Data_prep_EDA_TMDSI_v1.ipynb

{
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "name": "Data_prep_EDA_TMDSI_v1.ipynb",
      "provenance": [],
      "authorship_tag": "ABX9TyNMTaN08lffjb2iYKWl3yDa",
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "name": "python"
    },
    "accelerator": "GPU"
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/vikasmech/TMDSI/blob/main/Data_prep_EDA_TMDSI_v1.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": 1,
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Lax0uYEuZlS9",
        "outputId": "78397b90-47f9-449d-bffb-7310f3fc3ac5"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Mounted at /content/drive\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "from google.colab import drive\n",
        "drive.mount('/content/drive')"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ls"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "1e2CfCtAaBxp",
        "outputId": "310820ca-96ab-4da9-8cad-673bc96d2bb1"
      },
      "execution_count": 2,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "\u001b[0m\u001b[01;34mdrive\u001b[0m/  \u001b[01;34msample_data\u001b[0m/\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "cd drive/MyDrive/DSI/"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "igOiv8kCaIG1",
        "outputId": "c1b407e4-7856-4bb8-ba66-b833b3f9bca6"
      },
      "execution_count": 3,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "/content/drive/MyDrive/DSI\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ls"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "LzNY7z8yaKzs",
        "outputId": "f2b50d6a-0b40-40e5-de5f-b45168c00cc3"
      },
      "execution_count": 4,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "\u001b[0m\u001b[01;34mDATA\u001b[0m/  \u001b[01;34mreference\u001b[0m/\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "cd DATA/"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "trwOIs8Faeat",
        "outputId": "06b186bc-512f-441f-e85c-5f2485efe477"
      },
      "execution_count": 5,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "/content/drive/MyDrive/DSI/DATA\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "pwd"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "yo1lwppbahFD",
        "outputId": "d284d7b5-508d-47d1-dee4-e948eb4e52e6"
      },
      "execution_count": 6,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'/content/drive/MyDrive/DSI/DATA'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 6
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "DATA_DIR = \"/content/drive/MyDrive/DSI/DATA\""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GPkX-m_waiFp"
      },
      "execution_count": 7,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ls"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "gbNt-QnYanWl",
        "outputId": "15f83abf-b7db-467a-c4be-2547ff2dba9f"
      },
      "execution_count": 8,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "\u001b[0m\u001b[01;34mnatural-questions\u001b[0m/  nq-validation.tsv\n",
            "nq-counts.json      v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\n",
            "nq-train.tsv        v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ls -rltah"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "R5pbGQd7a5Ew",
        "outputId": "04d8fa76-1bbd-43a5-e34d-f9c0ea7e8625"
      },
      "execution_count": 9,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "total 9.8G\n",
            "drwx------ 2 root root  4.0K Mar 28 19:40 \u001b[0m\u001b[01;34mnatural-questions\u001b[0m/\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  4.3G Mar 28 20:05 nq-train.tsv\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  101M Mar 28 20:15 nq-validation.tsv\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root    36 Mar 28 20:17 nq-counts.json\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root 1019M Mar 28 20:31 v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  4.4G Mar 28 20:39 v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "%tensorflow_version 2.x\n",
        "import functools\n",
        "import os\n",
        "import time\n",
        "import warnings\n",
        "warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", category=DeprecationWarning)\n",
        "\n",
        "import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf\n",
        "import tensorflow_datasets as tfds\n",
        "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pw53NS1Tbjk8"
      },
      "execution_count": 12,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "ls -rltah"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OfQIuzDyDCxD",
        "outputId": "9635b660-8c96-496b-97b3-31bbf441dc57"
      },
      "execution_count": 13,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "total 9.8G\n",
            "drwx------ 2 root root  4.0K Mar 28 19:40 \u001b[0m\u001b[01;34mnatural-questions\u001b[0m/\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  4.3G Mar 28 20:05 nq-train.tsv\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  101M Mar 28 20:15 nq-validation.tsv\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root    36 Mar 28 20:17 nq-counts.json\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root 1019M Mar 28 20:31 v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\n",
            "-rw------- 1 root root  4.4G Mar 28 20:39 v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "import gzip\n",
        "import json\n",
        "\n",
        "# Data downloaded from https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions/download\n",
        "# directory of Natural Questions data .\n",
        "NQ_JSONL_DIR = DATA_DIR\n",
        "NQ_SPLIT_FNAMES = {\n",
        "    \"train\": \"v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz\",\n",
        "    \"validation\": \"v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\"\n",
        "}\n",
        "nq_tsv_path = {\n",
        "    \"train\": os.path.join(DATA_DIR, \"nq-train.tsv\"),\n",
        "    \"validation\": os.path.join(DATA_DIR, \"nq-validation.tsv\")\n",
        "}"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "HWpGvfFndgln"
      },
      "execution_count": 18,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "for split, fname in NQ_SPLIT_FNAMES.items():\n",
        "  print(split,fname)\n",
        "  in_fname = os.path.join(NQ_JSONL_DIR, fname)\n",
        "  with tf.io.gfile.GFile(in_fname, \"rb\") as infile:\n",
        "    for line in gzip.open(infile):\n",
        "      ex = json.loads(line)\n",
        "      print(ex)\n",
        "      print(ex.keys())\n",
        "      if \"document_text\" in ex:\n",
        "        html = ex[\"document_text\"]\n",
        "        soup = BeautifulSoup(html)\n",
        "        print(soup.get_text())\n",
        "      print(\"-\"*80)\n",
        "\n",
        "      break"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OxKpd_q-dFF0",
        "outputId": "dfd3a6d9-b94c-4c65-c9a8-7e90e2469029"
      },
      "execution_count": 37,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "train v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz\n",
            "{'document_text': \"Email marketing - Wikipedia <H1> Email marketing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Search engine optimization </Li> <Li> Local search engine optimisation </Li> <Li> Social media marketing </Li> <Li> Email marketing </Li> <Li> Referral marketing </Li> <Li> Content marketing </Li> <Li> Native advertising </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Search engine marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pay - per - click </Li> <Li> Cost per impression </Li> <Li> Search analytics </Li> <Li> Web analytics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ad blocking </Li> <Li> Contextual advertising </Li> <Li> Behavioral targeting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliate marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cost per action </Li> <Li> Revenue sharing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transactional emails </Li> <Li> 2.2 Direct emails <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Comparison to traditional mail <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Advantages </Li> <Li> 3.2 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Opt - in email advertising </Li> <Li> 5 Legal requirements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 5.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.3 European Union </Li> <Li> 5.4 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns . </P> <P> Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured . </P> <H2> Types </H2> <P> Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails : </P> <H3> Transactional emails </H3> <P> Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts . </P> <P> The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services . </P> <P> Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) . </P> <H3> Direct emails </H3> <P> Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used . </P> Mobile email marketing <P> Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy . </P> <H2> Comparison to traditional mail </H2> <P> There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail . </P> <H3> Advantages </H3> <P> Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons : </P> <Ul> <Li> An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic . </Li> <Li> Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing . </Li> <Li> Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior . </Li> <Li> Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital . </Li> <Li> Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email . </Li> <Li> Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates . </Li> <Li> Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK . </Li> <Li> If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disadvantages </H3> <P> As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % . </P> <P> Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day . </P> <P> Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy . </P> <H2> Opt - in email advertising </H2> <P> Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing . </P> <P> Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements . </P> <P> A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter . </P> <P> With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments . </P> <H2> Legal requirements </H2> <H3> Australia </H3> <P> The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) . </P> <H3> Canada </H3> <P> The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses . </P> <H3> European Union </H3> <P> In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses . </P> <P> The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication . </P> <H3> United states </H3> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission . </P> <P> In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages . </P> <P> The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email </Li> <Li> Customer engagement </Li> <Li> Suppression list </Li> <Li> Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Advertising by medium </Li> <Li> Email </Li> <Li> Digital marketing </Li> <Li> Market research </Li> <Li> Marketing techniques </Li> <Li> Online advertising </Li> <Li> Spamming </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 18 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\", 'long_answer_candidates': [{'start_token': 14, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 170}, {'start_token': 15, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 169}, {'start_token': 52, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 103}, {'start_token': 53, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 102}, {'start_token': 103, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 156}, {'start_token': 104, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 155}, {'start_token': 170, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 321}, {'start_token': 171, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 180}, {'start_token': 180, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 186}, {'start_token': 186, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 224}, {'start_token': 188, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 222}, {'start_token': 189, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 194}, {'start_token': 194, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 200}, {'start_token': 200, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 205}, {'start_token': 224, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 231}, {'start_token': 231, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 257}, {'start_token': 233, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 255}, {'start_token': 234, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 241}, {'start_token': 241, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 246}, {'start_token': 257, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 263}, {'start_token': 263, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 281}, {'start_token': 265, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 279}, {'start_token': 281, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 287}, {'start_token': 287, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 302}, {'start_token': 289, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 300}, {'start_token': 290, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 295}, {'start_token': 302, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 308}, {'start_token': 308, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 320}, {'start_token': 310, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 318}, {'start_token': 321, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 460}, {'start_token': 563, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 746}, {'start_token': 746, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 852}, {'start_token': 855, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 869}, {'start_token': 873, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 970}, {'start_token': 970, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1044}, {'start_token': 1044, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1107}, {'start_token': 1111, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1175}, {'start_token': 1178, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1286}, {'start_token': 1292, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1311}, {'start_token': 1314, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1326}, {'start_token': 1326, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1629}, {'start_token': 1327, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1373}, {'start_token': 1373, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1412}, {'start_token': 1412, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1464}, {'start_token': 1464, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1516}, {'start_token': 1516, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1540}, {'start_token': 1540, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1580}, {'start_token': 1580, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1604}, {'start_token': 1604, 'top_level': False, 'end_token': 1628}, {'start_token': 1632, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1716}, {'start_token': 1716, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1730}, {'start_token': 1730, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1792}, {'start_token': 1799, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1847}, {'start_token': 1847, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 1952}, {'start_token': 1952, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2019}, {'start_token': 2019, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2061}, {'start_token': 2068, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2152}, {'start_token': 2155, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2206}, {'start_token': 2210, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2277}, {'start_token': 2277, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2326}, {'start_token': 2330, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2565}, {'start_token': 2565, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2656}, {'start_token': 2656, 'top_level': True, 'end_token': 2720}], 'question_text': 'which is the most common use of opt-in e-mail marketing', 'annotations': [{'yes_no_answer': 'NONE', 'long_answer': {'start_token': 1952, 'candidate_index': 54, 'end_token': 2019}, 'short_answers': [{'start_token': 1960, 'end_token': 1969}], 'annotation_id': 593165450220027640}], 'document_url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&amp;oldid=814071202', 'example_id': 5655493461695504401}\n",
            "dict_keys(['document_text', 'long_answer_candidates', 'question_text', 'annotations', 'document_url', 'example_id'])\n",
            "Email marketing - Wikipedia  Email marketing  Jump to : navigation , search      ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages )      This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )         This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )    ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )       Part of a series on     Internet marketing       Search engine optimization   Local search engine optimisation   Social media marketing   Email marketing   Referral marketing   Content marketing   Native advertising       Search engine marketing       Pay - per - click   Cost per impression   Search analytics   Web analytics       Display advertising       Ad blocking   Contextual advertising   Behavioral targeting       Affiliate marketing       Cost per action   Revenue sharing       Mobile advertising                 Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message , typically to a group of people , using email . In its broadest sense , every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing . It usually involves using email to send advertisements , request business , or solicit sales or donations , and is meant to build loyalty , trust , or brand awareness . Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database . The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant 's relationship with current or previous customers , encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business , acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately , and sharing third - party ads .     Contents  ( hide )   1 History   2 Types   2.1 Transactional emails   2.2 Direct emails   2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing       3 Comparison to traditional mail   3.1 Advantages   3.2 Disadvantages     4 Opt - in email advertising   5 Legal requirements   5.1 Australia   5.2 Canada   5.3 European Union   5.4 United States     6 See also   7 References      History   Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century . Prior to this growth , when emails were novelties to the majority of customers , email marketing was not as effective . In 1978 , Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET ) . This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products , and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails . However , as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication , users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs . In order to effectively communicate a message through email , marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user , without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software . This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails , which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns .   Historically , it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined . Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency . Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time , and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration , revealing a communication channel 's scope . At the same time , however , it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods , such as television advertisements , can not be captured .   Types   Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails :   Transactional emails   Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer 's action with a company . To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages , these communications ' primary purpose must be `` to facilitate , complete , or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender '' along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging . Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages , password reset emails , purchase or order confirmation emails , order status emails , reorder emails , and email receipts .   The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it . But , due to their high open rates ( 51.3 % compared to 36.6 % for email newsletters ) , transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up - sell products or services .   Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support , which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails . There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services , which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns ( such as customer referral programs ) .   Direct emails   Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message ( for example , a special offer or a product catalog ) . Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to , or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies . Safe mail marketing is also used .  Mobile email marketing  Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets . Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer . However , the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering - out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes . Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers , it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient 's behavior . Because of this , modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy .   Comparison to traditional mail   There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail .   Advantages   Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons :    An exact return on investment can be tracked ( `` track to basket '' ) and has proven to be high when done properly . Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic .   Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail , mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork , printing , addressing , and mailing .   Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP ( email service provider ) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients . The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior .   Email provides a cost - effective method to test different marketing content , including visual , creative , marketing copy , and multimedia assets . The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns , both print and digital .   Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in ( i.e. , consented ) to receive the email .   Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day , with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates .   Email is popular with digital marketers , rising an estimated 15 % in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK .   If compared to standard email , direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses .    Disadvantages   As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers . According to the report , legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73 % in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam , and 22 % were missing . This lags behind other countries : Australia delivers at 90 % , Canada at 89 % , Britain at 88 % , France at 84 % , Germany at 80 % and Brazil at 79 % .   Additionally , consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day .   Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States ' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act ( CAN - SPAM ) , the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003 , or their Internet service provider 's acceptable use policy .   Opt - in email advertising   Opt - in email advertising , or permission marketing , is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it . This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing .   Opt - in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver . This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers . If opt - in email advertising is used , the material that is emailed to consumers will be `` anticipated '' . It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it , which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer . Ideally , opt - in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements .   A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm 's customers . Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions , or new products . In this type of advertising , a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter .   With a foundation of opted - in contact information stored in their database , marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing . They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments .   Legal requirements   Australia   The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority , widely known as `` ACMA '' . The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages , states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages , and gives other key information . Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines ( 2011 ) , Tiger Airways Holdings Limited ( 2012 ) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited ( 2013 ) .   Canada   The `` Canada Anti-Spam Law '' ( CASL ) went into effect on July 1 , 2014 . CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt - in from users , and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses .   European Union   In 2002 the European Union ( EU ) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications . Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes . The Directive establishes the opt - in regime , where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses .   The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states . In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication .   United states   The CAN - SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails . Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally , that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them , and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them . The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient . However , it does not ban spam emailing outright , but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are `` materially false or misleading '' . In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format , their content and labeling . As a result , many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act . A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act . To comply with the act 's regulation of commercial email , services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address , provide a one - click unsubscribe feature , and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission .   In addition to satisfying legal requirements , email service providers ( ESPs ) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns . The service providers supply email templates and general best practices , as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically . Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers . They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened , and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages .   The CAN - SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no - fee provision for opting out , further definition of `` sender '' , post office or private mail boxes count as a `` valid physical postal address '' and definition of `` person '' . These new provisions went into effect on July 7 , 2008 .   See also    CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email   Customer engagement   Suppression list   Email spam - Unsolicited email marketing    References    Jump up ^ `` spam unsolicited e-mail '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 .   Jump up ^ `` PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC . 16 , 2003 117 STAT. 2699 '' ( PDF ) . U.S Government GPO .   Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN , T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS . ISBN 8120348966 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 .   Jump up ^ MECLABS , content : MarketingSherpa , design : Scott McDaniel , code : Steve Beger , ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Survey Data : Email 's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009 '' . MarketingSherpa.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 .   Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project , `` Tracking surveys '' , March 2000 -- March 2009   Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates . Mailermailer.com ( July 2012 ) . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 .   Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine , `` Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates '' Archived 2011 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , September 2011   Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15 % . MediaWeek.co.uk ( 13 October 2009 )   Jump up ^ `` Why Email Marketing is King '' . Harvard Business Review ( 21 August 2012 )   Jump up ^ Roberts , A. `` Email deliverability is on the decline : report '' , ClickZ   Jump up ^ Radicati , Sara . `` Email Statistics Report , 2014 - 2018 '' ( PDF ) . The Radicati Group , Inc .   Jump up ^ `` Consumer Information '' . Consumer Information . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 .   ^ Jump up to : Fairhead , N. ( 2003 ) `` All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email '' ( Media 16 , August 2003 )   Jump up ^ Dilworth , Dianna ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth 's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions '' . DMNews . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 .   Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia , A. ( 2004 ) Management Information Systems ( Canada : McGraw - Hill Ryerson Ltd . )   Jump up ^ `` Spam : enforcement actions '' . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Australian Communications and Media Authority . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 .   Jump up ^ Moorcraft , Bethan . `` Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages '' . Insurance Business . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 .   Jump up ^ `` Canada 's law on spam '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 ...   Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved on July 28 , 2013 .   Jump up ^ `` CAN - SPAM Act : A Compliance Guide for Business '' . FTC.gov . BCP Business Center . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 .   Jump up ^ `` FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN - SPAM Act '' . FTC.gov . June 24 , 2011 .   Jump up ^ `` 16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . FTC.gov . May 21 , 2008 .   Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202 '' Categories :   Advertising by medium   Email   Digital marketing   Market research   Marketing techniques   Online advertising   Spamming   Hidden categories :   Webarchive template wayback links   Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages   Articles needing additional references from September 2014   All articles needing additional references   Articles that may contain original research from January 2015   All articles that may contain original research   Articles with multiple maintenance issues   All articles with unsourced statements   Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017   Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015   All Wikipedia articles needing clarification   Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017   Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016           Talk                           View source                 Contents                   About Wikipedia                                             বাংলা   Български   Català   Čeština   Español   فارسی   Français   Italiano   ಕನ್ನಡ   ქართული   Македонски   Nederlands   日本 語   Norsk   Polski   Português   Русский   Српски / srpski   Svenska   தமிழ்   తెలుగు   ไทย   Türkçe   Українська   Tiếng Việt   中文  18 more  Edit links   This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 06 .         About Wikipedia                    \n",
            "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
            "validation v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\n",
            "{'annotations': [{'annotation_id': 13591449469826568799, 'long_answer': {'candidate_index': 92, 'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808}, 'short_answers': [{'end_byte': 66817, 'end_token': 837, 'start_byte': 66588, 'start_token': 816}], 'yes_no_answer': 'NONE'}, {'annotation_id': 6237931520544082939, 'long_answer': {'candidate_index': 92, 'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808}, 'short_answers': [{'end_byte': 66609, 'end_token': 819, 'start_byte': 66588, 'start_token': 816}], 'yes_no_answer': 'NONE'}, {'annotation_id': 12127791536449879527, 'long_answer': {'candidate_index': 92, 'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808}, 'short_answers': [], 'yes_no_answer': 'NONE'}, {'annotation_id': 6421980561691125452, 'long_answer': {'candidate_index': 92, 'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808}, 'short_answers': [{'end_byte': 66817, 'end_token': 837, 'start_byte': 66645, 'start_token': 826}], 'yes_no_answer': 'NONE'}, {'annotation_id': 5015853435362506856, 'long_answer': {'candidate_index': 92, 'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808}, 'short_answers': [{'end_byte': 66609, 'end_token': 819, 'start_byte': 66595, 'start_token': 817}], 'yes_no_answer': 'NONE'}], 'document_html': '<!DOCTYPE html>\\n<HTML class=\"client-js ve-not-available\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><HEAD>\\n\\n<TITLE>Therefore sign - Wikipedia</TITLE>\\n\\n\\n<LINK rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector\" />\\n\\n<STYLE>\\n.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:10px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip li{border:#080086 2px solid;max-width:260px;padding:10px 8px 13px 8px;margin:0px;background-color:#F7F7F7;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)}.referencetooltip li+li{margin-left:7px;margin-top:-2px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0px;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #080086 solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip>li+li::after{content:\\'\\';border-top:8px #F7F7F7 solid;border-right:5px transparent solid;border-left:5px transparent solid;margin-top:-12px;margin-left:-5px;z-index:1;height:0px;width:0px;display:block}.client-js body .referencetooltip li li{border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;height:auto;width:auto;margin:auto;padding:0;position:static}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li{position:absolute;top:2px;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #080086 solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #F7F7F7 solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{float:right;height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg.png);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg);margin-top:-9px;margin-right:-7px;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.15s;-moz-transition:opacity 0.15s;-ms-transition:opacity 0.15s;-o-transition:opacity 0.15s;transition:opacity 0.15s;opacity:0.6;filter:alpha(opacity=60)}.RTsettings:hover{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100)}.RTTarget{border:#080086 2px solid}\\n.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}\\n.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect( 1px 1px 1px 1px ); clip:rect( 1px,1px,1px,1px ); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}\\n.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=1cpbno1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E\")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=1cpbno1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E\")}\\n.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}\\n@media screen {\\n\\t.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}\\n@media print {\\n\\t#toc.tochidden,.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}\\n.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:\\'\\'}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E\");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}\\n.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{font-size:13px}\\n@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY( 0 )}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}\\n@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/CloseWindow19x19.png?7596b)!ie;width:19px;height:19px;text-indent:19px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}\\n.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not( :disabled ){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not( :first-child ){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}\\n.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:\\'\\'}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}</STYLE><STYLE>\\n.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}\\n#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block{display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;color:#54595d}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block:hover,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block:hover{color:#222}\\n.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }\\n.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cg fill=%22%2372777d%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E\")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E\");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}\\n#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups-sade-face-icon{display:block;width:37px;height:27px;margin:16px 16px 0;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/sad-face.png?3984d);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 viewBox=%220 0 37 27%22%3E %3Ctitle%3Esad face%3C/title%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E\")}.mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:\\' \\';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir=\\'ltr\\']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir=\\'rtl\\']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:\\'\\';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px} @-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}  #mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/footer-ltr.png?3533c);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E\");background-position:top left;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:180px 140px;font-size:13px;font-weight:800;height:140px;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}#mwe-popups-settings{font-size:0.875em}</STYLE><STYLE>\\n.ve-activated #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not( .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay ), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{ pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;top:1.25em;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{transition:height 250ms ease;height:0; } .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba( 0,0,0,0.15 )}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{font-size:0.8em; margin:-1.25em -1.25em 1.25em -1.25em; }@media screen and ( min-width:982px ){.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{ margin:-1.5625em -1.875em 1.5265em -1.875em}}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba( 0,0,0,0.1 )}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:40px}</STYLE><META name=\"ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles\" content=\"\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector\" />\\n<META name=\"generator\" content=\"MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.17\" />\\n<META name=\"referrer\" content=\"origin-when-cross-origin\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"alternate\" href=\"android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therefore_sign\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"alternate\" type=\"application/x-wiki\" title=\"Edit this page\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"edit\" title=\"Edit this page\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" href=\"/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"search\" type=\"application/opensearchdescription+xml\" href=\"/w/opensearch_desc.php\" title=\"Wikipedia (en)\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"EditURI\" type=\"application/rsd+xml\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"license\" href=\"//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therefore_sign\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"//login.wikimedia.org\" />\\n<LINK rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"//meta.wikimedia.org\" />\\n<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src=\"/w/load.php?debug=false&amp;lang=en&amp;modules=html5shiv&amp;only=scripts&amp;skin=vector&amp;sync=1\"></script><![endif]-->\\n</HEAD>\\n<BODY class=\"mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Therefore_sign rootpage-Therefore_sign skin-vector action-view\">\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-page-base\" class=\"noprint\"></DIV>\\n\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-head-base\" class=\"noprint\"></DIV>\\n\\t\\t<DIV id=\"content\" class=\"mw-body\" role=\"main\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<A id=\"top\"></A>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"siteNotice\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><DIV id=\"centralNotice\"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class=\"mw-indicators mw-body-content\">\\n</DIV>\\n<H1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading\" lang=\"en\">Therefore sign</H1>\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"contentSub\"></DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"jump-to-nav\" class=\"mw-jump\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tJump to:\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<A href=\"#mw-head\">navigation</A>, \\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<A href=\"#p-search\">search</A>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-content-text\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\"><DIV class=\"mw-parser-output\"><TABLE class=\"infobox\" style=\"width:22em;width:18em; max-width:18em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background:#ccc;font-size:500%;line-height:1.3;font-weight:normal;font-family:serif;\">∴</TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR>\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<DIV style=\"background:#ccc;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.2em;line-height:1.2em;\">Therefore sign</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Punctuation\" title=\"Punctuation\">Punctuation</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Apostrophe\" title=\"Apostrophe\">apostrophe</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">’<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>&#39;</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Bracket\" title=\"Bracket\">brackets</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">[\\xa0]<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>(\\xa0)<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>{\\xa0}<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>⟨\\xa0⟩</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)\" title=\"Colon (punctuation)\">colon</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><SMALL><B>:</B></SMALL></TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Comma\" title=\"Comma\">comma</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">,<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>،<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>、</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Dash\" title=\"Dash\">dash</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‒\\xa0 –\\xa0 —\\xa0 ―</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Ellipsis\" title=\"Ellipsis\">ellipsis</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">…<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>...<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>⋯<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>᠁<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>ฯ</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Exclamation_mark\" title=\"Exclamation mark\">exclamation mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">\\xa0!</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Full_stop\" title=\"Full stop\">full stop, period</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><B>.</B></TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Guillemet\" title=\"Guillemet\">guillemets</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‹\\xa0›<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>«\\xa0»</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Hyphen\" title=\"Hyphen\">hyphen</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‐</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Hyphen-minus\" title=\"Hyphen-minus\">hyphen-minus</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">-</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Question_mark\" title=\"Question mark\">question mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">\\xa0?</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Quotation_mark\" title=\"Quotation mark\">quotation marks</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‘\\xa0’<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>“\\xa0”<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>&#39;\\xa0&#39;<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>&quot;\\xa0&quot;</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Semicolon\" title=\"Semicolon\">semicolon</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><SMALL><B>;</B></SMALL></TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)\" title=\"Slash (punctuation)\">slash, stroke, solidus</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">/<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>⁄</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Word_divider\" title=\"Word divider\">Word dividers</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Interpunct\" title=\"Interpunct\">interpunct</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><B>·</B></TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Space_(punctuation)\" title=\"Space (punctuation)\">space</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><SPAN style=\"background-color: #CEEEF2\">\\xa0</SPAN>\\xa0 <SPAN style=\"background-color: #CEEEF2\">\\u2002</SPAN>\\xa0 <SPAN style=\"background-color: #CEEEF2\">\\u2003</SPAN></TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\">General <A href=\"/wiki/Typography\" title=\"Typography\">typography</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Ampersand\" title=\"Ampersand\">ampersand</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">&amp;</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Asterisk\" title=\"Asterisk\">asterisk</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">*</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/At_sign\" title=\"At sign\">at sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">@</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Backslash\" title=\"Backslash\">backslash</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">\\\\</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Bullet_(typography)\" title=\"Bullet (typography)\">bullet</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">•</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Caret\" title=\"Caret\">caret</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">^</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Dagger_(typography)\" title=\"Dagger (typography)\">dagger</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">† ‡</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Degree_symbol\" title=\"Degree symbol\">degree</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">°</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Ditto_mark\" title=\"Ditto mark\">ditto mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">”</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks\" title=\"Inverted question and exclamation marks\">inverted exclamation mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">¡</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks\" title=\"Inverted question and exclamation marks\">inverted question mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">¿</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Komejirushi\" title=\"Komejirushi\">komejirushi, kome, reference mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">※</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Number_sign\" title=\"Number sign\">number\\xa0sign, pound, hash</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">#</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Numero_sign\" title=\"Numero sign\">numero sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">№</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Obelus\" title=\"Obelus\">obelus</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">÷</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Multiplication_sign\" title=\"Multiplication sign\">multiplication sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">×</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Ordinal_indicator\" title=\"Ordinal indicator\">ordinal indicator</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">º ª</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Percent_sign\" title=\"Percent sign\">percent</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/Per_mille\" title=\"Per mille\">per mil</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">\\xa0% ‰</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs\" title=\"Plus and minus signs\">plus and minus</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">+ −</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Equals_sign\" title=\"Equals sign\">equals sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">=</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Basis_point\" title=\"Basis point\">basis point</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‱</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Pilcrow\" title=\"Pilcrow\">pilcrow</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">¶</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Prime_(symbol)\" title=\"Prime (symbol)\">prime</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">′<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>″<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>‴</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Section_sign\" title=\"Section sign\">section sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">§</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Tilde\" title=\"Tilde\">tilde</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">~</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Underscore\" title=\"Underscore\">underscore, understrike</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><SPAN style=\"position: relative; top: -0.25em;\">_</SPAN></TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Vertical_bar\" title=\"Vertical bar\">vertical bar, pipe, broken\\xa0bar</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">|<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>‖<SPAN class=\"nowrap\">\\xa0\\xa0</SPAN>¦</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Intellectual_property\" title=\"Intellectual property\">Intellectual property</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Copyright_symbol\" title=\"Copyright symbol\">copyright</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">©</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol\" title=\"Sound recording copyright symbol\">sound-recording copyright</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">℗</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol\" title=\"Registered trademark symbol\">registered trademark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">®</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Service_mark_symbol\" title=\"Service mark symbol\">service mark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">℠</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Trademark_symbol\" title=\"Trademark symbol\">trademark</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">™</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Currency\" title=\"Currency\">Currency</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Currency_sign_(typography)\" title=\"Currency sign (typography)\">currency sign</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">¤</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n<DIV style=\"float: left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Currency_symbol\" title=\"Currency symbol\">currency symbols</A></DIV>\\n<BR />\\n<DIV class=\"wrap nounderlines\" style=\"max-width:17.5em; line-height:1.1em; padding-left:1em;\">\\n<P><A href=\"/wiki/Afghan_afghani\" title=\"Afghan afghani\">؋</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Argentine_austral\" title=\"Argentine austral\">₳</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Thai_baht\" title=\"Thai baht\">฿</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Bitcoin\" title=\"Bitcoin\">₿</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Ghana_cedi\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ghana cedi\">₵</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Cent_(currency)\" title=\"Cent (currency)\">¢</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Costa_Rican_col%C3%B3n\" title=\"Costa Rican colón\">₡</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Brazilian_cruzeiro\" title=\"Brazilian cruzeiro\">₢</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Dollar_sign\" title=\"Dollar sign\">$</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng\" title=\"Vietnamese đồng\">₫</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Greek_drachma\" title=\"Greek drachma\">₯</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Armenian_dram_sign\" title=\"Armenian dram sign\">֏</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/European_Currency_Unit\" title=\"European Currency Unit\">₠</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Euro_sign\" title=\"Euro sign\">€</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Florin_sign\" title=\"Florin sign\">ƒ</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/French_franc\" title=\"French franc\">₣</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD\" title=\"Paraguayan guaraní\">₲</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Hryvnia_sign\" title=\"Hryvnia sign\">₴</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Lao_kip\" title=\"Lao kip\">₭</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign\" title=\"Turkish lira sign\">₺</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Georgian_Lari\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Georgian Lari\">₾</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat\" title=\"Azerbaijani manat\">₼</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/German_gold_mark\" title=\"German gold mark\">ℳ</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Mill_(currency)\" title=\"Mill (currency)\">₥</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Nigerian_naira\" title=\"Nigerian naira\">₦</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Spanish_peseta\" title=\"Spanish peseta\">₧</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Philippine_peso_sign\" title=\"Philippine peso sign\">₱</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Pfennig\" title=\"Pfennig\">₰</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Pound_sign\" title=\"Pound sign\">£</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Renminbi\" title=\"Renminbi\">元 圆 圓</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Iranian_rial\" title=\"Iranian rial\">﷼</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Cambodian_riel\" title=\"Cambodian riel\">៛</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Ruble_sign\" title=\"Ruble sign\">₽</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign\" title=\"Indian rupee sign\">₹</A> <A href=\"/wiki/Rupee_sign\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rupee sign\">₨</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Shekel_sign\" title=\"Shekel sign\">₪</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka\" title=\"Bangladeshi taka\">৳</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge\" title=\"Kazakhstani tenge\">₸</A> \\u200b<A href=\"/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g\" title=\"Mongolian tögrög\">₮</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Won_sign\" title=\"Won sign\">₩</A> \\u200b <A href=\"/wiki/Japanese_yen\" title=\"Japanese yen\">¥ 円</A></P>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<TABLE style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\">Uncommon <A href=\"/wiki/Typography\" title=\"Typography\">typography</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Asterism_(typography)\" title=\"Asterism (typography)\">asterism</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">⁂</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)\" title=\"Fleuron (typography)\">fleuron, hedera</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">❧</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Index_(typography)\" title=\"Index (typography)\">index, fist</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">☞</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Interrobang\" title=\"Interrobang\">interrobang</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">‽</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Irony_punctuation\" title=\"Irony punctuation\">irony punctuation</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">⸮</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Lozenge\" title=\"Lozenge\">lozenge</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\">◊</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR style=\"vertical-align:top\">\\n<TD style=\"text-align:left;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Tie_(typography)\" title=\"Tie (typography)\">tie</A></TD>\\n<TD style=\"text-align:right;font-size:125%;line-height:0.8em;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap;\"><SPAN style=\"position: relative; top: 0.25em;\">⁀</SPAN></TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\">Related</TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<DIV class=\"plainlist\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI>\\n<DIV class=\"hlist hlist-separated\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Diacritic\" title=\"Diacritic\">Diacritics</A></LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols\" title=\"List of logic symbols\">Logic symbols</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n</LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Whitespace_character\" title=\"Whitespace character\">Whitespace characters</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TH colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;padding-left:0.3em;\">In other <A href=\"/wiki/Writing_system\" title=\"Writing system\">scripts</A></TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR class=\"noprint\">\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">\\n<DIV class=\"hlist hlist-separated\" style=\"line-height:1.3em;\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Chinese_punctuation\" title=\"Chinese punctuation\">Chinese</A></LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation\" title=\"Hebrew punctuation\">Hebrew</A></LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Japanese_punctuation\" title=\"Japanese punctuation\">Japanese</A></LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Korean_punctuation\" title=\"Korean punctuation\">Korean</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR>\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" class=\"hlist noprint\" style=\"text-align:center;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.4em;line-height:1.75em;font-weight:bold;\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI><IMG alt=\"Category\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png\" title=\"Category\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"36\" data-file-height=\"31\" /> <A href=\"/wiki/Category:Typographical_symbols\" title=\"Category:Typographical symbols\">Category</A></LI>\\n<LI><IMG alt=\"Portal\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png\" title=\"Portal\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"32\" data-file-height=\"28\" /> <A href=\"/wiki/Portal:Typography\" title=\"Portal:Typography\">Portal</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n<UL>\\n<LI><IMG alt=\"Wikipedia book\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png\" title=\"Wikipedia book\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"180\" data-file-height=\"185\" /> <A href=\"/wiki/Book:Typographical_symbols\" title=\"Book:Typographical symbols\">Book</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n<TR>\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:right\">\\n<DIV class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI class=\"nv-view\"><A href=\"/wiki/Template:Punctuation_marks\" title=\"Template:Punctuation marks\"><ABBR title=\"View this template\">v</ABBR></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"nv-talk\"><A href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Punctuation_marks\" title=\"Template talk:Punctuation marks\"><ABBR title=\"Discuss this template\">t</ABBR></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"nv-edit\"><A class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Punctuation_marks&amp;action=edit\"><ABBR title=\"Edit this template\">e</ABBR></A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n<P>In <A href=\"/wiki/Argument\" title=\"Argument\">logical argument</A> and <A href=\"/wiki/Mathematical_proof\" title=\"Mathematical proof\">mathematical proof</A>, the <B>therefore sign</B> (∴) is generally used before a <A href=\"/wiki/Logical_consequence\" title=\"Logical consequence\">logical consequence</A>, such as the conclusion of a <A href=\"/wiki/Syllogism\" title=\"Syllogism\">syllogism</A>. The symbol consists of three dots placed in an upright triangle and is read <I>therefore</I>. It is encoded at <SPAN class=\"nowrap\"><SPAN class=\"monospaced\" style=\"font-family: monospace, monospace;\">U+2234</SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style=\"font-size:125%\">∴</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"smallcaps\" style=\"font-variant: small-caps; font-size: smaller;\">therefore</SPAN> (HTML\\xa0<CODE>&amp;#8756;</CODE>\\xa0<B>·</B>  <CODE>&amp;there4;</CODE>). For common use in Microsoft Office hold the ALT key and type &quot;8756&quot;. While it is not generally used in formal writing, it is used in <A href=\"/wiki/Mathematics\" title=\"Mathematics\">mathematics</A> and <A href=\"/wiki/Shorthand\" title=\"Shorthand\">shorthand</A>. It is complementary to <SPAN class=\"nowrap\"><SPAN class=\"monospaced\" style=\"font-family: monospace, monospace;\">U+2235</SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style=\"font-size:125%\">∵</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"smallcaps\" style=\"font-variant: small-caps; font-size: smaller;\">because</SPAN> (HTML\\xa0<CODE>&amp;#8757;</CODE>).</P>\\n<P></P>\\n<DIV id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\">\\n<DIV class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\" xml:lang=\"en\">\\n<H2>Contents</H2>\\n<SPAN class=\"toctoggle\">\\xa0[<A role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"togglelink\">hide</A>]\\xa0</SPAN></DIV>\\n<UL>\\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><A href=\"#History\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">1</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">History</SPAN></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><A href=\"#Example_of_use\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">2</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">Example of use</SPAN></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><A href=\"#Related_signs\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">3</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">Related signs</SPAN></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><A href=\"#See_also\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">4</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">See also</SPAN></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><A href=\"#References\"><SPAN class=\"tocnumber\">5</SPAN> <SPAN class=\"toctext\">References</SPAN></A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n<P></P>\\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History\">History</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: History\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\\n<P>According to <A href=\"/wiki/Florian_Cajori\" title=\"Florian Cajori\">Cajori</A>, <I>A History of Mathematical Notations,</I> <A href=\"/wiki/Johann_Rahn\" title=\"Johann Rahn\">Johann Rahn</A> used both the <I>therefore</I> and <I>because</I> signs to mean &quot;therefore&quot;; in the German edition of <I>Teutsche Algebra</I> (1659) the <I>therefore</I> sign was prevalent with the modern meaning, but in the 1668 English edition Rahn used the <I>because</I> sign more often to mean &quot;therefore&quot;.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-1\">[1]</A></SUP> Other authors in the eighteenth century also used three dots in a triangle shape to signify &quot;therefore,&quot; but as with Rahn, there wasn&#39;t much in the way of consistency as to how the triangle was oriented; <I>because</I> with its current meaning appears to have originated in the nineteenth century. In this century, the three-dot notation for therefore became very rare in continental Europe, but it remains popular in the British Isles.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-Cajori2011_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-Cajori2011-2\">[2]</A></SUP></P>\\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Example_of_use\">Example of use</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Example of use\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\\n<P>Used in a <A href=\"/wiki/Syllogism\" title=\"Syllogism\">syllogism</A>:</P>\\n<DL>\\n<DD>All gods are immortal.</DD>\\n<DD><A href=\"/wiki/Zeus\" title=\"Zeus\">Zeus</A> is a god.</DD>\\n<DD>∴\\xa0Zeus is immortal.</DD>\\n</DL>\\n<DL>\\n<DD>x + 1 = 6</DD>\\n<DD>∴\\xa0x = 5</DD>\\n</DL>\\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Related_signs\">Related signs</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Related signs\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\\n<DIV class=\"thumb tleft\">\\n<DIV class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png\" class=\"image\"><IMG alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png/220px-DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png\" width=\"220\" height=\"156\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png/330px-DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png/440px-DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1824\" data-file-height=\"1290\" /></A>\\n<DIV class=\"thumbcaption\">\\n<DIV class=\"magnify\"><A href=\"/wiki/File:DiplomeMa%C3%A7onnique1945.png\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></A></DIV>\\nA diploma from the Masonic <I><A href=\"/wiki/Grande_Loge_de_France\" title=\"Grande Loge de France\">Grande Loge de France</A></I> showing the symbol as a substitute for the dot of abbreviation.</DIV>\\n</DIV>\\n</DIV>\\n<P>The inverted form ∵, known as the <B>because sign</B>, is sometimes used as a <A href=\"/wiki/Shorthand\" title=\"Shorthand\">shorthand</A> form of &quot;because&quot;. This is <A href=\"/wiki/Unicode\" title=\"Unicode\">Unicode</A> character U+2235.</P>\\n<P>The <I>therefore</I> sign is sometimes used as a substitute for an <A href=\"/wiki/Asterism_(typography)\" title=\"Asterism (typography)\">asterism</A> ⁂.</P>\\n<P>In meteorology, the therefore sign is used to indicate moderate rain on a <A href=\"/wiki/Station_model\" title=\"Station model\">station model</A>; the asterism indicates moderate snow.</P>\\n<P>To denote <A href=\"/wiki/Logical_implication\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Logical implication\">logical implication</A> or <A href=\"/wiki/Entailment\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Entailment\">entailment</A>, various signs are used in <A href=\"/wiki/Mathematical_logic\" title=\"Mathematical logic\">mathematical logic</A>: →, ⇒, ⊃, ⊢, ⊨. These symbols are then part of a mathematical formula, and are not considered to be punctuation. In contrast, the therefore sign is traditionally used as a punctuation mark, and does not form part of a logical formula.<SUP id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-3\">[3]</A></SUP></P>\\n<P>The graphically identical sign ∴ serves as a <A href=\"/wiki/Japanese_map_symbol\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Japanese map symbol\">Japanese map symbol</A> on the maps of the <A href=\"/wiki/Geographical_Survey_Institute_of_Japan\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Geographical Survey Institute of Japan\">Geographical Survey Institute of Japan</A>, indicating a tea plantation. On other maps the sign, often with thicker dots, is sometimes used to signal the presence of a national monument or <A href=\"/wiki/Ruins\" title=\"Ruins\">ruins</A>.