death_handler.cc

/*

  Copyright (c) 2012, Samsung R&D Institute Russia
  All rights reserved.

  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
     list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
     this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
     and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
  ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
  DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
  ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
  (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
  ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
  SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 */

/*! @file death_handler.cc
 *  @brief Implementation of the SIGSEGV/SIGABRT handler which prints the debug
 *  stack trace.
 *  @author Markovtsev Vadim <gmarkhor@gmail.com>
 *  @version 1.0
 *  @license Simplified BSD License
 *  @copyright 2012 Samsung R&D Institute Russia, 2016 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
 */

#include "death_handler.h"
#include <assert.h>
#include <execinfo.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#endif
#include <dlfcn.h>
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <malloc/malloc.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#endif

#define INLINE __attribute__((always_inline)) inline

namespace Debug {
namespace Safe {
  INLINE void print(const char *msg, size_t len = 0);
}  // namespace Safe
}  // namespace Debug

extern "C" {

void* __malloc_impl(size_t size) {
    assert(Debug::DeathHandler::memory_ != NULL);
    char* malloc_buffer =
        Debug::DeathHandler::memory_ + Debug::DeathHandler::kNeededMemory - 512;
    if (size > 512U) {
      const char* msg = "malloc() replacement function should not return "
          "a memory block larger than 512 bytes\n";
      Debug::DeathHandler::print(msg, strlen(msg) + 1);
      _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    return malloc_buffer;
}

#ifdef __linux__
void* malloc(size_t size) throw() {
  if (!Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_) {
    if (Debug::DeathHandler::malloc_ == NULL) {
      // some dlsym implementations may use dynamic memory
      // this should execute at program startup, so nevermind the thread safety
      Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_ = true;
      Debug::DeathHandler::malloc_ = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "malloc");
      Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_ = false;
    }
    return ((void*(*)(size_t))Debug::DeathHandler::malloc_)(size);
  }
  return __malloc_impl(size);
}

void free(void* ptr) throw() {
  if (!Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_) {
    if (Debug::DeathHandler::free_ == NULL) {
      // some dlsym implementations may use dynamic memory
      // this should execute at program startup, so nevermind the thread safety
      Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_ = true;
      Debug::DeathHandler::free_ = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, "free");
      Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_ = false;
    }
    ((void(*)(void*))Debug::DeathHandler::free_)(ptr);
  }
  // no-op
}
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
void* __malloc_zone(struct _malloc_zone_t* zone, size_t size) {
  if (!Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_) {
     return ((void*(*)(struct _malloc_zone_t*, size_t))
         Debug::DeathHandler::malloc_)(zone, size);
  }
  return __malloc_impl(size);
}

void __free_zone(struct _malloc_zone_t* zone, void *ptr) {
  if (!Debug::DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_) {
    return ((void(*)(struct _malloc_zone_t*, void*))
         Debug::DeathHandler::free_)(zone, ptr);
  }
  // no-op
}
#endif // #ifdef __linux__
}  // extern "C"

#ifdef __APPLE__
static void SetMallocZone(malloc_zone_t* zone, void* malloc, void* free,
                          void** zone_malloc = NULL, void** zone_free = NULL) {
  if (zone_malloc) {
    *zone_malloc = reinterpret_cast<void*>(zone->malloc);
  }
  if (zone_free) {
    *zone_free = reinterpret_cast<void*>(zone->free);
  }
  mprotect(zone, sizeof(*zone), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
  zone->malloc = (void*(*)(struct _malloc_zone_t*, size_t))malloc;
  zone->free = (void(*)(struct _malloc_zone_t*, void*))free;
  mprotect(zone, sizeof(*zone), PROT_READ);
}
#endif

#pragma GCC poison malloc realloc free backtrace_symbols \
  printf fprintf sprintf snprintf scanf sscanf  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)

