Sample Rate (samples per second) from the audio device, we can calculate samples per tick via: Sample Rate / (Division × 2)

If we receive a Set Tempo event (TTTTTT microseconds per quarter-note), we can recalculate samples per tick to be: (Sample Rate × TTTTTT) / (1,000,000 × Division)

If a Time Signature Meta Event comes after a Set Tempo event, it can safely be ignored -- it will change the size of a quarter-note, but that doesn't matter because the calculation cancels out the quarter-notes.

However, if a Time Signature Meta Event comes before a Set Tempo event, then that will change the quarter-notes per beat, which means we'll use the 120 beats per minute default tempo (2 beats per second) to figure out the samples per tick: Sample Rate / (Division × 2 × 2^{2 - MM})

One last note: there needs to be care taken when calculating timing because a MIDI file can change the tempo or time signature during the middle of the song, which will change how ticks map to samples.

Appendix: SysEx Manufacturer ID Numbers

Assignment of an ID number requires payment to MIDI.org every year. According to the website, those who stop paying have their ID's rescinded. I'm not sure what that means from a technical standpoint - it doesn't look like the ID numbers are reallocated to new companies. As of 2017, the fee ranges from $500 to $20000 per year, depending on the size of the company.

ID	Company
00	Used for extensions, below
01	Sequential
02	IDP
03	Voyetra Turtle Beach, Inc. / Octave-Plateau
04	Moog Music
05	Passport Designs
06	Lexicon Inc.
07	Kurzweil / Young Chang
08	Fender
09	MIDI9 / Gulbransen
0A	AKG Acoustics
0B	Voyce Music
0C	Waveframe Corp (Timeline)
0D	ADA Signal Processors, Inc.
0E	Garfield Electronics
0F	Ensoniq
10	Oberheim / Gibson Labs
11	Apple, Inc.
12	Grey Matter Response
13	Digidesign Inc. (rescinded)
14	Palmtree Instruments
15	JLCooper Electronics
16	Lowrey Organ Company
17	Adams-Smith
18	E-mu / Ensoniq
19	Harmony Systems
1A	ART
1B	Baldwin
1C	Eventide
1D	Inventronics
1E	Key Concepts (rescinded)
1F	Clarity
20	Passac
21	Proel Labs (SIEL)
22	Synthaxe (UK)
23	Stepp (rescinded)
24	Hohner
25	Twister
26	Ketron s.r.l. / Solton
27	Jellinghaus MS
28	Southworth Music Systems
29	PPG (Germany)
2A	JEN
2B	Solid State Logic Organ Systems / SSL Limited
2C	Audio Veritrieb-P. Struven
2D	Neve (rescinded)
2E	Soundtracs Ltd. (rescinded)
2F	Elka
30	Dynacord
31	Viscount International Spa (Intercontinental Electronics) (rescinded)
32	Drawmer (rescinded)
33	Clavia Digital Instruments
34	Audio Architecture
35	GeneralMusic Corp SpA
36	Cheetah Marketing (rescinded)
37	C.T.M. (rescinded)
38	Simmons UK (rescinded)
39	Soundcraft Electronics
3A	Steinberg Media Technologies AG (rescinded)
3B	Wersi Gmbh
3C	AVAB Niethammer AB / Avab Electronik
3D	Digigram
3E	Waldorf Electronics GmbH
3F	Quasimidi
40	Kawai Musical Instruments MFG. Co. Ltd.
41	Roland Corporation
42	Korg Inc.
43	Yamaha Corporation
44	Casio Computer Co. Ltd.
45	?
46	Kamiya Studio Co. Ltd.
47	Akai Electric Co. Ltd.
48	Victor Company of Japan Ltd.
49	Mesosha
4A	Hoshino Gakki
4B	Fujitsu Elect Ltd.
4C	Sony Corporation
4D	Nisshin Onpa
4E	Teac Corporation
4F	?
50	Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.
51	Fostex Corporation
52	Zoom Corporation
53	Midori Electronics
54	Matsushita Communication Industrial Co. Ltd.
55	Suzuki Musical Instruments MFG. Co. Ltd.
56	Fuji Sound Corporation Ltd.
57	Acoustic Technical Laboratory Inc.
58	?
59	Faith Inc.
5A	Internet Corporation
5B	?