</P>\\n<P>The character ஃ in the <A href=\"/wiki/Tamil_script\" title=\"Tamil script\">Tamil script</A> represents the <A href=\"/wiki/%C4%80ytam\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Āytam\">āytam</A>, a special sound of the <A href=\"/wiki/Tamil_language\" title=\"Tamil language\">Tamil language</A>.</P>\\n<P>In <A href=\"/wiki/Masonic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Masonic\">Masonic</A> traditions the symbol is used for <A href=\"/wiki/Abbreviation\" title=\"Abbreviation\">abbreviation</A>, instead of the usual period. For example &quot;R∴W∴ John Smith&quot; is an abbreviation for &quot;Right Worshipful John Smith&quot; (the term Right Worshipful is an archaic title just as &quot;Land Lord&quot; is and indicates that Brother Smith is a Grand Lodge officer).<SUP id=\"cite_ref-Mackey_4-0\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-Mackey-4\">[4]</A></SUP></P>\\n<P>In <A href=\"/wiki/Norwegian_language\" title=\"Norwegian language\">Norwegian</A> and <A href=\"/wiki/Danish_language\" title=\"Danish language\">Danish</A>, a similar symbol is used as an explanatory symbol (<I>forklaringstegnet</I>). It can be typeset using the <A href=\"/wiki/Open_o\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Open o\">open o</A> followed by a colon, thus: <B>ɔ:</B>. It is used for the meaning &quot;namely&quot;, &quot;id est&quot;, &quot;scilicet&quot; or similar<SUP id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><A href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]</A></SUP>.</P>\\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\\n<UL>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Q.E.D.\" title=\"Q.E.D.\">Q.E.D.</A></LI>\\n<LI><A href=\"/wiki/Mathematical_jargon\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mathematical jargon\">Mathematical jargon</A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n<H2><SPAN class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</SPAN><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection\"><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</A><SPAN class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>\\n<DIV class=\"reflist\" style=\"list-style-type: decimal;\">\\n<DIV class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\\n<OL class=\"references\">\\n<LI id=\"cite_note-1\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-1\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation web\"><A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema031756mbp\">&quot;Cajori, vol. 1, p. 211&quot;</A>. Archive.org<SPAN class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <SPAN class=\"nowrap\">2013-10-05</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cajori%2C+vol.+1%2C+p.+211&amp;rft.pub=Archive.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmathema031756mbp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherefore+sign\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\">\\xa0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\\n<LI id=\"cite_note-Cajori2011-2\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-Cajori2011_2-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><CITE class=\"citation book\">Florian Cajori (2011) [1929]. <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=gxrO8ZnMK_YC&amp;pg=RA1-PA282\"><I>A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes in One</I></A>. Cosimo, Inc. pp.\\xa0282–283. <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A>\\xa0<A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-571-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-571-7\">978-1-61640-571-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Notations%3A+Two+Volumes+in+One&amp;rft.pages=282-283&amp;rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61640-571-7&amp;rft.au=Florian+Cajori&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxrO8ZnMK_YC%26pg%3DRA1-PA282&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATherefore+sign\" class=\"Z3988\"><SPAN style=\"display:none;\">\\xa0</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>\\n<LI id=\"cite_note-3\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-3\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external autonumber\" href=\"http://www.scenta.co.uk/tcaep/maths/symbol/Mathematical%20Symbols/index.htm\">[1]</A> <A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014090303/http://www.scenta.co.uk/tcaep/maths/symbol/Mathematical%20Symbols/index.htm\">Archived</A> October 14, 2008, at the <A href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>\\n<LI id=\"cite_note-Mackey-4\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-Mackey_4-0\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><I><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Freemasonry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Encyclopedia of Freemasonry (page does not exist)\">Encyclopedia of Freemasonry</A> Part 1 and Its Kindred Sciences Comprising the ...</I>, <A href=\"/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Mackey\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Albert Gallatin Mackey\">Albert Gallatin Mackey</A>, page 2, reprint in 2002, <A href=\"/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing\" title=\"Kessinger Publishing\">Kessinger Publishing</A>, <A href=\"/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number\" title=\"International Standard Book Number\">ISBN</A>\\xa0<A href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-2650-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-7661-2650-1\">0-7661-2650-1</A>.</SPAN></LI>\\n<LI id=\"cite_note-5\"><SPAN class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><B><A href=\"#cite_ref-5\"><SPAN class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class=\"reference-text\"><A rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.typografi.org/forklaringstegn/forklaringstegn.html\">http://www.typografi.org/forklaringstegn/forklaringstegn.html</A></SPAN></LI>\\n</OL>\\n</DIV>\\n</DIV>\\n<DIV role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Common_logical_symbols\" style=\"padding:3px\">\\n<TABLE class=\"nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\" id=\"collapsibleTable0\">\\n<TBODY><TR>\\n<TH scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><SPAN class=\"collapseButton\">[<A id=\"collapseButton0\" href=\"#\">hide</A>]</SPAN>\\n<DIV class=\"plainlinks hlist navbar mini\">\\n<UL>\\n<LI class=\"nv-view\"><A href=\"/wiki/Template:Common_logical_symbols\" title=\"Template:Common logical symbols\"><ABBR title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;\">v</ABBR></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"nv-talk\"><A href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Common_logical_symbols\" title=\"Template talk:Common logical symbols\"><ABBR title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;\">t</ABBR></A></LI>\\n<LI class=\"nv-edit\"><A class=\"external text\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Common_logical_symbols&amp;action=edit\"><ABBR title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;\">e</ABBR></A></LI>\\n</UL>\\n</DIV>\\n<DIV id=\"Common_logical_symbols\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><A href=\"/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols\" title=\"List of logic symbols\">Common logical symbols</A></DIV>\\n</TH>\\n</TR>\\n<TR>\\n<TD colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;\">\\n<DIV style=\"padding:0px;\">\\n<TABLE class=\"navbox-columns-table\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;\">\\n<TBODY><TR style=\"vertical-align:top;\">\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wedge_(symbol)\" title=\"Wedge (symbol)\">∧</A> \\xa0<SPAN style=\"font-size:55%;\"><I>or</I></SPAN>\\xa0 <A href=\"/wiki/Ampersand\" title=\"Ampersand\">&amp;</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Logical_conjunction\" title=\"Logical conjunction\">and</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Vel_(symbol)\" title=\"Vel (symbol)\">∨</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Logical_disjunction\" title=\"Logical disjunction\">or</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Negation\" title=\"Negation\">¬</A> \\xa0<SPAN style=\"font-size:55%;\"><I>or</I></SPAN>\\xa0 <A href=\"/wiki/Tilde\" title=\"Tilde\">~</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Negation\" title=\"Negation\">not</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Arrow_(symbol)\" title=\"Arrow (symbol)\">→</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Material_conditional\" title=\"Material conditional\">implies</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Horseshoe_(symbol)\" title=\"Horseshoe (symbol)\">⊃</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Material_conditional\" title=\"Material conditional\">implies</A>,<BR />\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Subset_and_superset\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Subset and superset\">superset</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Triple_bar\" title=\"Triple bar\">≡</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/If_and_only_if\" title=\"If and only if\">iff</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Sheffer_stroke\" title=\"Sheffer stroke\">|</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Sheffer_stroke\" title=\"Sheffer stroke\">nand</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Turned_A\" title=\"Turned A\">∀</A></DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.15em\"><A href=\"/wiki/Universal_quantification\" title=\"Universal quantification\">universal<BR />\\nquantification</A></DIV>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Turned_E\" title=\"Turned E\">∃</A></DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.15em\"><A href=\"/wiki/Existential_quantification\" title=\"Existential quantification\">existential<BR />\\nquantification</A></DIV>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Tee_(symbol)\" title=\"Tee (symbol)\">⊤</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Tautology_(logic)\" title=\"Tautology (logic)\">tautology</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Up_tack\" title=\"Up tack\">⊥</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/False_(logic)\" title=\"False (logic)\">false</A>,<BR />\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Contradiction\" title=\"Contradiction\">contradiction</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Turnstile_(symbol)\" title=\"Turnstile (symbol)\">⊢</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Turnstile_(symbol)\" title=\"Turnstile (symbol)\">entails,<BR />\\nproves</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Double_turnstile\" title=\"Double turnstile\">⊨</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Double_turnstile\" title=\"Double turnstile\">entails,<BR />\\ntherefore</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">∴</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Logical_consequence\" title=\"Logical consequence\">therefore</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n<TD class=\"navbox-list\" style=\"border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.85em;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.85em;;;;width:10em;\">\\n<DIV>\\n<DIV style=\"font-size:150%;margin-bottom:0.55em;\"><A href=\"/wiki/Because_sign#Related_signs\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Because sign\">∵</A></DIV>\\n<A href=\"/wiki/Because_sign#Related_signs\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Because sign\">because</A></DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</DIV>\\n</TD>\\n</TR>\\n</TBODY></TABLE>\\n</DIV>\\n\\n\\n<!-- \\nNewPP limit report\\nParsed by mw1319\\nCached time: 20180124234316\\nCache expiry: 1900800\\nDynamic content: false\\nCPU time usage: 0.288 seconds\\nReal time usage: 0.382 seconds\\nPreprocessor visited node count: 3270/1000000\\nPreprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000\\nPost‐expand include size: 128809/2097152 bytes\\nTemplate argument size: 7841/2097152 bytes\\nHighest expansion depth: 22/40\\nExpensive parser function count: 0/500\\nLua time usage: 0.106/10.000 seconds\\nLua memory usage: 2.71 MB/50 MB\\n-->\\n<!--\\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\\n100.00%  316.696      1 -total\\n 46.49%  147.239      1 Template:Punctuation_marks\\n 44.52%  140.997      1 Template:Infobox\\n 29.87%   94.585      1 Template:Reflist\\n 26.26%   83.164      6 Template:Aligned_table\\n 13.76%   43.587      2 Template:Unichar\\n 12.97%   41.088      2 Template:Unichar/main\\n 11.99%   37.974      1 Template:Cite_web\\n  8.83%   27.953      1 Template:Common_logical_symbols\\n  8.45%   26.749      1 Template:ISBN\\n-->\\n</DIV>\\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10593264-0!canonical and timestamp 20180124234315 and revision id 815234923\\n -->\\n<NOSCRIPT><img src=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1\" alt=\"\" title=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"printfooter\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tRetrieved from &quot;<A dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;oldid=815234923\">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;oldid=815234923</A>&quot;\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\"><DIV id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\"><A href=\"/wiki/Help:Category\" title=\"Help:Category\">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Typographical_symbols\" title=\"Category:Typographical symbols\">Typographical symbols</A></LI><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Punctuation\" title=\"Category:Punctuation\">Punctuation</A></LI><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Mathematical_symbols\" title=\"Category:Mathematical symbols\">Mathematical symbols</A></LI><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Logic_symbols\" title=\"Category:Logic symbols\">Logic symbols</A></LI><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Logical_consequence\" title=\"Category:Logical consequence\">Logical consequence</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id=\"mw-hidden-catlinks\" class=\"mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden\">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href=\"/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" title=\"Category:Webarchive template wayback links\">Webarchive template wayback links</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"visualClear\"></DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-navigation\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<H2>Navigation menu</H2>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-head\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-personal\" role=\"navigation\" class=\"\" aria-labelledby=\"p-personal-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-personal-label\">Personal tools</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"pt-anonuserpage\">Not logged in</LI><LI id=\"pt-anontalk\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:MyTalk\" title=\"Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]\" accesskey=\"n\">Talk</A></LI><LI id=\"pt-anoncontribs\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:MyContributions\" title=\"A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]\" accesskey=\"y\">Contributions</A></LI><LI id=\"pt-createaccount\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Therefore+sign\" title=\"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\">Create account</A></LI><LI id=\"pt-login\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Therefore+sign\" title=\"You&#39;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#39;s not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]\" accesskey=\"o\">Log in</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"left-navigation\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-namespaces\" role=\"navigation\" class=\"vectorTabs\" aria-labelledby=\"p-namespaces-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-namespaces-label\">Namespaces</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected\"><SPAN><A href=\"/wiki/Therefore_sign\" title=\"View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]\" accesskey=\"c\">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id=\"ca-talk\"><SPAN><A href=\"/wiki/Talk:Therefore_sign\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]\" accesskey=\"t\">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-variants\" role=\"navigation\" class=\"vectorMenu emptyPortlet\" aria-labelledby=\"p-variants-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-variants-label\" tabindex=\"0\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"menu\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"right-navigation\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-views\" role=\"navigation\" class=\"vectorTabs\" aria-labelledby=\"p-views-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-views-label\">Views</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"ca-view\" class=\"collapsible selected\"><SPAN><A href=\"/wiki/Therefore_sign\">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id=\"ca-edit\" class=\"collapsible\"><SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=edit\" title=\"Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]\" accesskey=\"e\">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id=\"ca-history\" class=\"collapsible\"><SPAN><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]\" accesskey=\"h\">View history</A></SPAN></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-cactions\" role=\"navigation\" class=\"vectorMenu emptyPortlet\" aria-labelledby=\"p-cactions-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-cactions-label\" tabindex=\"0\"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"menu\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-search\" role=\"search\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LABEL for=\"searchInput\">Search</LABEL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<FORM action=\"/w/index.php\" id=\"searchform\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"simpleSearch\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<INPUT type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"searchInput\" tabindex=\"1\" autocomplete=\"off\" /><INPUT type=\"hidden\" value=\"Special:Search\" name=\"title\" /><INPUT type=\"submit\" name=\"go\" value=\"Go\" title=\"Go to a page with this exact name if it exists\" id=\"searchButton\" class=\"searchButton\" />\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</FORM>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"mw-panel\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"p-logo\" role=\"banner\"><A class=\"mw-wiki-logo\" href=\"/wiki/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page\"></A></DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"portal\" role=\"navigation\" id=\"p-navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"p-navigation-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-navigation-label\">Navigation</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"body\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"n-mainpage-description\"><A href=\"/wiki/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]\" accesskey=\"z\">Main page</A></LI><LI id=\"n-contents\"><A href=\"/wiki/Portal:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\">Contents</A></LI><LI id=\"n-featuredcontent\"><A href=\"/wiki/Portal:Featured_content\" title=\"Featured content – the best of Wikipedia\">Featured content</A></LI><LI id=\"n-currentevents\"><A href=\"/wiki/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Find background information on current events\">Current events</A></LI><LI id=\"n-randompage\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:Random\" title=\"Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]\" accesskey=\"x\">Random article</A></LI><LI id=\"n-sitesupport\"><A href=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en\" title=\"Support us\">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id=\"n-shoplink\"><A href=\"//shop.wikimedia.org\" title=\"Visit the Wikipedia store\">Wikipedia store</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"portal\" role=\"navigation\" id=\"p-interaction\" aria-labelledby=\"p-interaction-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-interaction-label\">Interaction</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"body\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"n-help\"><A href=\"/wiki/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\">Help</A></LI><LI id=\"n-aboutsite\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Find out about Wikipedia\">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id=\"n-portal\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"About the project, what you can do, where to find things\">Community portal</A></LI><LI id=\"n-recentchanges\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChanges\" title=\"A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]\" accesskey=\"r\">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id=\"n-contactpage\"><A href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\">Contact page</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"portal\" role=\"navigation\" id=\"p-tb\" aria-labelledby=\"p-tb-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-tb-label\">Tools</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"body\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"t-whatlinkshere\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Therefore_sign\" title=\"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]\" accesskey=\"j\">What links here</A></LI><LI id=\"t-recentchangeslinked\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Therefore_sign\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]\" accesskey=\"k\">Related changes</A></LI><LI id=\"t-upload\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]\" accesskey=\"u\">Upload file</A></LI><LI id=\"t-specialpages\"><A href=\"/wiki/Special:SpecialPages\" title=\"A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]\" accesskey=\"q\">Special pages</A></LI><LI id=\"t-permalink\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;oldid=815234923\" title=\"Permanent link to this revision of the page\">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id=\"t-info\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;action=info\" title=\"More information about this page\">Page information</A></LI><LI id=\"t-wikibase\"><A href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196881\" title=\"Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]\" accesskey=\"g\">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id=\"t-cite\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Therefore_sign&amp;id=815234923\" title=\"Information on how to cite this page\">Cite this page</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"portal\" role=\"navigation\" id=\"p-coll-print_export\" aria-labelledby=\"p-coll-print_export-label\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-coll-print_export-label\">Print/export</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"body\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"coll-create_a_book\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Therefore+sign\">Create a book</A></LI><LI id=\"coll-download-as-rdf2latex\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&amp;page=Therefore+sign&amp;action=show-download-screen\">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id=\"t-print\"><A href=\"/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;printable=yes\" title=\"Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]\" accesskey=\"p\">Printable version</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"portal\" role=\"navigation\" id=\"p-lang\" aria-labelledby=\"p-lang-label\"><SPAN class=\"uls-settings-trigger\" title=\"Language settings\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"></SPAN>\\n\\t\\t\\t<H3 id=\"p-lang-label\">Languages</H3>\\n\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"body\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr\"><A href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_cons%C3%A9quent\" title=\"Par conséquent – French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Français</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko\"><A href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9F%AC%EB%AF%80%EB%A1%9C_%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8\" title=\"그러므로 기호 – Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">한국어</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl\"><A href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusteken\" title=\"Dusteken – Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja\"><A href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%B4\" title=\"∴ – Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">日本語</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no\"><A href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklaringstegnet\" title=\"Forklaringstegnet – Norwegian\" lang=\"no\" hreflang=\"no\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Norsk</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt\"><A href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinal_de_conclus%C3%A3o\" title=\"Sinal de conclusão – Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Português</A></LI><LI class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sv\"><A href=\"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rklaringstecken\" title=\"Förklaringstecken – Swedish\" lang=\"sv\" hreflang=\"sv\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\">Svenska</A></LI>\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><SPAN class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\"><A href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196881#sitelinks-wikipedia\" title=\"Edit interlanguage links\" class=\"wbc-editpage\">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV id=\"footer\" role=\"contentinfo\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL id=\"footer-info\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-info-lastmod\"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 16:22.</LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-info-copyright\">Text is available under the <A rel=\"license\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel=\"license\" href=\"//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\" style=\"display:none;\"></A>;\\nadditional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href=\"//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use\">Terms of Use</A> and <A href=\"//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy\">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href=\"//www.wikimediafoundation.org/\">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL id=\"footer-places\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-privacy\"><A href=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wmf:Privacy policy\">Privacy policy</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-about\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Wikipedia:About\">About Wikipedia</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-disclaimer\"><A href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer\" title=\"Wikipedia:General disclaimer\">Disclaimers</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-contact\"><A href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-developers\"><A href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute\">Developers</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-cookiestatement\"><A href=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement\">Cookie statement</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-places-mobileview\"><A href=\"//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile\" class=\"noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle\">Mobile view</A></LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI style=\"\"><A href=\"#\">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<UL id=\"footer-icons\" class=\"noprint\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-copyrightico\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<A href=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/\"><IMG src=\"/static/images/wikimedia-button.png\" srcset=\"/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\" alt=\"Wikimedia Foundation\" /></A>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<LI id=\"footer-poweredbyico\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<A href=\"//www.mediawiki.org/\"><IMG src=\"/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png\" alt=\"Powered by MediaWiki\" srcset=\"/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\" /></A>\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</LI>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t</UL>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<DIV style=\"clear: both;\"></DIV>\\n\\t\\t</DIV>\\n\\t\\t\\n\\t\\n\\n<DIV class=\"suggestions\" style=\"display: none; font-size: 13px;\"><DIV class=\"suggestions-results\"></DIV><DIV class=\"suggestions-special\"></DIV></DIV><DIV id=\"mwe-popups-svg\"><svg width=\"0\" height=\"0\"><defs><clipPath id=\"mwe-popups-mask\"><polygon points=\"0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000\"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id=\"mwe-popups-mask-flip\"><polygon points=\"0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000\"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id=\"mwe-popups-landscape-mask\"><polygon points=\"0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000\"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id=\"mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip\"><polygon points=\"0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242\"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV></BODY></HTML>\\n', 'document_title': 'Therefore sign', 'document_tokens': [{'end_byte': 101, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 92, 'token': 'Therefore'}, {'end_byte': 106, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 102, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 108, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 107, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 118, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 109, 'token': 'wikipedia'}, {'end_byte': 40995, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 40942, 'token': '<H1>'}, {'end_byte': 41004, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 40995, 'token': 'Therefore'}, {'end_byte': 41009, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41005, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 41014, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41009, 'token': '</H1>'}, {'end_byte': 41233, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41229, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 41236, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41234, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 41237, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41236, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 41271, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41261, 'token': 'navigation'}, {'end_byte': 41276, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41275, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 41308, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41302, 'token': 'search'}, {'end_byte': 41497, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41427, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 41509, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41505, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 41669, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41510, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 41672, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41669, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 41677, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41672, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 41683, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41678, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 41688, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41684, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 41731, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41689, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 41849, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41840, 'token': 'Therefore'}, {'end_byte': 41854, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 41850, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 41866, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41861, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 41872, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41867, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 41893, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41873, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 41936, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41894, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 42042, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 41937, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 42054, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42050, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42133, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42055, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 42192, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42181, 'token': 'Punctuation'}, {'end_byte': 42201, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42196, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 42207, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42202, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42239, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42208, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42269, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42240, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42325, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42315, 'token': 'apostrophe'}, {'end_byte': 42334, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42329, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42439, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42335, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42442, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42439, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 42479, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42474, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 42484, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42479, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42490, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42485, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42522, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42491, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42552, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42523, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42600, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42592, 'token': 'brackets'}, {'end_byte': 42609, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42604, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42714, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42610, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42715, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42714, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 42718, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42717, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 42751, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42750, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 42754, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42753, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 42787, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42786, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 42790, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42789, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 42825, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42822, 'token': '⟨'}, {'end_byte': 42830, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42827, 'token': '⟩'}, {'end_byte': 42835, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42830, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42841, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42836, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42873, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42842, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 42903, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42874, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 42972, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 42967, 'token': 'colon'}, {'end_byte': 42981, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42976, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43086, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 42982, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43097, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43096, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 43114, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43109, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43120, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43115, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43152, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43121, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43182, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43153, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43223, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43218, 'token': 'comma'}, {'end_byte': 43232, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43227, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43337, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43233, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43338, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43337, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 43372, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43370, 'token': '،'}, {'end_byte': 43407, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43404, 'token': '、'}, {'end_byte': 43412, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43407, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43418, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43413, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43450, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43419, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43480, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43451, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43518, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43514, 'token': 'dash'}, {'end_byte': 43527, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43522, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43632, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43528, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43635, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43632, 'token': '‒'}, {'end_byte': 43641, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43638, 'token': '--'}, {'end_byte': 43647, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43644, 'token': '--'}, {'end_byte': 43653, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43650, 'token': '―'}, {'end_byte': 43658, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43653, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43664, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43659, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43696, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43665, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 43726, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43697, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43776, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43768, 'token': 'ellipsis'}, {'end_byte': 43785, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43780, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43890, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 43786, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 43893, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43890, 'token': '...'}, {'end_byte': 43928, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43925, 'token': '...'}, {'end_byte': 43963, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43960, 'token': '⋯'}, {'end_byte': 43998, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 43995, 'token': '᠁'}, {'end_byte': 44033, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44030, 'token': 'ฯ'}, {'end_byte': 44038, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44033, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44044, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44039, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44076, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44045, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44106, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44077, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44175, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44164, 'token': 'exclamation'}, {'end_byte': 44180, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44176, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 44189, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44184, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44294, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44190, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44297, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44296, 'token': '!'}, {'end_byte': 44302, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44297, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44308, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44303, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44340, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44309, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44370, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44341, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44418, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44414, 'token': 'full'}, {'end_byte': 44423, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44419, 'token': 'stop'}, {'end_byte': 44424, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44423, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 44431, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44425, 'token': 'period'}, {'end_byte': 44440, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44435, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44545, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44441, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44549, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44548, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 44558, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44553, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44564, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44559, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44596, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44565, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44626, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44597, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44680, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44670, 'token': 'guillemets'}, {'end_byte': 44689, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44684, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44794, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44690, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44797, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44794, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 44802, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44799, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 44836, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44834, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 44840, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44838, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 44845, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44840, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44851, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44846, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44883, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44852, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 44913, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44884, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 44957, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 44951, 'token': 'hyphen'}, {'end_byte': 44966, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44961, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45071, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 44967, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45074, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45071, 'token': '‐'}, {'end_byte': 45079, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45074, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45085, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45080, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45117, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45086, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45147, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45118, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45203, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45197, 'token': 'hyphen'}, {'end_byte': 45204, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45203, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 45209, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45204, 'token': 'minus'}, {'end_byte': 45218, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45213, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45323, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45219, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45324, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45323, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 45329, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45324, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45335, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45330, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45367, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45336, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45397, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45368, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45457, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45449, 'token': 'question'}, {'end_byte': 45462, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45458, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 45471, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45466, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45576, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45472, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45579, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45578, 'token': '?'}, {'end_byte': 45584, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45579, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45590, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45585, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45622, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45591, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 45652, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45623, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45715, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45706, 'token': 'quotation'}, {'end_byte': 45721, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45716, 'token': 'marks'}, {'end_byte': 45730, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45725, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45835, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45731, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45838, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45835, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 45843, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45840, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 45878, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45875, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 45883, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45880, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 45920, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45915, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 45927, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45922, 'token': \"'\"}, {'end_byte': 45965, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45959, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 45973, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 45967, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 45978, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45973, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 45984, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45979, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46016, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 45985, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46046, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46017, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46099, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46090, 'token': 'semicolon'}, {'end_byte': 46108, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46103, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46213, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46109, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46224, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46223, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 46241, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46236, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46247, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46242, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46279, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46248, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46309, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46280, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46378, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46373, 'token': 'slash'}, {'end_byte': 46379, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46378, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 46386, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46380, 'token': 'stroke'}, {'end_byte': 46387, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46386, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 46395, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46388, 'token': 'solidus'}, {'end_byte': 46404, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46399, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46509, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46405, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46510, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46509, 'token': '/'}, {'end_byte': 46545, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46542, 'token': '⁄'}, {'end_byte': 46550, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46545, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46556, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46551, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46573, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46565, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 46579, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46574, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 46585, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46580, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46606, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46586, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46649, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46607, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 46755, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46650, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 46767, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46763, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46846, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46768, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 46900, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46896, 'token': 'Word'}, {'end_byte': 46909, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 46901, 'token': 'dividers'}, {'end_byte': 46918, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46913, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 46924, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46919, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46956, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46925, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 46986, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 46957, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47042, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 47032, 'token': 'interpunct'}, {'end_byte': 47051, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47046, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47156, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47052, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47170, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47165, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47176, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47171, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47208, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47177, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47238, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47209, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47307, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 47302, 'token': 'space'}, {'end_byte': 47316, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47311, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47421, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47317, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47581, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47576, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47587, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47582, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47604, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47596, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 47610, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47605, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 47616, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47611, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47637, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47617, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47680, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47638, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 47786, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47681, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 47798, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47794, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47877, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47799, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 47884, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 47877, 'token': 'General'}, {'end_byte': 47941, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 47931, 'token': 'typography'}, {'end_byte': 47950, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47945, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 47956, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47951, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 47988, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47957, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48018, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 47989, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48071, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48062, 'token': 'ampersand'}, {'end_byte': 48080, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48075, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48185, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48081, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48190, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48185, 'token': '&'}, {'end_byte': 48195, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48190, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48201, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48196, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48233, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48202, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48263, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48234, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48313, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48305, 'token': 'asterisk'}, {'end_byte': 48322, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48317, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48427, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48323, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48428, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48427, 'token': '*'}, {'end_byte': 48433, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48428, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48439, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48434, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48471, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48440, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48501, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48472, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48543, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48541, 'token': 'at'}, {'end_byte': 48548, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48544, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 48557, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48552, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48662, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48558, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48663, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48662, 'token': '@'}, {'end_byte': 48668, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48663, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48674, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48669, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48706, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48675, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48736, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48707, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48789, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48780, 'token': 'backslash'}, {'end_byte': 48798, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48793, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48903, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48799, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48904, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 48903, 'token': '\\\\'}, {'end_byte': 48909, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48904, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 48915, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48910, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48947, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48916, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 48977, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 48948, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49047, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49041, 'token': 'bullet'}, {'end_byte': 49056, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49051, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49161, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49057, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49169, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49164, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49175, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49170, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49207, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49176, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49237, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49208, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49278, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49273, 'token': 'caret'}, {'end_byte': 49287, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49282, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49392, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49288, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49398, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49393, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49404, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49399, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49436, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49405, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49466, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49437, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49536, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49530, 'token': 'dagger'}, {'end_byte': 49545, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49540, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49650, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49546, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49653, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49650, 'token': '†'}, {'end_byte': 49657, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49654, 'token': '‡'}, {'end_byte': 49662, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49657, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49668, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49663, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49700, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49669, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49730, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49701, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49788, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49782, 'token': 'degree'}, {'end_byte': 49797, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49792, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49902, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49798, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49904, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 49902, 'token': '°'}, {'end_byte': 49909, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49904, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 49915, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49910, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49947, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49916, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 49977, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 49948, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50028, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50023, 'token': 'ditto'}, {'end_byte': 50033, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50029, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 50042, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50037, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50147, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50043, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50150, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50147, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 50155, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50150, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50161, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50156, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50193, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50162, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50223, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50194, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50335, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50327, 'token': 'inverted'}, {'end_byte': 50347, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50336, 'token': 'exclamation'}, {'end_byte': 50352, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50348, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 50361, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50356, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50466, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50362, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50468, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50466, 'token': '¡'}, {'end_byte': 50473, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50468, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50479, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50474, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50511, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50480, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50541, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50512, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50653, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50645, 'token': 'inverted'}, {'end_byte': 50662, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50654, 'token': 'question'}, {'end_byte': 50667, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50663, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 50676, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50671, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50781, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50677, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50783, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50781, 'token': '¿'}, {'end_byte': 50788, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50783, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50794, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50789, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50826, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50795, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 50856, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50827, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 50915, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50904, 'token': 'komejirushi'}, {'end_byte': 50916, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50915, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 50921, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50917, 'token': 'kome'}, {'end_byte': 50922, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50921, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 50932, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50923, 'token': 'reference'}, {'end_byte': 50937, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 50933, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 50946, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50941, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51051, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 50947, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51054, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51051, 'token': '※'}, {'end_byte': 51059, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51054, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51065, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51060, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51097, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51066, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51127, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51098, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51181, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51175, 'token': 'number'}, {'end_byte': 51187, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51183, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 51188, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51187, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 51194, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51189, 'token': 'pound'}, {'end_byte': 51195, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51194, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 51200, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51196, 'token': 'hash'}, {'end_byte': 51209, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51204, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51314, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51210, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51315, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51314, 'token': '#'}, {'end_byte': 51320, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51315, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51326, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51321, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51358, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51327, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51388, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51359, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51442, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51436, 'token': 'numero'}, {'end_byte': 51447, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51443, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 51456, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51451, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51561, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51457, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51564, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51561, 'token': 'No'}, {'end_byte': 