#define checked(x) do { if ((x) <= 0) _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (false)

namespace Debug {

/// @brief This namespace contains some basic supplements
/// of the needed libc functions which potentially use heap.
namespace Safe {
  /// @brief Converts an integer to a preallocated string.
  /// @pre base must be less than or equal to 16.
  INLINE char *itoa(int val, char* memory, int base = 10) {
    char* res = memory;
    if (val == 0) {
      res[0] = '0';
      res[1] = '\0';
      return res;
    }
    const int res_max_length = 32;
    int i;
    bool negative = val < 0;
    res[res_max_length - 1] = 0;
    for (i = res_max_length - 2; val != 0 && i != 0; i--, val /= base) {
      res[i] = "0123456789ABCDEF"[val % base];
    }
    if (negative) {
      res[i--] = '-';
    }
    return &res[i + 1];
  }

  /// @brief Converts an unsigned integer to a preallocated string.
  /// @pre base must be less than or equal to 16.
  INLINE char *utoa(uint64_t val, char* memory, int base = 10) {
    char* res = memory;
    if (val == 0) {
      res[0] = '0';
      res[1] = '\0';
      return res;
    }
    const int res_max_length = 32;
    int i;
    res[res_max_length - 1] = 0;
    for (i = res_max_length - 2; val != 0 && i != 0; i--, val /= base) {
      res[i] = "0123456789abcdef"[val % base];
    }
    return &res[i + 1];
  }

  /// @brief Converts a pointer to a preallocated string.
  INLINE char *ptoa(const void *val, char* memory) {
    char* buf = utoa(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(val), memory + 32, 16);
    char* result = memory;  // 32
    strcpy(result + 2, buf);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf
    result[0] = '0';
    result[1] = 'x';
    return result;
  }

  ssize_t write2stderr(const char* msg, size_t len) {
    return write(STDERR_FILENO, msg, len);
  }
}  // namespace Safe

const size_t DeathHandler::kNeededMemory = 1 << 16;
bool DeathHandler::generate_core_dump_ = true;
bool DeathHandler::cleanup_ = true;
#ifdef QUICK_EXIT
bool DeathHandler::quick_exit_ = false;
#endif
int DeathHandler::frames_count_ = 16;
bool DeathHandler::cut_common_path_root_ = true;
bool DeathHandler::cut_relative_paths_ = true;
bool DeathHandler::append_pid_ = false;
bool DeathHandler::color_output_ = true;
bool DeathHandler::thread_safe_ = true;
char DeathHandler::memory_[1 << 16];  // static allocation of 64KiB
void* DeathHandler::malloc_ = NULL;
void* DeathHandler::free_ = NULL;
bool DeathHandler::heap_trap_active_ = false;
DeathHandler::OutputCallback DeathHandler::output_callback_ = Safe::write2stderr;

typedef void (*sa_sigaction_handler) (int, siginfo_t *, void *);

DeathHandler::DeathHandler(bool altstack) {
  if (altstack) {
    stack_t altstack;
    altstack.ss_sp = memory_ + kNeededMemory;
    altstack.ss_size = MINSIGSTKSZ;
    altstack.ss_flags = 0;
    if (sigaltstack(&altstack, NULL) < 0) {
      perror("DeathHandler - sigaltstack()");
    }
  }
  struct sigaction sa;
  sa.sa_sigaction = (sa_sigaction_handler)HandleSignal;
  sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
  sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO | (altstack? SA_ONSTACK : 0);
  if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
    perror("DeathHandler - sigaction(SIGSEGV)");
  }
  if (sigaction(SIGABRT, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
    perror("DeathHandler - sigaction(SIGABBRT)");
  }
  if (sigaction(SIGFPE, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
    perror("DeathHandler - sigaction(SIGFPE)");
  }
  #ifdef __APPLE__
  malloc_zone_t* zone = malloc_default_zone();
  if (!zone) {
    print("Failed to override malloc() and free()");
    return;
  }
  // Override malloc() and free()
  SetMallocZone(zone, reinterpret_cast<void*>(__malloc_zone),
                reinterpret_cast<void*>(__free_zone), &malloc_, &free_);
  #endif
}

