model.go

/*
Copyright (c) 2017-2024 VMware, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package simulator

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/tls"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"math/rand"
	"os"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"reflect"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/uuid"

	"github.com/vmware/govmomi"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/object"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/simulator/esx"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/simulator/vpx"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/units"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/methods"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/mo"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/types"
	"github.com/vmware/govmomi/vim25/xml"
)

type DelayConfig struct {
	// Delay specifies the number of milliseconds to delay serving a SOAP call. 0 means no delay.
	// This can be used to simulate a poorly performing vCenter or network lag.
	Delay int

	// Delay specifies the number of milliseconds to delay serving a specific method.
	// Each entry in the map represents the name of a method and its associated delay in milliseconds,
	// This can be used to simulate a poorly performing vCenter or network lag.
	MethodDelay map[string]int

	// DelayJitter defines the delay jitter as a coefficient of variation (stddev/mean).
	// This can be used to simulate unpredictable delay. 0 means no jitter, i.e. all invocations get the same delay.
	DelayJitter float64
}

// Model is used to populate a Model with an initial set of managed entities.
// This is a simple helper for tests running against a simulator, to populate an inventory
// with commonly used models.
// The inventory names generated by a Model have a string prefix per-type and integer suffix per-instance.
// The names are concatenated with their ancestor names and delimited by '_', making the generated names unique.
type Model struct {
	Service *Service `json:"-"`

	ServiceContent types.ServiceContent `json:"-"`
	RootFolder     mo.Folder            `json:"-"`

	// Autostart will power on Model created VMs when true
	Autostart bool `json:"-"`

	// Datacenter specifies the number of Datacenter entities to create
	// Name prefix: DC, vcsim flag: -dc
	Datacenter int `json:"datacenter"`

	// Portgroup specifies the number of DistributedVirtualPortgroup entities to create per Datacenter
	// Name prefix: DVPG, vcsim flag: -pg
	Portgroup int `json:"portgroup"`

	// PortgroupNSX specifies the number NSX backed DistributedVirtualPortgroup entities to create per Datacenter
	// Name prefix: NSXPG, vcsim flag: -nsx-pg
	PortgroupNSX int `json:"portgroupNSX"`

	// OpaqueNetwork specifies the number of OpaqueNetwork entities to create per Datacenter,
	// with Summary.OpaqueNetworkType set to nsx.LogicalSwitch and Summary.OpaqueNetworkId to a random uuid.
	// Name prefix: NSX, vcsim flag: -nsx
	OpaqueNetwork int `json:"opaqueNetwork"`

	// Host specifies the number of standalone HostSystems entities to create per Datacenter
	// Name prefix: H, vcsim flag: -standalone-host
	Host int `json:"host,omitempty"`

	// Cluster specifies the number of ClusterComputeResource entities to create per Datacenter
	// Name prefix: C, vcsim flag: -cluster
	Cluster int `json:"cluster"`

	// ClusterHost specifies the number of HostSystems entities to create within a Cluster
	// Name prefix: H, vcsim flag: -host
	ClusterHost int `json:"clusterHost,omitempty"`

	// Pool specifies the number of ResourcePool entities to create per Cluster
	// Note that every cluster has a root ResourcePool named "Resources", as real vCenter does.
	// For example: /DC0/host/DC0_C0/Resources
	// The root ResourcePool is named "RP0" within other object names.
	// When Model.Pool is set to 1 or higher, this creates child ResourcePools under the root pool.
	// Note that this flag is not effective on standalone hosts.
	// For example: /DC0/host/DC0_C0/Resources/DC0_C0_RP1
	// Name prefix: RP, vcsim flag: -pool
	Pool int `json:"pool"`

	// Datastore specifies the number of Datastore entities to create
	// Each Datastore will have temporary local file storage and will be mounted
	// on every HostSystem created by the ModelConfig
	// Name prefix: LocalDS, vcsim flag: -ds
	Datastore int `json:"datastore"`

	// Machine specifies the number of VirtualMachine entities to create per
	// ResourcePool. If the pool flag is specified, the specified number of virtual
	// machines will be deployed to each child pool and prefixed with the child
	// resource pool name. Otherwise they are deployed into the root resource pool,
	// prefixed with RP0. On standalone hosts, machines are always deployed into the
	// root resource pool without any prefix.
	// Name prefix: VM, vcsim flag: -vm
	Machine int `json:"machine"`