51569, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51564, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51575, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51570, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51607, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51576, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51637, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51608, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51681, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51675, 'token': 'obelus'}, {'end_byte': 51690, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51685, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51795, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51691, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51797, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51795, 'token': '÷'}, {'end_byte': 51802, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51797, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51808, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51803, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51840, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51809, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 51870, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51841, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 51948, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51934, 'token': 'multiplication'}, {'end_byte': 51953, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 51949, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 51962, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51957, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52067, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 51963, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52069, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52067, 'token': '×'}, {'end_byte': 52074, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52069, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52080, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52075, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52112, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52081, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52142, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52113, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52209, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52202, 'token': 'ordinal'}, {'end_byte': 52219, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52210, 'token': 'indicator'}, {'end_byte': 52228, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52223, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52333, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52229, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52335, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52333, 'token': 'o'}, {'end_byte': 52338, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52336, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 52343, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52338, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52349, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52344, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52381, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52350, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52411, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52382, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52468, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52461, 'token': 'percent'}, {'end_byte': 52473, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52472, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 52521, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52518, 'token': 'per'}, {'end_byte': 52525, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52522, 'token': 'mil'}, {'end_byte': 52534, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52529, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52639, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52535, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52642, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52641, 'token': '%'}, {'end_byte': 52646, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52643, 'token': '‰'}, {'end_byte': 52651, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52646, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52657, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52652, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52689, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52658, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52719, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52690, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52789, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52785, 'token': 'plus'}, {'end_byte': 52793, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52790, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 52799, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52794, 'token': 'minus'}, {'end_byte': 52808, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52803, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52913, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52809, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52914, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52913, 'token': '+'}, {'end_byte': 52918, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 52915, 'token': '−'}, {'end_byte': 52923, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52918, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 52929, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52924, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52961, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52930, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 52991, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 52962, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53045, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53039, 'token': 'equals'}, {'end_byte': 53050, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53046, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 53059, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53054, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53164, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53060, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53165, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53164, 'token': '='}, {'end_byte': 53170, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53165, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53176, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53171, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53208, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53177, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53238, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53209, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53291, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53286, 'token': 'basis'}, {'end_byte': 53297, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53292, 'token': 'point'}, {'end_byte': 53306, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53301, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53411, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53307, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53414, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53411, 'token': '‱'}, {'end_byte': 53419, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53414, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53425, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53420, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53457, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53426, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53487, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53458, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53534, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53527, 'token': 'pilcrow'}, {'end_byte': 53543, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53538, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53648, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53544, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53650, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53648, 'token': '¶'}, {'end_byte': 53655, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53650, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53661, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53656, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53693, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53662, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 53723, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53694, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53782, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53777, 'token': 'prime'}, {'end_byte': 53791, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53786, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53896, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53792, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53899, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53896, 'token': '′'}, {'end_byte': 53934, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53931, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 53969, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 53966, 'token': '′′′'}, {'end_byte': 53974, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53969, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 53980, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53975, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54012, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 53981, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54042, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54013, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54099, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54092, 'token': 'section'}, {'end_byte': 54104, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54100, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 54113, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54108, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54218, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54114, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54220, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54218, 'token': '§'}, {'end_byte': 54225, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54220, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54231, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54226, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54263, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54232, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54293, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54264, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54334, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54329, 'token': 'tilde'}, {'end_byte': 54343, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54338, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54448, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54344, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54449, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54448, 'token': '~'}, {'end_byte': 54454, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54449, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54460, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54455, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54492, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54461, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54522, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54493, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54578, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54568, 'token': 'underscore'}, {'end_byte': 54579, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54578, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 54591, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54580, 'token': 'understrike'}, {'end_byte': 54600, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54595, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54705, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54601, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54754, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54753, 'token': '_'}, {'end_byte': 54766, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54761, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54772, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54767, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54804, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54773, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 54834, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54805, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 54892, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54884, 'token': 'vertical'}, {'end_byte': 54896, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54893, 'token': 'bar'}, {'end_byte': 54897, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54896, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 54902, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54898, 'token': 'pipe'}, {'end_byte': 54903, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54902, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 54910, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54904, 'token': 'broken'}, {'end_byte': 54915, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 54912, 'token': 'bar'}, {'end_byte': 54924, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54919, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55029, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 54925, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55065, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55062, 'token': '‖'}, {'end_byte': 55099, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55097, 'token': '¦'}, {'end_byte': 55104, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55099, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55110, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55105, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55127, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55119, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 55133, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55128, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55139, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55134, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55160, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55140, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55203, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55161, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 55309, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55204, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 55321, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55317, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55400, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55322, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 55480, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55468, 'token': 'Intellectual'}, {'end_byte': 55489, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55481, 'token': 'property'}, {'end_byte': 55498, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55493, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 55504, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55499, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55536, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55505, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55566, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55537, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55633, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55624, 'token': 'copyright'}, {'end_byte': 55642, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55637, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55747, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55643, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55749, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55747, 'token': '©'}, {'end_byte': 55754, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55749, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55760, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55755, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55792, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55761, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 55822, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55793, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 55917, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55912, 'token': 'sound'}, {'end_byte': 55918, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55917, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 55927, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55918, 'token': 'recording'}, {'end_byte': 55937, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 55928, 'token': 'copyright'}, {'end_byte': 55946, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55941, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56051, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 55947, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56054, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56051, 'token': '℗'}, {'end_byte': 56059, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56054, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56065, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56060, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56097, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56066, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56127, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56098, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56217, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56207, 'token': 'registered'}, {'end_byte': 56227, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56218, 'token': 'trademark'}, {'end_byte': 56236, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56231, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56341, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56237, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56343, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56341, 'token': '®'}, {'end_byte': 56348, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56343, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56354, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56349, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56386, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56355, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56416, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56387, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56487, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56480, 'token': 'service'}, {'end_byte': 56492, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56488, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 56501, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56496, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56606, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56502, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56609, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56606, 'token': 'SM'}, {'end_byte': 56614, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56609, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56620, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56615, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56652, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56621, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56682, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56653, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56749, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56740, 'token': 'trademark'}, {'end_byte': 56758, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56753, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56863, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56759, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56866, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 56863, 'token': 'TM'}, {'end_byte': 56871, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56866, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56877, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56872, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56894, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56886, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 56900, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56895, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 56906, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56901, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56927, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56907, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 56970, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56928, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 57076, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 56971, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 57088, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57084, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 57167, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57089, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 57217, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57209, 'token': 'Currency'}, {'end_byte': 57226, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57221, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 57232, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57227, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 57264, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57233, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 57294, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57265, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 57380, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57372, 'token': 'currency'}, {'end_byte': 57385, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57381, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 57394, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57389, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 57499, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57395, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 57501, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57499, 'token': '¤'}, {'end_byte': 57506, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57501, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 57512, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57507, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 57529, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57521, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 57620, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57612, 'token': 'currency'}, {'end_byte': 57628, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57621, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 57744, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 57741, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 57800, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57798, 'token': '؋'}, {'end_byte': 57808, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57805, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 57871, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57868, 'token': '₳'}, {'end_byte': 57879, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57876, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 57927, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57924, 'token': '฿'}, {'end_byte': 57935, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57932, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 57978, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57975, 'token': '₿'}, {'end_byte': 57986, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 57983, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58056, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58053, 'token': '₵'}, {'end_byte': 58064, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58061, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58122, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58120, 'token': '¢'}, {'end_byte': 58130, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58127, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58199, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58196, 'token': '₡'}, {'end_byte': 58207, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58204, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58272, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58269, 'token': '₢'}, {'end_byte': 58280, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58277, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58330, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58329, 'token': '$'}, {'end_byte': 58338, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58335, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58413, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58410, 'token': '₫'}, {'end_byte': 58421, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58418, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58476, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58473, 'token': '₯'}, {'end_byte': 58484, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58481, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58548, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58546, 'token': '֏'}, {'end_byte': 58556, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58553, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58630, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58627, 'token': '₠'}, {'end_byte': 58638, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58635, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58685, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58682, 'token': '€'}, {'end_byte': 58693, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58690, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58744, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58742, 'token': 'ƒ'}, {'end_byte': 58752, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58749, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58805, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58802, 'token': '₣'}, {'end_byte': 58813, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58810, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58885, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58882, 'token': '₲'}, {'end_byte': 58893, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58890, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58947, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58944, 'token': '₴'}, {'end_byte': 58955, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58952, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 58999, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 58996, 'token': '₭'}, {'end_byte': 59007, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59004, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59071, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59068, 'token': '₺'}, {'end_byte': 59079, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59076, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59154, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59151, 'token': '₾'}, {'end_byte': 59162, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59159, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59226, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59223, 'token': '₼'}, {'end_byte': 59234, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59231, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59295, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59292, 'token': 'M'}, {'end_byte': 59303, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59300, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59362, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59359, 'token': '₥'}, {'end_byte': 59370, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59367, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59428, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59425, 'token': '₦'}, {'end_byte': 59436, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59433, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59494, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59491, 'token': '₧'}, {'end_byte': 59502, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59499, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59571, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59568, 'token': '₱'}, {'end_byte': 59579, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59576, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59622, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59619, 'token': '₰'}, {'end_byte': 59630, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59627, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59678, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59676, 'token': '£'}, {'end_byte': 59686, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59683, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59732, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59729, 'token': '元'}, {'end_byte': 59736, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59733, 'token': '圆'}, {'end_byte': 59740, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59737, 'token': '圓'}, {'end_byte': 59748, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59745, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59801, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59798, 'token': 'ریال'}, {'end_byte': 59809, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59806, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59866, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59863, 'token': '៛'}, {'end_byte': 59874, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59871, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59923, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59920, 'token': '₽'}, {'end_byte': 59931, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59928, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 59994, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 59991, 'token': '₹'}, {'end_byte': 60068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60065, 'token': 'Rs'}, {'end_byte': 60076, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60073, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60128, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60125, 'token': '₪'}, {'end_byte': 60136, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60133, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60198, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60195, 'token': '৳'}, {'end_byte': 60206, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60203, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60269, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60266, 'token': '₸'}, {'end_byte': 60277, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60274, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60350, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60347, 'token': '₮'}, {'end_byte': 60358, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60355, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60404, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60401, 'token': '₩'}, {'end_byte': 60412, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60409, 'token': '\\u200b'}, {'end_byte': 60465, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60463, 'token': '¥'}, {'end_byte': 60469, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60466, 'token': '円'}, {'end_byte': 60477, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60473, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 60490, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60485, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 60496, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60491, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 60517, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60497, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 60560, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60518, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 60666, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60561, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 60678, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60674, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 60757, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60679, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 60765, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60757, 'token': 'Uncommon'}, {'end_byte': 60822, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60812, 'token': 'typography'}, {'end_byte': 60831, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60826, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 60837, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60832, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 60869, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60838, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 60899, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60870, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 60975, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 60967, 'token': 'asterism'}, {'end_byte': 60984, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60979, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61089, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 60985, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61092, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61089, 'token': '⁂'}, {'end_byte': 61097, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61092, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61103, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61098, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61135, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61104, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61165, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61136, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61238, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61231, 'token': 'fleuron'}, {'end_byte': 61239, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61238, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 61246, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61240, 'token': 'hedera'}, {'end_byte': 61255, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61250, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61360, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61256, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61363, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61360, 'token': '❧'}, {'end_byte': 61368, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61363, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61374, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61369, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61406, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61375, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61436, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61407, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61503, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61498, 'token': 'index'}, {'end_byte': 61504, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61503, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 61509, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61505, 'token': 'fist'}, {'end_byte': 61518, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61513, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61623, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61519, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61626, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61623, 'token': '☞'}, {'end_byte': 61631, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61626, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61637, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61632, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61669, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61638, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61699, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61670, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61758, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61747, 'token': 'interrobang'}, {'end_byte': 61767, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61762, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61872, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61768, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61875, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 61872, 'token': '‽'}, {'end_byte': 61880, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61875, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 61886, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61881, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61918, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61887, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 61948, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 61919, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62013, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62008, 'token': 'irony'}, {'end_byte': 62025, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62014, 'token': 'punctuation'}, {'end_byte': 62034, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62029, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62139, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62035, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62142, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62139, 'token': '⸮'}, {'end_byte': 62147, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62142, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62153, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62148, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62185, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62154, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62215, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62186, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62255, 'token': 'lozenge'}, {'end_byte': 62271, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62266, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62376, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62272, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62379, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62376, 'token': '◊'}, {'end_byte': 62384, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62379, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62390, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62385, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62422, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62391, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62452, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62423, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62513, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62510, 'token': 'tie'}, {'end_byte': 62522, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62517, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62627, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62523, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62677, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62674, 'token': '⁀'}, {'end_byte': 62689, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62684, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62695, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62690, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62712, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62704, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 62718, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62713, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 62724, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62719, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62745, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62725, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62842, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62746, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 62849, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 62842, 'token': 'Related'}, {'end_byte': 62854, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62849, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 62860, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62855, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62881, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62861, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 62924, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62882, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 62953, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62949, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 62958, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62954, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 62999, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 62995, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 63004, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63000, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63058, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63048, 'token': 'Diacritics'}, {'end_byte': 63067, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63062, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63072, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63068, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63145, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63140, 'token': 'Logic'}, {'end_byte': 63153, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63146, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 63162, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63157, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63168, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63163, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 63181, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63176, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63186, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63182, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63252, 'token': 'Whitespace'}, {'end_byte': 63273, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63263, 'token': 'characters'}, {'end_byte': 63282, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63277, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63288, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63283, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 63301, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63296, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 63307, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63302, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 63328, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63308, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 63425, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63329, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 63427, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63425, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 63433, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63428, 'token': 'other'}, {'end_byte': 63495, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63488, 'token': 'scripts'}, {'end_byte': 63504, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63499, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 63510, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63505, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 63531, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63511, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 63574, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63532, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 63642, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63638, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 63647, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63643, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63718, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63711, 'token': 'Chinese'}, {'end_byte': 63727, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63722, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63732, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63728, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63800, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63794, 'token': 'Hebrew'}, {'end_byte': 63809, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63804, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63814, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63810, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63888, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63880, 'token': 'Japanese'}, {'end_byte': 63897, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63892, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63902, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63898, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63970, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 63964, 'token': 'Korean'}, {'end_byte': 63979, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63974, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 63985, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63980, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 63998, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63993, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 64004, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 63999, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 64009, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64005, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 64158, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64010, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 64163, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64159, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 64168, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64164, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 64725, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64720, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 64730, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 64726, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 65198, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 65192, 'token': 'Portal'}, {'end_byte': 65207, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65202, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 65213, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65208, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 65218, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65214, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 65223, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65219, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 65770, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 65766, 'token': 'Book'}, {'end_byte': 65779, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65774, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 65785, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65780, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 65791, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65786, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 65797, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65792, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 65802, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65798, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 65844, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65803, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 65892, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65888, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 65913, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 65893, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66041, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66036, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66062, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66042, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66203, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66198, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66224, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66204, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66386, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66381, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 66392, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66387, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 66405, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66400, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 66411, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66406, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 66428, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66420, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 66432, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 66429, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 66434, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66432, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 66484, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66477, 'token': 'logical'}, {'end_byte': 66493, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66485, 'token': 'argument'}, {'end_byte': 66501, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66498, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 66576, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66564, 'token': 'mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 66582, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66577, 'token': 'proof'}, {'end_byte': 66587, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66586, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 66591, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66588, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 66604, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66595, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 66609, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66605, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 66615, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66614, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 66618, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66615, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 66619, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66618, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 66622, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66620, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 66632, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66623, 'token': 'generally'}, {'end_byte': 66637, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66633, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 66644, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66638, 'token': 'before'}, {'end_byte': 66646, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66645, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 66718, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66711, 'token': 'logical'}, {'end_byte': 66730, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66719, 'token': 'consequence'}, {'end_byte': 66735, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66734, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 66740, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66736, 'token': 'such'}, {'end_byte': 66743, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66741, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 66747, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66744, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 66758, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66748, 'token': 'conclusion'}, {'end_byte': 66761, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66759, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 66763, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66762, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 66817, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66808, 'token': 'syllogism'}, {'end_byte': 66822, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66821, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 66826, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66823, 'token': 'The'}, {'end_byte': 66833, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66827, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 66842, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66834, 'token': 'consists'}, {'end_byte': 66845, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66843, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 66851, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66846, 'token': 'three'}, {'end_byte': 66856, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66852, 'token': 'dots'}, {'end_byte': 66863, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66857, 'token': 'placed'}, {'end_byte': 66866, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66864, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 66869, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66867, 'token': 'an'}, {'end_byte': 66877, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66870, 'token': 'upright'}, {'end_byte': 66886, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66878, 'token': 'triangle'}, {'end_byte': 66890, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66887, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 66893, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66891, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 66898, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66894, 'token': 'read'}, {'end_byte': 66911, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66902, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 66916, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66915, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 66919, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66917, 'token': 'It'}, {'end_byte': 66922, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66920, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 66930, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66923, 'token': 'encoded'}, {'end_byte': 66933, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 66931, 'token': 'at'}, {'end_byte': 67024, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67023, 'token': 'U'}, {'end_byte': 67025, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67024, 'token': '+'}, {'end_byte': 67029, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67025, 'token': '2234'}, {'end_byte': 67076, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67073, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 67171, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67162, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 67180, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67179, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 67184, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67180, 'token': 'HTML'}, {'end_byte': 67197, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67192, 'token': '&'}, {'end_byte': 67198, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67197, 'token': '#'}, {'end_byte': 67202, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67198, 'token': '8756'}, {'end_byte': 67203, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67202, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 67240, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67229, 'token': '&there4'}, {'end_byte': 67241, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67240, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 67249, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67248, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 67250, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67249, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 67254, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67251, 'token': 'For'}, {'end_byte': 67261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67255, 'token': 'common'}, {'end_byte': 67265, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67262, 'token': 'use'}, {'end_byte': 67268, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67266, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 67278, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67269, 'token': 'Microsoft'}, {'end_byte': 67285, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67279, 'token': 'Office'}, {'end_byte': 67290, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67286, 'token': 'hold'}, {'end_byte': 67294, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67291, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 67298, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67295, 'token': 'ALT'}, {'end_byte': 67302, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67299, 'token': 'key'}, {'end_byte': 67306, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67303, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 67311, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67307, 'token': 'type'}, {'end_byte': 67318, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67312, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 67322, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67318, 'token': '8756'}, {'end_byte': 67328, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67322, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 67329, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67328, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 67335, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67330, 'token': 'While'}, {'end_byte': 67338, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67336, 'token': 'it'}, {'end_byte': 67341, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67339, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 67345, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67342, 'token': 'not'}, {'end_byte': 67355, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67346, 'token': 'generally'}, {'end_byte': 67360, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67356, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 67363, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67361, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 67370, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67364, 'token': 'formal'}, {'end_byte': 67378, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67371, 'token': 'writing'}, {'end_byte': 67379, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67378, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 67382, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67380, 'token': 'it'}, {'end_byte': 67385, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67383, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 67390, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67386, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 67393, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67391, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 67453, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67442, 'token': 'mathematics'}, {'end_byte': 67461, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67458, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 67515, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67506, 'token': 'shorthand'}, {'end_byte': 67520, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67519, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 67523, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67521, 'token': 'It'}, {'end_byte': 67526, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67524, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 67540, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67527, 'token': 'complementary'}, {'end_byte': 67543, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67541, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 67634, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67633, 'token': 'U'}, {'end_byte': 67635, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67634, 'token': '+'}, {'end_byte': 67639, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67635, 'token': '2235'}, {'end_byte': 67686, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67683, 'token': '∵'}, {'end_byte': 67779, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67772, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 67788, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67787, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 67792, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67788, 'token': 'HTML'}, {'end_byte': 67805, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67800, 'token': '&'}, {'end_byte': 67806, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67805, 'token': '#'}, {'end_byte': 67810, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67806, 'token': '8757'}, {'end_byte': 67811, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67810, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 67819, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67818, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 67820, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67819, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 67824, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 67820, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 67828, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 67825, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 67832, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 67828, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 67921, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 67917, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 67929, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67921, 'token': 'Contents'}, {'end_byte': 67934, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 67929, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 67962, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 67961, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 68015, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68011, 'token': 'hide'}, {'end_byte': 68020, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68019, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 68040, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68036, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 68077, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68041, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68121, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68120, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 68158, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68151, 'token': 'History'}, {'end_byte': 68174, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68169, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68211, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68175, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68261, 'token': '2'}, {'end_byte': 68299, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68292, 'token': 'Example'}, {'end_byte': 68302, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68300, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 68306, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68303, 'token': 'use'}, {'end_byte': 68322, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68317, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68359, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68323, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68409, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68408, 'token': '3'}, {'end_byte': 68446, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68439, 'token': 'Related'}, {'end_byte': 68452, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68447, 'token': 'signs'}, {'end_byte': 68468, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68463, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68505, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68469, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68550, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68549, 'token': '4'}, {'end_byte': 68583, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68580, 'token': 'See'}, {'end_byte': 68588, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68584, 'token': 'also'}, {'end_byte': 68604, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68599, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68641, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68605, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68688, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68687, 'token': '5'}, {'end_byte': 68728, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68718, 'token': 'References'}, {'end_byte': 68744, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68739, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 68750, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68745, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 68761, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68758, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 68765, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68761, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 68770, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 68766, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 68816, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68809, 'token': 'History'}, {'end_byte': 68890, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 68889, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 69005, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69001, 'token': 'edit'}, {'end_byte': 69047, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69046, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 69066, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 69061, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 69070, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 69067, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 69079, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69070, 'token': 'According'}, {'end_byte': 69082, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69080, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69143, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69137, 'token': 'Cajori'}, {'end_byte': 69148, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69147, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69153, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69152, 'token': 'A'}, {'end_byte': 69161, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69154, 'token': 'History'}, {'end_byte': 69164, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69162, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 69177, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69165, 'token': 'Mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 69187, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69178, 'token': 'Notations'}, {'end_byte': 69188, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69187, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69247, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69241, 'token': 'Johann'}, {'end_byte': 69252, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69248, 'token': 'Rahn'}, {'end_byte': 69261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69257, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 69266, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69262, 'token': 'both'}, {'end_byte': 69270, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69267, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69283, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69274, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 69291, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69288, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 69302, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69295, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 69312, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69307, 'token': 'signs'}, {'end_byte': 69315, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69313, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69320, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69316, 'token': 'mean'}, {'end_byte': 69327, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69321, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 69336, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69327, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 69342, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69336, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 69343, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69342, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 69346, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69344, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69350, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69347, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69357, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69351, 'token': 'German'}, {'end_byte': 69365, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69358, 'token': 'edition'}, {'end_byte': 69368, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69366, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 69380, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69372, 'token': 'Teutsche'}, {'end_byte': 69388, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69381, 'token': 'Algebra'}, {'end_byte': 69394, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69393, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 69398, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69394, 'token': '1659'}, {'end_byte': 69399, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69398, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 