5C	Seekers Co. Ltd.
5D	?
5E	?
5F	SD Card Association
60	?
61	?
62	?
63	?
64	?
65	?
66	?
67	?
68	?
69	?
6A	?
6B	?
6C	?
6D	?
6E	?
6F	?
70	?
71	?
72	?
73	?
74	?
75	?
76	?
77	?
78	?
79	?
7A	?
7B	?
7C	?
7D	?
7E	Reserved for Non-Real Time Universal SysEx Messages
7F	Reserved for Real Time Universal SysEx Messages
--	--
00 00 00	?
00 00 01	Time/Warner Interactive
00 00 02	Advanced Gravis Comp. Tech Ltd. (rescinded)
00 00 03	Media Vision (rescinded)
00 00 04	Dornes Research Group (rescinded)
00 00 05	K-Muse (rescinded)
00 00 06	Stypher (rescinded)
00 00 07	Digital Music Corp.
00 00 08	IOTA Systems
00 00 09	New England Digital
00 00 0A	Artisyn
00 00 0B	IVL Technologies Ltd.
00 00 0C	Southern Music Systems
00 00 0D	Lake Butler Sound Company
00 00 0E	Alesis Studio Electronics
00 00 0F	Sound Creation (rescinded)
00 00 10	DOD Electronics Corp.
00 00 11	Studer-Editech
00 00 12	Sonus (rescinded)
00 00 13	Temporal Acuity Products (rescinded)
00 00 14	Perfect Fretworks
00 00 15	KAT Inc.
00 00 16	Opcode Systems
00 00 17	Rane Corporation
00 00 18	Anadi Electronique
00 00 19	KMX
00 00 1A	Allen & Heath Brenell
00 00 1B	Peavey Electronics
00 00 1C	360 Systems
00 00 1D	Spectrum Design and Development
00 00 1E	Marquis Music
00 00 1F	Zeta Systems
00 00 20	Axxes (Brian Parsonett)
00 00 21	Orban
00 00 22	Indian Valley Mfg. (rescinded)
00 00 23	Triton (rescinded)
00 00 24	KTI
00 00 25	Breakaway Technologies
00 00 26	Leprecon / CAE Inc.
00 00 27	Harrison Systems Inc. (rescinded)
00 00 28	Future Lab/Mark Kuo (rescinded)
00 00 29	Rocktron Corporation
00 00 2A	PianoDisc
00 00 2B	Cannon Research Group
00 00 2C	?
00 00 2D	Rodgers Instrument LLC
00 00 2E	Blue Sky Logic
00 00 2F	Encore Electronics
00 00 30	Uptown
00 00 31	Voce
00 00 32	CTI Audio, Inc. (Musically Intel. Devs.)
00 00 33	S3 Incorporated
00 00 34	Broderbund / Red Orb
00 00 35	Allen Organ Co.
00 00 36	?
00 00 37	Music Quest (rescinded)
00 00 38	Aphex
00 00 39	Gallien Krueger
00 00 3A	IBM
00 00 3B	Mark Of The Unicorn
00 00 3C	Hotz Corporation
00 00 3D	ETA Lighting
00 00 3E	NSI Corporation
00 00 3F	Ad Lib, Inc.
00 00 40	Richmond Sound Design
00 00 41	Microsoft
00 00 42	Mindscape (Software Toolworks)
00 00 43	Russ Jones Marketing / Niche
00 00 44	Intone
00 00 45	Advanced Remote Technologies (rescinded)
00 00 46	White Instruments (rescinded)
00 00 47	GT Electronics/Groove Tubes
00 00 48	Pacific Research & Engineering (rescinded)
00 00 49	Timeline Vista, Inc.
00 00 4A	Mesa Boogie Ltd.
00 00 4B	FSLI (rescinded)
00 00 4C	Sequoia Development Group
00 00 4D	Studio Electronics
00 00 4E	Euphonix, Inc
00 00 4F	InterMIDI, Inc.
00 00 50	MIDI Solutions Inc.
00 00 51	3DO Company
00 00 52	Lightwave Research / High End Systems
00 00 53	Micro-W Corporation
00 00 54	Spectral Synthesis, Inc.
00 00 55	Lone Wolf
00 00 56	Studio Technologies Inc.