	// Folder specifies the number of Datacenter to place within a Folder.
	// This includes a folder for the Datacenter itself and its host, vm, network and datastore folders.
	// All resources for the Datacenter are placed within these folders, rather than the top-level folders.
	// Name prefix: F, vcsim flag: -folder
	Folder int `json:"folder"`

	// App specifies the number of VirtualApp to create per Cluster
	// Name prefix: APP, vcsim flag: -app
	App int `json:"app"`

	// Pod specifies the number of StoragePod to create per Cluster
	// Name prefix: POD, vcsim flag: -pod
	Pod int `json:"pod"`

	// Delay configurations
	DelayConfig DelayConfig `json:"-"`

	// total number of inventory objects, set by Count()
	total int

	dirs []string
}

// ESX is the default Model for a standalone ESX instance
func ESX() *Model {
	return &Model{
		ServiceContent: esx.ServiceContent,
		RootFolder:     esx.RootFolder,
		Autostart:      true,
		Datastore:      1,
		Machine:        2,
		DelayConfig: DelayConfig{
			Delay:       0,
			DelayJitter: 0,
			MethodDelay: nil,
		},
	}
}

// VPX is the default Model for a vCenter instance
func VPX() *Model {
	return &Model{
		ServiceContent: vpx.ServiceContent,
		RootFolder:     vpx.RootFolder,
		Autostart:      true,
		Datacenter:     1,
		Portgroup:      1,
		Host:           1,
		Cluster:        1,
		ClusterHost:    3,
		Datastore:      1,
		Machine:        2,
		DelayConfig: DelayConfig{
			Delay:       0,
			DelayJitter: 0,
			MethodDelay: nil,
		},
	}
}

// Count returns a Model with total number of each existing type
func (m *Model) Count() Model {
	count := Model{}

	for ref, obj := range Map.objects {
		if _, ok := obj.(mo.Entity); !ok {
			continue
		}

		count.total++

		switch ref.Type {
		case "Datacenter":
			count.Datacenter++
		case "DistributedVirtualPortgroup":
			count.Portgroup++
		case "ClusterComputeResource":
			count.Cluster++
		case "Datastore":
			count.Datastore++
		case "HostSystem":
			count.Host++
		case "VirtualMachine":
			count.Machine++
		case "ResourcePool":
			count.Pool++
		case "VirtualApp":
			count.App++
		case "Folder":
			count.Folder++
		case "StoragePod":
			count.Pod++
		case "OpaqueNetwork":
			count.OpaqueNetwork++
		}
	}

	return count
}

func (*Model) fmtName(prefix string, num int) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", prefix, num)
}