DeathHandler::~DeathHandler() {
  // Disable alternative signal handler stack
  stack_t altstack;
  altstack.ss_sp = NULL;
  altstack.ss_size = 0;
  altstack.ss_flags = SS_DISABLE;
  sigaltstack(&altstack, NULL);

  struct sigaction sa;

  sigaction(SIGSEGV, NULL, &sa);
  sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
  sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL);

  sigaction(SIGABRT, NULL, &sa);
  sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
  sigaction(SIGABRT, &sa, NULL);

  sigaction(SIGFPE, NULL, &sa);
  sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
  sigaction(SIGFPE, &sa, NULL);

  #ifdef __APPLE__
  malloc_zone_t* zone = malloc_default_zone();
  SetMallocZone(zone, malloc_, free_);
  #endif
}

void DeathHandler::print(const char* msg, size_t len) {
  if (len > 0) {
    checked(output_callback_(msg, len));
  } else {
    checked(output_callback_(msg, strlen(msg)));
  }
}

bool DeathHandler::generate_core_dump() const {
  return generate_core_dump_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_generate_core_dump(bool value) {
  generate_core_dump_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::cleanup() const {
  return cleanup_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_cleanup(bool value) {
  cleanup_ = value;
}

#ifdef QUICK_EXIT
bool DeathHandler::quick_exit() const {
  return quick_exit_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_quick_exit(bool value) {
  quick_exit_ = value;
}
#endif

int DeathHandler::frames_count() const {
  return frames_count_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_frames_count(int value) {
  assert(value > 0 && value <= 100);
  frames_count_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::cut_common_path_root() const {
  return cut_common_path_root_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_cut_common_path_root(bool value) {
  cut_common_path_root_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::cut_relative_paths() const {
  return cut_relative_paths_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_cut_relative_paths(bool value) {
  cut_relative_paths_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::append_pid() const {
  return append_pid_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_append_pid(bool value) {
  append_pid_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::color_output() const {
  return color_output_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_color_output(bool value) {
  color_output_ = value;
}

bool DeathHandler::thread_safe() const {
  return thread_safe_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_thread_safe(bool value) {
  thread_safe_ = value;
}

DeathHandler::OutputCallback DeathHandler::output_callback() const {
  return output_callback_;
}

void DeathHandler::set_output_callback(DeathHandler::OutputCallback value) {
  output_callback_ = value;
}

INLINE static void safe_abort() {
  struct sigaction sa;
  sigaction(SIGABRT, NULL, &sa);
  sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
  kill(getppid(), SIGCONT);
  sigaction(SIGABRT, &sa, NULL);
  abort();
}

/// @brief Invokes addr2line utility to determine the function name
/// and the line information from an address in the code segment.
static char *addr2line(const char *image, void *addr, bool color_output,
                       char** memory) {
  int pipefd[2];
  if (pipe(pipefd) != 0) {
    safe_abort();
  }
  pid_t pid = fork();
  if (pid == 0) {
    close(pipefd[0]);
    dup2(pipefd[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
    dup2(pipefd[1], STDERR_FILENO);
    if (execlp("addr2line", "addr2line",
               Safe::ptoa(addr, *memory), "-f", "-C", "-e", image,
               reinterpret_cast<void*>(NULL)) == -1) {
      safe_abort();
    }
  }

  close(pipefd[1]);
  const int line_max_length = 4096;
  char* line = *memory;
  *memory += line_max_length;
  ssize_t len = read(pipefd[0], line, line_max_length);
  close(pipefd[0]);
  if (len == 0) {
    safe_abort();
  }
  line[len] = 0;

  if (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) != pid) {
    safe_abort();
  }
  if (line[0] == '?') {
    char* straddr = Safe::ptoa(addr, *memory);
    if (color_output) {
      strcpy(line, "\033[32;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(line, straddr);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    if (color_output) {
      strcat(line, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(line, " at ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    strcat(line, image);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    strcat(line, " ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
  } else {
    if (*(strstr(line, "\n") + 1) == '?') {
      char* straddr = Safe::ptoa(addr, *memory);
      strcpy(strstr(line, "\n") + 1, image);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      strcat(line, ":");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      strcat(line, straddr);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      strcat(line, "\n");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
  }
  return line;
}