00 00 57	Peterson Electro-Musical Product (EMP), Inc.
00 00 58	Atari Corporation
00 00 59	Marion Systems Corporation
00 00 5A	Design Event
00 00 5B	Winjammer Software Ltd.
00 00 5C	AT&T Bell Laboratories
00 00 5D	?
00 00 5E	Symetrix
00 00 5F	MIDI the World
00 00 60	Spatializer / Desper Products
00 00 61	Micros 'N MIDI
00 00 62	Accordians International
00 00 63	3Com / EuPhonics
00 00 64	Musonix
00 00 65	Turtle Beach Systems (Voyetra)
00 00 66	Loud Technologies / Mackie Designs
00 00 67	Compuserve
00 00 68	BEC Technologies
00 00 69	QRS Music Inc
00 00 6A	P.G. Music
00 00 6B	Sierra Semiconductor
00 00 6C	EpiGraf Audio Visual
00 00 6D	Electronics Diversified Inc
00 00 6E	Tune 1000
00 00 6F	Advanced Micro Devices
00 00 70	Mediamation
00 00 71	Sabine Musical Mfg. Co. Inc.
00 00 72	Woog Labs
00 00 73	Micropolis Corp
00 00 74	Ta Horng Musical Inst.
00 00 75	eTek Labs / Forte Tech
00 00 76	Electrovoice
00 00 77	Midisoft Corporation
00 00 78	Q-Sound Labs (rescinded)
00 00 79	Westrex
00 00 7A	NVidia
00 00 7B	ESS Technology
00 00 7C	MediaTrix Peripherals
00 00 7D	Brooktree Corp
00 00 7E	Otari Corp
00 00 7F	Key Electronics, Inc.
00 00 80	Crystalake Multimedia
00 00 81	Crystal Semiconductor
00 00 82	Rockwell Semiconductor
--	--
00 01 00	Shure Incorporated
00 01 01	AuraSound
00 01 02	Crystal Semiconductor
00 01 03	Conexant (Rockwell)
00 01 04	Silicon Graphics
00 01 05	M-Audio (Midiman)
00 01 06	PreSonus
00 01 07	?
00 01 08	Topaz Enterprises
00 01 09	Cast Lighting
00 01 0A	Microsoft
00 01 0B	Sonic Foundry
00 01 0C	Line 6 (Fast Forward) (Yamaha)
00 01 0D	Beatnik Inc
00 01 0E	Van Koevering Company
00 01 0F	Altech Systems
00 01 10	S & S Research
00 01 11	VLSI Technology
00 01 12	Chromatic Research
00 01 13	Sapphire
00 01 14	IDRC
00 01 15	Justonic Tuning
00 01 16	TorComp Research Inc.
00 01 17	Newtek Inc.
00 01 18	Sound Sculpture
00 01 19	Walker Technical
00 01 1A	Digital Harmony (PAVO)
00 01 1B	InVision Interactive
00 01 1C	T-Square Design
00 01 1D	Nemesys Music Technology
00 01 1E	DBX Professional (Harman Intl)
00 01 1F	Syndyne Corporation
00 01 20	Bitheadz
00 01 21	Cakewalk Music Software (Gibson)
00 01 22	Analog Devices
00 01 23	National Semiconductor
00 01 24	Boom Theory / Adinolfi Alternative Percussion
00 01 25	Virtual DSP Corporation
00 01 26	Antares Systems
00 01 27	Angel Software
00 01 28	St Louis Music
00 01 29	Passport Music Software LLC (Gvox) (rescinded)
00 01 2A	Ashley Audio Inc.
00 01 2B	Vari-Lite Inc.
00 01 2C	Summit Audio Inc.
00 01 2D	Aureal Semiconductor Inc.
00 01 2E	SeaSound LLC
00 01 2F	U.S. Robotics
00 01 30	Aurisis Research
00 01 31	Nearfield Research
00 01 32	FM7 Inc
00 01 33	Swivel Systems
00 01 34	Hyperactive Audio Systems
00 01 35	MidiLite (Castle Studios Productions)
00 01 36	Radikal Technologies
00 01 37	Roger Linn Design (rescinded)
00 01 38	TC-Helicon Vocal Technologies (rescinded)
00 01 39	Event Electronics (rescinded)
00 01 3A	Sonic Network Inc
00 01 3B	Realtime Music Solutions (rescinded)
00 01 3C	Apogee Digital (rescinded)
00 01 3D	Classical Organs, Inc. (rescinded)
00 01 3E	Microtools Inc. (rescinded)
00 01 3F	Numark Industries
00 01 40	Frontier Design Group, LLC
00 01 41	Recordare LLC
00 01 42	Starr Labs (rescinded)
00 01 43	Voyager Sound Inc.