// kinds maps managed object types to their vcsim wrapper types
var kinds = map[string]reflect.Type{
	"AuthorizationManager":            reflect.TypeOf((*AuthorizationManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"ClusterComputeResource":          reflect.TypeOf((*ClusterComputeResource)(nil)).Elem(),
	"CustomFieldsManager":             reflect.TypeOf((*CustomFieldsManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"CustomizationSpecManager":        reflect.TypeOf((*CustomizationSpecManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"Datacenter":                      reflect.TypeOf((*Datacenter)(nil)).Elem(),
	"Datastore":                       reflect.TypeOf((*Datastore)(nil)).Elem(),
	"DistributedVirtualPortgroup":     reflect.TypeOf((*DistributedVirtualPortgroup)(nil)).Elem(),
	"DistributedVirtualSwitch":        reflect.TypeOf((*DistributedVirtualSwitch)(nil)).Elem(),
	"DistributedVirtualSwitchManager": reflect.TypeOf((*DistributedVirtualSwitchManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"EnvironmentBrowser":              reflect.TypeOf((*EnvironmentBrowser)(nil)).Elem(),
	"EventManager":                    reflect.TypeOf((*EventManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"ExtensionManager":                reflect.TypeOf((*ExtensionManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"FileManager":                     reflect.TypeOf((*FileManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"Folder":                          reflect.TypeOf((*Folder)(nil)).Elem(),
	"GuestOperationsManager":          reflect.TypeOf((*GuestOperationsManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"HostDatastoreBrowser":            reflect.TypeOf((*HostDatastoreBrowser)(nil)).Elem(),
	"HostLocalAccountManager":         reflect.TypeOf((*HostLocalAccountManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"HostNetworkSystem":               reflect.TypeOf((*HostNetworkSystem)(nil)).Elem(),
	"HostSystem":                      reflect.TypeOf((*HostSystem)(nil)).Elem(),
	"IpPoolManager":                   reflect.TypeOf((*IpPoolManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"LicenseManager":                  reflect.TypeOf((*LicenseManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"OptionManager":                   reflect.TypeOf((*OptionManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"OvfManager":                      reflect.TypeOf((*OvfManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"PerformanceManager":              reflect.TypeOf((*PerformanceManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"PropertyCollector":               reflect.TypeOf((*PropertyCollector)(nil)).Elem(),
	"ResourcePool":                    reflect.TypeOf((*ResourcePool)(nil)).Elem(),
	"SearchIndex":                     reflect.TypeOf((*SearchIndex)(nil)).Elem(),
	"SessionManager":                  reflect.TypeOf((*SessionManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"StoragePod":                      reflect.TypeOf((*StoragePod)(nil)).Elem(),
	"StorageResourceManager":          reflect.TypeOf((*StorageResourceManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"TaskManager":                     reflect.TypeOf((*TaskManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"TenantTenantManager":             reflect.TypeOf((*TenantManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"UserDirectory":                   reflect.TypeOf((*UserDirectory)(nil)).Elem(),
	"VcenterVStorageObjectManager":    reflect.TypeOf((*VcenterVStorageObjectManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"ViewManager":                     reflect.TypeOf((*ViewManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"VirtualApp":                      reflect.TypeOf((*VirtualApp)(nil)).Elem(),
	"VirtualDiskManager":              reflect.TypeOf((*VirtualDiskManager)(nil)).Elem(),
	"VirtualMachine":                  reflect.TypeOf((*VirtualMachine)(nil)).Elem(),
	"VmwareDistributedVirtualSwitch":  reflect.TypeOf((*DistributedVirtualSwitch)(nil)).Elem(),
}

func loadObject(content types.ObjectContent) (mo.Reference, error) {
	var obj mo.Reference
	id := content.Obj

	kind, ok := kinds[id.Type]
	if ok {
		obj = reflect.New(kind).Interface().(mo.Reference)
	}

	if obj == nil {
		// No vcsim wrapper for this type, e.g. IoFilterManager
		x, err := mo.ObjectContentToType(content, true)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		obj = x.(mo.Reference)
	} else {
		if len(content.PropSet) == 0 {
			// via NewServiceInstance()
			Map.setReference(obj, id)
		} else {
			// via Model.Load()
			dst := getManagedObject(obj).Addr().Interface().(mo.Reference)
			err := mo.LoadObjectContent([]types.ObjectContent{content}, dst)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}

		if x, ok := obj.(interface{ init(*Registry) }); ok {
			x.init(Map)
		}
	}

	return obj, nil
}

// resolveReferences attempts to resolve any object references that were not included via Load()
// example: Load's dir only contains a single OpaqueNetwork, we need to create a Datacenter and
// place the OpaqueNetwork in the Datacenter's network folder.
func (m *Model) resolveReferences(ctx *Context) error {
	dc, ok := ctx.Map.Any("Datacenter").(*Datacenter)
	if !ok {
		// Need to have at least 1 Datacenter
		root := ctx.Map.Get(ctx.Map.content().RootFolder).(*Folder)
		ref := root.CreateDatacenter(ctx, &types.CreateDatacenter{
			This: root.Self,
			Name: "DC0",
		}).(*methods.CreateDatacenterBody).Res.Returnval
		dc = ctx.Map.Get(ref).(*Datacenter)
	}