69403, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69400, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69416, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69407, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 69425, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69421, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 69429, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69426, 'token': 'was'}, {'end_byte': 69439, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69430, 'token': 'prevalent'}, {'end_byte': 69444, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69440, 'token': 'with'}, {'end_byte': 69448, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69445, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69455, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69449, 'token': 'modern'}, {'end_byte': 69463, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69456, 'token': 'meaning'}, {'end_byte': 69464, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69463, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69468, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69465, 'token': 'but'}, {'end_byte': 69471, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69469, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69475, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69472, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69480, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69476, 'token': '1668'}, {'end_byte': 69488, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69481, 'token': 'English'}, {'end_byte': 69496, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69489, 'token': 'edition'}, {'end_byte': 69501, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69497, 'token': 'Rahn'}, {'end_byte': 69506, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69502, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 69510, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69507, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69521, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69514, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 69530, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69526, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 69535, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69531, 'token': 'more'}, {'end_byte': 69541, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69536, 'token': 'often'}, {'end_byte': 69544, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69542, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69549, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69545, 'token': 'mean'}, {'end_byte': 69556, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69550, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 69565, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69556, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 69571, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69565, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 69572, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69571, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 69653, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69648, 'token': 'Other'}, {'end_byte': 69661, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69654, 'token': 'authors'}, {'end_byte': 69664, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69662, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69668, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69665, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69679, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69669, 'token': 'eighteenth'}, {'end_byte': 69687, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69680, 'token': 'century'}, {'end_byte': 69692, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69688, 'token': 'also'}, {'end_byte': 69697, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69693, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 69703, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69698, 'token': 'three'}, {'end_byte': 69708, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69704, 'token': 'dots'}, {'end_byte': 69711, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69709, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69713, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69712, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 69722, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69714, 'token': 'triangle'}, {'end_byte': 69728, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69723, 'token': 'shape'}, {'end_byte': 69731, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69729, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69739, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69732, 'token': 'signify'}, {'end_byte': 69746, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69740, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 69755, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69746, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 69756, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69755, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69762, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69756, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 69766, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69763, 'token': 'but'}, {'end_byte': 69769, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69767, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 69774, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69770, 'token': 'with'}, {'end_byte': 69779, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69775, 'token': 'Rahn'}, {'end_byte': 69780, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69779, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69786, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69781, 'token': 'there'}, {'end_byte': 69790, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69787, 'token': 'was'}, {'end_byte': 69797, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69790, 'token': \"n't\"}, {'end_byte': 69802, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69798, 'token': 'much'}, {'end_byte': 69805, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69803, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69809, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69806, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69813, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69810, 'token': 'way'}, {'end_byte': 69816, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69814, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 69828, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69817, 'token': 'consistency'}, {'end_byte': 69831, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69829, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 69834, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69832, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69838, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69835, 'token': 'how'}, {'end_byte': 69842, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69839, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69851, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69843, 'token': 'triangle'}, {'end_byte': 69855, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69852, 'token': 'was'}, {'end_byte': 69864, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69856, 'token': 'oriented'}, {'end_byte': 69865, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69864, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 69876, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69869, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 69885, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69881, 'token': 'with'}, {'end_byte': 69889, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69886, 'token': 'its'}, {'end_byte': 69897, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69890, 'token': 'current'}, {'end_byte': 69905, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69898, 'token': 'meaning'}, {'end_byte': 69913, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69906, 'token': 'appears'}, {'end_byte': 69916, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69914, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 69921, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69917, 'token': 'have'}, {'end_byte': 69932, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69922, 'token': 'originated'}, {'end_byte': 69935, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69933, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 69939, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69936, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69950, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69940, 'token': 'nineteenth'}, {'end_byte': 69958, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69951, 'token': 'century'}, {'end_byte': 69959, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69958, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 69962, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69960, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 69967, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69963, 'token': 'this'}, {'end_byte': 69975, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69968, 'token': 'century'}, {'end_byte': 69976, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69975, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 69980, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69977, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 69986, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69981, 'token': 'three'}, {'end_byte': 69987, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69986, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 69990, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69987, 'token': 'dot'}, {'end_byte': 69999, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 69991, 'token': 'notation'}, {'end_byte': 70003, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70000, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 70013, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70004, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 70020, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70014, 'token': 'became'}, {'end_byte': 70025, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70021, 'token': 'very'}, {'end_byte': 70030, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70026, 'token': 'rare'}, {'end_byte': 70033, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70031, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 70045, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70034, 'token': 'continental'}, {'end_byte': 70052, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70046, 'token': 'Europe'}, {'end_byte': 70053, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70052, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 70057, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70054, 'token': 'but'}, {'end_byte': 70060, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70058, 'token': 'it'}, {'end_byte': 70068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70061, 'token': 'remains'}, {'end_byte': 70076, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70069, 'token': 'popular'}, {'end_byte': 70079, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70077, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 70083, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70080, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 70091, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70084, 'token': 'British'}, {'end_byte': 70097, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70092, 'token': 'Isles'}, {'end_byte': 70098, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70097, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 70201, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70197, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 70206, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70202, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 70259, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70252, 'token': 'Example'}, {'end_byte': 70262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70260, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 70266, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70263, 'token': 'use'}, {'end_byte': 70340, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70339, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 70462, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70458, 'token': 'edit'}, {'end_byte': 70504, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70503, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 70523, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70518, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 70527, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70524, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 70531, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70527, 'token': 'Used'}, {'end_byte': 70534, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70532, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 70536, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70535, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 70590, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70581, 'token': 'syllogism'}, {'end_byte': 70595, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70594, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 70599, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70595, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 70604, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70600, 'token': '<Dl>'}, {'end_byte': 70609, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70605, 'token': '<Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70612, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70609, 'token': 'All'}, {'end_byte': 70617, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70613, 'token': 'gods'}, {'end_byte': 70621, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70618, 'token': 'are'}, {'end_byte': 70630, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70622, 'token': 'immortal'}, {'end_byte': 70631, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70630, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 70636, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70631, 'token': '</Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70641, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70637, 'token': '<Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70679, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70675, 'token': 'Zeus'}, {'end_byte': 70686, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70684, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 70688, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70687, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 70692, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70689, 'token': 'god'}, {'end_byte': 70693, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70692, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 70698, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70693, 'token': '</Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70703, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70699, 'token': '<Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70706, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70703, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 70712, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70708, 'token': 'Zeus'}, {'end_byte': 70715, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70713, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 70724, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70716, 'token': 'immortal'}, {'end_byte': 70725, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70724, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 70730, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70725, 'token': '</Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70736, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70731, 'token': '</Dl>'}, {'end_byte': 70741, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70737, 'token': '<Dl>'}, {'end_byte': 70746, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70742, 'token': '<Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70747, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70746, 'token': 'x'}, {'end_byte': 70749, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70748, 'token': '+'}, {'end_byte': 70751, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70750, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 70753, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70752, 'token': '='}, {'end_byte': 70755, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70754, 'token': '6'}, {'end_byte': 70760, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70755, 'token': '</Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70765, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70761, 'token': '<Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70768, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70765, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 70771, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70770, 'token': 'x'}, {'end_byte': 70773, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70772, 'token': '='}, {'end_byte': 70775, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70774, 'token': '5'}, {'end_byte': 70780, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70775, 'token': '</Dd>'}, {'end_byte': 70786, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70781, 'token': '</Dl>'}, {'end_byte': 70791, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 70787, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 70843, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70836, 'token': 'Related'}, {'end_byte': 70849, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70844, 'token': 'signs'}, {'end_byte': 70923, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 70922, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 71044, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71040, 'token': 'edit'}, {'end_byte': 71086, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71085, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 71105, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 71100, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 71882, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71881, 'token': 'A'}, {'end_byte': 71890, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71883, 'token': 'diploma'}, {'end_byte': 71895, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71891, 'token': 'from'}, {'end_byte': 71899, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71896, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 71907, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71900, 'token': 'Masonic'}, {'end_byte': 71985, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71979, 'token': 'Grande'}, {'end_byte': 71990, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71986, 'token': 'Loge'}, {'end_byte': 71993, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71991, 'token': 'de'}, {'end_byte': 72000, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 71994, 'token': 'France'}, {'end_byte': 72016, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72009, 'token': 'showing'}, {'end_byte': 72020, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72017, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 72027, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72021, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 72030, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72028, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 72032, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72031, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 72043, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72033, 'token': 'substitute'}, {'end_byte': 72047, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72044, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 72051, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72048, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 72055, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72052, 'token': 'dot'}, {'end_byte': 72058, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72056, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 72071, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72059, 'token': 'abbreviation'}, {'end_byte': 72072, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72071, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 72096, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72093, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 72099, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72096, 'token': 'The'}, {'end_byte': 72108, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72100, 'token': 'inverted'}, {'end_byte': 72113, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72109, 'token': 'form'}, {'end_byte': 72117, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72114, 'token': '∵'}, {'end_byte': 72118, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72117, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 72124, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72119, 'token': 'known'}, {'end_byte': 72127, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72125, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 72131, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72128, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 72142, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72135, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 72147, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72143, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 72152, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72151, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 72155, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72153, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 72165, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72156, 'token': 'sometimes'}, {'end_byte': 72170, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72166, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 72173, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72171, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 72175, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72174, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 72229, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72220, 'token': 'shorthand'}, {'end_byte': 72238, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72234, 'token': 'form'}, {'end_byte': 72241, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72239, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 72248, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72242, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 72255, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72248, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 72261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72255, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 72262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72261, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 72267, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72263, 'token': 'This'}, {'end_byte': 72270, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72268, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 72318, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72311, 'token': 'Unicode'}, {'end_byte': 72332, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72323, 'token': 'character'}, {'end_byte': 72334, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72333, 'token': 'U'}, {'end_byte': 72335, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72334, 'token': '+'}, {'end_byte': 72339, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72335, 'token': '2235'}, {'end_byte': 72340, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72339, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 72344, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72340, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 72348, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72345, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 72351, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72348, 'token': 'The'}, {'end_byte': 72364, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72355, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 72373, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72369, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 72376, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72374, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 72386, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72377, 'token': 'sometimes'}, {'end_byte': 72391, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72387, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 72394, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72392, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 72396, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72395, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 72407, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72397, 'token': 'substitute'}, {'end_byte': 72411, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72408, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 72414, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72412, 'token': 'an'}, {'end_byte': 72491, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72483, 'token': 'asterism'}, {'end_byte': 72499, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72496, 'token': '⁂'}, {'end_byte': 72500, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72499, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 72504, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72500, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 72508, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72505, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 72510, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72508, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 72522, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72511, 'token': 'meteorology'}, {'end_byte': 72523, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72522, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 72527, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72524, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 72537, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72528, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 72542, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72538, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 72545, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72543, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 72550, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72546, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 72553, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72551, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 72562, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72554, 'token': 'indicate'}, {'end_byte': 72571, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72563, 'token': 'moderate'}, {'end_byte': 72576, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72572, 'token': 'rain'}, {'end_byte': 72579, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72577, 'token': 'on'}, {'end_byte': 72581, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72580, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 72641, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72634, 'token': 'station'}, {'end_byte': 72647, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72642, 'token': 'model'}, {'end_byte': 72652, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72651, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 72656, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72653, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 72665, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72657, 'token': 'asterism'}, {'end_byte': 72675, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72666, 'token': 'indicates'}, {'end_byte': 72684, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72676, 'token': 'moderate'}, {'end_byte': 72689, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72685, 'token': 'snow'}, {'end_byte': 72690, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72689, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 72694, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72690, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 72698, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 72695, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 72700, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72698, 'token': 'To'}, {'end_byte': 72707, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72701, 'token': 'denote'}, {'end_byte': 72799, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72792, 'token': 'logical'}, {'end_byte': 72811, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72800, 'token': 'implication'}, {'end_byte': 72818, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72816, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 72895, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72885, 'token': 'entailment'}, {'end_byte': 72900, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72899, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 72908, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72901, 'token': 'various'}, {'end_byte': 72914, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72909, 'token': 'signs'}, {'end_byte': 72918, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72915, 'token': 'are'}, {'end_byte': 72923, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72919, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 72926, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72924, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 73001, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 72989, 'token': 'mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 73007, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73002, 'token': 'logic'}, {'end_byte': 73012, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73011, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 73016, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73013, 'token': '→'}, {'end_byte': 73017, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73016, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73021, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73018, 'token': '⇒'}, {'end_byte': 73022, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73021, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73026, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73023, 'token': '⊃'}, {'end_byte': 73027, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73026, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73031, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73028, 'token': '⊢'}, {'end_byte': 73032, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73031, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73036, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73033, 'token': '⊨'}, {'end_byte': 73037, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73036, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 73043, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73038, 'token': 'These'}, {'end_byte': 73051, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73044, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 73055, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73052, 'token': 'are'}, {'end_byte': 73060, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73056, 'token': 'then'}, {'end_byte': 73065, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73061, 'token': 'part'}, {'end_byte': 73068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73066, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 73070, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73069, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73083, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73071, 'token': 'mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 73091, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73084, 'token': 'formula'}, {'end_byte': 73092, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73091, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73096, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73093, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 73100, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73097, 'token': 'are'}, {'end_byte': 73104, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73101, 'token': 'not'}, {'end_byte': 73115, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73105, 'token': 'considered'}, {'end_byte': 73118, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73116, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 73121, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73119, 'token': 'be'}, {'end_byte': 73133, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73122, 'token': 'punctuation'}, {'end_byte': 73134, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73133, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 73137, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73135, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 73146, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73138, 'token': 'contrast'}, {'end_byte': 73147, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73146, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73151, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73148, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73161, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73152, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 73166, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73162, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 73169, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73167, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 73183, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73170, 'token': 'traditionally'}, {'end_byte': 73188, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73184, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 73191, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73189, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 73193, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73192, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73205, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73194, 'token': 'punctuation'}, {'end_byte': 73210, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73206, 'token': 'mark'}, {'end_byte': 73211, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73210, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73215, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73212, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 73220, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73216, 'token': 'does'}, {'end_byte': 73224, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73221, 'token': 'not'}, {'end_byte': 73229, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73225, 'token': 'form'}, {'end_byte': 73234, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73230, 'token': 'part'}, {'end_byte': 73237, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73235, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 73239, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73238, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73247, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73240, 'token': 'logical'}, {'end_byte': 73255, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73248, 'token': 'formula'}, {'end_byte': 73256, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73255, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 73335, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 73331, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 73339, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 73336, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 73342, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73339, 'token': 'The'}, {'end_byte': 73354, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73343, 'token': 'graphically'}, {'end_byte': 73364, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73355, 'token': 'identical'}, {'end_byte': 73369, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73365, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 73373, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73370, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 73380, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73374, 'token': 'serves'}, {'end_byte': 73383, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73381, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 73385, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73384, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73478, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73470, 'token': 'Japanese'}, {'end_byte': 73482, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73479, 'token': 'map'}, {'end_byte': 73489, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73483, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 73496, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73494, 'token': 'on'}, {'end_byte': 73500, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73497, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73505, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73501, 'token': 'maps'}, {'end_byte': 73508, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73506, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 73512, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73509, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73647, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73635, 'token': 'Geographical'}, {'end_byte': 73654, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73648, 'token': 'Survey'}, {'end_byte': 73664, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73655, 'token': 'Institute'}, {'end_byte': 73667, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73665, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 73673, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73668, 'token': 'Japan'}, {'end_byte': 73678, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73677, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73689, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73679, 'token': 'indicating'}, {'end_byte': 73691, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73690, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73695, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73692, 'token': 'tea'}, {'end_byte': 73706, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73696, 'token': 'plantation'}, {'end_byte': 73707, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73706, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 73710, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73708, 'token': 'On'}, {'end_byte': 73716, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73711, 'token': 'other'}, {'end_byte': 73721, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73717, 'token': 'maps'}, {'end_byte': 73725, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73722, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73730, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73726, 'token': 'sign'}, {'end_byte': 73731, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73730, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73737, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73732, 'token': 'often'}, {'end_byte': 73742, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73738, 'token': 'with'}, {'end_byte': 73750, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73743, 'token': 'thicker'}, {'end_byte': 73755, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73751, 'token': 'dots'}, {'end_byte': 73756, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73755, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 73759, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73757, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 73769, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73760, 'token': 'sometimes'}, {'end_byte': 73774, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73770, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 73777, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73775, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 73784, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73778, 'token': 'signal'}, {'end_byte': 73788, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73785, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73797, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73789, 'token': 'presence'}, {'end_byte': 73800, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73798, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 73802, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73801, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 73811, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73803, 'token': 'national'}, {'end_byte': 73820, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73812, 'token': 'monument'}, {'end_byte': 73823, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73821, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 73865, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73860, 'token': 'ruins'}, {'end_byte': 73870, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73869, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 73874, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 73870, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 73878, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 73875, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 73881, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73878, 'token': 'The'}, {'end_byte': 73891, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73882, 'token': 'character'}, {'end_byte': 73895, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73892, 'token': 'ஃ'}, {'end_byte': 73898, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73896, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 73902, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73899, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 73958, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73953, 'token': 'Tamil'}, {'end_byte': 73965, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73959, 'token': 'script'}, {'end_byte': 73980, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73970, 'token': 'represents'}, {'end_byte': 73984, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 73981, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 74053, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74047, 'token': 'āytam'}, {'end_byte': 74058, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74057, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 74060, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74059, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 74068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74061, 'token': 'special'}, {'end_byte': 74074, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74069, 'token': 'sound'}, {'end_byte': 74077, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74075, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 74081, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74078, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 74141, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74136, 'token': 'Tamil'}, {'end_byte': 74150, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74142, 'token': 'language'}, {'end_byte': 74155, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74154, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 74159, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 74155, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 74163, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 74160, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 74165, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74163, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 74233, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74226, 'token': 'Masonic'}, {'end_byte': 74248, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74238, 'token': 'traditions'}, {'end_byte': 74252, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74249, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 74259, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74253, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 74262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74260, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74267, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74263, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 74271, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74268, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 74334, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74322, 'token': 'abbreviation'}, {'end_byte': 74339, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74338, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 74347, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74340, 'token': 'instead'}, {'end_byte': 74350, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74348, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 74354, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74351, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 74360, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74355, 'token': 'usual'}, {'end_byte': 74367, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74361, 'token': 'period'}, {'end_byte': 74368, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74367, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 74372, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74369, 'token': 'For'}, {'end_byte': 74380, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74373, 'token': 'example'}, {'end_byte': 74387, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74381, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 74388, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74387, 'token': 'R'}, {'end_byte': 74391, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74388, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 74392, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74391, 'token': 'W'}, {'end_byte': 74395, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74392, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 74400, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74396, 'token': 'John'}, {'end_byte': 74406, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74401, 'token': 'Smith'}, {'end_byte': 74412, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74406, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 74415, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74413, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74418, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74416, 'token': 'an'}, {'end_byte': 74431, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74419, 'token': 'abbreviation'}, {'end_byte': 74435, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74432, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 74442, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74436, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 74447, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74442, 'token': 'Right'}, {'end_byte': 74458, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74448, 'token': 'Worshipful'}, {'end_byte': 74463, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74459, 'token': 'John'}, {'end_byte': 74469, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74464, 'token': 'Smith'}, {'end_byte': 74475, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74469, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 74477, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74476, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 74480, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74477, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 74485, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74481, 'token': 'term'}, {'end_byte': 74491, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74486, 'token': 'Right'}, {'end_byte': 74502, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74492, 'token': 'Worshipful'}, {'end_byte': 74505, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74503, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74508, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74506, 'token': 'an'}, {'end_byte': 74516, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74509, 'token': 'archaic'}, {'end_byte': 74522, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74517, 'token': 'title'}, {'end_byte': 74527, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74523, 'token': 'just'}, {'end_byte': 74530, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74528, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 74537, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74531, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 74541, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74537, 'token': 'Land'}, {'end_byte': 74546, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74542, 'token': 'Lord'}, {'end_byte': 74552, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74546, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 74555, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74553, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74559, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74556, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 74569, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74560, 'token': 'indicates'}, {'end_byte': 74574, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74570, 'token': 'that'}, {'end_byte': 74582, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74575, 'token': 'Brother'}, {'end_byte': 74588, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74583, 'token': 'Smith'}, {'end_byte': 74591, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74589, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74593, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74592, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 74599, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74594, 'token': 'Grand'}, {'end_byte': 74605, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74600, 'token': 'Lodge'}, {'end_byte': 74613, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74606, 'token': 'officer'}, {'end_byte': 74614, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74613, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 74615, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74614, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 74710, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 74706, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 74714, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 74711, 'token': '<P>'}, {'end_byte': 74716, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74714, 'token': 'In'}, {'end_byte': 74788, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74779, 'token': 'Norwegian'}, {'end_byte': 74796, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74793, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 74859, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74853, 'token': 'Danish'}, {'end_byte': 74864, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74863, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 74866, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74865, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 74874, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74867, 'token': 'similar'}, {'end_byte': 74881, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74875, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 74884, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74882, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 74889, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74885, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 74892, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74890, 'token': 'as'}, {'end_byte': 74895, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74893, 'token': 'an'}, {'end_byte': 74907, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74896, 'token': 'explanatory'}, {'end_byte': 74914, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74908, 'token': 'symbol'}, {'end_byte': 74916, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74915, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 74936, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74919, 'token': 'forklaringstegnet'}, {'end_byte': 74941, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74940, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 74942, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74941, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 74945, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74943, 'token': 'It'}, {'end_byte': 74949, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74946, 'token': 'can'}, {'end_byte': 74952, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74950, 'token': 'be'}, {'end_byte': 74960, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74953, 'token': 'typeset'}, {'end_byte': 74966, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74961, 'token': 'using'}, {'end_byte': 74970, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 74967, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 75033, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75029, 'token': 'open'}, {'end_byte': 75035, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75034, 'token': 'o'}, {'end_byte': 75048, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75040, 'token': 'followed'}, {'end_byte': 75051, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75049, 'token': 'by'}, {'end_byte': 75053, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75052, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 75059, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75054, 'token': 'colon'}, {'end_byte': 75060, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75059, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 75065, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75061, 'token': 'thus'}, {'end_byte': 75066, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75065, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 75072, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75070, 'token': 'ɔ'}, {'end_byte': 75073, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75072, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 75078, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75077, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 75081, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75079, 'token': 'It'}, {'end_byte': 75084, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75082, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 75089, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75085, 'token': 'used'}, {'end_byte': 75093, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75090, 'token': 'for'}, {'end_byte': 75097, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75094, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 75105, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75098, 'token': 'meaning'}, {'end_byte': 75112, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75106, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 75118, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75112, 'token': 'namely'}, {'end_byte': 75124, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75118, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 75125, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75124, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 75132, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75126, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 75134, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75132, 'token': 'id'}, {'end_byte': 75138, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75135, 'token': 'est'}, {'end_byte': 75144, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75138, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 75145, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75144, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 75152, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75146, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 75160, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75152, 'token': 'scilicet'}, {'end_byte': 75166, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75160, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 75169, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75167, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 75177, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75170, 'token': 'similar'}, {'end_byte': 75253, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75252, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 75257, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75253, 'token': '</P>'}, {'end_byte': 75262, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75258, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 75305, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75302, 'token': 'See'}, {'end_byte': 75310, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75306, 'token': 'also'}, {'end_byte': 75384, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75383, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 75500, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75496, 'token': 'edit'}, {'end_byte': 75542, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75541, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 75561, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75556, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 75566, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75562, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 75571, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75567, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 75615, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75609, 'token': 'Q.E.D.'}, {'end_byte': 75624, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75619, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 75629, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75625, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 75725, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75713, 'token': 'Mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 75732, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75726, 'token': 'jargon'}, {'end_byte': 75741, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75736, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 75747, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75742, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 75752, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 75748, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 75804, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75794, 'token': 'References'}, {'end_byte': 75878, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75877, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 75996, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 75992, 'token': 'edit'}, {'end_byte': 76038, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76037, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 76057, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 76052, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 76170, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 76147, 'token': '<Ol>'}, {'end_byte': 76192, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 76171, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 76291, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76287, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 76294, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76292, 'token': 'up'}, {'end_byte': 76303, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76302, 'token': '^'}, {'end_byte': 76482, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76476, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 76488, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76482, 'token': 'Cajori'}, {'end_byte': 76489, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76488, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 76494, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76490, 'token': 'vol.'}, {'end_byte': 76496, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76495, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 76497, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76496, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 76500, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76498, 'token': 'p.'}, {'end_byte': 76504, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76501, 'token': '211'}, {'end_byte': 76510, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76504, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 76515, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76514, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 76527, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76516, 'token': 'Archive.org'}, {'end_byte': 76563, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76562, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 76573, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76564, 'token': 'Retrieved'}, {'end_byte': 76599, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76595, 'token': '2013'}, {'end_byte': 76600, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76599, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 76602, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76600, 'token': '10'}, {'end_byte': 76603, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76602, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 76605, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76603, 'token': '05'}, {'end_byte': 76620, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 76619, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 77004, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 76999, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 77037, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 77005, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 77149, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77145, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 77152, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77150, 'token': 'up'}, {'end_byte': 77161, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77160, 'token': '^'}, {'end_byte': 77241, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77234, 'token': 'Florian'}, {'end_byte': 77248, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77242, 'token': 'Cajori'}, {'end_byte': 77250, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77249, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 77254, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77250, 'token': '2011'}, {'end_byte': 77255, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77254, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 77257, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77256, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 77261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77257, 'token': '1929'}, {'end_byte': 77262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77261, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 77263, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77262, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 77379, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77378, 'token': 'A'}, {'end_byte': 77387, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77380, 'token': 'History'}, {'end_byte': 77390, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77388, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 77403, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77391, 'token': 'Mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 77413, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77404, 'token': 'Notations'}, {'end_byte': 77414, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77413, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 77418, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77415, 'token': 'Two'}, {'end_byte': 77426, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77419, 'token': 'Volumes'}, {'end_byte': 77429, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77427, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 77433, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77430, 'token': 'One'}, {'end_byte': 77442, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77441, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 77449, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77443, 'token': 'Cosimo'}, {'end_byte': 77450, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77449, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 77454, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77451, 'token': 'Inc'}, {'end_byte': 77455, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77454, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 77459, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77456, 'token': 'pp.'}, {'end_byte': 77464, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77461, 'token': '282'}, {'end_byte': 77467, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77464, 'token': '--'}, {'end_byte': 77470, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77467, 'token': '283'}, {'end_byte': 77471, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77470, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 77570, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77566, 'token': 'ISBN'}, {'end_byte': 77679, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77676, 'token': '978'}, {'end_byte': 77680, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77679, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 77681, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77680, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 77682, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77681, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 77687, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77682, 'token': '61640'}, {'end_byte': 77688, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77687, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 77691, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77688, 'token': '571'}, {'end_byte': 77692, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77691, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 77693, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77692, 'token': '7'}, {'end_byte': 77698, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 77697, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 78222, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 78217, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 78244, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 78223, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 78343, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78339, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 78346, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78344, 'token': 'up'}, {'end_byte': 78355, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78354, 'token': '^'}, {'end_byte': 78530, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78529, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 78531, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78530, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 78532, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78531, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 78711, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78703, 'token': 'Archived'}, {'end_byte': 78723, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78716, 'token': 'October'}, {'end_byte': 78726, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78724, 'token': '14'}, {'end_byte': 78727, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78726, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 78732, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78728, 'token': '2008'}, {'end_byte': 78733, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78732, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 78736, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78734, 'token': 'at'}, {'end_byte': 78740, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78737, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 78804, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78797, 'token': 'Wayback'}, {'end_byte': 78812, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78805, 'token': 'Machine'}, {'end_byte': 78817, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78816, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 78829, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 78824, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 78858, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 78830, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 78966, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78962, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 78969, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78967, 'token': 'up'}, {'end_byte': 78978, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 78977, 'token': '^'}, {'end_byte': 79195, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79183, 'token': 'Encyclopedia'}, {'end_byte': 79198, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79196, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 79210, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79199, 'token': 'Freemasonry'}, {'end_byte': 79219, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79215, 'token': 'Part'}, {'end_byte': 79221, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79220, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 79225, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79222, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 79229, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79226, 'token': 'Its'}, {'end_byte': 79237, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79230, 'token': 'Kindred'}, {'end_byte': 79246, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79238, 'token': 'Sciences'}, {'end_byte': 79257, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79247, 'token': 'Comprising'}, {'end_byte': 79261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79258, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 79265, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79262, 'token': '...'