00 01 44	Manifold Labs (rescinded)
00 01 45	Aviom Inc. (rescinded)
00 01 46	Mixmeister Technology
00 01 47	Notation Software
00 01 48	Mercurial Communications
00 01 49	Wave Arts
00 01 4A	Logic Sequencing Devices (rescinded)
00 01 4B	Axess Electronics
00 01 4C	Muse Research
00 01 4D	Open Labs (rescinded)
00 01 4E	Guillemot Corp (rescinded)
00 01 4F	Samson Technologies (rescinded)
00 01 50	Electronic Theatre Controls
00 01 51	Blackberry (RIM)
00 01 52	Mobileer
00 01 53	Synthogy
00 01 54	Lynx Studio Technology Inc.
00 01 55	Damage Control Engineering LLC
00 01 56	Yost Engineering, Inc. (rescinded)
00 01 57	Brooks & Forsman Designs LLC / DrumLite
00 01 58	Infinite Response
00 01 59	Garritan Corp
00 01 5A	Plogue Art et Technologie, Inc (rescinded)
00 01 5B	RJM Music Technology
00 01 5C	Custom Solutions Software
00 01 5D	Sonarcana LLC / Highly Liquid
00 01 5E	Centrance (rescinded)
00 01 5F	Kesumo LLC
00 01 60	Stanton (Gibson)
00 01 61	Livid Instruments
00 01 62	First Act / 745 Media
00 01 63	Pygraphics, Inc.
00 01 64	Panadigm Innovations Ltd.
00 01 65	Avedis Zildjian Co
00 01 66	Auvital Music Corp (rescinded)
00 01 67	You Rock Guitar / Inspired Instruments (rescinded)
00 01 68	Chris Grigg Designs
00 01 69	Slate Digital LLC
00 01 6A	Mixware (rescinded)
00 01 6B	Social Entropy
00 01 6C	Source Audio LLC
00 01 6D	Ernie Ball / Music Man
00 01 6E	Fishman
00 01 6F	Custom Audio Electronics (rescinded)
00 01 70	American Audio/DJ
00 01 71	Mega Control Systems (rescinded)
00 01 72	Kilpatrick Audio
00 01 73	iConnectivity
00 01 74	Fractal Audio
00 01 75	NetLogic Microsystems
00 01 76	Music Computing
00 01 77	Nektar Technology Inc
00 01 78	Zenph Sound Innovations
00 01 79	DJTechTools.com (rescinded)
00 01 7A	Rezonance Labs
00 01 7B	Decibel Eleven
00 01 7C	CNMAT (rescinded)
00 01 7D	Media Overkill
00 01 7E	Confusion Studios (rescinded)
00 01 7F	moForte Inc
--	--
00 02 00	Miselu Inc
00 02 01	Amelia's Compass LLC
00 02 02	Zivix LLC
00 02 03	Artiphon
00 02 04	Synclavier Digital
00 02 05	Light & Sound Control Devices LLC (rescinded)
00 02 06	Retronyms Inc
00 02 07	JS Technologies
00 02 08	Quicco Sound
00 02 09	A-Designs Audio
00 02 0A	McCarthy Music Corp (rescinded)
00 02 0B	Denon DJ
00 02 0C	Keith Robert Murray
00 02 0D	Google
00 02 0E	ISP Technologies
00 02 0F	Abstrakt Instruments LLC (rescinded)
00 02 10	Meris LLC
00 02 11	Sensorpoint LLC
00 02 12	Hi-Z Labs
00 02 13	Imitone
00 02 14	Intellijel Designs Inc.
00 02 15	Dasz Instruments Inc.