	for ref, val := range ctx.Map.objects {
		me, ok := val.(mo.Entity)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		e := me.Entity()
		if e.Parent == nil || ref.Type == "Folder" {
			continue
		}
		if ctx.Map.Get(*e.Parent) == nil {
			// object was loaded without its parent, attempt to foster with another parent
			switch e.Parent.Type {
			case "Folder":
				folder := dc.folder(me)
				e.Parent = &folder.Self
				log.Printf("%s adopted %s", e.Parent, ref)
				folderPutChild(ctx, folder, me)
			default:
				return fmt.Errorf("unable to foster %s with parent type=%s", ref, e.Parent.Type)
			}
		}
		// TODO: resolve any remaining orphan references via mo.References()
	}

	return nil
}

func (m *Model) decode(path string, data interface{}) error {
	f, err := os.Open(path)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	dec := xml.NewDecoder(f)
	dec.TypeFunc = types.TypeFunc()
	err = dec.Decode(data)
	_ = f.Close()
	return err
}

func (m *Model) loadMethod(obj mo.Reference, dir string) error {
	dir = filepath.Join(dir, obj.Reference().Encode())

	info, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
	if err != nil {
		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
			return nil
		}
		return err
	}

	zero := reflect.Value{}
	for _, x := range info {
		name := strings.TrimSuffix(x.Name(), ".xml") + "Response"
		path := filepath.Join(dir, x.Name())
		response := reflect.ValueOf(obj).Elem().FieldByName(name)
		if response == zero {
			return fmt.Errorf("field %T.%s not found", obj, name)
		}
		if err = m.decode(path, response.Addr().Interface()); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// When simulator code needs to call other simulator code, it typically passes whatever
// context is associated with the request it's servicing.
// Model code isn't servicing a request, but still needs a context, so we spoof
// one for the purposes of calling simulator code.
// Test code also tends to do this.
func SpoofContext() *Context {
	return &Context{
		Context: context.Background(),
		Session: &Session{
			UserSession: types.UserSession{
				Key: uuid.New().String(),
			},
			Registry: NewRegistry(),
		},
		Map: Map,
	}
}

// Load Model from the given directory, as created by the 'govc object.save' command.
func (m *Model) Load(dir string) error {
	ctx := SpoofContext()
	var s *ServiceInstance

	err := filepath.Walk(dir, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if info.IsDir() {
			if path == dir {
				return nil
			}
			return filepath.SkipDir
		}
		if filepath.Ext(path) != ".xml" {
			return nil
		}

		var content types.ObjectContent
		err = m.decode(path, &content)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if content.Obj == vim25.ServiceInstance {
			s = new(ServiceInstance)
			s.Self = content.Obj
			Map = NewRegistry()
			ctx.Map = Map
			ctx.Map.Put(s)
			return mo.LoadObjectContent([]types.ObjectContent{content}, &s.ServiceInstance)
		}

		if s == nil {
			s = NewServiceInstance(ctx, m.ServiceContent, m.RootFolder)
			ctx.Map = Map
		}

		obj, err := loadObject(content)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if x, ok := obj.(interface{ model(*Model) error }); ok {
			if err = x.model(m); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		return m.loadMethod(ctx.Map.Put(obj), dir)
	})

	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	m.Service = New(s)

	return m.resolveReferences(ctx)
}

// Create populates the Model with the given ModelConfig
func (m *Model) Create() error {
	ctx := SpoofContext()
	m.Service = New(NewServiceInstance(ctx, m.ServiceContent, m.RootFolder))
	ctx.Map = Map
	return m.CreateInfrastructure(ctx)
}

func (m *Model) CreateInfrastructure(ctx *Context) error {
	client := m.Service.client
	root := object.NewRootFolder(client)

	// After all hosts are created, this var is used to mount the host datastores.
	var hosts []*object.HostSystem
	hostMap := make(map[string][]*object.HostSystem)

	// We need to defer VM creation until after the datastores are created.
	var vms []func() error
	// 1 DVS per DC, added to all hosts
	var dvs *object.DistributedVirtualSwitch
	// 1 NIC per VM, backed by a DVPG if Model.Portgroup > 0
	vmnet := esx.EthernetCard.Backing