}, {'end_byte': 79270, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79269, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 79367, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79361, 'token': 'Albert'}, {'end_byte': 79376, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79368, 'token': 'Gallatin'}, {'end_byte': 79383, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79377, 'token': 'Mackey'}, {'end_byte': 79388, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79387, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 79393, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79389, 'token': 'page'}, {'end_byte': 79395, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79394, 'token': '2'}, {'end_byte': 79396, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79395, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 79404, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79397, 'token': 'reprint'}, {'end_byte': 79407, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79405, 'token': 'in'}, {'end_byte': 79412, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79408, 'token': '2002'}, {'end_byte': 79413, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79412, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 79489, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79480, 'token': 'Kessinger'}, {'end_byte': 79500, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79490, 'token': 'Publishing'}, {'end_byte': 79505, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79504, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 79604, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79600, 'token': 'ISBN'}, {'end_byte': 79703, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79702, 'token': '0'}, {'end_byte': 79704, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79703, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 79708, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79704, 'token': '7661'}, {'end_byte': 79709, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79708, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 79713, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79709, 'token': '2650'}, {'end_byte': 79714, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79713, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 79715, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79714, 'token': '1'}, {'end_byte': 79720, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79719, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 79732, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 79727, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 79754, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 79733, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 79853, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79849, 'token': 'Jump'}, {'end_byte': 79856, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79854, 'token': 'up'}, {'end_byte': 79865, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 79864, 'token': '^'}, {'end_byte': 80080, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 80019, 'token': 'http://www.typografi.org/forklaringstegn/forklaringstegn.html'}, {'end_byte': 80096, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80091, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 80102, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80097, 'token': '</Ol>'}, {'end_byte': 80367, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80217, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 80379, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80375, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 80429, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80380, 'token': '<Th colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 80459, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 80458, 'token': '('}, {'end_byte': 80496, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 80492, 'token': 'hide'}, {'end_byte': 80501, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 80500, 'token': ')'}, {'end_byte': 80556, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80552, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 80577, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80557, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 80827, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80822, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 80848, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 80828, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 81111, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81106, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 81132, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81112, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 81411, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81406, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 81417, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81412, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 81568, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 81562, 'token': 'Common'}, {'end_byte': 81576, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 81569, 'token': 'logical'}, {'end_byte': 81584, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 81577, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 81600, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81595, 'token': '</Th>'}, {'end_byte': 81606, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81601, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 81611, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81607, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 81728, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81612, 'token': '<Td colspan=\"2\">'}, {'end_byte': 81849, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81756, 'token': '<Table>'}, {'end_byte': 81889, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81857, 'token': '<Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 82027, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 81890, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 82141, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82138, 'token': '∧'}, {'end_byte': 82182, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82180, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 82245, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82240, 'token': '&'}, {'end_byte': 82323, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82320, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 82339, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 82334, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 82507, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 82340, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 82617, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82614, 'token': '∨'}, {'end_byte': 82694, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82692, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 82710, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 82705, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 82878, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 82711, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 82979, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 82977, 'token': '¬'}, {'end_byte': 83020, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83018, 'token': 'or'}, {'end_byte': 83071, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83070, 'token': '~'}, {'end_byte': 83127, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83124, 'token': 'not'}, {'end_byte': 83143, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 83138, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 83311, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 83144, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 83425, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83422, 'token': '→'}, {'end_byte': 83509, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83502, 'token': 'implies'}, {'end_byte': 83525, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 83520, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 83693, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 83526, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 83815, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83812, 'token': '⊃'}, {'end_byte': 83899, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83892, 'token': 'implies'}, {'end_byte': 83904, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83903, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 84003, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 83995, 'token': 'superset'}, {'end_byte': 84019, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84014, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 84187, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84020, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 84293, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 84290, 'token': '≡'}, {'end_byte': 84361, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 84358, 'token': 'iff'}, {'end_byte': 84377, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84372, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 84545, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84378, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 84726, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 84722, 'token': 'nand'}, {'end_byte': 84742, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84737, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 84910, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 84743, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 85012, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85009, 'token': '∀'}, {'end_byte': 85172, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85163, 'token': 'universal'}, {'end_byte': 85193, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85179, 'token': 'quantification'}, {'end_byte': 85216, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 85211, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 85384, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 85217, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 85486, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85483, 'token': '∃'}, {'end_byte': 85652, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85641, 'token': 'existential'}, {'end_byte': 85673, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85659, 'token': 'quantification'}, {'end_byte': 85696, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 85691, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 85864, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 85697, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 85974, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 85971, 'token': '⊤'}, {'end_byte': 86054, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86045, 'token': 'tautology'}, {'end_byte': 86070, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86065, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 86238, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86071, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 86338, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86335, 'token': '⊥'}, {'end_byte': 86406, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86401, 'token': 'false'}, {'end_byte': 86411, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86410, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 86483, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86470, 'token': 'contradiction'}, {'end_byte': 86499, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86494, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 86667, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86500, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 86789, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86786, 'token': '⊢'}, {'end_byte': 86869, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86862, 'token': 'entails'}, {'end_byte': 86870, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86869, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 86883, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 86877, 'token': 'proves'}, {'end_byte': 86899, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86894, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87067, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 86900, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87185, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87182, 'token': '⊨'}, {'end_byte': 87261, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87254, 'token': 'entails'}, {'end_byte': 87262, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87261, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 87278, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87269, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 87294, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 87289, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87462, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 87295, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87554, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87551, 'token': '∴'}, {'end_byte': 87638, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87629, 'token': 'therefore'}, {'end_byte': 87654, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 87649, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87822, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 87655, 'token': '<Td>'}, {'end_byte': 87966, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 87963, 'token': '∵'}, {'end_byte': 88068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 88061, 'token': 'because'}, {'end_byte': 88084, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88079, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 88090, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88085, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 88107, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88099, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 88120, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88115, 'token': '</Td>'}, {'end_byte': 88126, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88121, 'token': '</Tr>'}, {'end_byte': 88143, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 88135, 'token': '</Table>'}, {'end_byte': 89529, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89520, 'token': 'Retrieved'}, {'end_byte': 89534, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89530, 'token': 'from'}, {'end_byte': 89541, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89535, 'token': '``'}, {'end_byte': 89716, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89639, 'token': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&oldid=815234923'}, {'end_byte': 89726, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89720, 'token': \"''\"}, {'end_byte': 89916, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89906, 'token': 'Categories'}, {'end_byte': 89921, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 89920, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 89926, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 89922, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 89930, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 89926, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90029, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90016, 'token': 'Typographical'}, {'end_byte': 90037, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90030, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 90046, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90041, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90050, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90046, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90127, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90116, 'token': 'Punctuation'}, {'end_byte': 90136, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90131, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90140, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90136, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90236, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90224, 'token': 'Mathematical'}, {'end_byte': 90244, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90237, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 90253, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90248, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90257, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90253, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90332, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90327, 'token': 'Logic'}, {'end_byte': 90340, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90333, 'token': 'symbols'}, {'end_byte': 90349, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90344, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90353, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90349, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90442, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90435, 'token': 'Logical'}, {'end_byte': 90454, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90443, 'token': 'consequence'}, {'end_byte': 90463, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90458, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90468, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90463, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 90558, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90552, 'token': 'Hidden'}, {'end_byte': 90569, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90559, 'token': 'categories'}, {'end_byte': 90570, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90569, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 90575, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90571, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 90579, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90575, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90699, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90689, 'token': 'Webarchive'}, {'end_byte': 90708, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90700, 'token': 'template'}, {'end_byte': 90716, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90709, 'token': 'wayback'}, {'end_byte': 90722, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 90717, 'token': 'links'}, {'end_byte': 90731, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90726, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 90736, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90731, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 90841, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90837, 'token': '<H2>'}, {'end_byte': 90861, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90856, 'token': '</H2>'}, {'end_byte': 91009, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 90983, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 91028, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91023, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 91039, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91035, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 91072, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91047, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91090, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91085, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91111, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91090, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91225, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 91221, 'token': 'Talk'}, {'end_byte': 91234, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91229, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91259, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91234, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91398, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91393, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91424, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91398, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91615, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91610, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91633, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91615, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91824, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91819, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 91835, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91830, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92026, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 91998, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92041, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92036, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92052, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92048, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92100, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92060, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 92217, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92212, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 92234, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92217, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 92382, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92377, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 92393, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92388, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92574, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92535, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92615, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92610, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92652, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92648, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92673, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92668, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92874, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92851, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92884, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92879, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 92895, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92891, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 92949, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 92903, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93006, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93001, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93043, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93006, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93179, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93174, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93219, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93179, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93379, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93374, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 93390, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93385, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 93565, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93526, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 93587, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93582, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 93624, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93620, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 93645, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93640, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 93725, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93721, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 93784, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 93779, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 94582, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94554, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 94597, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94592, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 94632, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94628, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 94670, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94638, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 94769, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94764, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 94789, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94769, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 94866, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 94858, 'token': 'Contents'}, {'end_byte': 94875, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94870, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 94902, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 94875, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95018, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95013, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95043, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95018, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95158, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95153, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95180, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95158, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95291, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95286, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95314, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95291, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95528, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95523, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95548, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95528, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95637, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95632, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95646, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95641, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 95801, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95772, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 95817, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95812, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 95852, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95848, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 95874, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95858, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95967, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95962, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 95988, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 95967, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96058, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 96053, 'token': 'About'}, {'end_byte': 96068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 96059, 'token': 'Wikipedia'}, {'end_byte': 96077, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96072, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96095, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96077, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96228, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96223, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96253, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96228, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96386, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96381, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96409, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96386, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96518, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96513, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96527, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96522, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 96655, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96635, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 96665, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96660, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 96700, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96696, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 96731, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96706, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96909, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96904, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 96940, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 96909, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97119, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97114, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97137, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97119, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97250, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97245, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97274, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97250, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97396, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97391, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97417, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97396, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97556, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97551, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97572, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97556, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97698, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97693, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97718, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97698, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97882, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97877, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 97898, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 97882, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98057, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98052, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98066, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98061, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 98239, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98204, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 98256, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98251, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 98291, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98287, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 98325, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98297, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98441, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98436, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98477, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98441, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98606, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98601, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98623, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98606, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98777, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98772, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 98786, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 98781, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 99036, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99014, 'token': '<H3>'}, {'end_byte': 99050, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99045, 'token': '</H3>'}, {'end_byte': 99085, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99081, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 99135, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99091, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99297, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 99288, 'token': 'Français'}, {'end_byte': 99306, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99301, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99350, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99306, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99552, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 99543, 'token': '한국어'}, {'end_byte': 99561, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99556, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99605, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99561, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99749, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 99739, 'token': 'Nederlands'}, {'end_byte': 99758, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99753, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99802, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99758, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99941, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 99935, 'token': '日本'}, {'end_byte': 99944, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 99941, 'token': '語'}, {'end_byte': 99953, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99948, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 99997, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 99953, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100158, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 100153, 'token': 'Norsk'}, {'end_byte': 100167, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100162, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100211, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100167, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100386, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 100376, 'token': 'Português'}, {'end_byte': 100395, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100390, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100439, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100395, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100606, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 100599, 'token': 'Svenska'}, {'end_byte': 100615, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100610, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 100624, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100619, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 100871, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 100867, 'token': 'Edit'}, {'end_byte': 100877, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 100872, 'token': 'links'}, {'end_byte': 101001, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 100980, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 101039, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101010, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 101044, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101040, 'token': 'This'}, {'end_byte': 101049, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101045, 'token': 'page'}, {'end_byte': 101053, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101050, 'token': 'was'}, {'end_byte': 101058, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101054, 'token': 'last'}, {'end_byte': 101065, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101059, 'token': 'edited'}, {'end_byte': 101068, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101066, 'token': 'on'}, {'end_byte': 101071, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101069, 'token': '13'}, {'end_byte': 101080, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101072, 'token': 'December'}, {'end_byte': 101085, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101081, 'token': '2017'}, {'end_byte': 101086, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101085, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 101089, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101087, 'token': 'at'}, {'end_byte': 101092, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101090, 'token': '16'}, {'end_byte': 101093, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101092, 'token': ':'}, {'end_byte': 101095, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101093, 'token': '22'}, {'end_byte': 101096, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101095, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 101101, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101096, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 101141, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101110, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 101145, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101141, 'token': 'Text'}, {'end_byte': 101148, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101146, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 101158, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101149, 'token': 'available'}, {'end_byte': 101164, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101159, 'token': 'under'}, {'end_byte': 101168, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101165, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 101304, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101296, 'token': 'Creative'}, {'end_byte': 101312, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101305, 'token': 'Commons'}, {'end_byte': 101324, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101313, 'token': 'Attribution'}, {'end_byte': 101325, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101324, 'token': '-'}, {'end_byte': 101335, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101325, 'token': 'ShareAlike'}, {'end_byte': 101343, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101336, 'token': 'License'}, {'end_byte': 101440, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101439, 'token': ';'}, {'end_byte': 101451, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101441, 'token': 'additional'}, {'end_byte': 101457, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101452, 'token': 'terms'}, {'end_byte': 101461, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101458, 'token': 'may'}, {'end_byte': 101467, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101462, 'token': 'apply'}, {'end_byte': 101468, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101467, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 101472, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101470, 'token': 'By'}, {'end_byte': 101478, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101473, 'token': 'using'}, {'end_byte': 101483, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101479, 'token': 'this'}, {'end_byte': 101488, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101484, 'token': 'site'}, {'end_byte': 101489, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101488, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 101493, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101490, 'token': 'you'}, {'end_byte': 101499, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101494, 'token': 'agree'}, {'end_byte': 101502, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101500, 'token': 'to'}, {'end_byte': 101506, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101503, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 101566, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101561, 'token': 'Terms'}, {'end_byte': 101569, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101567, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 101573, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101570, 'token': 'Use'}, {'end_byte': 101581, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101578, 'token': 'and'}, {'end_byte': 101645, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101638, 'token': 'Privacy'}, {'end_byte': 101652, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101646, 'token': 'Policy'}, {'end_byte': 101657, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101656, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 101667, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101658, 'token': 'Wikipedia'}, {'end_byte': 101669, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101667, 'token': '®'}, {'end_byte': 101672, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101670, 'token': 'is'}, {'end_byte': 101674, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101673, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 101685, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101675, 'token': 'registered'}, {'end_byte': 101695, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101686, 'token': 'trademark'}, {'end_byte': 101698, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101696, 'token': 'of'}, {'end_byte': 101702, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101699, 'token': 'the'}, {'end_byte': 101753, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101744, 'token': 'Wikimedia'}, {'end_byte': 101764, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101754, 'token': 'Foundation'}, {'end_byte': 101765, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101764, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 101770, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101766, 'token': 'Inc.'}, {'end_byte': 101775, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101774, 'token': ','}, {'end_byte': 101777, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101776, 'token': 'a'}, {'end_byte': 101788, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101778, 'token': 'non-profit'}, {'end_byte': 101801, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101789, 'token': 'organization'}, {'end_byte': 101802, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 101801, 'token': '.'}, {'end_byte': 101807, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101802, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 101820, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101815, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 101850, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101827, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 101890, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 101859, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102016, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102011, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102054, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102025, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102115, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 102110, 'token': 'About'}, {'end_byte': 102125, 'html_token': False, 'start_byte': 102116, 'token': 'Wikipedia'}, {'end_byte': 102134, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102129, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102177, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102143, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102279, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102274, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102319, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102288, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102400, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102395, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102443, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102409, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102540, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102535, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102588, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102549, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102677, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102672, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102720, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102686, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102881, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102876, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102902, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102889, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102938, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102933, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 102943, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102938, 'token': '</Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 102992, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 102954, 'token': '<Ul>'}, {'end_byte': 103032, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 103003, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 103293, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 103288, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 103333, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 103304, 'token': '<Li>'}, {'end_byte': 103603, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 103598, 'token': '</Li>'}, {'end_byte': 103618, 'html_token': True, 'start_byte': 103613, 'token': '</Ul>'}], 'document_url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Therefore_sign&amp;oldid=815234923', 'example_id': 6915606477668963399, 'long_answer_candidates': [{'end_byte': 66428, 'end_token': 808, 'start_byte': 41427, 'start_token': 14, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 41683, 'end_token': 20, 'start_byte': 41505, 'start_token': 15, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 41872, 'end_token': 26, 'start_byte': 41684, 'start_token': 20, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 46585, 'end_token': 197, 'start_byte': 41873, 'start_token': 26, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 46573, 'end_token': 195, 'start_byte': 41937, 'start_token': 28, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 42207, 'end_token': 34, 'start_byte': 42050, 'start_token': 29, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 42490, 'end_token': 43, 'start_byte': 42208, 'start_token': 34, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 42841, 'end_token': 58, 'start_byte': 42491, 'start_token': 43, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 43120, 'end_token': 66, 'start_byte': 42842, 'start_token': 58, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 43418, 'end_token': 76, 'start_byte': 43121, 'start_token': 66, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 43664, 'end_token': 87, 'start_byte': 43419, 'start_token': 76, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 44044, 'end_token': 99, 'start_byte': 43665, 'start_token': 87, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 44308, 'end_token': 108, 'start_byte': 44045, 'start_token': 99, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 44564, 'end_token': 119, 'start_byte': 44309, 'start_token': 108, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 44851, 'end_token': 130, 'start_byte': 44565, 'start_token': 119, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 45085, 'end_token': 138, 'start_byte': 44852, 'start_token': 130, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 45335, 'end_token': 148, 'start_byte': 45086, 'start_token': 138, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 45590, 'end_token': 157, 'start_byte': 45336, 'start_token': 148, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 45984, 'end_token': 173, 'start_byte': 45591, 'start_token': 157, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 46247, 'end_token': 181, 'start_byte': 45985, 'start_token': 173, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 46556, 'end_token': 194, 'start_byte': 46248, 'start_token': 181, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 47616, 'end_token': 223, 'start_byte': 46586, 'start_token': 197, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 47604, 'end_token': 221, 'start_byte': 46650, 'start_token': 199, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 46924, 'end_token': 206, 'start_byte': 46763, 'start_token': 200, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 47176, 'end_token': 213, 'start_byte': 46925, 'start_token': 206, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 47587, 'end_token': 220, 'start_byte': 47177, 'start_token': 213, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 55139, 'end_token': 491, 'start_byte': 47617, 'start_token': 223, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 55127, 'end_token': 489, 'start_byte': 47681, 'start_token': 225, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 47956, 'end_token': 232, 'start_byte': 47794, 'start_token': 226, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 48201, 'end_token': 240, 'start_byte': 47957, 'start_token': 232, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 48439, 'end_token': 248, 'start_byte': 48202, 'start_token': 240, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 48674, 'end_token': 257, 'start_byte': 48440, 'start_token': 248, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 48915, 'end_token': 265, 'start_byte': 48675, 'start_token': 257, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 49175, 'end_token': 272, 'start_byte': 48916, 'start_token': 265, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 49404, 'end_token': 279, 'start_byte': 49176, 'start_token': 272, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 49668, 'end_token': 288, 'start_byte': 49405, 'start_token': 279, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 49915, 'end_token': 296, 'start_byte': 49669, 'start_token': 288, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 50161, 'end_token': 305, 'start_byte': 49916, 'start_token': 296, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 50479, 'end_token': 315, 'start_byte': 50162, 'start_token': 305, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 50794, 'end_token': 325, 'start_byte': 50480, 'start_token': 315, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 51065, 'end_token': 338, 'start_byte': 50795, 'start_token': 325, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 51326, 'end_token': 351, 'start_byte': 51066, 'start_token': 338, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 51575, 'end_token': 360, 'start_byte': 51327, 'start_token': 351, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 51808, 'end_token': 368, 'start_byte': 51576, 'start_token': 360, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 52080, 'end_token': 377, 'start_byte': 51809, 'start_token': 368, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 52349, 'end_token': 387, 'start_byte': 52081, 'start_token': 377, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 52657, 'end_token': 399, 'start_byte': 52350, 'start_token': 387, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 52929, 'end_token': 410, 'start_byte': 52658, 'start_token': 399, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 53176, 'end_token': 419, 'start_byte': 52930, 'start_token': 410, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 53425, 'end_token': 428, 'start_byte': 53177, 'start_token': 419, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 53661, 'end_token': 436, 'start_byte': 53426, 'start_token': 428, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 53980, 'end_token': 446, 'start_byte': 53662, 'start_token': 436, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 54231, 'end_token': 455, 'start_byte': 53981, 'start_token': 446, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 54460, 'end_token': 463, 'start_byte': 54232, 'start_token': 455, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 54772, 'end_token': 473, 'start_byte': 54461, 'start_token': 463, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 55110, 'end_token': 488, 'start_byte': 54773, 'start_token': 473, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56906, 'end_token': 548, 'start_byte': 55140, 'start_token': 491, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56894, 'end_token': 546, 'start_byte': 55204, 'start_token': 493, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 55504, 'end_token': 500, 'start_byte': 55317, 'start_token': 494, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 55760, 'end_token': 508, 'start_byte': 55505, 'start_token': 500, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56065, 'end_token': 519, 'start_byte': 55761, 'start_token': 508, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56354, 'end_token': 528, 'start_byte': 56066, 'start_token': 519, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56620, 'end_token': 537, 'start_byte': 56355, 'start_token': 528, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 56877, 'end_token': 545, 'start_byte': 56621, 'start_token': 537, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 60496, 'end_token': 655, 'start_byte': 56907, 'start_token': 548, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 57529, 'end_token': 566, 'start_byte': 56971, 'start_token': 550, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 57232, 'end_token': 556, 'start_byte': 57084, 'start_token': 551, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 57512, 'end_token': 565, 'start_byte': 57233, 'start_token': 556, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 60477, 'end_token': 653, 'start_byte': 57741, 'start_token': 568, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62724, 'end_token': 728, 'start_byte': 60497, 'start_token': 655, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62712, 'end_token': 726, 'start_byte': 60561, 'start_token': 657, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 60837, 'end_token': 664, 'start_byte': 60674, 'start_token': 658, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 61103, 'end_token': 672, 'start_byte': 60838, 'start_token': 664, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 61374, 'end_token': 682, 'start_byte': 61104, 'start_token': 672, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 61637, 'end_token': 692, 'start_byte': 61375, 'start_token': 682, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 61886, 'end_token': 700, 'start_byte': 61638, 'start_token': 692, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62153, 'end_token': 709, 'start_byte': 61887, 'start_token': 700, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62390, 'end_token': 717, 'start_byte': 62154, 'start_token': 709, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62695, 'end_token': 725, 'start_byte': 62391, 'start_token': 717, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 62860, 'end_token': 733, 'start_byte': 62725, 'start_token': 728, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63307, 'end_token': 754, 'start_byte': 62861, 'start_token': 733, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63288, 'end_token': 752, 'start_byte': 62949, 'start_token': 735, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63181, 'end_token': 747, 'start_byte': 62954, 'start_token': 736, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63168, 'end_token': 746, 'start_byte': 62995, 'start_token': 737, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63510, 'end_token': 761, 'start_byte': 63308, 'start_token': 754, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 64004, 'end_token': 779, 'start_byte': 63511, 'start_token': 761, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 63985, 'end_token': 777, 'start_byte': 63638, 'start_token': 763, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 65797, 'end_token': 795, 'start_byte': 64005, 'start_token': 779, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 65213, 'end_token': 788, 'start_byte': 64159, 'start_token': 781, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 65785, 'end_token': 793, 'start_byte': 65214, 'start_token': 788, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 66411, 'end_token': 807, 'start_byte': 65798, 'start_token': 795, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 66392, 'end_token': 805, 'start_byte': 65888, 'start_token': 797, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 67824, 'end_token': 925, 'start_byte': 66429, 'start_token': 808, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 70201, 'end_token': 1116, 'start_byte': 69067, 'start_token': 967, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 70599, 'end_token': 1131, 'start_byte': 70524, 'start_token': 1124, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 70736, 'end_token': 1154, 'start_byte': 70600, 'start_token': 1131, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 70636, 'end_token': 1139, 'start_byte': 70605, 'start_token': 1132, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 70698, 'end_token': 1146, 'start_byte': 70637, 'start_token': 1139, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 70730, 'end_token': 1153, 'start_byte': 70699, 'start_token': 1146, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 70786, 'end_token': 1169, 'start_byte': 70737, 'start_token': 1154, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 70760, 'end_token': 1162, 'start_byte': 70742, 'start_token': 1155, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 70780, 'end_token': 1168, 'start_byte': 70761, 'start_token': 1162, 'top_level': False}, {'end_byte': 72344, 'end_token': 1230, 'start_byte': 72093, 'start_token': 1197, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 72504, 'end_token': 1246, 'start_byte': 72345, 'start_token': 1230, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 72694, 'end_token': 1271, 'start_byte': 72505, 'start_token': 1246, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 73335, 'end_token': 1340, 'start_byte': 72695, 'start_token': 1271, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 73874, 'end_token': 1394, 'start_byte': 73336, 'start_token': 1340, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 74159, 'end_token': 1415, 'start_byte': 73875, 'start_token': 1394, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 74710, 'end_token': 1481, 'start_byte': 74160, 'start_token': 1415, 'top_level': True}, {'end_byte': 75257, 'end_token': 1540, 'start_byte': 74711, 'start_token': 1481, 'top_level': True}], 'question_text': 'what do the 3 dots mean in math', 'question_tokens': ['what', 'do', 'the', '3', 'dots', 'mean', 'in', 'math']}\n",
            "dict_keys(['annotations', 'document_html', 'document_title', 'document_tokens', 'document_url', 'example_id', 'long_answer_candidates', 'question_text', 'question_tokens'])\n",
            "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "# train v1.0-simplified_simplified-nq-train.jsonl.gz \n",
        "has following keys: \n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "-  'document_text', \n",
        "-  'long_answer_candidates', \n",
        "-  'question_text', \n",
        "-  'annotations', \n",
        "-  'document_url', \n",
        "-  'example_id'\n",
        "\n",
        "where as \n",
        "# validation v1.0-simplified_nq-dev-all.jsonl.gz\n",
        "\n",
        "- 'annotations',\n",
        "- 'document_html', \n",
        "- 'document_title', \n",
        "- 'document_tokens',\n",
        "- 'document_url', \n",
        "- 'example_id',\n",
        "- 'long_answer_candidates', \n",
        "- 'question_text',\n",
        "- 'question_tokens'\n",
        "\n",
        "We can covert \"document_tokens\" to text based on [code](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions/fb26a3073b1fe636c97302890a27b491d6530130/text_utils.py). [repo](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/natural-questions) \n",
        "\n",
        "```\n",
        "  def _clean_token(token):\n",
        "    \"\"\"Returns token in which blanks are replaced with underscores.\n",
        "    HTML table cell openers may contain blanks if they span multiple columns.\n",
        "    There are also a very few unicode characters that are prepended with blanks.\n",
        "    Args:\n",
        "      token: Dictionary representation of token in original NQ format.\n",
        "    Returns:\n",
        "      String token.\n",
        "    \"\"\"\n",
        "    return re.sub(u\" \", \"_\", token[\"token\"])\n",
        "\n",
        "  text = \" \".join([_clean_token(t) for t in nq_example[\"document_tokens\"]])\n",
        "```\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Ay7YwMbf2NOR"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-DiTeHRCLbbA"
      },
      "execution_count": 22,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "!head nq-train.tsv"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "tlc-QLoF1e2s",
        "outputId": "14a3b633-5a23-4334-a452-045801dfcff9"
      },