00 02 16	Remidi
00 02 17	Disaster Area Designs LLC
00 02 18	Universal Audio
00 02 19	Carter Duncan Corp
00 02 1A	Essential Technology
00 02 1B	Cantux Research LLC
00 02 1C	Hummel Technologies
00 02 1D	Sensel Inc
00 02 1E	DBML Group
00 02 1F	Madrona Labs
--	--
00 20 00	Dream SAS
00 20 01	Strand Lighting
00 20 02	Amek Div of Harman Industries
00 20 03	Casa Di Risparmio Di Loreto (rescinded)
00 20 04	Bohm Electronic GmbH
00 20 05	Syntec Digital Audio (rescinded)
00 20 06	Trident Audio Developments
00 20 07	Real World Studio
00 20 08	Evolution Synthesis, Ltd. (rescinded)
00 20 09	Yes Technology
00 20 0A	Audiomatica
00 20 0B	Bontempi SpA (Sigma) / Farfisa
00 20 0C	F.B.T. Elettronica SpA
00 20 0D	MidiTemp GmbH
00 20 0E	LA Audio (Larking Audio)
00 20 0F	Zero 88 Lighting Limited
00 20 10	Micon Audio Electronics GmbH
00 20 11	Forefront Technology
00 20 12	Studio Audio and Video Ltd. (rescinded)
00 20 13	Kenton Electronics
00 20 14	Celco / Electrosonic (rescinded)
00 20 15	ADB
00 20 16	Marshall Products Limited
00 20 17	DDA
00 20 18	BSS Audio Ltd.
00 20 19	MA Lighting Technology
00 20 1A	Fatar SRL c/o Music Industries
00 20 1B	QSC Audio Products Inc. (rescinded)
00 20 1C	Artisan Clasic Organ Inc.
00 20 1D	Orla Spa
00 20 1E	Pinnacle Audio (Klark Teknik PLC)
00 20 1F	TC Electronics
00 20 20	Doepfer Musikelektronik GmbH
00 20 21	Creative ATC / E-mu
00 20 22	Seyddo/Minami
00 20 23	LG Electronics / Goldstar
00 20 24	Midisoft sas di M.Cima & C
00 20 25	Samick Musical Inst. Co. Ltd.
00 20 26	Penny and Giles (Bowthorpe PLC)
00 20 27	Acorn Computer
00 20 28	LSC Electronics Pty. Ltd.
00 20 29	Focusrite / Novation EMS
00 20 2A	Samkyung Mechatronics
00 20 2B	Medeli Electronics Co.
00 20 2C	Charlie Lab SRL
00 20 2D	Blue Chip Music Tech
00 20 2E	BEE OH Corp
00 20 2F	LG Semicon America
00 20 30	TESI
00 20 31	EMAGIC
00 20 32	Behringer GmbH
00 20 33	Access Music Electronics
00 20 34	Synoptic
00 20 35	Hanmesoft
00 20 36	Terratec Electronic GmbH
00 20 37	Proel SpA
00 20 38	IBK MIDI
00 20 39	IRCAM
00 20 3A	Propellerhead Software (rescinded)
00 20 3B	Red Sound Systems Ltd.
00 20 3C	Elektron ESI AB
00 20 3D	Sintefex Audio
00 20 3E	MAM (Music and More)
00 20 3F	Amsaro GmbH
00 20 40	CDS Advanced Technology BV (Lanbox) (rescinded)
00 20 41	Mode Machines (Touched By Sound GmbH)
00 20 42	DSP Arts
00 20 43	Phil Rees Music Tech
00 20 44	Stamer Musikanlagen GmbH (rescinded)
00 20 45	Musical Muntaner S.A. dba Soundart
00 20 46	C-Mexx Software (rescinded)
00 20 47	Klavis Technologies
00 20 48	Noteheads AB (rescinded)
00 20 49	Algorithmix
00 20 4A	Skrydstrup R&D (rescinded)
00 20 4B	Professional Audio Company
00 20 4C	NewWave Labs (MadWaves)
00 20 4D	Vermona (rescinded)
00 20 4E	Nokia
00 20 4F	Wave Idea
00 20 50	Hartmann GmbH
00 20 51	Lion's Tracs (rescinded)
00 20 52	Analogue Systems (rescinded)
00 20 53	Focal-JMlab (rescinded)
00 20 54	Ringway Electronics (Chang-Zhou) Co. Ltd.