	// addHost adds a cluster host or a standalone host.
	addHost := func(name string, f func(types.HostConnectSpec) (*object.Task, error)) (*object.HostSystem, error) {
		spec := types.HostConnectSpec{
			HostName: name,
		}

		task, err := f(spec)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		info, err := task.WaitForResult(context.Background(), nil)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		host := object.NewHostSystem(client, info.Result.(types.ManagedObjectReference))
		hosts = append(hosts, host)

		if dvs != nil {
			config := &types.DVSConfigSpec{
				Host: []types.DistributedVirtualSwitchHostMemberConfigSpec{{
					Operation: string(types.ConfigSpecOperationAdd),
					Host:      host.Reference(),
				}},
			}

			task, _ = dvs.Reconfigure(ctx, config)
			_, _ = task.WaitForResult(context.Background(), nil)
		}

		return host, nil
	}

	// addMachine returns a func to create a VM.
	addMachine := func(prefix string, host *object.HostSystem, pool *object.ResourcePool, folders *object.DatacenterFolders) {
		nic := esx.EthernetCard
		nic.Backing = vmnet
		ds := types.ManagedObjectReference{}

		f := func() error {
			for i := 0; i < m.Machine; i++ {
				name := m.fmtName(prefix+"_VM", i)

				config := types.VirtualMachineConfigSpec{
					Name:    name,
					GuestId: string(types.VirtualMachineGuestOsIdentifierOtherGuest),
					Files: &types.VirtualMachineFileInfo{
						VmPathName: "[LocalDS_0]",
					},
				}

				if pool == nil {
					pool, _ = host.ResourcePool(ctx)
				}

				var devices object.VirtualDeviceList

				scsi, _ := devices.CreateSCSIController("pvscsi")
				ide, _ := devices.CreateIDEController()
				cdrom, _ := devices.CreateCdrom(ide.(*types.VirtualIDEController))
				disk := devices.CreateDisk(scsi.(types.BaseVirtualController), ds,
					config.Files.VmPathName+" "+path.Join(name, "disk1.vmdk"))
				disk.CapacityInKB = int64(units.GB*10) / units.KB
				disk.StorageIOAllocation = &types.StorageIOAllocationInfo{Limit: types.NewInt64(-1)}

				devices = append(devices, scsi, cdrom, disk, &nic)

				config.DeviceChange, _ = devices.ConfigSpec(types.VirtualDeviceConfigSpecOperationAdd)

				task, err := folders.VmFolder.CreateVM(ctx, config, pool, host)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				info, err := task.WaitForResult(ctx, nil)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				vm := object.NewVirtualMachine(client, info.Result.(types.ManagedObjectReference))

				if m.Autostart {
					task, _ = vm.PowerOn(ctx)
					_, _ = task.WaitForResult(ctx, nil)
				}
			}

			return nil
		}

		vms = append(vms, f)
	}

	nfolder := 0

	for ndc := 0; ndc < m.Datacenter; ndc++ {
		dcName := m.fmtName("DC", ndc)
		folder := root
		fName := m.fmtName("F", nfolder)

		// If Datacenter > Folder, don't create folders for the first N DCs.
		if nfolder < m.Folder && ndc >= (m.Datacenter-m.Folder) {
			f, err := folder.CreateFolder(ctx, fName)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			folder = f
		}

		dc, err := folder.CreateDatacenter(ctx, dcName)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		folders, err := dc.Folders(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if m.Pod > 0 {
			for pod := 0; pod < m.Pod; pod++ {
				_, _ = folders.DatastoreFolder.CreateStoragePod(ctx, m.fmtName(dcName+"_POD", pod))
			}
		}

		if folder != root {
			// Create sub-folders and use them to create any resources that follow
			subs := []**object.Folder{&folders.DatastoreFolder, &folders.HostFolder, &folders.NetworkFolder, &folders.VmFolder}

			for _, sub := range subs {
				f, err := (*sub).CreateFolder(ctx, fName)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				*sub = f
			}

			nfolder++
		}

		if m.Portgroup > 0 || m.PortgroupNSX > 0 {
			var spec types.DVSCreateSpec
			spec.ConfigSpec = &types.VMwareDVSConfigSpec{}
			spec.ConfigSpec.GetDVSConfigSpec().Name = m.fmtName("DVS", 0)