#if (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
#endif
#ifdef __clang__
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
#endif

void DeathHandler::HandleSignal(int sig, void * /* info */, void *secret) {
  // Stop all other running threads by forking
  pid_t forkedPid = fork();
  if (forkedPid != 0) {
    int status;
    if (thread_safe_) {
      // Freeze the original process, until it's child prints the stack trace
      kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP);
      // Wait for the child without blocking and exit as soon as possible,
      // so that no zombies are left.
      waitpid(forkedPid, &status, WNOHANG);
    } else {
      // Wait for the child, blocking only the current thread.
      // All other threads will continue to run, potentially crashing the parent.
      waitpid(forkedPid, &status, 0);
    }
#ifdef QUICK_EXIT
    if (quick_exit_) {
      ::quick_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
#endif
    if (generate_core_dump_) {
      struct sigaction sa;
      sigaction(SIGABRT, NULL, &sa);
      sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
      sigaction(SIGABRT, &sa, NULL);
      abort();
    } else {
      if (cleanup_) {
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      } else {
        _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
    }
  }

  ucontext_t *uc = reinterpret_cast<ucontext_t *>(secret);

  if (dup2(STDERR_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) {  // redirect stdout to stderr
    print("Failed to redirect stdout to stderr\n");
  }
  char* memory = memory_;
  {
    char* msg = memory;
    const int msg_max_length = 128;
    if (color_output_) {
      // \033[31;1mSegmentation fault\033[0m \033[33;1m(%i)\033[0m\n
      strcpy(msg, "\033[31;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    } else {
      msg[0] = '\0';
    }
    switch (sig) {
      case SIGSEGV:
        strcat(msg, "Segmentation fault");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        break;
      case SIGABRT:
        strcat(msg, "Aborted");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        break;
      case SIGFPE:
        strcat(msg, "Floating point exception");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        break;
      default:
        strcat(msg, "Caught signal ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        strcat(msg, Safe::itoa(sig, msg + msg_max_length));  // NOLINT(*)
        break;
    }
    if (color_output_) {
      strcat(msg, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(msg, " (thread ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    if (color_output_) {
      strcat(msg, "\033[33;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
  #ifndef __APPLE__
    strcat(msg, Safe::utoa(pthread_self(), msg + msg_max_length));  // NOLINT(*)
  #else
    strcat(msg, Safe::ptoa(pthread_self(), msg + msg_max_length));  // NOLINT(*)
  #endif
    if (color_output_) {
      strcat(msg, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(msg, ", pid ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    if (color_output_) {
      strcat(msg, "\033[33;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(msg, Safe::itoa(getppid(), msg + msg_max_length));  // NOLINT(*)
    if (color_output_) {
      strcat(msg, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    }
    strcat(msg, ")");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    print(msg);
  }

  print("\nStack trace:\n");
  void **trace = reinterpret_cast<void**>(memory);
  memory += (frames_count_ + 2) * sizeof(void*);
  // Workaround malloc() inside backtrace()
  heap_trap_active_ = true;
  int trace_size = backtrace(trace, frames_count_ + 2);
  heap_trap_active_ = false;
  if (trace_size <= 2) {
    safe_abort();
  }

  // Overwrite sigaction with caller's address
#ifdef __linux__
#if defined(__arm__) 
  trace[1] = reinterpret_cast<void *>(uc->uc_mcontext.arm_pc);
#else
#if defined(__aarch64__)
  trace[1] = reinterpret_cast<void *>(uc->uc_mcontext.pc);
#else
#if !defined(__i386__) && !defined(__x86_64__)
#error Only ARM, AARCH64, x86 and x86-64 are supported
#endif
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  trace[1] = reinterpret_cast<void *>(uc->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_RIP]);
#else
  trace[1] = reinterpret_cast<void *>(uc->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_EIP]);
#endif
#endif
#endif

  const int path_max_length = 2048;
  char* name_buf = memory;
  ssize_t name_buf_length = readlink("/proc/self/exe", name_buf,
                                     path_max_length - 1);
  if (name_buf_length < 1) {
    safe_abort();
  }
  name_buf[name_buf_length] = 0;
  memory += name_buf_length + 1;
  char* cwd = memory;
  if (getcwd(cwd, path_max_length) == NULL) {
    safe_abort();
  }
  strcat(cwd, "/");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
  memory += strlen(cwd) + 1;
  char* prev_memory = memory;