00 20 55	Faith Technologies (Digiplug) (rescinded)
00 20 56	Showworks (rescinded)
00 20 57	Manikin Electronic
00 20 58	1 Come Tech
00 20 59	Phonic Corp (rescinded)
00 20 5A	Dolby Australia (Lake)
00 20 5B	Silansys Technologies (rescinded)
00 20 5C	Winbond Electronics (rescinded)
00 20 5D	Cinetix Medien und Interface GmbH
00 20 5E	A&G Soluzioni Digitali
00 20 5F	Sequentix Music Systems
00 20 60	Oram Pro Audio (rescinded)
00 20 61	Be4 Ltd. (rescinded)
00 20 62	Infection Music (rescinded)
00 20 63	Central Music Co. (CME)
00 20 64	genoQs Machines GmbH (rescinded)
00 20 65	Medialon
00 20 66	Waves Audio Ltd.
00 20 67	Jerash Labs (rescinded)
00 20 68	Da Fact
00 20 69	Elby Designs
00 20 6A	Spectral Audio (rescinded)
00 20 6B	Arturia
00 20 6C	Vixid (rescinded)
00 20 6D	C-Thru Music
00 20 6E	Ya Horng Electronic Co. Ltd.
00 20 6F	SM Pro Audio (rescinded)
00 20 70	OTO MACHINES
00 20 71	ELZAB S.A. (G LAB) (rescinded)
00 20 72	Blackstar Amplification Ltd.
00 20 73	M3i Technologies GmbH
00 20 74	Gemalto (from Xiring) (rescinded)
00 20 75	Prostage SL
00 20 76	Teenage Engineering
00 20 77	Tobias Erichsen Consulting (rescinded)
00 20 78	Nixer Ltd. (rescinded)
00 20 79	Hanpin Electron Co. Ltd.
00 20 7A	MIDI-hardware R.Sowa
00 20 7B	Beyond Music Industrial Ltd.
00 20 7C	Kiss Box B.V.
00 20 7D	Misa Digital Technologies Ltd.
00 20 7E	AI Musics Technology Inc. (rescinded)
00 20 7F	Serato Inc. LP
--	--
00 21 00	Limex (rescinded)
00 21 01	Kyodday (Tokai) (rescinded)
00 21 02	Mutable Instruments
00 21 03	PreSonus Software Ltd.
00 21 04	Ingenico / Xiring
00 21 05	Fairlight Instruments Pty Ltd. (rescinded)
00 21 06	Musicom Lab
00 21 07	Modal Electronics (Modulus/VacoLoco)
00 21 08	RWA (Hong Kong) Limited (rescinded)
00 21 09	Native Instruments
00 21 0A	Naonext
00 21 0B	MFB
00 21 0C	Teknel Research
00 21 0D	Ploytec GmbH
00 21 0E	Surfin Kangaroo Studio
00 21 0F	Philips Electronics HK Ltd. (rescinded)
00 21 10	ROLI Ltd.
00 21 11	Panda-Audio Ltd.
00 21 12	BauM Software
00 21 13	Machinewerks Ltd. (rescinded)
00 21 14	Xiamen Elane Electronics (rescinded)
00 21 15	Marshall Amplification PLC
00 21 16	Kiwitechnics Ltd.
00 21 17	Rob Papen
00 21 18	Spicetone OU (rescinded)
00 21 19	V3Sound
00 21 1A	IK Multimedia
00 21 1B	Novalia Ltd.
00 21 1C	Modor Music
00 21 1D	Ableton
00 21 1E	Dtronics
00 21 1F	ZAQ Audio
00 21 20	Muabaobao Education Technology Co. Ltd.
00 21 21	Flux Effects
00 21 22	Audiothingies (MCDA)
00 21 23	Retrokits
00 21 24	Morningstar FX Pte Ltd.
00 21 25	Hotone Audio
00 21 26	Expressive
00 21 27	Expert Sleepers Ltd.
00 21 28	Timecode-Vision Technology
00 21 29	Hornberg Research GbR
00 21 2A	Sonic Potions
00 21 2B	Audiofront
00 21 2C	Fred's Lab
--	--
00 40 00	Crimson Technology Inc.
00 40 01	Audiofront
00 40 02	?
00 40 03	D&M Holdings Inc.