			task, err := folders.NetworkFolder.CreateDVS(ctx, spec)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			info, err := task.WaitForResult(ctx, nil)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			dvs = object.NewDistributedVirtualSwitch(client, info.Result.(types.ManagedObjectReference))
		}

		for npg := 0; npg < m.Portgroup; npg++ {
			name := m.fmtName(dcName+"_DVPG", npg)
			spec := types.DVPortgroupConfigSpec{
				Name:     name,
				Type:     string(types.DistributedVirtualPortgroupPortgroupTypeEarlyBinding),
				NumPorts: 1,
			}

			task, err := dvs.AddPortgroup(ctx, []types.DVPortgroupConfigSpec{spec})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if err = task.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
				return err
			}

			// Use the 1st DVPG for the VMs eth0 backing
			if npg == 0 {
				// AddPortgroup_Task does not return the moid, so we look it up by name
				net := ctx.Map.Get(folders.NetworkFolder.Reference()).(*Folder)
				pg := ctx.Map.FindByName(name, net.ChildEntity)

				vmnet, _ = object.NewDistributedVirtualPortgroup(client, pg.Reference()).EthernetCardBackingInfo(ctx)
			}
		}

		for npg := 0; npg < m.PortgroupNSX; npg++ {
			name := m.fmtName(dcName+"_NSXPG", npg)
			spec := types.DVPortgroupConfigSpec{
				Name:        name,
				Type:        string(types.DistributedVirtualPortgroupPortgroupTypeEarlyBinding),
				BackingType: string(types.DistributedVirtualPortgroupBackingTypeNsx),
			}

			task, err := dvs.AddPortgroup(ctx, []types.DVPortgroupConfigSpec{spec})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if err = task.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		// Must use simulator methods directly for OpaqueNetwork
		networkFolder := ctx.Map.Get(folders.NetworkFolder.Reference()).(*Folder)

		for i := 0; i < m.OpaqueNetwork; i++ {
			var summary types.OpaqueNetworkSummary
			summary.Name = m.fmtName(dcName+"_NSX", i)
			err := networkFolder.AddOpaqueNetwork(ctx, summary)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		for nhost := 0; nhost < m.Host; nhost++ {
			name := m.fmtName(dcName+"_H", nhost)

			host, err := addHost(name, func(spec types.HostConnectSpec) (*object.Task, error) {
				return folders.HostFolder.AddStandaloneHost(ctx, spec, true, nil, nil)
			})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			addMachine(name, host, nil, folders)
		}

		for ncluster := 0; ncluster < m.Cluster; ncluster++ {
			clusterName := m.fmtName(dcName+"_C", ncluster)

			cluster, err := folders.HostFolder.CreateCluster(ctx, clusterName, types.ClusterConfigSpecEx{})
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			for nhost := 0; nhost < m.ClusterHost; nhost++ {
				name := m.fmtName(clusterName+"_H", nhost)

				_, err = addHost(name, func(spec types.HostConnectSpec) (*object.Task, error) {
					return cluster.AddHost(ctx, spec, true, nil, nil)
				})
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}

			rootRP, err := cluster.ResourcePool(ctx)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}

			prefix := clusterName + "_RP"

			// put VMs in cluster RP if no child RP(s) configured
			if m.Pool == 0 {
				addMachine(prefix+"0", nil, rootRP, folders)
			}

			// create child RP(s) with VMs
			for childRP := 1; childRP <= m.Pool; childRP++ {
				spec := types.DefaultResourceConfigSpec()

				p, err := rootRP.Create(ctx, m.fmtName(prefix, childRP), spec)
				addMachine(m.fmtName(prefix, childRP), nil, p, folders)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
			}

			prefix = clusterName + "_APP"

			for napp := 0; napp < m.App; napp++ {
				rspec := types.DefaultResourceConfigSpec()
				vspec := NewVAppConfigSpec()
				name := m.fmtName(prefix, napp)

				vapp, err := rootRP.CreateVApp(ctx, name, rspec, vspec, nil)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}

				addMachine(name, nil, vapp.ResourcePool, folders)
			}
		}

		hostMap[dcName] = hosts
		hosts = nil
	}

	if m.ServiceContent.RootFolder == esx.RootFolder.Reference() {
		// ESX model
		host := object.NewHostSystem(client, esx.HostSystem.Reference())