      "execution_count": 34,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "which is the most common use of opt-in e-mail marketing?\tEmail marketing-Wikipedia <H1> Email marketing </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> (hide) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Search engine optimization </Li> <Li> Local search engine optimisation </Li> <Li> Social media marketing </Li> <Li> Email marketing </Li> <Li> Referral marketing </Li> <Li> Content marketing </Li> <Li> Native advertising </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Search engine marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pay-per-click </Li> <Li> Cost per impression </Li> <Li> Search analytics </Li> <Li> Web analytics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Display advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ad blocking </Li> <Li> Contextual advertising </Li> <Li> Behavioral targeting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Affiliate marketing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cost per action </Li> <Li> Revenue sharing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile advertising </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Email marketing is the act of sending a commercial message, typically to a group of people, using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. It usually involves using email to send advertisements, request business, or solicit sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust, or brand awareness. Marketing emails can be sent to a purchased lead list or a current customer database. The term usually refers to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing a merchant's relationship with current or previous customers, encouraging customer loyalty and repeat business, acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, and sharing third-party ads. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Transactional emails </Li> <Li> 2.2 Direct emails <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Mobile email marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Comparison to traditional mail <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Advantages </Li> <Li> 3.2 Disadvantages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Opt-in email advertising </Li> <Li> 5 Legal requirements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 5.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 5.3 European Union </Li> <Li> 5.4 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> Email marketing has evolved rapidly alongside the technological growth of the 21st century. Prior to this growth, when emails were novelties to the majority of customers, email marketing was not as effective. In 1978, Gary Thuerk of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) sent out the first mass email to approximately 400 potential clients via the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). This email resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products, and highlighted the potential of marketing through mass emails. However, as email marketing developed as an effective means of direct communication, users began blocking out content from emails with filters and blocking programs. In order to effectively communicate a message through email, marketers had to develop a way of pushing content through to the end user, without being cut out by automatic filters and spam removing software. This resulted in the birth of triggered marketing emails, which are sent to specific users based on their tracked online browsing patterns. </P> <P> Historically, it has been difficult to measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns because target markets can not be adequately defined. Email marketing carries the benefit of allowing marketers to identify returns on investment and measure and improve efficiency. Email marketing allows marketers to see feedback from users in real time, and to monitor how effective their campaign is in achieving market penetration, revealing a communication channel's scope. At the same time, however, it also means that the more personal nature of certain advertising methods, such as television advertisements, can not be captured. </P> <H2> Types </H2> <P> Email marketing can be carried out through different types of emails:</P> <H3> Transactional emails </H3> <P> Transactional emails are usually triggered based on a customer's action with a company. To be qualified as transactional or relationship messages, these communications' primary purpose must be \"to facilitate, complete, or confirm a commercial transaction that the recipient has previously agreed to enter into with the sender\" along with a few other narrow definitions of transactional messaging. Triggered transactional messages include dropped basket messages, password reset emails, purchase or order confirmation emails, order status emails, reorder emails, and email receipts. </P> <P> The primary purpose of a transactional email is to convey information regarding the action that triggered it. But, due to their high open rates (51.3% compared to 36.6% for email newsletters), transactional emails are an opportunity to introduce or extend the email relationship with customers or subscribers ; to anticipate and answer questions ; or to cross-sell or up-sell products or services. </P> <P> Many email newsletter software vendors offer transactional email support, which gives companies the ability to include promotional messages within the body of transactional emails. There are also software vendors that offer specialized transactional email marketing services, which include providing targeted and personalized transactional email messages and running specific marketing campaigns (such as customer referral programs). </P> <H3> Direct emails </H3> <P> Direct email involves sending an email solely to communicate a promotional message (for example, a special offer or a product catalog). Companies usually collect a list of customer or prospect email addresses to send direct promotional messages to, or they rent a list of email addresses from service companies. Safe mail marketing is also used. </P> Mobile email marketing <P> Email marketing develops large amounts of traffic through smartphones and tablets. Marketers are researching ways to advertise to more users and to make them view advertising for longer. However, the rate of delivery is still relatively low due to better filtering-out of advertising and users having multiple email accounts for different purposes. Because emails are generated according to the tracked behavior of consumers, it is possible to send advertising which is based on the recipient's behavior. Because of this, modern email marketing is perceived more often as a pull strategy rather than a push strategy. </P> <H2> Comparison to traditional mail </H2> <P> There are both advantages and disadvantages to using email marketing in comparison to traditional advertising mail. </P> <H3> Advantages </H3> <P> Email marketing is popular with companies for several reasons:</P> <Ul> <Li> An exact return on investment can be tracked (\"track to basket\") and has proven to be high when done properly. Email marketing is often reported as second only to search marketing as the most effective online marketing tactic. </Li> <Li> Email marketing is significantly cheaper and faster than traditional mail, mainly because of the high cost and time required in a traditional mail campaign for producing the artwork, printing, addressing, and mailing. </Li> <Li> Businesses and organizations who send a high volume of emails can use an ESP (email service provider) to gather information about the behavior of the recipients. The insights provided by consumer response to email marketing help businesses and organizations understand and make use of consumer behavior. </Li> <Li> Email provides a cost-effective method to test different marketing content, including visual, creative, marketing copy, and multimedia assets. The data gathered by testing in the email channel can then be used across all channels of marketing campaigns, both print and digital. </Li> <Li> Advertisers can reach substantial numbers of email subscribers who have opted in (i.e., consented) to receive the email. </Li> <Li> Almost half of American Internet users check or send email on a typical day, with emails delivered between 1 am and 5 am local time outperforming those sent at other times in open and click rates. </Li> <Li> Email is popular with digital marketers, rising an estimated 15% in 2009 to £ 292 million in the UK. </Li> <Li> If compared to standard email, direct email marketing produces higher response rate and higher average order value for e-commerce businesses. </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disadvantages </H3> <P> As of mid-2016 email deliverability is still an issue for legitimate marketers. According to the report, legitimate email servers averaged a delivery rate of 73% in the U.S. ; six percent were filtered as spam, and 22% were missing. This lags behind other countries:Australia delivers at 90%, Canada at 89%, Britain at 88%, France at 84%, Germany at 80% and Brazil at 79%. </P> <P> Additionally, consumers receive on average circa 90 emails per day. </P> <P> Companies considering the use of an email marketing program must make sure that their program does not violate spam laws such as the United States' Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (CAN-SPAM), the European Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2003, or their Internet service provider's acceptable use policy. </P> <H2> Opt-in email advertising </H2> <P> Opt-in email advertising, or permission marketing, is a method of advertising via email whereby the recipient of the advertisement has consented to receive it. This method is one of several developed by marketers to eliminate the disadvantages of email marketing. </P> <P> Opt-in email marketing may evolve into a technology that uses a handshake protocol between the sender and receiver. This system is intended to eventually result in a high degree of satisfaction between consumers and marketers. If opt-in email advertising is used, the material that is emailed to consumers will be \"anticipated\". It is assumed that the recipient wants to receive it, which makes it unlike unsolicited advertisements sent to the consumer. Ideally, opt-in email advertisements will be more personal and relevant to the consumer than untargeted advertisements. </P> <P> A common example of permission marketing is a newsletter sent to an advertising firm's customers. Such newsletters inform customers of upcoming events or promotions, or new products. In this type of advertising, a company that wants to send a newsletter to their customers may ask them at the point of purchase if they would like to receive the newsletter. </P> <P> With a foundation of opted-in contact information stored in their database, marketers can send out promotional materials automatically using autoresponders -- known as drip marketing. They can also segment their promotions to specific market segments. </P> <H2> Legal requirements </H2> <H3> Australia </H3> <P> The Australian Spam Act 2003 is enforced by the Australian Communications and Media Authority, widely known as \"ACMA\". The act defines the term unsolicited electronic messages, states how unsubscribe functions must work for commercial messages, and gives other key information. Fines range with 3 fines of AU $110,000 being issued to Virgin Blue Airlines (2011), Tiger Airways Holdings Limited (2012) and Cellar master Wines Pty Limited (2013). </P> <H3> Canada </H3> <P> The \"Canada Anti-Spam Law\" (CASL) went into effect on July 1, 2014. CASL requires an explicit or implicit opt-in from users, and the maximum fines for noncompliance are CA $ 1 million for individuals and $10 million for businesses. </P> <H3> European Union </H3> <P> In 2002 the European Union (EU) introduced the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications. Article 13 of the Directive prohibits the use of personal email addresses for marketing purposes. The Directive establishes the opt-in regime, where unsolicited emails may be sent only with prior agreement of the recipient ; this does not apply to business email addresses. </P> <P> The directive has since been incorporated into the laws of member states. In the UK it is covered under the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 and applies to all organizations that send out marketing by some form of electronic communication. </P> <H3> United states </H3> <P> The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 was passed by Congress as a direct response of the growing number of complaints over spam e-mails. Congress determined that the US government was showing an increased interest in the regulation of commercial electronic mail nationally, that those who send commercial e-mails should not mislead recipients over the source or content of them, and that all recipients of such emails have a right to decline them. The act authorizes a US $16,000 penalty per violation for spamming each individual recipient. However, it does not ban spam emailing outright, but imposes laws on using deceptive marketing methods through headings which are \"materially false or misleading\". In addition there are conditions which email marketers must meet in terms of their format, their content and labeling. As a result, many commercial email marketers within the United States utilize a service or special software to ensure compliance with the act. A variety of older systems exist that do not ensure compliance with the act. To comply with the act's regulation of commercial email, services also typically require users to authenticate their return address and include a valid physical address, provide a one-click unsubscribe feature, and prohibit importing lists of purchased addresses that may not have given valid permission. </P> <P> In addition to satisfying legal requirements, email service providers (ESPs) began to help customers establish and manage their own email marketing campaigns. The service providers supply email templates and general best practices, as well as methods for handling subscriptions and cancellations automatically. Some ESPs will provide insight and assistance with deliverability issues for major email providers. They also provide statistics pertaining to the number of messages received and opened, and whether the recipients clicked on any links within the messages. </P> <P> The CAN-SPAM Act was updated with some new regulations including a no-fee provision for opting out, further definition of \"sender\", post office or private mail boxes count as a \"valid physical postal address\" and definition of \"person\". These new provisions went into effect on July 7, 2008. </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> CAUCE -- Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email </Li> <Li> Customer engagement </Li> <Li> Suppression list </Li> <Li> Email spam-Unsolicited email marketing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"spam unsolicited e-mail\". Retrieved September 19, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"PUBLIC LAW 108 -- 187 -- DEC. 16, 2003 117 STAT. 2699\" (PDF). U.S Government GPO. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ADIKESAVAN, T. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEST PRACTICES AND APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS. ISBN 8120348966. Retrieved July 10, 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MECLABS, content:MarketingSherpa, design:Scott McDaniel, code:Steve Beger, (January 21, 2009). \"New Survey Data:Email's ROI Makes Tactic Key for Marketers in 2009\". MarketingSherpa.com. Retrieved August 12, 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pew Internet & American Life Project, \"Tracking surveys\", March 2000 -- March 2009 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Scheduling Affects Rates. Mailermailer.com (July 2012). Retrieved on July 28, 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BtoB Magazine, \"Early Email Blasts Results in Higher Click & Open Rates\" Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine., September 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK e-mail marketing predicted to rise 15%. MediaWeek.co.uk (13 October 2009) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Why Email Marketing is King\". Harvard Business Review (21 August 2012) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts, A. \"Email deliverability is on the decline:report\", ClickZ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radicati, Sara. \"Email Statistics Report, 2014-2018\" (PDF). The Radicati Group, Inc. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Consumer Information\". Consumer Information. Retrieved August 12, 2017. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Fairhead, N. (2003) \"All hail the brave new world of permission marketing via email\" (Media 16, August 2003) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dilworth, Dianna (2007). \"Ruth's Chris Steak House sends sizzling e-mails for special occasions\". DMNews. Retrieved February 19, 2008. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brian J. & Montazemia, A. (2004) Management Information Systems (Canada:McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Spam:enforcement actions\". Australian Communications and Media Authority. Australian Communications and Media Authority. Archived from the original on February 29, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moorcraft, Bethan. \"Law could force idle brokers back to dark ages\". Insurance Business. Retrieved August 12, 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Canada's law on spam\". Government of Canada. Retrieved July 19, 2014... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 Archived November 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine... Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved on July 28, 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"CAN-SPAM Act:A Compliance Guide for Business\". FTC.gov. BCP Business Center. Retrieved August 10, 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"FTC Approves New Rule Provision Under The CAN-SPAM Act\". FTC.gov. June 24, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"16 CFR Part 316 Definitions and Implementation Under the CAN -- SPAM Act ; Final Rule\" (PDF). FTC.gov. May 21, 2008. </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_marketing&oldid=814071202\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> Advertising by medium </Li> <Li> Email </Li> <Li> Digital marketing </Li> <Li> Market research </Li> <Li> Marketing techniques </Li> <Li> Online advertising </Li> <Li> Spamming </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles needing clarification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски/srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 18 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 December 2017, at 19:06. </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\ta newsletter sent to an advertising firm's customers\n",
            "how i.met your mother who is the mother?\tThe Mother (How I Met Your Mother)-wikipedia <H1> The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Tracy McConnell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> How I Met Your Mother character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> The Mother appearing in \"The Locket\" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> \"Lucky Penny (unseen)\" \"Something New\" (seen) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> \"Last Forever\" </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Carter Bays Craig Thomas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Cristin Milioti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> The Mother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse (s) </Th> <Td> Ted Mosby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other (s) </Th> <Td> Max (deceased former boyfriend) Louis (ex-boyfriend) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Penny Mosby (daughter, born in 2015, played by Lyndsy Fonseca) Luke Mosby (son, born in 2017, played by David Henrie) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tracy McConnell, better known as \"The Mother\", is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\" as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti. </P> <P> The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky's wedding ; this scene is shown in \"Last Forever\", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans. </P> <P> An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. In the video, future Ted is heard saying, ``... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning, I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was...\", indirectly stating that The Mother is alive. The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling, implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Casting </Li> <Li> 2 Character history <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Name </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Casting (edit) </H2> <P> During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most-wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that \"We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be... The whole idea is that Ted's never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience\", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had \"kept the show alive\" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call. </P> <P> They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled, \"I had ignorance on my side. So I did n't know what it meant.\" Milioti learned of the character's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer. </P> <H2> Character history (edit) </H2> <P> The Mother was born on September 19, 1984. </P> <P> The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her -- a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love. </P> <P> In \"Wait for It\", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In \"No Tomorrow\", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max, her late boyfriend. She is still grieving, but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch, her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. After they start talking, Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college. </P> <P> On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale \"The Leap\", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, \"Definitions\", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in \"How Your Mother Met Me\", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom. </P> <P> Later, in \"Girls Versus Suits\", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, \"this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back.\" In \"How Your Mother Met Me\", it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time. </P> <P> Some time after this, a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band. </P> <P> In the season 6 opener \"Big Days\" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife \"the day of\" the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode \"False Positive\" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode \"Challenge Accepted\", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, \"The Magician's Code\" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother \"the day of\" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the \"Farhampton\" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar. </P> <P> In the season 8 episode \"Band or DJ ?,\" Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding. </P> <P> The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in \"How Your Mother Met Me\" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after. </P> <P> The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends (Barney, Lily, Marshall and Robin) before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in \"Platonish\". In \"The Locket\", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey. </P> <P> In \"Bass Player Wanted\", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band, that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception. But the band's leader, Darren, forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. She ends up alone at the bar, and while practicing a speech to give Darren, Darren walks up to her furious the groom's best man punched him for \"no reason.\" Amused by this, the Mother laughs, and Darren quits the band in anger. </P> <P> In \"How Your Mother Met Me\", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She declines Louis' proposal and leaves his cottage, going to check in at Farhampton Inn. On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings \"La Vie en Rose\". Ted hears her singing from his room next door. </P> <P> In \"Gary Blauman\", Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis. She says that she is in the \"weirdest place on earth\" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date. </P> <P> In a flashforward in \"The Lighthouse\", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in \"Unpause\", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton. </P> <H3> Name (edit) </H3> <P> The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, \"Last Forever\". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode \"Belly Full of Turkey\", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says ``... that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother\". The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy. </P> <H2> Death (edit) </H2> See also:Last Forever <P> In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she \"became sick\" and his children saying that she has been \"gone\" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death. Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning. Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was \"an amazing character\" and that \"over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy. Kuchman said that \"asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request\", that the finale \"advanced too quickly\" and that \"HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue\". </P> <P> A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage. On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene. In the alternate ending, the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. </P> <H2> Notes (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that \"Pilot\" is set. The pilot is set on September 19, 2005. </Li> </Ol> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Debnath, Neela (7 September 2014). \"How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 February 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). \"Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending\". Rolling Stone. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGregor, Rachel (September 23, 2014). \"8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending\". Metro UK. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stransky, Tanner (2013-05-13). \"' How I Met Your Mother ':Burning questions about the mother\". Entertainment Weekly. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Fallon, Kevin (2013-05-14). \"' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed:Meet Cristin Milioti\". The Daily Beast. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fallon, Kevin (2015-11-03). \"How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind\". The Daily Beast. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"How Your Mother Met Me\". How I Met Your Mother. Season 9. Episode 16. January 27, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Pilot\". How I Met Your Mother. Season 1. Episode 1. September 19, 2005. CBS. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Kuchman, Bill (April 4, 2014). \"' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap:A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM '\". Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha (10 March 2014). \"What is The Mother's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret\". Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"HIMYM Tomatometer Watch:Series Finale Currently Rotten-Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever '\". Rotten Tomatoes. April 2, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuchman, Bill (March 31, 2014). \"' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction\". Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero, Danger (April 4, 2014). \"Now There's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending\". Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maresca, Rachel (April 3, 2014). \"' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed\". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking:Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set. https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James, Lauren (April 5, 2014). \"' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition, Says Carter Bays\". Contact Music. Retrieved July 7, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 6, 2014). \"Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 16, 2014. </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> (hide) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> How I Met Your Mother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> <Li> Season 3 </Li> <Li> Season 4 </Li> <Li> Season 5 </Li> <Li> Season 6 </Li> <Li> Season 7 </Li> <Li> Season 8 </Li> <Li> Season 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ted Mosby </Li> <Li> Marshall Eriksen </Li> <Li> Lily Aldrin </Li> <Li> Barney Stinson </Li> <Li> Robin Scherbatsky </Li> <Li> The Mother (Tracy McConnell) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> The Bro Code </Li> <Li> Cheerleader effect </Li> <Li> \"Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit\" </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> How I Met Your Mother characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2013 </Li> <Li> Fictional female musicians </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 17:03. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tTracy McConnell\n",
            "who had the most wins in the nfl?\tList of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders-wikipedia <H1> List of National Football League career quarterback wins leaders </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFL lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Current season (show) <Ul> <Li> 2017 season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterbacks (show) <Ul> <Li> Starting quarterbacks by touchdowns/touchdowns (playoffs)/yardage/5000 yard seasons/completion <Ul> <Li> by team BUF </Li> <Li> MIA </Li> <Li> NE </Li> <Li> NYJ </Li> <Li> BAL </Li> <Li> CIN </Li> <Li> CLE </Li> <Li> PIT </Li> <Li> HOU </Li> <Li> IND </Li> <Li> JAX </Li> <Li> TEN </Li> <Li> DEN </Li> <Li> KC </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> <Li> OAK </Li> <Li> DAL </Li> <Li> NYG </Li> <Li> PHI </Li> <Li> WAS </Li> <Li> CHI </Li> <Li> DET </Li> <Li> GB </Li> <Li> MIN </Li> <Li> ATL </Li> <Li> CAR </Li> <Li> NO </Li> <Li> TB </Li> <Li> ARI </Li> <Li> LAR </Li> <Li> SF </Li> <Li> SEA </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Most wins </Li> <Li> Playoff records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Most consecutive starts </Li> <Li> Most consecutive games with touchdown pass </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Win -- loss records 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Running backs (show) <Ul> <Li> Career rushing attempts leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual rushing touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> 2,000-yard club </Li> <Li> 1,000-yard duos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Receivers (show) <Ul> <Li> Career receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual receiving touchdowns leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defense (show) <Ul> <Li> Career sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Annual sacks leaders </Li> <Li> Career interceptions leaders </Li> <Li> Annual interceptions leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special teams (show) <Ul> <Li> Longest field goals </Li> <Li> Career field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Career punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career kickoff return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual field goals leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punting yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual punt return yards leaders </Li> <Li> Annual kickoff return yards leaders </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other lists (show) <Ul> <Li> Most consecutive starts (and games played) </Li> <Li> Career all-purpose yards leaders </Li> <Li> Career scoring leaders </Li> <Li> Brett Favre's career achievements </Li> <Li> Peyton Manning's career achievements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following is a list of the top National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks in wins. In the NFL, the quarterback is the only position that is credited with records of wins and losses. </P> <P> Active quarterback Tom Brady holds the records for most wins with 220, most regular season wins with 195, and most postseason wins with 25, as of Week 16 of the 2017 NFL season. Having played the entirety of his career with the New England Patriots, each of Brady's win records also apply to wins with a single team. </P> <P> Among retired players, the record for most wins is held by Peyton Manning with 200. In his final professional game, Manning set the then-record for wins, surpassing Brett Favre who retired with 199 wins. Other previous record-holders include John Elway (162), Fran Tarkenton (130), and Johnny Unitas (124). Otto Graham holds the record for the highest winning percentage with a minimum of 35 wins at. 788 (61 wins to 16 losses). </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 2 Next in Line </Li> <Li> 3 Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Quarterbacks with most total wins in NFL history (edit) </H2> <P> This sortable table shows the top 100 NFL quarterbacks in order of total wins, both regular season and playoffs, since the start of the modern era, 1950. The table also shows every team that a quarterback played for. If two quarterbacks have the same number of wins, the player with the highest winning percentage is ranked first. </P> <P> When sorting teams:</P> <Ul> <Li> Players are listed in order of number of wins for team. </Li> </Ul> <P> The following are grouped together </P> <Ul> <Li> Arizona, Phoenix and St. Louis Cardinals </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams </Li> <Li> Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers </Li> <Li> Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders </Li> <Li> Tennessee Titans and Houston Oilers </Li> <Li> Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts <Ul> <Li> (except 1950 Baltimore Colts, a separate franchise which folded) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> To reset the table to its default sorting settings, simply reload the page. </P> <P> Updated through the December 31 games. </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage ≥. 600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winning percentage ≥. 700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Quarterbacks ranked by total wins, then winning percentage <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 2000 -- present </Td> <Td> New England a ! New England </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 775 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis A ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 685 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Denver B ! Denver </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Atlanta F ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 199 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 618 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Green Bay a ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> NY Jets E ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Minnesota F ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Denver A ! Denver </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 645 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Miami a ! Miami </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 601 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh A ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 679 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 571 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- present </Td> <Td> New Orleans a ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> San Francisco a ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 711 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> Kansas City E ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Minnesota a ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td>. 533 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> NY Giants E ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis B ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 649 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh b ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 684 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> NY Giants a ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 527 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Buffalo A ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 621 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 547 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia a ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 607 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington I ! Washington </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Minnesota J ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas A ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 583 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tennessee B ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 493 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Minnesota D ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Seattle E ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Kansas City J ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> Green Bay b ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 652 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Oakland a ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 655 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> New Orleans D ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Green Bay c ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td>. 635 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Steve Young </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay F ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 650 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> San Francisco b ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens A ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 604 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> NY Giants b ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 598 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Seattle a ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 549 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Kansas City F ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Detroit F ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Arizona H ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago F ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Tennessee M ! Tennessee Oilers </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> New England C ! New England </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Buffalo D ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Dallas F ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1959 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh M ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td>. 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland J ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Kansas City A ! Dallas Texans/Kansas City </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> Miami b ! Miami </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 614 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> <Td> Atlanta A ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 590 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Dallas B ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 733 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Tennessee a ! Houston Oilers/Tennessee Oilers/Titans </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens B ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati A ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 522 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati D ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 505 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Oakland G ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Arizona B ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay C ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 422 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Cleveland F ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens C ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 2005 </Td> <Td> NY Jets C ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas G ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> New England G ! New England </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Carolina D ! Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 532 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Seattle b ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> Tennessee G ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis F ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> San Francisco E ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> <Td> Kansas City B ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 503 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Arizona A ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td>. 497 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Washington Y ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td>. 563 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia H ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Dallas E ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 562 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants K ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> Denver c ! Denver </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia b ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 594 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Minnesota g ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens F ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Chicago H ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td>. 573 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> New York Bulldogs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Detroit B ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh D ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Carolina C ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 449 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> New Orleans F ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> NY Giants D ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Oakland H ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> Tennessee E ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis z ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Washington a ! Washington </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 629 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 516 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville a ! Jacksonville </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Washington F ! Washington </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> New Orleans J ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> NY Jets H ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 1997 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati C ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 466 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> NY Jets D ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arizona I ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td>. 515 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> LA Rams E ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Green Bay d ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> Tennessee K ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Dallas C ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 602 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Minnesota E ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Washington L ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Kansas City G ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Oakland C ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> New England D ! New England </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> San Francisco G ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Oakland D ! Oakland/LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> Buffalo B ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 457 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Detroit G ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay I ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis H ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td>. 588 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> San Francisco d ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> NY Giants F ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> LA Rams H ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 513 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia A ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Kansas City H ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> LA Rams D ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 589 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NY Giants k ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Arizona E ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1998 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Minnesota C ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 576 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Washington E ! Washington </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay B ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Dallas J ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> San Francisco C ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td>. 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> New England b ! New England </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 543 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Denver F ! Denver </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> Chicago A ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> Miami D ! Miami </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Seattle C ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 681 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> Arizona D ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Denver D ! Denver </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Buffalo E ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td>. 753 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Oakland B ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Chicago B ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 680 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia I ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Minnesota H ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona J ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Green Bay x ! Green Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia G ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td>. 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> Washington B ! Washington </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis E ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 445 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay K ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Arizona G ! Phoenix Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> LA Rams k ! Los Angeles Rams St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Tennessee H ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Atlanta D ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Chicago G ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Chicago D ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 469 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis D ! Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens E ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Danny White </Td> <Td> 1976 -- 1988 </Td> <Td> Dallas D ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 657 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> San Francisco J ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 634 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh F ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> Detroit D ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> NY Giants J ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis C ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> Miami c ! Miami </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh H ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 617 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Buffalo C ! Buffalo </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> LA Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 418 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> New Orleans C ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> NY Giants C ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 612 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Carolina A ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 575 </Td> <Td> Week 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> Washington D ! Washington </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 615 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> Oakland F ! LA Raiders </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati G ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Arizona F ! Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Jets A ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> LA Rams I ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> LA Rams C ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 624 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 -- 1960 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia F ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> Cincinnati B ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 566 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Atlanta C ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 538 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia E ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> NY Jets G ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh G ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1999 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay A ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 529 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens D ! Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Seattle F ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Cleveland G ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> San Francisco K ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> New Orleans E ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 525 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 -- 1978 </Td> <Td> Washington C ! Washington </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 1950 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Cleveland A ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 788 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> <Td> 1999, 2002 </Td> <Td> New Orleans G ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 587 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Carolina B ! Carolina </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland I ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> San Francisco F ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 492 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cleveland H ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Detroit H ! Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006, 2009 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia J ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay D ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans x ! Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> Detroit A ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 469 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1985 </Td> <Td> Atlanta B ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 458 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> LA Rams G ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> Arizona C ! St. Louis Cardinals </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td>. 508 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> Tennessee J ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Denver E ! Denver </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> Tennessee C ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Oakland I ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> LA Rams L ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Philadelphia K ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> LA Rams F ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 661 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> Cleveland D ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Washington x ! Washington </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh C ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 542 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> NY Jets F ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati F ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> Tennessee I ! Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Cleveland B ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 504 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Cleveland E ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td>. 567 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> Detroit C ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> LA Rams m ! Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> NY Giants m ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> New Orleans B ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 544 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Atlanta E ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> Minnesota B ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> New Orleans I ! New Orleans </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Cleveland C ! Cleveland </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 491 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Dallas K ! Dallas </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Miami F ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Trent Green </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 </Td> <Td> Washington H ! Washington </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 487 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 & 2008 </Td> <Td> LA Rams J ! St. Louis Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Kansas City C ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Miami G ! Miami </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Giants G ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 625 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Oakland E ! LA/Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Washington K ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> Chicago C ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td>. 581 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 -- 1965 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh E ! Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis G ! Baltimore Colts </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> Chicago E ! Chicago </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 519 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1966 </Td> <Td> Tennessee D ! Houston Oilers </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> Oakland J ! Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> San Francisco H ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 378 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 1983 </Td> <Td> Denver G ! Denver </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 1987, 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay E ! Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Kansas City D ! Kansas City </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Miami e ! Miami </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Atlanta G ! Atlanta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> Washington J ! Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 609 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> San Diego Chargers </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Washington G ! Washington </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td>. 349 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia D ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Minnesota I ! Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1974, 1976 </Td> <Td> NY Giants H ! New York Giants </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 1975 </Td> <Td> San Francisco I ! San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1992 </Td> <Td> NY Jets B ! New York Jets </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td>. 451 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia N ! Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Seattle D ! Seattle </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 401 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati E ! Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2008 </Td> <Td> Detroit E ! Detroit </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> Dallas H ! Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ * Note:Bobby Layne is listed as having started all 12 games for the Bulldogs (NFL) in 1949. The record for that team is 1 -- 10 -- 1. Combined with his official post -- 1949 won -- loss -- tied record of 80 -- 51 -- 4 (0.607), his overall estimated won -- loss -- tied record is 81 -- 61 -- 5 (0.568). </P> <P> ^ † Note:The 1950 Baltimore Colts are a defunct NFL team, not part of the current Colts franchise. </P> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Conerly is estimated to have gone 7 -- 8 -- 0 as a starter from 1948 -- 1949. Combined with his official post-1949 won-loss-tied record of 58 -- 31 -- 1 (0.650), his overall estimated won-loss-tied record is 65 -- 39 -- 1 (0.624). </Li> <Li> Otto Graham also started 53 games for the Cleveland Browns when they were in the All-America Football Conference (1946 -- 1949). He finished his professional career (AAFC and NFL) with a 105 -- 17 -- 4 regular-season record (84.0% win rate). Graham took his team to the championship game in all ten of his professional seasons winning seven of them (4 AAFC and 3 NFL). </Li> </Ul> <H2> Next in Line (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"12\"> Next 3 Active Quarterbacks in line </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Seasons Played </Th> <Th> Teams </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Regular Season </Th> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Playoffs </Th> <Th> Career wins </Th> <Th> Career losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct </Th> <Th> Updated through </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schaub, Matt Matt Schaub </Td> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> 4 teams, currently Atlanta </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 511 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fitzpatrick, Ryan Ryan Fitzpatrick </Td> <Td> 2005 -- present </Td> <Td> 7 teams, currently Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 407 </Td> <Td> backup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luck, Andrew Andrew Luck </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td>. 605 </Td> <Td> 2017 season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Quarterbacks with most regular season wins in NFL history (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Active Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hall of Fame QB </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Updated through the 2017 season. </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom Brady </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brett Favre </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peyton Manning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Dan Marino </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Drew Brees </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ben Roethlisberger </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Fran Tarkenton </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Johnny Unitas </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Joe Montana </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Eli Manning </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Terry Bradshaw </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Philip Rivers </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Warren Moon </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Jim Kelly </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Dave Krieg </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew Bledsoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donovan McNabb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ken Stabler </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Phil Simms </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Bart Starr </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Len Dawson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy Aikman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Bob Griese </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carson Palmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Flacco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Ken Anderson </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve McNair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Vinny Testaverde </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Alex Smith </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Jim Hart </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Roman Gabriel </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Fouts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Roger Staubach </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Hasselbeck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> John Hadl </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randall Cunningham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Bobby Layne </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kerry Collins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Boomer Esiason </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Y.A. Tittle </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Brunell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Romo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Joe Theismann </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Rich Gannon </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Steve Grogan </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> John Brodie </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Ron Jaworski </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Cutler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Jim Plunkett </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brad Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Sonny Jurgensen </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Plummer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Jim McMahon </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Chandler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kurt Warner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Daryle Lamonica </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Harbaugh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Charlie Conerly </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Kemp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russell Wilson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Quarterback </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Jim Everett </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Earl Morrall </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Dalton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Joe Namath </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danny White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cam Newton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Norm Van Brocklin </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billy Kilmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jay Schroeder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Vick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Matthew Stafford </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Bartkowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Trent Dilfer </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeff Garcia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Otto Graham </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Sipe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Milt Plum </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dan Pastorini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Hebert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trent Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Delhomme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Ed Brown </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neil O'Donnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Tommy Kramer </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve DeBerg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernie Kosar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Norm Snead </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Jeff Hostetler </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Ken O'Brien </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Humphries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jon Kitna </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of National Football League records (individual) # QB Wins </Li> <Li> NFL starting quarterback playoff records </Li> <Li> List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Tom Brady Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Peyton Manning Statistics\". pPro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Brett Favre Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"John Elway Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Dan Marino Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ben Roethlisberger Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Drew Brees Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-12-01. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Joe Montana Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Fran Tarkenton Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Johnny Unitas Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Terry Bradshaw Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Eli Manning Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim Kelly Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Philip Rivers Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Donovan McNabb Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Troy Aikman Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Warren Moon Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Aaron Rodgers Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ken Stabler Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Bart Starr Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Steve Young Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Joe Flacco Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Phil Simms Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Dave Krieg Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Drew Bledsoe Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Len Dawson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Bob Griese Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Matt Ryan Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Roger Staubach Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-09-22. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Steve McNair Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ken Anderson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Carson Palmer Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Vinny Testaverde Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Matt Hasselbeck Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-12-28. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Alex Smith Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Dan Fouts Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim Hart Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Roman Gabriel Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Craig Morton Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Randall Cunningham Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"Bobby Layne Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Kerry Collins Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Joe Theismann Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Mark Brunell Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Boomer Esiason Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"John Hadl Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Tony Romo Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Rich Gannon Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim Plunkett Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Joe Ferguson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Y.A. Tittle Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ron Jaworski Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Kurt Warner Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Brad Johnson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"John Brodie Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Steve Grogan Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jay Cutler Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Russell Wilson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2014-11-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jake Plummer Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Daryle Lamonica Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim McMahon Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Sonny Jurgensen Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2009-09-14. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Chris Chandler Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim Harbaugh Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Danny White Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Earl Morrall Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jack Kemp Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jim Everett Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Charlie Conerly Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Cam Newton Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-01-17. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jay Schroeder Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Joe Namath Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Norm Van Brocklin Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Andy Dalton Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2013-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Michael Vick Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Trent Dilfer Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Billy Kilmer Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Otto Graham Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jake Delhomme Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jeff Garcia Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Stafford Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Steve Bartkowski Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Charley Johnson Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Dan Pastorini Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Frank Ryan Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Neil O'Donnell Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Brian Sipe Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Milt Plum Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Bobby Hebert Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Tommy Kramer Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Bernie Kosar Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Trent Green Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jeff Hostetler Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ed Brown Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"George Blanda Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Steve DeBerg Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Stan Humphries Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Norm Snead Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Ken O'Brien Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2011-12-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Jon Kitna Statistics\". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved 2012-08-08. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AP (12 Feb 2004). \"Graham won seven pro titles\". ESPN. Retrieved 27 Nov 2012. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Schaub stats\". Pro Football Reference.com. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Fitzpatrick stats\". Pro Football Reference.com. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Luck stats\". Pro Football Reference.com. </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> (hide) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Football League records and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl records </Li> <Li> Team playoff records </Li> <Li> Team records </Li> <Li> Individual records </Li> <Li> Games played </Li> <Li> Consecutive games and starts </Li> <Li> 99-yard pass play </Li> <Li> All-purpose yards </Li> <Li> Scoring </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passing </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns <Ul> <Li> Regular season </Li> <Li> Playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Yards <Ul> <Li> 5,000 passing yards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Completions </Li> <Li> Passer rating </Li> <Li> Wins </Li> <Li> Playoff win -- loss records </Li> <Li> Consecutive starts </Li> <Li> Consecutive games with a TD pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Yards </Li> <Li> Completion percentage </Li> <Li> Rating </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Perfect passer rating </Li> <Li> 400 passing yards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rushing </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Yards </Li> <Li> Attempts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Yards <Ul> <Li> 2,000-yard club </Li> <Li> 1,000-yard duos </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Receiving </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Yards </Li> <Li> Receptions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Touchdowns </Li> <Li> Yards </Li> <Li> Receptions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defense </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Career </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sacks </Li> <Li> Interceptions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sacks </Li> <Li> Interceptions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special teams </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Annual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Punting yards </Li> <Li> Punt return yards </Li> <Li> Kickoff return yards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_quarterback_wins_leaders&oldid=818143757\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> National Football League records and achievements </Li> <Li> Lists of National Football League quarterbacks </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 January 2018, at 21:28. </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tTom Brady\n",