  int stackOffset = trace[2] == trace[1]? 2 : 1;
  for (int i = stackOffset; i < trace_size; i++) {
    memory = prev_memory;
    char *line;
    Dl_info dlinf;
    if (dladdr(trace[i], &dlinf) == 0 || dlinf.dli_fname[0] != '/' ||
        !strcmp(name_buf, dlinf.dli_fname)) {
      line = addr2line(name_buf, trace[i], color_output_, &memory);
    } else {
      line = addr2line(dlinf.dli_fname, reinterpret_cast<void *>(
          reinterpret_cast<char *>(trace[i]) -
          reinterpret_cast<char *>(dlinf.dli_fbase)),
          color_output_, &memory);
    }

    char *function_name_end = strstr(line, "\n");
    if (function_name_end != NULL) {
      *function_name_end = 0;
      {
        // "\033[34;1m[%s]\033[0m \033[33;1m(%i)\033[0m\n
        char* msg = memory;
        const int msg_max_length = 512;
        if (color_output_) {
          strcpy(msg, "\033[34;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        } else {
          msg[0] = 0;
        }
        strcat(msg, "[");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        strcat(msg, line);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        strcat(msg, "]");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        if (append_pid_) {
          if (color_output_) {
            strcat(msg, "\033[0m\033[33;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          }
          strcat(msg, " (");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          strcat(msg, Safe::itoa(getppid(), msg + msg_max_length));  // NOLINT(*)
          strcat(msg, ")");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          if (color_output_) {
            strcat(msg, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          }
          strcat(msg, "\n");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        } else {
          if (color_output_) {
            strcat(msg, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          }
          strcat(msg, "\n");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        }
        print(msg);
      }
      line = function_name_end + 1;

      // Remove the common path root
      if (cut_common_path_root_) {
        int cpi;
        for (cpi = 0; cwd[cpi] == line[cpi]; cpi++) {};
        if (line[cpi - 1] != '/') {
          for (; line[cpi - 1] != '/'; cpi--) {};
        }
        if (cpi > 1) {
          line = line + cpi;
        }
      }

      // Remove relative path root
      if (cut_relative_paths_) {
        char *path_cut_pos = strstr(line, "../");
        if (path_cut_pos != NULL) {
          path_cut_pos += 3;
          while (!strncmp(path_cut_pos, "../", 3)) {
            path_cut_pos += 3;
          }
          line = path_cut_pos;
        }
      }

      // Mark line number
      if (color_output_) {
        char* number_pos = strstr(line, ":");
        if (number_pos != NULL) {
          char* line_number = memory;  // 128
          strcpy(line_number, number_pos);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          // Overwrite the new line char
          line_number[strlen(line_number) - 1] = 0;
          // \033[32;1m%s\033[0m\n
          strcpy(number_pos, "\033[32;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          strcat(line, line_number);  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
          strcat(line, "\033[0m\n");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
        }
      }
    }

    // Overwrite the new line char
    line[strlen(line) - 1] = 0;

    // Append pid
    if (append_pid_) {
      // %s\033[33;1m(%i)\033[0m\n
      strcat(line, " ");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      if (color_output_) {
        strcat(line, "\033[33;1m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      }
      strcat(line, "(");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      strcat(line, Safe::itoa(getppid(), memory));  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      strcat(line, ")");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      if (color_output_) {
        strcat(line, "\033[0m");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
      }
    }

    strcat(line, "\n");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
    print(line);
  }

  // Write '\0' to indicate the end of the output
  char end = '\0';
  ssize_t ret = write(STDERR_FILENO, &end, 1);
  (void)ret;

#elif defined(__APPLE__)
  for (int i = 0; i < trace_size; i++) {
    Safe::ptoa(trace[i], memory);
    strcat(memory, "\n");
    print(memory);
  }
#endif
  if (thread_safe_) {
    // Resume the parent process
    kill(getppid(), SIGCONT);
  }

  // This is called in the child process
  _Exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

#if (__GNUC__ > 4) || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif
#ifdef __clang__
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif

}  // namespace Debug