		dc := object.NewDatacenter(client, esx.Datacenter.Reference())
		folders, err := dc.Folders(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		hostMap[dc.Reference().Value] = append(hosts, host)

		addMachine(host.Reference().Value, host, nil, folders)
	}

	for dc, dchosts := range hostMap {
		for i := 0; i < m.Datastore; i++ {
			err := m.createLocalDatastore(dc, m.fmtName("LocalDS_", i), dchosts)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	for _, createVM := range vms {
		err := createVM()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Turn on delay AFTER we're done building the service content
	m.Service.delay = &m.DelayConfig

	return nil
}

func (m *Model) createTempDir(dc string, name string) (string, error) {
	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", fmt.Sprintf("govcsim-%s-%s-", dc, name))
	if err == nil {
		m.dirs = append(m.dirs, dir)
	}
	return dir, err
}

func (m *Model) createLocalDatastore(dc string, name string, hosts []*object.HostSystem) error {
	ctx := context.Background()
	dir, err := m.createTempDir(dc, name)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, host := range hosts {
		dss, err := host.ConfigManager().DatastoreSystem(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		_, err = dss.CreateLocalDatastore(ctx, name, dir)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Remove cleans up items created by the Model, such as local datastore directories
func (m *Model) Remove() {
	// Remove associated vm containers, if any
	Map.m.Lock()
	for _, obj := range Map.objects {
		if vm, ok := obj.(*VirtualMachine); ok {
			vm.svm.remove(SpoofContext())
		}
	}
	Map.m.Unlock()

	for _, dir := range m.dirs {
		_ = os.RemoveAll(dir)
	}
}

// Run calls f with a Client connected to a simulator server instance, which is stopped after f returns.
func (m *Model) Run(f func(context.Context, *vim25.Client) error) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	defer m.Remove()

	if m.Service == nil {
		err := m.Create()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		// Only force TLS if the provided model didn't have any Service.
		m.Service.TLS = new(tls.Config)
	}

	m.Service.RegisterEndpoints = true

	s := m.Service.NewServer()
	defer s.Close()

	c, err := govmomi.NewClient(ctx, s.URL, true)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	defer c.Logout(ctx)

	return f(ctx, c.Client)
}

// Run calls Model.Run for each model and will panic if f returns an error.
// If no model is specified, the VPX Model is used by default.
func Run(f func(context.Context, *vim25.Client) error, model ...*Model) {
	m := model
	if len(m) == 0 {
		m = []*Model{VPX()}
	}

	for i := range m {
		err := m[i].Run(f)
		if err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
	}
}

// Test calls Run and expects the caller propagate any errors, via testing.T for example.
func Test(f func(context.Context, *vim25.Client), model ...*Model) {
	Run(func(ctx context.Context, c *vim25.Client) error {
		f(ctx, c)
		return nil
	}, model...)
}

// RunContainer runs a vm container with the given args
func RunContainer(ctx context.Context, c *vim25.Client, vm mo.Reference, args string) error {
	obj, ok := vm.(*object.VirtualMachine)
	if !ok {
		obj = object.NewVirtualMachine(c, vm.Reference())
	}

	task, err := obj.PowerOff(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_ = task.Wait(ctx) // ignore InvalidPowerState if already off

	task, err = obj.Reconfigure(ctx, types.VirtualMachineConfigSpec{
		ExtraConfig: []types.BaseOptionValue{&types.OptionValue{Key: "RUN.container", Value: args}},
	})
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err = task.Wait(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	task, err = obj.PowerOn(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return task.Wait(ctx)
}

// delay sleeps according to DelayConfig. If no delay specified, returns immediately.
func (dc *DelayConfig) delay(method string) {
	d := 0
	if dc.Delay > 0 {
		d = dc.Delay
	}
	if md, ok := dc.MethodDelay[method]; ok {
		d += md
	}
	if dc.DelayJitter > 0 {
		d += int(rand.NormFloat64() * dc.DelayJitter * float64(d))
	}
	if d > 0 {
		//fmt.Printf("Delaying method %s %d ms\n", method, d)
		time.Sleep(time.Duration(d) * time.Millisecond)
	}
}