            "who played mantis guardians of the galaxy 2?\tPom Klementieff-wikipedia <H1> Pom Klementieff </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Pom Klementieff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Klementieff in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> (1986-05-03) 3 May 1986 (age 31) Quebec City, Quebec, Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pom Klementieff (born 3 May 1986) is a French actress. She was trained at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris and has appeared in such films as Loup (2009), Sleepless Night (2011) and Hacker's Game (2015). She plays the role of Mantis in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers:Infinity War (2018). </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life (edit) </H2> <P> Pom Klementieff was born in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, to a Korean mother and French-Russian father, who was working there as a consul with the French government. She had a brother who committed suicide. Her parents chose the name \"Pom\" because it is similar in pronunciation to the Korean words for both \"spring\" (봄) and \"tiger\" (범). Klementieff lived in Canada for one year before her family traveled extensively due to her father's job, and she lived in Japan and the Ivory Coast before settling in France. Klementieff later said that travelling at an early age gave her a \"gypsy soul\". </P> <P> Klementieff's father died of cancer when she was 5, and her mother was schizophrenic and unable to care for children, so Klementieff was raised by her paternal uncle and aunt. Her uncle, whom she described as \"like my second father\", died on her 18th birthday. Klementieff briefly attended law school after her uncle's death to appease her aunt, but did not find the career path appealing. She also worked as a waitress and saleswoman in France. She started acting at age 19 at the Cours Florent drama school in Paris. A few months into her education, she won a theater competition that awarded her free classes for two years with the school's top teachers. </P> <H2> Career (edit) </H2> Klementieff in 2018 <P> Klementieff's first professional acting job was the French independent film Après lui (2007), portraying the stepdaughter of the protagonist played by Catherine Deneuve. Filming for her scenes took three days. During one scene, Klementieff was supposed to push someone down a set of stairs but accidentally fell down the stairs herself, and director Gaël Morel kept that shot in the final film. Her first leading role was in Loup (2009), a French film about a tribe of reindeer herders in the Siberian mountains. During filming, Klementieff stayed in a camp, hours from the nearest village, where temperatures dropped well below zero. During filming she befriended nomads who lived there, worked with real wolves, rode reindeer, and swam with a horse in a lake. </P> <P> Klementieff made her Hollywood debut in Spike Lee's Oldboy (2013), a remake of the South Korean film of the same name. She portrayed Haeng-Bok, the bodyguard of the antagonist played by Sharlto Copley. A fan of the original film, Klementieff heard about the part through Roy Lee, a producer with the remake, and took boxing lessons after learning the role involved martial arts. After showcasing her boxing skills during her audition, Lee asked her to go home and come back wearing a more feminine outfit and make-up, like her character in the film. She contributed some of her own clothes to the character's wardrobe, and trained three hours a day for two months for an on-screen fight with star Josh Brolin. Klementieff came up with the name Haeng-Bok, Korean for \"happiness\", herself after Lee asked her to research possible names for the character. </P> <P> Klementieff moved to Los Angeles after Oldboy was filmed and began pursuing more Hollywood auditions. She continued taekwondo after the film, and has a purple belt as of the summer of 2014. Her next acting role was the film Hacker's Game (2015), in which she plays a hacker she compared to Lisbeth Salander from the novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Klementieff used her boxing skills again in the film, and due to the movie's low budget, she had to do her own make-up and chose her own wardrobe. It was her idea to dye her hair purple for the role, to which the directors first objected but later acquiesced. She joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe with her role as Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and will appear in the same role in the film Avengers:Infinity War (2018). </P> <H2> Filmography (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Après lui </Td> <Td> Emilie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Easy Way </Td> <Td> NHI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Loup </Td> <Td> Nastazya </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Pigalle, la nuit </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> TV series (eight episodes) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Borderline </Td> <Td> Naomi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Sleepless Night </Td> <Td> Lucy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Delicacy </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Love Lasts Three Years </Td> <Td> Julia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Silhouettes </Td> <Td> Valerie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Radiostars </Td> <Td> The pizza girl </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Porn in the Hood </Td> <Td> Tia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> À l'ombre du palmier </Td> <Td> Le modèle </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> El Turrrf </Td> <Td> Pom </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Paris à tout prix </Td> <Td> Jess </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Oldboy </Td> <Td> Haeng-Bok </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> RossFit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Hacker's Game </Td> <Td> Loise </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Seed </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ingrid Goes West </Td> <Td> Harley Chung </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Newness </Td> <Td> Bethany </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Alteration </Td> <Td> Elsa </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Avengers:Infinity War </Td> <Td> Mantis </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> Untitled Avengers film </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Qui es-tu Pom Klementieff ?/Who are you Pom Klementieff ?\". Première (in French). France. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Additional WebCitation archive on 1 January 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klementieff, Pom (@ pomklementieff) (28 July 2016). \"I 'm French. NOT Canadian-French\" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017 -- via Twitter. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"Actress Pom Klementieff from Spike Lee's Oldboy\". Filler Magazine. 2 (5). Summer 2014. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2014. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Han, Steve (November 2013). \"Korean French Actress Pom Klementieff Makes US Debut in ' Oldboy ' Remake\". KoreAm. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 5 July 2014. So I told (filmmaker Spike Lee), my father died when I was 5. My mother, she is schizophrenic, so she could n't take care of me and my brother, who committed suicide a few months before the audition (for Lee's remake of Oldboy). </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Chang, Mina (2 July 2013). \"Q&A with Pom Klementieff\". Anthem Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2014. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:De Ville, Reece (April 7, 2014). \"Interview:Oldboy's ass kicking, earth moving Pom Klementieff\". TheDigitalFix.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano, Nick (28 January 2017). \"Avengers:Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 29, 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017. </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pom Klementieff. </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pom Klementieff on IMDb </Li> <Li> Pom Klementieff at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Pettit, Stephanie (5 May 2017). \"Meet Pom Klementieff, the Actress Behind the Buzzed-About New Character Mantis in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\". People. Retrieved 3 October 2017. </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF:166829042 </Li> <Li> LCCN:no2014090484 </Li> <Li> ISNI:0000 0003 7182 9433 </Li> <Li> BNF:cb162591522 (data) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pom_Klementieff&oldid=829523540\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> 1986 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 21st-century French actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Quebec City </Li> <Li> Alumni of the Cours Florent </Li> <Li> French film actresses </Li> <Li> French people of Korean descent </Li> <Li> French people of Russian descent </Li> <Li> French television actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses of Korean descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> CS1 French-language sources (fr) </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 7 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 March 2018, at 04:09. </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tPom Klementieff\n",
            "the nashville sound brought a polished and cosmopolitan sound to country music by?\tNashville sound-wikipedia <H1> Nashville sound </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Nashville sound </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stylistic origins </Th> <Td> Country music, pop music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural origins </Th> <Td> 1950s Nashville, Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Typical instruments </Th> <Td> Guitar, strings, bass, drum, banjo, vocals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Derivative forms </Th> <Td> Countrypolitan, country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> Other topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Country musicians -- List of years in country music </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Nashville sound originated during the mid 1950s as a subgenre of American country music, replacing the chart dominance of the rough honky tonk music which was most popular in the 1940s and 1950s with \"smooth strings and choruses\", \"sophisticated background vocals\" and \"smooth tempos\". It was an attempt \"to revive country sales, which had been devastated by the rise of rock ' n ' roll.\" </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2 Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 3 Country pop </Li> <Li> 4 Examples of the Nashville sound </Li> <Li> 5 Examples of Countrypolitan </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins (edit) </H2> <P> The Nashville sound was pioneered by staff at Decca Records, RCA Records and Columbia Records in Nashville, Tennessee, including manager Steve Sholes, record producers Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, and Bob Ferguson, and recording engineer Bill Porter. They invented the form by replacing elements of the popular honky tonk style (fiddles, steel guitar, nasal lead vocals) with \"smooth\" elements from 1950s pop music (string sections, background vocals, crooning lead vocals), and using \"slick\" production, and pop music structures. The producers relied on a small group of studio musicians known as the Nashville A-Team, whose quick adaptability and creative input made them vital to the hit-making process. The Anita Kerr Quartet was the main vocal backing group in the early 1960s. In 1960, Time magazine reported that Nashville had \"nosed out Hollywood as the nation's second biggest (after New York) record-producing center.\" </P> <P> The term \"Nashville Sound\" was first mentioned in an article about Jim Reeves in 1958 in the Music Reporter and again in 1960 in a Time magazine article about Reeves. Other observers have identified several recordings that helped establish the early Nashville sound. Country historian Rich Kienzle says that \"Gone\", a Ferlin Husky hit recorded in November 1956, \"may well have pointed the way to the Nashville sound.\" Writer Colin Escott proclaims Jim Reeves' \"Four Walls\", recorded February 1957, to be the \"first ' Nashville sound ' record\", and Chet Atkins, the RCA-based producer and guitarist most often credited with being the sound's primary artistic brainchild, pointed to his production of Don Gibson's \"Oh Lonesome Me\" late that same year. </P> <P> In an essay published in Heartaches by the Number:Country Music's 500 Greatest Singles, David Cantwell argues that Elvis Presley's rock and roll recording of \"Do n't Be Cruel\" in July 1956 was the record that sparked the beginning of the era now called the Nashville sound. </P> <P> Regarding the Nashville sound, the record producer Owen Bradley stated, \"Now we 've cut out the fiddle and steel guitar and added choruses to country music. But it ca n't stop there. It always has to keep developing to keep fresh.\" </P> <H2> Countrypolitan (edit) </H2> Lynn Anderson <P> In the early 1960s, the Nashville sound began to be challenged by the rival Bakersfield sound on the country side and by the British Invasion on the pop side ; compounding these problems were the sudden deaths, in separate airplane crashes, of Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves, two of the Nashville Sound's biggest stars. Nashville's pop song structure became more pronounced and it morphed into what was called Countrypolitan-a smoother sound typified through the use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often, background vocals provided by a choir. Countrypolitan was aimed straight at mainstream markets and it sold well throughout the later 1960s into the early 1970s. Among the architects of this sound were producers Billy Sherrill (who was instrumental in shaping Tammy Wynette's early career) and Glenn Sutton. Artists who typified the countrypolitan sound initially included Wynette, Glen Campbell (who recorded in Hollywood and not Nashville), Lynn Anderson, Charlie Rich, and Charley Pride, the latter being a rare example of a top-selling African-American country performer. </P> <P> The Bakersfield sound, and later outlaw country, dominated country music among aficionados while countrypolitan reigned on the pop charts. </P> <P> Upon being asked what the Nashville sound was, Chet Atkins would put his hand into his pocket, shake his loose change, and say \"That's what it is. It's the sound of money\". </P> <H2> Country pop (edit) </H2> Main article:Country pop <P> By the late 1970s and 1980s, many pop music singers picked up the countrypolitan style and created what is known as country pop, the fusion of country music and soft rock. </P> <H2> Examples of the Nashville sound (edit) </H2> <P> Classic examples of Nashville sound recordings:</P> <Ul> <Li> \"Four Walls\" by Jim Reeves (1957) </Li> <Li> \"Gone\" by Ferlin Husky (1957) </Li> <Li> \"A Fallen Star\" by Jimmy C. Newman (1957) </Li> <Li> \"The Three Bells\" by The Browns (1959) </Li> <Li> \"He 'll Have to Go\" by Jim Reeves (1960) </Li> <Li> \"Last Date\" by Floyd Cramer (1960) </Li> <Li> \"I 'm Sorry\" by Brenda Lee (1960) </Li> <Li> \"I Fall to Pieces\" by Patsy Cline (1961) </Li> <Li> \"Hello Fool\" by Ralph Emery (1961) </Li> <Li> \"A Little Bitty Tear\", \"Call Me Mister In-Between\", and \"It's Just My Funny Way of Laughin '\" by Burl Ives (1962) (Ives was not a country singer, but a folk singer.) </Li> <Li> \"The End of the World\" by Skeeter Davis (1963) This record was a mainstream pop chart hit. </Li> <Li> \"Here Comes My Baby\" by Dottie West (1964) </Li> <Li> \"Make the World Go Away\" by Eddy Arnold (1965) </Li> <Li> \"Misty Blue\" by Wilma Burgess (1966) </Li> <Li> \"Danny Boy\" by Ray Price (1967) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples of Countrypolitan (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> \"(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden\" by Lynn Anderson (1971) </Li> <Li> \"Help Me Make It Through the Night\" by Sammi Smith (1971) </Li> <Li> \"Kiss an Angel Good Morning\" by Charley Pride </Li> <Li> \"Eleven Roses\" by Hank Williams, Jr. (1972) </Li> <Li> \"Behind Closed Doors\" by Charlie Rich (1973) </Li> <Li> \"Good News\" by Jody Miller (1973) </Li> <Li> \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" by Charlie Rich (1973) </Li> <Li> \"Paper Roses\" by Marie Osmond (1973) </Li> <Li> \"Rhinestone Cowboy\" by Glen Campbell (1975) </Li> <Li> \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\" by George Jones (1980) </Li> <Li> \"Slow Hand\" by Conway Twitty (1982) </Li> <Li> The music of Ronnie Milsap </Li> <Li> \"Lady\", \"You Decorated My Life\" and similar songs by Kenny Rogers </Li> <Li> \"When I Think About Cheatin '\" by Gretchen Wilson (2004) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Nashville A-Team </Li> <Li> Nashville Sounds, a baseball team that borrows its name from the style </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Byworth, Tony, ed. (2006). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Country Music. London:Flame Tree Publishing. pp. 7, 115 -- 117, 169. ISBN 978-1-84451-406-9. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Dawidoff, Nicholas (1997). In the Country of Country. Great Britain:Faber and Faber. pp. 48 -- 50. ISBN 0-571-19174-6. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:The Tennessee Encyclopedia. Nashville Recording Industry. Accessed April 9, 2016. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Sanjek, Russell. (1988). \"American Popular Music and Its Business:the first four hundred years\". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504311-1. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://countrymusichalloffame.com/site/explore-history-postelvis.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Ivey, Encyclopedia of Country Music </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"The \"Nashville Sound\" Begins ``. Retrieved August 8, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). Fulham, London:Flame Tree Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 1-904041-96-5. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.emusic.com/features/spotlight/286_200709.html </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> (hide) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Country music genres </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> Alternative country </Li> <Li> Americana </Li> <Li> Australian country </Li> <Li> Bakersfield sound </Li> <Li> Bluegrass </Li> <Li> Bro-country </Li> <Li> Canadian country </Li> <Li> Country folk </Li> <Li> Country pop </Li> <Li> Country rap </Li> <Li> Country rock </Li> <Li> Cowpunk </Li> <Li> Southern soul </Li> <Li> Honky tonk </Li> <Li> Nashville sound </Li> <Li> Neotraditional country </Li> <Li> Outlaw country </Li> <Li> Progressive country </Li> <Li> Red Dirt </Li> <Li> Rockabilly </Li> <Li> Texas country </Li> <Li> Western swing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Country music portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nashville_sound&oldid=787335589\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> Country music genres </Li> <Li> Pop music genres </Li> <Li> Nashville, Tennessee </Li> <Li> Music of Tennessee </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 June 2017, at 20:25. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tthe use of lush string arrangements with a real orchestra and often, background vocals provided by a choir\n",
            "what channel is the premier league on in france?\tList of Premier League broadcasters-wikipedia <H1> List of Premier League broadcasters </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <P> This is a list of television broadcasters which provide coverage of the Premier League, English football's top level competition, which is the most watched league in the world. The main broadcasters in the United Kingdom are Sky Sports, who broadcast 126 of the 168 televised games in the UK, and BT Sport. The BBC shows weekly highlights of the Premier League on its Match of the Day and Match of the Day 2 programmes on Saturdays and Sundays. </P> <P> The 168 UK televised games are also broadcast across the world ; the remaining 212 matches that are n't broadcast live in the UK are all broadcast elsewhere around the world. English-speaking countries (excluding the UK) are able to carry what is known as the ' International feed ' or ' World feed ' audio ; this is full match commentary provided by the Premier League. In Asia, and select other countries around the world, there is also a fully produced studio broadcast where pre, half time and post-match analysis is offered. This is currently hosted by John Dykes. </P> <P> The 3:00pm (UK time) Saturday kick-offs are not allowed to be shown live in the UK due to the hours of 2.45 pm-5.15 pm being ' blocked broadcasting hours ', as requested by the FA and enforced by UEFA. In Ireland, a different situation applies ; a package of only one Saturday 3:00pm kick off each week (along with one game on the final Sunday) is sold as an addition to the UK live rights packages, this package is currently held by Sky Sports. While there is no rule prohibiting the screening of the other 3:00pm games in Ireland, the Premier League does not make the rights to these games available to Irish broadcasters, due to the overlap in reception that is possible in Northern Ireland and mainland England and not's total match completely absolute live in total all interviews season the paradox that total matches live other will only be seen on streaming sites of he Premier League TV. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Broadcasters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Broadcasters by region <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Asian broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 European broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Latin American broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 North American and Caribbean broadcasters </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Oceanian broadcasters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Broadcasters (edit) </H2> <P> These are the countries and channels that broadcast the Premier League for 2016-19:</P> <H3> Broadcasters by region (edit) </H3> African broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sub-saharan Africa </Td> <Td> English French </Td> <Td> Supersport Kwesé Sports Canal+ </Td> </Tr> </Table> Asian broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Afghan </Td> <Td> Ariana TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports Gazi TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> STAR Sports PTV Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China (mainland) </Td> <Td> Mandarin </Td> <Td> CCTV CSPN BTV SMG SZMG GDTV GZTV CBG SDTV XJTV TJTV FMG DLTV JSBC ZZTV HBTV Tencent LeSports PPTV Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> English Cantonese </Td> <Td> now TV LeSports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> English Indonesian </Td> <Td> beIN Sports RCTI MNCTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> J Sports NHK Sportsnavi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> Kazakh </Td> <Td> Setanta Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> Kyrgyz </Td> <Td> KTRK Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macau </Td> <Td> English Cantonese Portuguese </Td> <Td> Super Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Mongolian </Td> <Td> Sansar HD SPS Premier Sports Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> English Korean </Td> <Td> SBS Sports SPOTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia & Brunei </Td> <Td> English Malay & Cantonese </Td> <Td> Astro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> English Burmese </Td> <Td> Sky Net </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> English Tagalog </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Singtel TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Mandarin English </Td> <Td> Eleven Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand, Laos & Cambodia </Td> <Td> Thai English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports PPTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> Tajik </Td> <Td> Varzish TV Football TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Uzbek </Td> <Td> UZ Report TV Futbol TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> Vietnamese English </Td> <Td> K+ TTTV, BDTV (VTVCab) FPT Telecom </Td> </Tr> </Table> European broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> Albanian </Td> <Td> SuperSport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> Serbian Croatian Macedonian Slovenian </Td> <Td> Sport Klub </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> Armenian </Td> <Td> Armenia 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Azerbaijani </Td> <Td> AzTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Belarusian </Td> <Td> Beltelradio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Dutch French </Td> <Td> Play Sports VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Bulgarian </Td> <Td> Diema Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> CytaVision </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> TV3 Sport 6'eren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Estonian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Finnish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> Silknet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Cosmote Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Hungarian </Td> <Td> Spíler TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> Icelandic </Td> <Td> Stöð 2 Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Latvian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> German </Td> <Td> DAZN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Lithuanian </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport Baltic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> French </Td> <Td> VOO Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> GO Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> Ziggo Sport Totaal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> English/Norwegian </Td> <Td> TV2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> Polish </Td> <Td> NC+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Sport TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Romanian </Td> <Td> Eurosport 1 Telekom Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Russian </Td> <Td> Match TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Marino </Td> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> SKY Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Digi Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Movistar+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Swedish </Td> <Td> Viasat Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> German French </Td> <Td> DAZN SFR Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Turkish </Td> <Td> S Sport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> Ukrainian </Td> <Td> Football TV Сhannel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Sports BT Sport BBC Sport (Highlights only) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Latin American broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> ESPN Brasil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> DirecTV Sports ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colombia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ecuador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peru </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uruguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> ESPN (3 matches) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> SKY Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> </Tr> </Table> Middle Eastern and North African broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Hebrew </Td> <Td> Sport 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Middle East and North Africa </Td> <Td> Arabic English French </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> </Table> North American and Caribbean broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> TSN Sportsnet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caribbean </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Flow Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States (including Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands) </Td> <Td> English Spanish </Td> <Td> NBC Sports Network Telemundo </Td> </Tr> </Table> Oceanian broadcasters (edit) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Broadcasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Optus Sport SBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pacific Islands </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Sky Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Digicel Play </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Who is the Premier League's best ?\". FIFA. 11 December 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"BT Sport\". Premier League. Retrieved 29 July 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"BBC Sport\". Premier League. Retrieved 29 July 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=19817.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Premier League international rights deals for 2016-19\". Premier League. Retrieved 15 May 2016. </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Premier League official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadcasters in European Football (UEFA) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic leagues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domestic cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League Cups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> England </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> Scotland </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champions League </Li> <Li> Europa League </Li> <Li> Super Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Premier League </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2017 -- 18 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Bournemouth </Li> <Li> Arsenal </Li> <Li> Brighton & Hove Albion </Li> <Li> Burnley </Li> <Li> Chelsea </Li> <Li> Crystal Palace </Li> <Li> Everton </Li> <Li> Huddersfield Town </Li> <Li> Leicester City </Li> <Li> Liverpool </Li> <Li> Manchester City </Li> <Li> Manchester United </Li> <Li> Newcastle United </Li> <Li> Southampton </Li> <Li> Stoke City </Li> <Li> Swansea City </Li> <Li> Tottenham Hotspur </Li> <Li> Watford </Li> <Li> West Bromwich Albion </Li> <Li> West Ham United </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aston Villa </Li> <Li> Barnsley </Li> <Li> Birmingham City </Li> <Li> Blackburn Rovers </Li> <Li> Blackpool </Li> <Li> Bolton Wanderers </Li> <Li> Bradford City </Li> <Li> Cardiff City </Li> <Li> Charlton Athletic </Li> <Li> Coventry City </Li> <Li> Derby County </Li> <Li> Fulham </Li> <Li> Hull City </Li> <Li> Ipswich Town </Li> <Li> Leeds United </Li> <Li> Middlesbrough </Li> <Li> Norwich City </Li> <Li> Nottingham Forest </Li> <Li> Oldham Athletic </Li> <Li> Portsmouth </Li> <Li> Queens Park Rangers </Li> <Li> Reading </Li> <Li> Sheffield United </Li> <Li> Sheffield Wednesday </Li> <Li> Sunderland </Li> <Li> Swindon Town </Li> <Li> Wigan Athletic </Li> <Li> Wimbledon </Li> <Li> Wolverhampton Wanderers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competition </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Teams <Ul> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Players <Ul> <Li> foreign </Li> <Li> foreign scorers </Li> <Li> winners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Managers <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stadia </Li> <Li> Founding </Li> <Li> Broadcasting foundation </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Referees </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> All-time table </Li> <Li> Hat-tricks </Li> <Li> Highest scores </Li> <Li> Golden Boot </Li> <Li> Golden Glove </Li> <Li> Manager of the Season </Li> <Li> Player of the Season </Li> <Li> Manager of the Month </Li> <Li> Player of the Month </Li> <Li> Goal of the Month </Li> <Li> Players with 500 + appearances </Li> <Li> Players with 100 + goals </Li> <Li> Top scorers by season </Li> <Li> Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets </Li> <Li> 10 Seasons Awards </Li> <Li> 20 Seasons Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richest clubs:<Ul> <Li> Deloitte list </Li> <Li> Forbes' list </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Team owners </Li> <Li> Transfer records </Li> <Li> Game 39 </Li> <Li> Premier League -- Football League gulf </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated competitions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Trophy </Li> <Li> FA Community Shield </Li> <Li> FA Cup </Li> <Li> EFL Cup </Li> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> <Li> Premier League 2 </Li> <Li> U18 Premier League </Li> <Li> Premier League International Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Association football on television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by top level league </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superliga Argentina (Argentina) </Li> <Li> Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (Brazil) </Li> <Li> Major League Soccer (MLS Cup) (United States/Canada) </Li> <Li> Liga MX (Mexico) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Premier League (Armenia) </Li> <Li> Belgian Pro League (Belgium) </Li> <Li> Bundesliga (Germany) </Li> <Li> Ekstraklasa (Poland) </Li> <Li> Eredivisie (Netherlands) </Li> <Li> Czech First League (Czech Republic) </Li> <Li> La Liga (Spain) </Li> <Li> Liga I (Romania) </Li> <Li> Ligue 1 (France) </Li> <Li> Nemzeti Bajnokság I (Hungary) </Li> <Li> Premier League (England) </Li> <Li> Primeira Liga (Portugal) </Li> <Li> Russian Premier League (Russia) </Li> <Li> Scottish Premiership (Scotland) </Li> <Li> Serie A (Italy) </Li> <Li> Vala SuperLiga (Kosovo) </Li> <Li> Slovenian PrvaLiga (Slovenia) </Li> <Li> Super League Greece (Greece) </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Premier League (Ukraine) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ligue 1 (Algeria) </Li> <Li> A-League (Australia) </Li> <Li> Thai League (Thailand) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast contracts by country </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada (history) </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Central America </Li> <Li> South America </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> United Kingdom (commentators, history) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasters by event </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Copa Libertadores </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UEFA Champions League </Li> <Li> UEFA Europa League </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FIFA World Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UEFA Euro </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dedicated channels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> EuroWorld Sport </Li> <Li> Fox Sports World Canada </Li> <Li> Sportsnet World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Canal+ Sport </Li> <Li> SFR Sports 1 </Li> <Li> OM TV </Li> <Li> OL TV </Li> <Li> Girondins TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Premium Calcio </Li> <Li> Sky Calcio </Li> <Li> Inter Channel </Li> <Li> Juventus Channel </Li> <Li> Milan Channel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spain </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> beIN LaLiga </Li> <Li> M. Fútbol </Li> <Li> M. Partidazo </Li> <Li> Real Madrid TV </Li> <Li> Barça TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sky Sports 1 </Li> <Li> BT Sport 1 </Li> <Li> Arsenal TV </Li> <Li> Celtic TV </Li> <Li> Chelsea TV </Li> <Li> LFC TV </Li> <Li> MUTV </Li> <Li> Rangers TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> beIN Sports </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer Plus </Li> <Li> GOL TV </Li> <Li> MLS Direct Kick </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ESPN Deportes </Li> <Li> Fox Deportes </Li> <Li> Univision Deportes Network </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Individual network coverage </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> A-League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox Sports FC </Li> <Li> Shoot Out </Li> <Li> Thursday FC </Li> <Li> The World Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bundesliga </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soccer Made in Germany </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major League Soccer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ESPN <Ul> <Li> MLS Game of the Week </Li> <Li> MLS Primetime Thursday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Saturday </Li> <Li> MLS Soccer Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fox Soccer </Li> <Li> NBCSN </Li> <Li> TSN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ligue 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Téléfoot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premier League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> <Li> Super Sunday </Li> <Li> Match of the Day </Li> <Li> Match of the Day 2 </Li> <Li> The Premier League Show </Li> <Li> Match of the Day (U.S. TV series) </Li> <Li> The Premiership </Li> <Li> Soccer Central Matchday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_broadcasters&oldid=808611916\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> Premier League on television </Li> <Li> Premier League lists </Li> <Li> Association football on television </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> EngvarB from May 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 23:38. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tSFR Sport\n",
            "who needs to be in the car with a permit driver?\tLearner's permit-wikipedia <H1> Learner's permit </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> (hide) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> (Learn how and when to remove this template message) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A driver's permit, learner's permit, learner's license or provisional license, is a restricted license that is given to a person who is learning to drive, but has not yet satisfied the requirement to obtain a driver's license. Having a driver's permit for a certain length of time is usually one of the requirements (along with driver's education and a road test) for applying for a full driver's license. To get a learner's permit, one must typically pass a written permit test, traffic, and rules of the road. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Australia </Li> <Li> 2 Belgium </Li> <Li> 3 Canada </Li> <Li> 4 France </Li> <Li> 5 Germany </Li> <Li> 6 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 7 India </Li> <Li> 8 Ireland </Li> <Li> 9 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 10 Norway </Li> <Li> 11 Singapore </Li> <Li> 12 South Africa </Li> <Li> 13 Sweden </Li> <Li> 14 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 15 United States <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Learner's permits </Li> <Li> 15.2 Intermediate license </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Australia (edit) </H2> <P> Laws regarding learner's permits in Australia differ between states. However, all states require a number of hours supervised driving to be undertaken and for the permit to be held for a set period. The age to get a Learner Permit is 16 in all states and territories except the ACT where it is 15 and 9 months. When a person is on their learners permit, they have to log 50 -- 120 hours depending on the state they are in, and must obtain at least 5 night hours. They can be supervised or taught in their log book hours by any person/persons holding a full license. They must sign the log book for allocated hours. </P> <H2> Belgium (edit) </H2> <P> A provisional learners license can be obtained after passing a theoretical exam less than three years prior. The minimum age for a learners permit is 17 years. The learner needs to be accompanied by a designated person with a valid driving license. The vehicle needs to bear a clearly visible, predesignated \"learners\" sign, sporting the letter \"L\". </P> <H2> Canada (edit) </H2> <P> In Canada, the minimum age varies from province to province and may be 14 or 16. In Ontario, a G1 License is issued to new drivers at the age of 16 after completing a written test. G1 license restrictions include:</P> <Ul> <Li> Have time and/or road restrictions, and the learner must drive with a fully licensed driver of at least 4 years. After one year with a G2, the learner may upgrade to their full G class license by taking another road test, which has a major highway component. A similar program is in effect for motorcycles, the M class license. </Li> </Ul> <P> In Nova Scotia, a beginner's permit (L) is issued to new drivers after the age of 16 after a written test. The L license restrictions include:</P> <Ul> <Li> A fully licensed driver must sit in the seat adjacent the new driver </Li> <Li> There can not be additional other passengers </Li> <Li> The learner must have a blood alcohol count of 0 </Li> <Li> No time or road restrictions </Li> </Ul> <P> In Alberta, a learners permit is issued to those who complete a knowledge test, an eye exam and one who is 14 years of age or older. They 're then put into a GDL program with restrictions. Some include:having a 0 blood alcohol level, fully licensed driver in passenger seat, no more people than there are seats, and must hold the license for a one-year minimum before upgrading. </P> <P> In Alberta, one has to pass a basic road test after having a learner's permit for at least a year and at or over the age of 16, then can apply for a Class 5 GDL license, which carries some of the same restrictions, but no longer requires a fully licensed Class 5 non-GDL driver in the passenger seat. Once the person becomes 18 and holds the Class 5 GDL license for at least 2 years, they can do an advanced road test which if they pass, they 'll become a fully licensed Class 5 driver. </P> <H2> France (edit) </H2> See also:Driving licence in France <P> In France, exists a Graduated driver licensing for people between the age of 15 and 17 and half, for B Driving licence. </P> <P> Some restriction exist ; one of the main condition is that a fully agreed licensed must accompany the learner. </P> <P> With 18, the learner's permit can apply to a normal driving license, that it can pass more easily due to its previous experience ; additionally, its probation license is reduced from three to two years. </P> <P> This Graduated driver licensing is valid only within France, so it's not possible to cross their border with the Graduated driver licensing. </P> <P> For people over 18, a system similar to the Graduated driver licensing exists, but rules are slightly different, for instance it does not provide the reduction from three to two years for the probation licence. </P> <P> Furthermore, any person who initially gets a driving license, for the first one, has to mind following restrictions for two or three years known as permis probatoire. The permis probatoire starting with specific issue:</P> <Ul> <Li> Speed is reduced for new drivers:110 km/h instead of 130 on motorways, 100 km/h instead of 110, and 80 instead of 90 on rural roads. </Li> <Li> The permis probatoire has only six points, and the driver access to 12 points when the driver passes its three year term </Li> </Ul> <Table> Points <Tr> <Th> When </Th> <Th> General case </Th> <Th> Apprentissage anticipé case </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Driving licence passed </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After one year </Td> <Td> + 2 → 8 (if no point loss) </Td> <Td> + 3 → 9 (if no point loss) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After two years </Td> <Td> + 2 → 10 (if no point loss) </Td> <Td> + 3 → 12 (if no point loss) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> After three years </Td> <Td> + 2 → 12 (if no point loss) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some training to road traffic safety might help to recover points. </P> <H2> Germany (edit) </H2> <P> Since 2010, it's possible to get a learner's permit at 17 in Germany. The only restriction is that a fully licensed and previously stated driver who is at least 30 years old must accompany the learner (but is not allowed to intervene in the drive). That does not apply to light motorcycles, which can be driven freely with this license. </P> <P> Furthermore, any person who initially gets a driving license has to mind following restrictions for 2 years starting with its issue:</P> <Ul> <Li> The driver must have a blood alcohol count of 0 (this applies at least until the age of 21) </Li> <Li> Any penalties are stricter than for advanced drivers </Li> </Ul> <P> With 18, the learner's permit will be automatically replaced by a normal driving license-no further test is needed. These legal circumstances in Germany are comparable to those in Austria in that matter-thus, it's possible to cross their border with a learner's permit. </P> <H2> Hong Kong (edit) </H2> <P> In Hong Kong any person aged 18 or above can apply for a Learner's Driving License for private cars, light goods vehicle and motorcycles. For other types of vehicle the age required is 21 and the applicant must have a valid private car or light goods vehicle driving license for 3 years. Unlike other jurisdictions, a learner must be supervised by an approved driving instructor instead of an ordinary fully licensed driver, or attending an approved driving school to learn to drive (except motorcycles, which learners can drive on their own, but motorcycle learners must pass a motorcycle course from an approved driving school before they can learn to drive on road). L-plate is also required when the learner is practicing. </P> <H2> India (edit) </H2> <P> In India, the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 18 (and 16 for riding a gear less scooter). When driving under a provisional license, the learner must be accompanied by a driver who holds a full driving license. The supervisor has to be in view of the road and be in a position to control the vehicle. The provisional license is available only after passing the theory test. A full licence can be acquired only after passing the driving test. Once the learner has passed the theory test, they may take the practical driving test. Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed, a full driving licence will be automatically issued. While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other, most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons, either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school. </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L-plates on both the back and front of the vehicle. This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full license and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet. The L-plate consists of a white square plate with a large red L in the middle. </P> <H2> Ireland (edit) </H2> <P> In Ireland the learner may perform a theory test at the age of 16 which tests their knowledge of traffic situations and road signs. Upon passing this test the learner will receive a learner's permit which permits them to drive on the road accompanied by a full licensed driver who has had their license for more than two years. The only restrictions are that the learner driver can not drive on motorways and must visibly display ' L ' plates at all times. They must have held their learner's permit for 6 months before they can apply to perform road test to obtain their full license. This is known as the ' six-month rule '. </P> <H2> New Zealand (edit) </H2> <P> In New Zealand any person 16 years or over can sit a learner's licensing test, which is a theory multiple choice test on road rules. Once they have passed this, they may drive with an adult who has had their full license for at least two years. They must display L plates at all times when driving. They may drive up to the speed of 100 km/h in allowed areas. They may carry passengers with an adult in the car that has had their full licence for more than two years. After at least 6 months have passed, they take a road test in order to receive their restricted license. On a restricted license, the learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm, with no passengers other than their dependent children, spouse, or persons holding a full license for more than 2 years. A learner may only drive between 5am and 10pm. Learners who sit the practical test in an automatic car are only legally allowed to drive an automatic while restricted. People can also sit a full license road test after 18 months or a year if they have undertaken a defensive driving course. In March 2010 the New Zealand Government announced changes to licence regulations which included raising the minimum age for a learner's licence to 16, since September 2011 the minimum age to attempt to obtain a learners licence is the age of 16. </P> <H2> Norway (edit) </H2> <P> In Norway, the learner may drive as long the learner is over 16 years of age, have passed a basic course in the rules of the road and first aid, and a person 25 or above who has had their driver's license for more than 5 years is present. </P> <H2> Singapore (edit) </H2> <P> In Singapore, any persons aged 18 or above may obtain a provisional driving licence for a fee of S $25.00 after passing the Basic Theory Test. The provisional driving licence is valid for 6 months if the PDL licence is obtained before 1 December 2017. From 1 December 2017, the validity of a PDL licence is 2 years from the date of payment, with no change of cost. It permits the holder to drive on public roads (with a few exceptions) in the presence of a Certified Driving Instructor. A car driven by a learner must display an L-plate on the front and rear of the car. Passing the Final Theory Test enables a learner to apply for the Practical Driving Test and it is valid for 2 years. A valid provisional driving licence, passed FTT and a photo ID must be presented to be allowed to take the practical test. Should a learner's provisional driving licence expire before the date of their practical test, he or she will have to renew it at the same cost. Expired PDL are not accepted and taking the practical tests will be rejected. </P> <P> A Qualified Driving Licence (QDL) is awarded to a person who has passed the practical test and made a one-time payment of S $50.00. Any person who has possessed a QDL for a period of less than a year is required to display a probation plate at the top right of their front and rear windscreens. The probation plate is made of a reflective material and consists of an orange triangle on a yellow background. Failure to do so may cause the offending driver to receive a fine for the first time and then subsequently revoked from driving. See Driving licence in Singapore for detailed requirements of each class of licence. </P> <H2> South Africa (edit) </H2> <P> A South African learners license consists of three sections with the following criteria required:</P> <Ul> <Li> Rules of the road-There are 30 questions in this category with 22 being the pass mark </Li> <Li> Vehicle controls-There are 8 questions in this section, the required pass mark is 6 </Li> <Li> Road signs, road markings and traffic signals-There are 30 questions in this category with a pass mark of 23 </Li> </Ul> <P> There are primarily three codes to choose from:</P> <Ul> <Li> Code 1-This is for motorcycles, motorised tricycle or quadrucycle not more than 125cc and the driver should be 16 or older on the date of the test. If the motorcycle engine in above 125cc, the driver will need to be 17 years or older. </Li> <Li> Code 2-This is for motor vehicles, bus and minibus or goods vehicle up to a maximum vehicle mass of 3500 kg. The driver will need to be 17 years or older on the date of the test. </Li> <Li> Code 3-This is for motor vehicles exceeding a gross vehicle mass of 3500 kg. The driver will need to be 18 years or older to apply for a learners license in this category. </Li> </Ul> <P> The following documents will need to be presented when applying for a learners license:</P> <Ul> <Li> Identity card or passport </Li> <Li> 2 Recent passport size photographs (colour or black and white) </Li> </Ul> <P> In South Africa, any person who is of the minimum required age and holds a valid ID document may sit a learner's licence exam. The minimum required age varies by vehicle class and has the following minimum age restrictions:</P> <Ul> <Li> for a motorcycle (without a sidecar) with an engine not exceeding 125 cc -- 16 years </Li> <Li> for light motor vehicles with a mass not exceeding 3 500 kilograms -- 17 years </Li> <Li> for all other vehicles (also motorcycles with an engine exceeding 125 cc) -- 18 years </Li> </Ul> <P> The Learner's Licence exam is a 68 question multiple choice exam with questions spread over three sections:Rules of the road (30 questions) ; Signs, signals and road markings (30 questions), and vehicle controls (8 questions). The holder of a learner's licence is allowed to drive only when supervised by a licensed driver. If the category of vehicle being driven requires a professional driving permit, the licensed driver must also hold a professional driving permit. South African Learners must carry their Learner's Licence with them whenever they are driving a vehicle and have L plates on the rear window. The Learner's Licence is valid for 24 months. </P> <H2> Sweden (edit) </H2> <P> In Sweden, the minimum age is 16 years old to get a basic car learner's permit ; 17 years and six months are required for more advanced light vehicle combinations and up to 23 years for heavy vehicle combinations. Körkortslag 4kap 2 § </P> <H2> United Kingdom (edit) </H2> <P> In the United Kingdom, the minimum age at which a provisional licence is valid is 17 (16 for driving a tractor, riding a moped, or those receiving Disability Mobility Allowance). When driving under a provisional licence, the learner must be accompanied by a driver who has held a full driving licence for three years, and who is 21 or over. The supervisor has to be in view of the road, however the road safety act 1988 states that the supervisor does not have to be in the passenger seat, although the passenger in the front seat does have to be over the age of 15. A full licence can be acquired as soon as the provisional licence is received, unlike many other countries where applicants must wait a minimum of 6 -- 12 months with this being said, before getting a full license. The provisional licence is available without taking a test, although to get a full, unrestricted licence-the applicant must take a written ' Theory ' test containing fifty multiple choice questions and fourteen-clip hazard perception test, both of which are done on a computer at one of the many DSA (Driving Standards Agency) Test centres. Once the learner has passed the theory test, they may take the practical driving test, however the practical driving test has to be done within 2 years of completing the theory test, as the theory test certificate expires 2 years after receiving it. Once the practical driving test has been taken and passed a full driving licence will be automatically issued. While it is possible to take both tests immediately after each other, most learner drivers take a period between taking the theory and applying for a practical test to carry out driving lessons, either with their supervisor or a professional Driving school. </P> <P> The vehicle being driven by the learner must also be fitted with L-plates on both the back and front of the vehicle. This tells other road users that the vehicle is being operated by a driver without their full licence and that they may make mistakes easily and that the driver may not be fully competent yet. The L-plate consists of a white square plate (often tied to the vehicle or attached by magnets) with a large red L in the middle. In Wales the L-plate or the D-plate may be used due to bilingual laws in effect in Wales. If the vehicle is operated by multiple named drivers (As specified by the car insurance policy), then the L-Plate should be removed and stored if the current driver holds a full licence. When the learner has passed, they can get a non-compulsory ' P ' plate, which shows that they have just passed their test, and so may not have much experience on the road. The P plate has a white background, with a green ' P '. </P> <P> In the UK, provisional licence holders are disallowed from driving on motorways until they pass the practical test. </P> <P> After gaining a full licence, the driver is subject to a probationary period ; 6 or more penalty points accumulated within 2 years of passing the test, will lead to a revocation of the licence and both test will need to be retaken. </P> <P> In Northern Ireland for one year after the passing of a driving test, the driver is defined as a \"restricted driver\" who must not exceed 45 mph (72 km/h) and must display an \"R-plate\" consisting of an amber sans-serif R on a white background. </P> <H2> United states (edit) </H2> <P> In the United States, it is typical for states to have graduated driver's license programs through which a driver first obtains a learner's permit, qualifies for an intermediate driver's license, and then ultimately qualifies for a full driver's license. The rules governing learner's permits can vary significantly by state. </P> <H3> Learner's permits (edit) </H3> <P> In order for a minor to receive a learner's permit, sometimes called an instructional permit, states typically require that the minor have signed permission from a parent or guardian. In the state of New Hampshire, a permit is not given but the young driver may begin to drive with a parent or guardian, or an adult 25 years of age, at the age of 15 and a half. </P> <P> Typically, a driver operating with a learner's permit must be accompanied by an adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times. </P> <P> In some states, permit holders are allowed to drive to and from school or work with a permit, without a supervising driver. In Indiana, Iowa, Texas, Rhode Island, Maryland and Kentucky, a permit holder between 17 and 18 may legally drive unaccompanied only if heading to work or to school. </P> <P> After a legally defined period of driving supervised with a permit, usually between six and twelve months, and upon reaching the requisite age, the holder of a learner's permit can apply for a provisional license. Obtaining a provisional license allows certain restrictions to be lifted from the driver, such as the times that they are allowed to drive, and the number of people allowed in the car. </P> <P> The permit holder is required to document specific hours of driving under the permit before qualifying for an intermediate license, such as fifty hours of practice. </P> <H3> Intermediate license (edit) </H3> <P> An intermediate or provisional license allows the driver to drive a vehicle without supervision by a licensed driver. Driving is typically permitted during a limited range of mostly daylight hours, as well as to and from school, work and religious activities. Some states may require a road test before allowing a learner's permit holder to obtain an intermediate license. </P> <P> In order to qualify for a provisional license the applicant must typically be at least the age of 16 and must have previously held an learner's permit for at least six months. These requirements vary by state. For example, in Florida the prior period for holding a learner's permit is twelve months. </P> <P> In many states the period of driving on a learner's permit is shortened if the applicant is above the age of eighteen. For example, in Oklahoma if a driver is 18 or older a learner's permit must only be held for one month before the driver qualifies for an intermediate license. Some states allow drivers over the age of twenty-one to bypass the entire graduated licensing process. For example, in Colorado, a driver over the age of twenty-one may apply for and pass the tests for a permit and a full driver's license on the same day and, if successful in passing the tests, may obtain a full driver's license as soon as the driver passes a scheduled driving test. </P> <P> Intermediate drivers are normally restricted in their transportation of passengers, especially minor passengers, without supervision. In some states, such as California, Nebraska, Oregon, Maine, New York, Florida, Kansas, Illinois, Oklahoma and Arizona, permitted drivers may legally drive family members under the age of 21 without adult supervision if they possess a signed note from a legal guardian. </P> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F21012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.permisapoints.fr/permis-a-points/permis-probatoire/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F2390 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ (NDLS, National Driver Licensing Service, 2017) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"About your licence\". NZ Transport Agency. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Hartevelt, Hank Schouten and NZPA (2 March 2010). \"Government to raise driving age\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 14 October 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Øvelseskjøring (Practise driving)\" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Public Roads Administration (Statens Vegvesen). Retrieved 24 March 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"When can I apply for my Learners Licence ? What requirements do I need to meet ?-Page 3\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Restrictions and Requirements-Light Motor Vehicle-African License\". African Licence. Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Preparation-Light Motor Vehicle-African License\". African Licence. Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Services\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"What the Licence Permits-Light Motor Vehicle-African License\". African Licence. Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Körkortslag (1998:488)\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Driving tests, motorcycle tests and learning to drive\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Theory test for cars and motorcycles\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Penalty points (endorsements)\". Retrieved 13 October 2015. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oleen, Brooke ; Teigen, Ann (September 2011). \"Teen Driving\" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Larson, Aaron (3 July 2017). \"How do Graduated Driver's License Programs and Permits Work\". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See, e.g., \"Instructional Permit (CP)\". Georgia Department of Driver Services. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See, e.g. \"Important Information About Learner's Permits\" (PDF). Department of Motor Vehicles. State of New York. Retrieved 5 December 2017., \"Learner's Permit\". Utah Department of Public Safety. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Learning to Drive\". Division of Motor Vehicles. New Hampshire Department of Safety. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"Graduated Driver's Licensing\". AAA. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Teen Drivers Overview\". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See, eg., \"Graduated Driver Licensing Program\". drive.ky.gov. State of Kentucky. Retrieved 5 December 2017., \"Teenage & Adult Driver Responsibility Act (TADRA)\". Georgia Department of Driver Services. State of Georgia. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Licensing Requirements for Teens, Graduated Driver License Laws and Driving Curfews\". Florida Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. State of Florida. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Graduated Driver License (GDL)\". Oklahoma Department of Public Safety. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"FAQ-Driver License\". Colorado Department of Revenue. Retrieved 5 December 2017. </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Learner%27s_permit&oldid=837013508\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> Identity documents </Li> <Li> Traffic law </Li> <Li> Driving licences </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 05:40. </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tan adult licensed driver who is at least 21 years of age or older and in the passenger seat of the vehicle at all times\n",
            "god's not dead a light in the darkness release date?\tGod's Not Dead:a Light in Darkness-Wikipedia <H1> God's Not Dead:a Light in Darkness </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> Michael Scott </Li> <Li> Brittany Yost </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Travis </Li> <Li> Alysoun Wolfe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Michael Mason </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David A.R. White </Li> <Li> John Corbett </Li> <Li> Shane Harper </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Pancho Burgos-Goizueta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Brian Shanley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Joseph Sandoval </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Pure Flix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Pure Flix Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.7 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness is a 2018 American Christian drama film written and directed by Michael Mason. It is the third installment of the God's Not Dead series, following the 2014 film and its 2016 sequel. It stars David A.R. White, John Corbett, Shane Harper, Benjamin Onyango, Ted McGinley, Jennifer Taylor, Tatum O'Neal, Shwayze and Cissy Houston. </P> <P> Principal photography was completed in Little Rock, Arkansas in December 2017. It was released in the United States on March 30, 2018. Unlike the first two films, A Light in Darkness was a box office bomb, making less in its entire theatrical run ($5.7 million) than the others grossed in their respective opening weekends ($9.7 million and $7.6 million). </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary (edit) </H2> <P> After a bunch of protests by college students against the church of St. James, the college starts the process of shutting down the church much to the dismay of Reverend Dave and his partner Jude. When informed of the decision to shut down the church and to replace it with a building to expand the school, Dave and Jude begin the process of suing the college to save St. James. Things get worse when college student Adam Richertson, a struggling Christian, in protest, tosses a brick into the church, igniting a fire that fatally wounds Jude. Reverend Dave is forced to come to grips with the loss of his dear friend. Adam is horrified by his actions and contemplates whether to confess to the crime, leading him to rediscover his faith in God. </P> <P> During the lawsuit, Dave seeks the help of his estranged brother, attorney Pearce Hill, who tries to explain to Dave that it is not a case worth fighting for. Dave refuses to listen to his brother's advice and continues the case into court. After failing to reach a settlement with the college, the trial date is set for the lawsuit. At the same time, Adam sends an anonymous text to Reverend Dave confessing to the church fire and a furious Dave assaults him when confronting him. This severely wounds his lawsuit's case and leads to Adam being arrested and charged as a felony case. </P> <P> After seeking God's help in church through prayer, Reverend Dave eventually realizes that his case has only made things worse and that St. James is not the right church for God and his followers. He drops his lawsuit, reaches an out-of-court settlement with the college, and after talking with a repentant Adam and consulting with Jude's family, ultimately asks to have the criminal charges against Adam dropped. He then announces to his college protesters that while St. James will be torn down, he will reopen a new church not far from the school for future followers. </P> <H2> Cast (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Taylor as Meg Harvey </Li> <Li> John Corbett as Pearce Hill </Li> <Li> Tatum O'Neal as Barbara Solomon </Li> <Li> Ted McGinley as Thomas Ellsworth </Li> <Li> Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton </Li> <Li> David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Hill </Li> <Li> Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude </Li> <Li> Cissy Houston as lead choir vocalist </Li> <Li> Samantha Boscarino as Keaton </Li> <Li> Mike C. Manning as Adam Richertson </Li> <Li> Shwayze </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production (edit) </H2> <P> Principal photography took place in December 2017 around Little Rock, Arkansas. </P> <H2> Reception (edit) </H2> <H3> Box Office (edit) </H3> <P> In the United States and Canada, God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness was released on March 30, 2018, alongside Acrimony and Ready Player One, and was projected to gross $4 -- 6 million from 1,685 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to just $2.6 million, finishing 12th at the box office and marking the lowest opening of the series. Deadline Hollywood noted the film suffered from being the third film of a trilogy and also said religious audiences saw the film as \"a cash grab and not a movie promoting a Christian message anymore\", and were more inclined to go to other faith-based films in theaters like I Can Only Imagine and Paul, Apostle of Christ. It fell 58% in its second weekend to $1.1 million, finishing 17th. By the end of its North American run the film grossed a total of $5.5 million, less than other two films grossed simply in their opening weekends ($9.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively). </P> <H3> Critical response (edit) </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 13% based on 15 reviews, and an average rating of 2.7/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews.\" Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A --\" on an A+ to F scale, though as with the second film, Deadline Hollywood noted that \"faith-based films have an easy time gaining an A on CinemaScore\". </P> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness (2018)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 31, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (December 19, 2017). \"Watch the fiery trailer for the faith-based film ' God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness '\". USA Today. Retrieved December 20, 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Pure Flix Announces Theatrical Release Date For GOD 'S NOT DEAD:A LIGHT IN DARKNESS\" (Press release). Pure Flix. PR Newswire. December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2017. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony ; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 27, 2018). \"Steven Spielberg's' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 27, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 1, 2018). \"Audiences Plug Into ' Ready Player One ':Steven Spielberg Movie Looking At $53 M+ 4-Day Score -- Early Sunday Update\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 1, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2018). \"' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 8, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"God's Not Dead Movies at the Box Office\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 15, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness (2018)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 6, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved April 6, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brad Brevet (March 31, 2018). \"' Ready Player One ' Hopes to End March 2018 with a Bang, Not a Whimper\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 2, 2018. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 4, 2016). \"Batman V Superman's Knock-Down, Drag-Out Fight with the Box Office:2nd Weekend At $52 M+,-68%\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 2, 2018. </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness on IMDb </Li> <Li> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> God's Not Dead films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> God's Not Dead (2014) </Li> <Li> God's Not Dead 2 (2016) </Li> <Li> God's Not Dead:A Light in Darkness (2018) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead:_A_Light_in_Darkness&oldid=845133328\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> 2018 films </Li> <Li> English-language films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> American drama films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American sequel films </Li> <Li> Films about Christianity </Li> <Li> Films about Evangelicalism </Li> <Li> Films shot in Arkansas </Li> <Li> Pure Flix Entertainment films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 June 2018, at 16:40. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tMarch 30, 2018\n",
            "who is the current president of un general assembly?\tPresident of the United Nations General Assembly-wikipedia <H1> President of the United Nations General Assembly </H1> Jump to:navigation, search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> President of the United Nations General Assembly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Emblem of the United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> United Nations General Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> 1 year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> Paul-Henri Spaak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> List of Presidents of the UN General Assembly </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly. </P> <P> Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the United Nations General Assembly President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Election </Li> <Li> 2 List of presidents </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Election (edit) </H2> A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 69th session of the General Assembly in 2014-15, with historical member states in inset. <P> The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special, or emergency special, assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of the UN General Assembly. </P> <P> The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups:African, Asia-Pacific, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, and Western European and other States. </P> <P> Because of their powerful stature globally, some of the largest, most powerful countries have never held the presidency, such as the People's Republic of China, France, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In particular, it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as General Assembly president. </P> <P> The only country that had a national elected as President of the United Nations General Assembly twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office. This does not include special and emergency special sessions of the General Assembly. </P> <H2> List of Presidents (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year elected </Th> <Th> Name of President </Th> <Th> UN member state </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Sessions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Paul-Henri Spaak </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> First </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Oswaldo Aranha </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> First special Second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948.1 ! 1948 </Td> <Td> José Arce </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Second special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948.2 ! 1948 </Td> <Td> Herbert Vere Evatt </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Carlos P. Romulo </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Nasrollah Entezam </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Luis Padilla Nervo </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Lester B. Pearson </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Eighth, First woman president </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Eelco van Kleffens </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> José Maza Fernández </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Tenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956.1 ! 1956 </Td> <Td> Rudecindo Ortega (de) </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> First emergency special Second emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956.2 ! 1956 </Td> <Td> Wan Waithayakon </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> EAS </Td> <Td> Eleventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Leslie Munro </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Twelfth Third emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Charles Malik </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> MES </Td> <Td> Thirteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Víctor Andrés Belaúnde </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Fourteenth Fourth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Frederick Boland </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Fifteenth Third special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Mongi Slim </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> MES </Td> <Td> Sixteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Muhammad Zafarullah Khan </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Seventeenth Fourth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Carlos Sosa Rodríguez (es) </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> LAS </Td> <Td> Eighteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Alex Quaison-Sackey </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> COS </Td> <Td> Nineteenth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Amintore Fanfani </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> WES </Td> <Td> Twentieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Abdul Rahman Pazhwak </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Twenty-first Fifth special Fifth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Corneliu Mănescu </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Twenty-second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Emilio Arenales Catalán </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Twenty-third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Angie Brooks </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Twenty-fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Edvard Hambro </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Twenty-fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Adam Malik </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Twenty-sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Stanisław Trepczyński </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Twenty-seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Leopoldo Benites </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Twenty-eighth Sixth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abdelaziz Bouteflika </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Twenty-ninth Seventh special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gaston Thorn </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Thirtieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Thirty-first </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Lazar Mojsov </Td> <Td> Yugoslavia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Thirty-second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Indalecio Liévano </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Thirty-third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Salim Ahmed Salim </Td> <Td> United Republic of Tanzania </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Thirty-fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Rüdiger von Wechmar </Td> <Td> Federal Republic of Germany </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Thirty-fifth Eighth emergency special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Ismat T. Kittani </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Thirty-sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Imre Hollai </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Thirty-seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jorge Illueca </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Thirty-eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Paul J.F. Lusaka </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Thirty-ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Jaime de Piniés </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fortieth Thirteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Humayun Rashid Choudhury </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Forty-first Fourteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Florin </Td> <Td> German Democratic Republic </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Forty-second Fifteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dante Caputo </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Forty-third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Nanven Garba </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Forty-fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guido de Marco </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Forty-fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Samir Shihabi </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Forty-sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stoyan Ganev </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Forty-seventh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rudy Insanally </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Forty-eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Amara Essy </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Forty-ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Diogo de Freitas do Amaral </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fiftieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Razali Ismail </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Fifty-first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hennadiy Udovenko </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Fifty-second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Didier Opertti </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Fifty-third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty-first special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Theo-Ben Gurirab </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Fifty-fourth Twenty-second special Twenty-third special Twenty-fourth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Harri Holkeri </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Fifty-fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty-fifth special Twenty-sixth special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Han Seung-soo </Td> <Td> Republic of Korea </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Fifty-sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Jan Kavan </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Fifty-seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Julian Hunte </Td> <Td> Saint Lucia </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Fifty-eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean Ping </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Fifty-ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Jan Eliasson </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Sixtieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Sixty-first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Srgjan Kerim </Td> <Td> Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Sixty-second </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Sixty-third </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ali Treki </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Sixty-fourth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joseph Deiss </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Sixty-fifth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Nassir Al-Nasser </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Asia-Pacific </Td> <Td> Sixty-sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Vuk Jeremić </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Sixty-seventh (election) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> John William Ashe </Td> <Td> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> GRULAC </Td> <Td> Sixty-eighth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Sam Kutesa </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> Africa </Td> <Td> Sixty-ninth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Mogens Lykketoft </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> WEOG </Td> <Td> Seventieth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Peter Thomson </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> Asia-Pacific </Td> <Td> Seventy-first (election) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Miroslav Lajčák </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> EEG </Td> <Td> Seventy-second </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Abbreviations:</P> <Dl> <Dt> Pre-1966 </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> COS:Commonwealth Seat </Li> <Li> EAS:Eastern European and Asian Seat </Li> <Li> LAS:Latin American Seat </Li> <Li> MES:Middle Eastern Seat </Li> <Li> WES:Western European Seat </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Since 1966 </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Africa:African Group </Li> <Li> Asia-Pacific:Asian Group, since 2011 the Asia-Pacific Group </Li> <Li> EEG:Eastern European Group </Li> <Li> GRULAC:Latin American and Caribbean Group </Li> <Li> WEOG:Western European and Others Group </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> President of the United Nations Security Council </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"UN:About the General Assembly\". Retrieved 2009-09-16. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Un.org. Retrieved on 2013-12-06. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations document GA/11105 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia-Pacific Group\", Radio New Zealand International, 31 August 2011. </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links (edit) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has news related to:United Nations </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> UN:List of UN General Assembly presidents </Li> <Li> UN General Assembly President Election Reform. </Li> <Li> UNelections.org. </Li> <Li> More news on UN elections and appointments. </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spaak (BEL) </Li> <Li> Aranha (BRA) </Li> <Li> Arce (ARG) </Li> <Li> Evatt (AUS) </Li> <Li> Rómulo (PHI) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Entezam (IRI) </Li> <Li> Nervo (MEX) </Li> <Li> Pearson (CAN) </Li> <Li> Pandit (IND) </Li> <Li> van Kleffens (NED) </Li> <Li> Maza (CHI) </Li> <Li> Ortega (CHI) </Li> <Li> Prince Wan Waithayakon (THA) </Li> <Li> Munro (NZL) </Li> <Li> Malik (LIB) </Li> <Li> Belaúnde (PER) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boland (IRL) </Li> <Li> Slim (TUN) </Li> <Li> Khan (PAK) </Li> <Li> Rodriguez (VEN) </Li> <Li> Quaison-Sackey (GHA) </Li> <Li> Fanfani (ITA) </Li> <Li> Pazhwak (AFG) </Li> <Li> Mănescu (ROM) </Li> <Li> Catalán (GUA) </Li> <Li> Brooks (LBR) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hambro (NOR) </Li> <Li> Malik (INA) </Li> <Li> Trepczyński (POL) </Li> <Li> Benites (ECU) </Li> <Li> Bouteflika (ALG) </Li> <Li> Thorn (LUX) </Li> <Li> Amerasinghe (SRI) </Li> <Li> Mojsov (YUG) </Li> <Li> Liévano (COL) </Li> <Li> Salim (TAN) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> von Wechmar (BRD) </Li> <Li> Kittani (IRQ) </Li> <Li> Hollai (HUN) </Li> <Li> Illueca (PAN) </Li> <Li> Lusaka (ZAM) </Li> <Li> Piniés (ESP) </Li> <Li> Choudhury (BAN) </Li> <Li> Florin (DDR) </Li> <Li> Caputo (ARG) </Li> <Li> Garba (NGR) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> de Marco (MLT) </Li> <Li> Shihabi (KSA) </Li> <Li> Ganev (BUL) </Li> <Li> Insanally (GUY) </Li> <Li> Essy (CIV) </Li> <Li> Freitas (POR) </Li> <Li> Ismail (MAS) </Li> <Li> Udovenko (UKR) </Li> <Li> Opertti (URU) </Li> <Li> Gurirab (NAM) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holkeri (FIN) </Li> <Li> Han (KOR) </Li> <Li> Kavan (CZE) </Li> <Li> Hunte (LCA) </Li> <Li> Ping (GAB) </Li> <Li> Eliasson (SWE) </Li> <Li> Al-Khalifa (BAH) </Li> <Li> Kerim (MKD) </Li> <Li> d'Escoto (NIC) </Li> <Li> Treki (LIB) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deiss (SUI) </Li> <Li> Nasser (QAT) </Li> <Li> Jeremić (SRB) </Li> <Li> Ashe (ANT) </Li> <Li> Kutesa (UGA) </Li> <Li> Lykketoft (DEN) </Li> <Li> Thomson (FIJ) </Li> <Li> Lajčák (SVK) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Permanent Representatives to the United Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Permanent Observers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Holy See </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Sovereign Military Order of Malta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current Permanent Representatives </Li> <Li> UN Members </Li> <Li> General Assembly </Li> <Li> Security Council President </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United Nations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> <Ul> <Li> António Guterres, Secretary-General </Li> <Li> Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General </Li> <Li> Peter Thomson, General Assembly President </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Nations System </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Nations Charter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Principal organs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> General Assembly <Ul> <Li> President </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Security Council <Ul> <Li> Members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Economic and Social Council </Li> <Li> Secretariat <Ul> <Li> Secretary-General </Li> <Li> Deputy Secretary-General </Li> <Li> Under-Secretary-General </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> International Court of Justice <Ul> <Li> statute </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trusteeship Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretariat Offices and Departments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Headquarters </Li> <Li> Envoy on Youth </Li> <Li> Spokesperson for the Secretary-General </Li> <Li> Geneva </Li> <Li> Palace of Nations </Li> <Li> Nairobi </Li> <Li> Vienna </Li> <Li> Economic and Social Affairs </Li> <Li> Political Affairs </Li> <Li> Public Information <Ul> <Li> Dag Hammarskjöld Library </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Safety and Security </Li> <Li> Palestinian Rights </Li> <Li> Peacekeeping Operations </Li> <Li> Internal Oversight </Li> <Li> Legal Affairs </Li> <Li> Developing Countries </Li> <Li> Sport for Development and Peace </Li> <Li> Disarmament Affairs </Li> <Li> Outer Space Affairs </Li> <Li> Partnerships </Li> <Li> Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs </Li> <Li> UN organizations by location </Li> <Li> United Nations Office for Developing Countries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Programmes and specialized agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FAO </Li> <Li> ICAO </Li> <Li> IFAD </Li> <Li> ILO </Li> <Li> IMO </Li> <Li> ITC </Li> <Li> IPCC </Li> <Li> IAEA </Li> <Li> MINURSO </Li> <Li> UNIDO </Li> <Li> ITU </Li> <Li> UNAIDS </Li> <Li> SCSL </Li> <Li> UNCTAD </Li> <Li> UNCITRAL </Li> <Li> UNCDF </Li> <Li> UNDG </Li> <Li> UNDP </Li> <Li> UNDPI </Li> <Li> UNDPKO <Ul> <Li> peacekeeping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UNEP <Ul> <Li> OzonAction </Li> <Li> UNEP/GRID-Arendal </Li> <Li> UNEP-WCMC </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UNESCO </Li> <Li> UNFIP </Li> <Li> UNFPA </Li> <Li> UN-HABITAT </Li> <Li> OHCHR </Li> <Li> UNHCR </Li> <Li> UNHRC </Li> <Li> UNICEF </Li> <Li> UNICRI </Li> <Li> UNIDIR </Li> <Li> UNITAR </Li> <Li> UN-Oceans </Li> <Li> UNODC </Li> <Li> UNOPS </Li> <Li> UNOSAT </Li> <Li> UNRISD </Li> <Li> UNRWA </Li> <Li> UNU <Ul> <Li> UNU-OP </Li> <Li> UNU-CRIS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UNV </Li> <Li> UN Women </Li> <Li> UNWTO </Li> <Li> UPU </Li> <Li> WFP </Li> <Li> WHO </Li> <Li> WIPO </Li> <Li> WMO </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members/observers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Full members </Li> <Li> Founding members <Ul> <Li> UNSC Permanent members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Observers <Ul> <Li> European Union </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League of Nations </Li> <Li> Four Policemen </Li> <Li> Declaration by United Nations </Li> <Li> Peacekeeping missions <Ul> <Li> history </Li> <Li> timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Enlargement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resolutions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Security Council vetoes </Li> <Li> General Assembly <Ul> <Li> 66th </Li> <Li> 67th </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Security Council <Ul> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Nagorno-Karabakh </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secretary-General (2006 </Li> <Li> 2016) </Li> <Li> International Court of Justice 2011 </Li> <Li> General Assembly President (2012 </Li> <Li> 2016) </Li> <Li> Security Council (2015 </Li> <Li> 2016) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bretton Woods system </Li> <Li> Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> <Li> Delivering as One </Li> <Li> Flag <Ul> <Li> Honour Flag </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Nations Initiative </Li> <Li> Genocide Convention </Li> <Li> UN Global Compact </Li> <Li> ICC </Li> <Li> International Years </Li> <Li> UN laissez-passer </Li> <Li> Military Staff Committee </Li> <Li> Official languages </Li> <Li> Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons </Li> <Li> Peacekeeping </Li> <Li> Treaty Series </Li> <Li> UN Day </Li> <Li> Universal Declaration of Human Rights </Li> <Li> Millennium Declaration <Ul> <Li> Summit </Li> <Li> Development Goals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Security Council veto power </Li> <Li> UN reform <Ul> <Li> Security Council reform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UN Art Collection </Li> <Li> UN Memorial Cemetery Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> UN television film series (1964 -- 1966) </Li> <Li> In popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly&oldid=807429262\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> Lists of Permanent Representatives to the United Nations </Li> <Li> Permanent Representatives to the United Nations </Li> <Li> Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Soomaaliga </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski/српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 22:08. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tMiroslav Lajčák of Slovakia\n",
            "when do they pull the powerball numbers 2016?\tPowerball-wikipedia <H1> Powerball </H1> Jump to:navigation, search This article is about the U.S. lottery game. For the Australian lottery game, see Powerball (Australia). For other uses, see Powerball (disambiguation). <Table> Powerball <Tr> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> Powerball logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> April 19, 1992 ; 25 years ago (1992-04-19) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Multi-State Lottery Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> powerball.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Powerball is an American lottery game offered by 44 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. It is coordinated by the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL), a nonprofit organization formed by an agreement with US lotteries. Powerball's minimum advertised jackpot is $40 million (annuity) ; Powerball's annuity is paid in 30 graduated installments or winners may choose a lump sum payment instead. One lump sum payment will be less than the total of the 30 annual payments because of the time value of money. </P> <P> Drawings for Powerball are held every Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10:59 p.m. Eastern Time. Since October 7, 2015, the game has used a 5/69 (white balls) + 1/26 (Powerballs) matrix from which winning numbers are chosen, resulting in odds of 1 in 292,201,338 of winning a jackpot per play. Each play costs $2, or $3 with the Power Play option. (Originally, Powerball plays cost $1 ; when PowerPlay began, such games were $2.) The official cutoff for ticket sales is 10:00 p.m. Eastern Time ; some lotteries cut off sales earlier. The drawings are usually held at the Florida Lottery's studio in Tallahassee. </P> <P> On January 13, 2016, Powerball produced the largest lottery jackpot in history ; the $1.586 billion jackpot was split by three tickets sold in Chino Hills, California, in Munford, Tennessee, and in Melbourne Beach, Florida. </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> (hide) <Ul> <Li> 1 Powerball members <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Mega Millions and Powerball </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1988 precursor:Lotto * America </Li> <Li> 2.2 Powerball begins </Li> <Li> 2.3 2009:Florida became host to drawings </Li> <Li> 2.4 2010 cross-sell expansion </Li> <Li> 2.5 2012 format change </Li> <Li> 2.6 2015 format change </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Playing the game <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Basic game </Li> <Li> 3.2 Power Play </Li> <Li> 3.3 Prizes and odds </Li> <Li> 3.4 Jackpot accumulation and payment options </Li> <Li> 3.5 Claiming prizes </Li> <Li> 3.6 Secondary prizes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notable wins </Li> <Li> 5 Fortune cookie payout </Li> <Li> 6 Computers and slot machines </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Powerball members (edit) </H2> U.S. lotteries. As of 2016, all states with lotteries (in blue) plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands offer Powerball. <P> Powerball replaced Lotto * America in April 1992 ; Mega Millions replaced The Big Game 10 years later. (See below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions.) </P> <H3> Mega Millions and Powerball (edit) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lottery </Th> <Th> Powerball </Th> <Th> Mega Millions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 000000001994-04-04-0000 April 4, 1994 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-04-18-0000 April 18, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 000000002009-10-31-0000 October 31, 2009 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 000000002013-04-08-0000 April 8, 2013 </Td> <Td> 000000002005-06-22-0000 June 22, 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 000000001995-11-28-0000 November 28, 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 000000002001-08-02-0000 August 2, 2001 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-05-16-0000 May 16, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> 000000001991-01-14-0000 January 14, 1991 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 000000002009-01-04-0000 January 4, 2009 </Td> <Td> 000000002013-05-15-0000 May 15, 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 000000001990-02-01-0000 February 1, 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 000000001990-10-14-0000 October 14, 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 000000001991-01-10-0000 January 10, 1991 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 000000001995-03-05-0000 March 5, 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002011-11-16-0000 November 16, 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 000000002004-07-30-0000 July 30, 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-05-09-0000 May 9, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 000000001990-08-14-0000 August 14, 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 000000001989-11-09-0000 November 9, 1989 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-03-01-0000 March 1, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 000000001994-07-21-0000 July 21, 1994 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-03-20-0000 March 20, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> 000000001995-11-05-0000 November 5, 1995 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001999-05-01-0000 May 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 000000001996-10-20-0000 October 20, 1996 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002-05-17-0000 May 17, 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 000000002006-05-30-0000 May 30, 2006 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 000000002004-03-25-0000 March 25, 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 000000002010-04-16-0000 April 16, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002-05-17-0000 May 17, 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 000000002006-01-12-0000 January 12, 2006 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-03-28-0000 March 28, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 000000002002-06-29-0000 June 29, 2002 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> 000000002014-09-28-0000 September 28, 2014 </Td> <Td> Not offered </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 000000002002-10-06-0000 October 6, 2002 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> 000000001990-11-15-0000 November 15, 1990 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-05-16-0000 May 16, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 000000002004-04-21-0000 April 21, 2004 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002003-12-05-0000 December 5, 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Virgin Islands </Td> <Td> 000000002010-11-14-0000 November 14, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002-01-01-0000 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> 000000002003-07-01-0000 July 1, 2003 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000001996-09-06-0000 September 6, 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> <Td> 000000002002-06-01-0000 June 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 000000001988-02-13-0000 February 13, 1988 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 000000001989-08-10-0000 August 10, 1989 </Td> <Td> 000000002010-01-31-0000 January 31, 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td_colspan=\"2\"> 000000002014-08-24-0000 August 24, 2014 (both games) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Mississippi, Nevada and Utah do not sell lottery tickets. In 2013, Wyoming became the 44th state to establish a lottery ; the next year, it began, initially offering both Mega Millions and Powerball. </P> <H2> History (edit) </H2> <H3> 1988 precursor:Lotto * America (edit) </H3> <P> Powerball's predecessor began in 1988 ; the multi-state game was known as Lotto * America. The game, and name, were changed to Powerball on April 19, 1992 ; its first drawing was held April 22. </P> <H3> Powerball begins (edit) </H3> <P> When it was launched in 1992 Powerball became the first game to use two drums. Using two drums to draw numbers from offers more manipulation by simultaneously allowing high jackpot odds, numerous prize levels and low overall odds of winning (as explained later, a ticket can win by matching only one number). The two-drum concept was suggested by Steve Caputo of the Oregon Lottery. The two-drum concept has since been used by The Big Game (now Mega Millions) in the US, Australia's Powerball, Thunderball in the UK, Eurojackpot and EuroMillions (unlike most two-drum games, Euromillions selects two numbers called \"Lucky Stars\" from the 2nd drum ; jackpot winners must make a total of seven matches). </P> <P> Through 2008, Powerball drawings usually were held at Screenscape Studios in West Des Moines, Iowa. The drawings' host was longtime Iowa radio personality Mike Pace, who had hosted MUSL drawings since Lotto * America began in 1988. In 1996, Powerball went \"on the road\" for the first time, holding five remote drawings at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. A few weeks later, Georgia became the only jurisdiction to leave Powerball (Maine, which joined MUSL in 1990, left when Powerball began). In August 1996, Georgia joined the then-new The Big Game, then the other major U.S. lottery group. It planned to sell tickets for both games for the rest of 1996 ; but within days Georgia was removed from MUSL, not to return until the 2010 cross-sell expansion. </P> <P> On November 2, 1997, the annuity was changed from 20 to 25 yearly payments ; the cash option was added. The annuity comprises 30 graduated payments, increasing 5% annually. </P> <P> In 1998, Florida was given permission by its government to participate in a multi-state game. It was set to offer Powerball ; but in early 1999, new governor Jeb Bush prevented Florida from joining since he believed Powerball would hurt the existing Florida Lottery games. In 2008, Governor Charlie Crist finally allowed Florida to join MUSL, on Jan 4, 2009. </P> <P> On March 7, 2001, an optional multiplier (called Power Play) was added, allowing players to multiply non-jackpot winnings by up to five by paying an extra $1 per game. A wheel was introduced to select the Power Play multiplier for each drawing (the next year, the 1x was removed from the Power Play wheel.) </P> <H3> 2009:Florida became host to drawings (edit) </H3> <P> With the start of Powerball sales in Florida on January 4, 2009 (with its first drawing on January 7), the matrices changed to 5/59 + 1/39 (adding four white ball numbers and dropping three red balls). This changed the jackpot probability from 1:146 million to 1:195 million ; the overall probability became 1:35. </P> <P> Based on statistical projections, the average jackpot win increased from $95 million to $141 million. Over 3.5 million additional prizes were expected to be won yearly due to the change in probability. The starting jackpot increased to $20 million, with minimum rollovers of $5 million. The jackpot contribution increased from 30.3% to 32.5% of total sales. The Power Play option was modified ; second prize, usually $200,000, was given an automatic 5x multiplier, making the 5 + 0 prize $1 million cash. The bonus second prize if the jackpot exceeded its previous record by $25 million, triggered only twice, was eliminated with the 2012 format change. </P> <P> The conditions for Florida joining Powerball included a move of the live drawings from Iowa to Universal Studios in Orlando. The three hosts rotating announcing duties from Universal Studios were Tracy Wiu, Elizabeth Hart and Scott Adams (MUSL headquarters remained in Iowa, where its other draws are held). The wheel that was used to determine the Power Play multiplier was retired when the drawings moved to Florida ; a random number generator (RNG) was used until the 2012 format change. </P> <P> Arkansas became the 33rd MUSL member on October 31, 2009, the last to join before the 2010 cross-sell expansion. The Ohio Lottery added Powerball on April 16, 2010 ; it joined Mega Millions (along with New York) years earlier, when The Big Game added Mega Millions to its name. </P> <H3> 2010 cross-sell expansion (edit) </H3> <P> In March 2009, it was reported that New Jersey, already a Mega Millions member, sought permission to join Powerball. Shortly after, discussions were revealed about allowing each US lottery to offer both games. On Oct 13, the Mega Millions consortium and MUSL reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball. In Nov, MUSL signed an agreement to start streaming Powerball drawings online. </P> <P> On Jan 31, 2010, the date of the cross-sell expansion, Mega Millions and MUSL each added lotteries ; eight Powerball members added Mega Millions by May. The Montana Lottery joined Mega Millions on March 1. Nebraska added Mega Millions on March 20 ; Oregon followed on March 28 ; Arizona joined Mega Millions on April 18 ; Maine added Mega Millions on May 9 ; Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions on May 16. The U.S. Virgin Islands joined Mega Millions in Oct 2010. </P> <P> Before the agreement, the only places that sold both Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers straddling a border ; one retailer on the Sharon, Pennsylvania/Masury, Ohio border sold both Mega Millions (via the Ohio Lottery) and Powerball (Pennsylvania) before the agreement and continued to be the only retailer to sell tickets for both lotteries. </P> <P> Illinois joining Powerball on the expansion date, it became the second multi-jurisdictional lottery game (after Mega Millions, which Illinois already participated in) whose drawings were carried nationally. Both games' drawings were simulcast via Chicago cable superstation WGN-TV through its national WGN America feed. WGN-TV aired Illinois Lottery drawings nationally from 1992 to 2015 after acquiring broadcast rights from Chicago's Fox owned-and-operated station WFLD in 1988, which took the rights from WGN-TV in 1987. Powerball drawings were aired on WGN-TV and WGN America on Wednesday and Saturday immediately following the station's 9pm (Central Time) newscast with the Mega Millions drawings being aired Tue and Fri evenings after the newscast. WGN served as a default carrier of Mega Millions or Powerball where no local television station carries either multi-jurisdictional lottery's drawings. </P> <P> On March 13, 2010, New Jersey became the first previous Mega Millions-only member (just before the cross-selling expansion) to produce a jackpot-winning Powerball ticket. It was worth over $211 million in annuity payments ; it was sold in Morris Plains. On May 28, 2010, North Carolina became the first previous MUSL member (just before the cross-selling expansion) to produce a jackpot-winning Mega Millions ticket ; that jackpot was $12 million (annuity). </P> <P> On June 2, 2010, Ohio won a Powerball jackpot ; it became the first lottery selling either Mega Millions or Powerball (when 2010 began) to provide a jackpot-winning ticket for its newer game. The ticket was worth a $261 million annuity ; it was sold in Sunbury. Ohio's second Powerball jackpot-winning ticket, sold for the June 23, 2010 drawing, was part of another first ; since Montana also provided a jackpot winner for that drawing, it was the first time a jackpot was shared through lotteries which sold competing games before the cross-selling expansion, as Montana sold only Powerball before the expansion date. </P> <H3> 2012 format change (edit) </H3> <P> On January 15, 2012, the price of each basic Powerball play doubled to $2, while PowerPlay games became $3 ; the minimum jackpot doubled to $40 million. A non-jackpot play matching the five white balls won $1 million. The red balls decreased from 39 to 35. The drawings were moved from Universal Studios Orlando to the Florida Lottery's studios in Tallahassee. Sam Arlen served as host, with Alexa Fuentes substituting. </P> <P> These changes were made to increase the frequency of nine-figure jackpots ; a Powerball spokesperson believed a $500 million jackpot was feasible (it became a reality within the year,) and that the 1st $1 billion jackpot in US history would occur by 2012 Less than three months after the Powerball changes, Mega Millions' jackpot reached $656,000,000 despite remaining a $1-per-play game. The random Power Play multiplier was retired for a set, fixed dollar amount payout. The $25 million rollover \"cap\" (creating larger 5 + 0 prizes) was eliminated. </P> <P> California joined on April 8, 2013 ; it has never offered the Power Play option, as all payouts in California Lottery drawing games, by law, are parimutuel. Mega Millions, which became available in California in 2005, offers its Megaplier in its other 45 jurisdictions. </P> <P> On January 22, 2014, the variable Power Play option returned (2x-5x) for multiplying non-jackpot prizes. </P> <P> In October 2014, Puerto Rico joined Powerball ; the first mainly Spanish-speaking jurisdiction offering the game ; as of 2016 it had not joined Mega Millions. </P> <H3> 2015 format change (edit) </H3> <P> On Oct 4, 2015, the Powerball format changed again ; the white-ball pool increased from 59 to 69 while the Powerball pool decreased from 35 to 26. While this improved the chance of winning any prize to 1 in 24, it also lengthened the jackpot odds to 1 in 292,201,338. The 4 + 1 prize became $50,000 ; the 10x PowerPlay became available in drawings with a jackpot of under $150 million. Three months later, the format produced a $1.5 billion jackpot, double the previous record, after 20 consecutive rollovers. </P> <H2> Playing the game (edit) </H2> <H3> Basic game (edit) </H3> <P> The minimum Powerball bet is $2. In each game, players select five numbers from a set of 69 white balls and one number from 26 red Powerballs ; the red ball number can be the same as one of the white balls. The drawing order of the five white balls is irrelevant ; all tickets show the white ball numbers in ascending order. Players can not use the drawn Powerball to match two of their white numbers, or vice versa. Players can select their own numbers, or have the terminal pseudorandomly select the numbers (called \"quick pick\", \"easy pick\", etc.). </P> <P> In each drawing, winning numbers are selected using two ball machines:one containing the white balls and the other containing the red Powerballs. Five white balls are drawn from the first machine and the red ball from the second machine. Games matching at least three white balls or the red Powerball win. </P> <P> Two identical machines are used for each drawing, randomly selected from four sets. The model of machine used is the Halogen, manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park, New Jersey. There are eight ball sets (four of each color) ; one set of each color is randomly selected before a drawing. The balls are mixed by a turntable at the bottom of the machine that propels the balls around the chamber. When the machine selects a ball, the turntable slows to catch it, sends it up the shaft, and then down the rail to the display. </P> <P> The double matrixes and probabilities in the game's history:</P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Starting date </Th> <Th> Pick 5 of </Th> <Th> Pick 1 of </Th> <Th> Jackpot chance </Th> <Th> Power Play multipliers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 22, 1992 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 1:54,979,154 </Td> <Td> none † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 5, 1997 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1:80,089,127 </Td> <Td> none † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 7, 2001 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1:80,089,127 </Td> <Td> 1 ×-5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9, 2002 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1:120,526,769 </Td> <Td> 2 ×-5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 28, 2005 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 1:146,107,961 </Td> <Td> 2 ×-5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7, 2009 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1:195,249,054 </Td> <Td> 2 ×-5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 15, 2012 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1:175,223,510 </Td> <Td> none </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 19, 2014 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1:175,223,510 </Td> <Td> 2 ×-5 × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 7, 2015 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1:292,201,338 </Td> <Td> 2 ×-5 × ; 10 × ‡ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Power Play was introduced in 2001. ‡ 10 × available if jackpot is under $150 million. </P> <P> While Mega Millions and Powerball each have similar jackpot odds despite having a different double matrix (Mega Millions is 5/75 + 1/15), since Powerball is $2 per play, it now takes $584,402,676 (not counting Power Play side bets) on average to produce a jackpot-winning ticket. </P> <H3> Power Play (edit) </H3> <P> For an additional $1 per game, a player may activate the Power Play option. Activating it multiplies lower-tier winnings (base prize $50,000 or less) by up to 5, or 10 when the jackpot is under $150 million. Power Play is drawn separate from the 6 numbers. The 5 + 0 prize is automatically doubled to $2 million if Power Play is activated. </P> <P> The dilemma for players is whether to maximize the chance at the jackpot or increase lower-tier winnings. If a player selects a fixed amount of money to spend on tickets at a certain time, the player will give up one guess of the winning set of numbers every two times this player activates Power Play in respect of one of the purchased tickets. </P> <P> Power Play, when it began in 2001, was drawn with a special wheel. In 2006 and 2007, MUSL replaced one of the 5 × spaces on the Power Play wheel with a 10 ×. During each month-long promotion, MUSL guaranteed that there would be at least one drawing with a 10 × multiplier. The promotion returned in 2008 ; the ball landed in the 10 × space twice. After being absent in 2009, the 10 × multiplier returned in May 2010 (after the Power Play drawing was changed to RNG.) The promotion was extended for the only time, as the 10 × multiplier was not drawn until June 12. The second prize 5 × guarantee continued ; the 10 × applied to all non-jackpot prizes, as in previous promotions. </P> <P> Power Play ′ s success has led to similar multipliers in other games, most notably Megaplier, available through all Mega Millions members except California. The 2012 Powerball changes resulted in all eight lower-tier levels having \"fixed\" Power Play prizes. </P> <P> On Jan 19, 2014, PowerPlay was modified ; it used 30 balls with the following distribution:</P> <Ul> <Li> 2x (15) </Li> <Li> 3x (9) </Li> <Li> 4x/5x:3 each </Li> </Ul> <P> On Oct 4, 2015, PowerPlay changed again, using 42 or 43 † balls as follows:</P> <Ul> <Li> 2x (24) </Li> <Li> 3x (13) </Li> <Li> 4x (3) </Li> <Li> 5x (2) </Li> <Li> 10x (1) † </Li> </Ul> <P> † 10x available when jackpot is under $150 million. </P> <H3> Prizes and odds (edit) </H3> <P> Payouts as of October 7, 2015:</P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Prize </Th> <Th> Power Play 2x (1 in 1.75) </Th> <Th> Power Play 3x (1 in 3.23) </Th> <Th> Power Play 4x (1 in 14) </Th> <Th> Power Play 5x (1 in 21) </Th> <Th> Odds of winning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PB only (0 + 1) </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 38.32 § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 number plus PB (1 + 1) </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 91.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 + 1 </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 701.33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 + 0 </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 579.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 + 1 </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 14,494.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 + 0 </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 36,525.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 + 1 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> <Td> $100,000 </Td> <Td> $150,000 </Td> <Td> $200,000 </Td> <Td> $250,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 913,129.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 + 0 </Td> <Td> $1,000,000 </Td> <Td_colspan=\"4\"> $2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 11,688,053.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 + 1 </Td> <Td_colspan=\"5\"> Jackpot </Td> <Td> 1 in 292,201,338 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 24.87. </P> <P> Former prizes/odds (January 19, 2014 -- October 3, 2015):</P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Prize </Th> <Th> Power Play 2x (1 in 2) </Th> <Th> Power Play 3x (1 in 3 1/3) </Th> <Th> Power Play 4x (1 in 10) </Th> <Th> Power Play 5x (1 in 10) </Th> <Th> Odds of winning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PB only </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 55.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 number plus PB </Td> <Td> $4 </Td> <Td> $8 </Td> <Td> $12 </Td> <Td> $16 </Td> <Td> $20 </Td> <Td> 1 in 110.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 706.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $7 </Td> <Td> $14 </Td> <Td> $21 </Td> <Td> $28 </Td> <Td> $35 </Td> <Td> 1 in 360.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 12,244.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $100 </Td> <Td> $200 </Td> <Td> $300 </Td> <Td> $400 </Td> <Td> $500 </Td> <Td> 1 in 19,087.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td> $10,000 </Td> <Td> $20,000 </Td> <Td> $30,000 </Td> <Td> $40,000 </Td> <Td> $50,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 648,975.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 numbers ; no PB </Td> <Td> $1,000,000 </Td> <Td_colspan=\"4\"> $2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 1 in 5,153,632.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 numbers plus PB </Td> <Td_colspan=\"5\"> Jackpot </Td> <Td> 1 in 175,223,510.00 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Overall odds of winning were 1 in 31.85. </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to:California's prize amounts are always parimutuel because its state penal code distinguishes between a \"lottery\" which can not be broken and a \"banked game\" whose bank theoretically could be broken. Only a \"lottery\" was authorized by the state Lottery Act. Therefore, Power Play is not offered in California. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:$2,000,000 fixed for match 5 + 0 with Power Play as of 2012 format change. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Power Play multipliers do not apply to jackpot. Jackpot is split among multiple winners. </Li> </Ol> <P> § Odds of winning 0 + 1 prize are 1:38.32 instead of 1:26 as there is the possibility of also matching at least one white ball. </P> <P> All non-jackpot prizes are fixed amounts (except in California) ; they may be reduced and paid on a parimutuel basis, with each member paying differing amounts for the same prize tier, if the liability exceeds the funds in the prize pool for any game member. </P> <H3> Jackpot accumulation and payment options (edit) </H3> <P> Jackpot winners have the option of receiving their prize in cash (in two installments ; one from the winning jurisdiction, then the combined funds from the other members) or as a graduated annuity paid in 30 yearly installments. Each annuity payment is 5% higher than in the previous year to adjust for inflation. </P> <P> The advertised estimated jackpot represents the total payments that would be paid to jackpot winner (s) should they accept the annuity option. This estimate is based on the funds accumulated in the jackpot pool rolled over from prior drawings, expected sales for the next drawing, and market interest rates for the securities that would be used to fund the annuity. The estimated jackpot usually is 32.5% of the (non-Power Play) revenue of each base ($1) play, submitted by game members to accumulate into a prize pool to fund the jackpot. If the jackpot is not won in a particular drawing, the prize pool carries over to the next drawing, accumulating until there is a jackpot winner. This prize pool is the cash that is paid to a jackpot winner if they choose cash. If the winner chooses the annuity, current market rates are used to calculate the graduated payment schedule and the initial installment is paid. The remaining funds in the prize pool are invested to generate the income required to fund the remaining installments. If there are multiple jackpot winners for a drawing, the jackpot prize pool is divided equally for all such plays. </P> <P> MUSL and its members accept all investment risk and are contractually obligated and liable to the winner to make all scheduled payments to annuity winners. If a jackpot ticket is not claimed, the funds in the prize pool are returned to members in proportion to the amount they contributed to the prize pool. The members have different rules regulating how unclaimed funds are used. </P> <P> When the Powerball jackpot is won, the next jackpot is guaranteed to be $40 million (annuity). If a jackpot is not won, the minimum rollover is $10 million. The cash in the jackpot pool is guaranteed to be the current value of the annuity. If revenue from ticket sales falls below expectations, game members must contribute additional funds to the jackpot pool to cover the shortage ; the most likely scenario where this can occur is if the jackpot is won in consecutive drawings. </P> <H3> Claiming prizes (edit) </H3> <P> A winning ticket must be claimed in the jurisdiction in which it was purchased, regardless of residence. The minimum age to play Powerball is 18, except in Nebraska (19) ; and Arizona, Iowa, and Louisiana (21). </P> <P> Generally, Powerball players do not have to choose cash or annuity unless they win a jackpot (then they usually have 60 days to choose.) Exceptions include Florida and Missouri ; the 60-day \"clock\" starts with the drawing, so a jackpot winner who wishes to take the cash option needs to make immediate plans to claim their prize. New Jersey and Texas require the cash/annuity choice to be made when playing ; in New Jersey, an annuity ticket can be changed to cash after winning, while in Texas, the choice is binding (when the cash option was introduced in 1997, all Powerball players had to make the choice when playing. This regulation was phased out by 1999.) All Powerball prizes must be claimed within a period ranging from 90 days to a year, depending on where the ticket was bought. </P> <P> Powerball winnings in California and Pennsylvania are subject to Federal income tax only. There is no state income tax in Florida, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and Wyoming, and only on interest and dividends in Tennessee and New Hampshire. Winnings from tickets purchased outside of one's home state may be subject to the income tax laws of both states (with possible credit based on the two jurisdictions.) </P> <H3> Secondary prizes (edit) </H3> <P> Unlike the jackpot pool, other prizes are the responsibility and liability of each participating lottery. All revenue for Powerball ticket sales not used for jackpots is retained by each member ; none of this revenue is shared with other lotteries. Members are liable only for the payment of secondary prizes sold there. </P> <P> Since the secondary prizes are defined in fixed amounts (except in California), if the liability for a given prize level exceed the funds in the prize pool for that level the amount of the prize may be reduced and the prize pool be distributed on a parimutuel basis and result in a prize lower than the fixed amounts given in the prize tables. Because the secondary prize pools are calculated independently, it is possible lower-tier prizes will differ among the game members. </P> <H2> Notable wins (edit) </H2> Main article:Lottery jackpot records § United States <P> Because the quoted jackpot amount is an annuity of 30 graduated annual payments, its cash value relative to the annuity fluctuates. The actual ratio depends on projected interest rates and other factors. MUSL starts with the cash value, built from a percentage of sales, and then calculates the advertised jackpot amount from that value, based on the average costs of the three best securities bids. </P> <P> On August 23, 2017, the owner of a Powerball ticket sold in Chicopee, Massachusetts won more than $750 million, one of the largest prizes in the lottery's history. </P> <P> On January 13, 2016, the world's largest lottery jackpot, an annuity of approximately $1.586 billion, was split among three Powerball tickets in Chino Hills, California, Melbourne Beach, Florida and Munford, Tennessee, each worth $528.8 million. Since there is no income tax in Florida or Tennessee (and California does not tax lottery winnings), the cash option after Federal withholdings is $187.2 million each. </P> <P> On May 18, 2013, the world's largest one-ticket jackpot, an annuity of approximately $590.5 million ($607 million today), was won by a Powerball ticket sold in Zephyrhills, Florida. On June 5, Florida Lottery officials announced the winner:Gloria C. MacKenzie, 84, who purchased the \"quick pick\" ticket at a Publix supermarket. MacKenzie chose the cash option of approximately $370.8 million, before Federal withholding ; Florida does not have a state income tax. </P> <P> Other winners in excess of $250 million:On December 25, 2002, Jack Whittaker, president of a construction firm in Putnam County, West Virginia, won $314.9 million ($419 million today), then a new record for a single ticket in an American lottery. Whittaker chose the cash option of $170 million, receiving approximately $83 million after West Virginia and Federal withholdings. </P> <P> On October 19, 2005, the West family of Jacksonville, Oregon won $340 million ($417 million today). The Wests chose the cash payout of $164.4 million (before withholdings), smaller than Whittaker's cash payout in 2002 due to a then-recent change in the annuity structure. </P> <P> A jackpot of $365 million ($434 million today) was won on February 18, 2006 by one ticket in Nebraska. It was shared by eight people who worked at a meatpacking plant. The group chose the cash option of approximately $177.3 million, before withholdings. </P> <P> On August 25, 2007, a jackpot worth $314 million ($363 million today) was won by a retired auto worker from Ohio ; that ticket was bought in Richmond, Indiana, a community that had previously sold a jackpot-winning ticket of over $200 million. </P> <P> In November 2011, three Greenwich, Connecticut, financial executives shared a jackpot of $254.2 million ($271 million today), the largest prize on a Connecticut-bought ticket. Choosing the cash option, the men split nearly $104 million after withholdings. The jackpot, at the time, was the 12th largest in Powerball history. </P> <H2> Fortune cookie payout (edit) </H2> <P> The Powerball drawing on March 30, 2005, produced 110 second-prize winners. The total payout to these winners was $19.4 million, with 89 winners receiving $100,000 each, while the other 21 winners received $500,000 each as they were Power Play selections. </P> <P> MUSL officials initially suspected fraud or a reporting error. However, all 110 winners had played numbers from fortune cookies made by Wonton Food Inc. of Long Island City, New York. The factory had printed the numbers \"22, 28, 32, 33, 39, 40\" on thousands of fortunes. The \"40\" in the fortune did not match the Powerball number, 42. None of the employees of Wonton Food played those numbers ; at the time, the closest game member was Connecticut. Since the ticket holders had won as result of a coincidence rather than foul play, the payouts were made. </P> <P> Had the fortune cookie given 42 as the Powerball number, these winners would have shared the $25 million jackpot:each $227,272 annuity or $122,727 cash (before withholdings). The fortune on the inspiring cookie read:\"All the preparation you 've done will finally be paying off.\" </P> <H2> Computers and slot machines (edit) </H2> <P> In 2006, WMS Gaming released a range of slot machines under the Powerball brand name. In 2007, the Oregon Lottery released a Windows Sidebar gadget that displays the winning numbers for Powerball in real-time. The gadget also provides large jackpot announcements. </P> <P> The New York Lottery introduced a Powerball scratchcard in 2010. Five winning numbers plus a powerball were printed across the top of the card, with 12 opportunities to match. Matching the winning numbers or the powerball won. The top prize was $1 million (annuity) ; unlike actual Powerball, there was no cash option for the top prize. </P> <H2> See also (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mega Millions </Li> <Li> Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) </Li> <Li> Lottery jackpot records </Li> </Ul> <H2> References (edit) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ \"How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.5 billion jackpot\". Washington Post. January 13, 2016. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Powerball. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Danielle Abreu (12 January 2016). \"Powerball Jackpot Jumps Again to Record $1.5 Billion\". Retrieved 12 January 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball has a winner in $1.6 billion jackpot\". Washington Post. January 13, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helsel, Phil (January 14, 2016). \"Powerball Jackpot:Winning Tickets in $1.5 Billion Lottery Sold in Calif., Fla., Tenn.\". NBC News. Retrieved January 14, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoosier Lottery History Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"History\". Powerball. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ (1) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Mega Millions Official Home\". Megamillions.com. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball Lottery Drawings to Be Available Live on the Internet\", TransWorldNews, November 9, 2009. Retrieved on 2009-12-07. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Live Powerball drawings online\". Powerballlive.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Penn Ohio Lottery & Deli in Sharon, PA 16146\". Local.post-gazette.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lotto, Lucy (June 30, 2011). \"Powerball Lottery Changes for 2012\". WorldLottery.net. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013. The first and biggest change to the Powerball Lottery is the introduction of the $40 million base jackpot. Now, when the Powerball Lottery jackpot is reset after a win it will start at $40 million, tempting even more players in for those early draws. Another promise, that is sure to be popular with lottery players, is the introduction of more prizes. From January, Powerball players will have even better odds of winning a prize worth at least $1 million, and it's that fact that may soften the third and biggest ever change. From January 15, 2012, Powerball Lottery tickets are doubling in price, in what is the biggest change to the Powerball Lottery draw since its launch in 1994. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lokay, Jim. \"Changes to Powerball coming in 2012\". CBS Pittsburgh. Retrieved July 11, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ On November 27. Powerball jackpot hits record $500 m as lotteries work to build up higher prizes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strauss, Gary (February 14, 2012). Lottery jackpots may get bigger. USA Today. Retrieved February 14, 2012. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Mega Millions jackpot reaches record $500 million\". Komo News. Sinclair Interactive Media. March 28, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2013. The jackpot was originally announced at $476 million early Wednesday morning but rampant ticket sales boosted the estimated payout to the $500 million mark. Tuesday night's jackpot was $363 million, fed by weeks of drawings without a top winner. It has rolled 18 times since Marcia Adams of College Park won $72 million in the Jan. 24 drawing. A winner could get $19.2 million a year for 26 years or a single payment of $359 million. The previous record jackpot in the Mega Millions game was $390 million in 2007, split by two winners in New Jersey and Georgia. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"Powerball-History\". www.powerball.com. Retrieved 2016-01-13. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"How Powerball manipulated the odds to create a $1.6 billion jackpot\". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2016. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Redfern, Mike (7 July 2015). \"Powerball Changes to Take Effect in October 2015\". Lottery World. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Three-way split for winners of record $1.6 bn lottery\". Yahoo !. Agence France-Presse. January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odds are, you wo n't like this Powerball story Retrieved 2015-07-09. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Changes Coming to Powerball...\". Multi-State Lottery Association. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2012. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"NEW YORK STATE GAMING COMMISSION AMENDMENT OF SECTIONS 5004.9, 5007.2, 5007.13, 5007.15, 5007.16, 5009.2 and 5010.2 OF NEW YORK CODES, RULES AND REGULATIONS TITLE 9, SUBTITLE T, CHAPTER III, SUBCHAPTER A\" (PDF). New York State Gaming Commission. New York State Gaming Commission. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-02. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball as of January 19, 2014 -- New Prize Structure\". nmlottery.com. Retrieved January 10, 2014. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball-Contact\". Multi-State Lottery Association. Retrieved 2015-08-02. Sure, the odds of matching 1 red ball out of 35 are 1 in 35, but we are not giving the odds for matching a red ball. We give the odds for winning a prize for matching one red ball ALONE. If you match the red ball plus at least one white ball, you win some other prize, but not this prize. The odds of matching one red ball ALONE are harder than 1 in 35 because there is some risk that you will also match one or more white ball numbers-and then win a different prize. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Welcome to Powerball -- Prizes\". Powerball.com. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball-How To Play\". Powerball.com. Retrieved January 12, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball\". Floridalottery.com. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Why Has the Cash Jackpot Gone Down ?\" Powerball Frequently Asked Questions. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ (2) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball winners:Annuity or lump sum ?\". Money.CNN.com. January 14, 2016. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"$590 M Zephyrhills Powerball winner announced during news conference\". WFTV. Retrieved June 5, 2013. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:Strauss, Gary (June 5, 2013). \"And the winner of the $590.5 million Powerball jackpot is...\". USA Today. Retrieved June 5, 2013. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2012-12-13/lottery-winner-jack-whittakers-losing-ticket \"Lottery Winner Jack Whittaker's Losing Ticket\" </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Winners of $340 million Powerball lottery step forward -- Lottery News\". Lotterypost.com. November 8, 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Who won Powerball's $365 million ? -- US news -- Life\". MSNBC. February 23, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Retired auto worker, 2 children claim $314 M Powerball lottery jackpot -- Lottery News\". Lotterypost.com. September 12, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helhoski, Anna. \"Greenwich Powerball Winners To Give to Charity\". The Greenwich Daily Voice. Retrieved July 18, 2012. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to:\"110 players share powerball pay-out thanks to fortune cookie numbers\". Multilotto.com. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Fortune cookie bet made Powerball lottery players rich\". The Seattle Times. May 11, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2012. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"Powerball Drawing Detail for Wednesday, March 30, 2005\". USA Mega. March 30, 2005. Retrieved February 13, 2012. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ \"New York Lottery\". Nylottery.org. Retrieved April 14, 2011. </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links (edit) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Mega Millions </Td> <Td> World's largest lottery jackpot January 13, 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan=\"2\"> (hide) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lotteries in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US lotteries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> District of Columbia </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> US Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multi-state games (by number of jurisdictions) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Powerball (47) </Li> <Li> Mega Millions (46) </Li> <Li> Lucky for Life (25) </Li> <Li> Cash4Life (9) </Li> <Li> MegaHits (5) </Li> <Li> 2by2 (3) </Li> <Li> Tri-State Lottery (3) </Li> <Li> All or Nothing (2) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former multi-state games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cash4Life (1998 -- 2000) </Li> <Li> Daily Millions </Li> <Li> Decades of Dollars </Li> <Li> Hot Lotto </Li> <Li> Lotto * America (originally 1988 -- 1992 ; new version to begin November 12, 2017) </Li> <Li> Lotto South </Li> <Li> Midwest Millions </Li> <Li> Monopoly Millionaires' Club </Li> <Li> Wild Card </Li> <Li> Win for Life </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powerball&oldid=807097187\" Categories:<Ul> <Li> 1992 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> Lottery games in the United States </Li> <Li> Lottery monopolies </Li> <Li> Mega Ball lottery games </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories:<Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from April 2011 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2014 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 21:48. </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>\tevery Wednesday and Saturday evening at 10:59 p.m. Eastern Time\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eFdxpocAeJTJ"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        ""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3OWYA1lZwiVX"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}