:abbr:`DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network)` is a dynamic :abbr:`VPN (Virtual Private Network)` technology originally developed by Cisco. While their implementation was somewhat proprietary, the underlying technologies are actually standards based. The three technologies are:
- :abbr:`NHRP (Next Hop Resolution Protocol)` RFC 2332
- :abbr:`mGRE (Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation)` RFC 1702
- :abbr:`IPSec (IP Security)` - too many RFCs to list, but start with RFC 4301
NHRP provides the dynamic tunnel endpoint discovery mechanism (endpoint registration, and endpoint discovery/lookup), mGRE provides the tunnel encapsulation itself, and the IPSec protocols handle the key exchange, and crypto mechanism.
In short, DMVPN provides the capability for creating a dynamic-mesh VPN network without having to pre-configure (static) all possible tunnel end-point peers.
Note
DMVPN only automates the tunnel endpoint discovery and setup. A complete solution also incorporates the use of a routing protocol. BGP is particularly well suited for use with DMVPN.
Baseline DMVPN topology
- Please refer to the :ref:`tunnel-interface` documentation for the individual tunnel related options.
- Please refer to the :ref:`ipsec` documentation for the individual IPSec related options.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> cisco-authentication <secret> Enables Cisco style authentication on NHRP packets. This embeds the secret plaintext password to the outgoing NHRP packets. Incoming NHRP packets on this interface are discarded unless the secret password is present. Maximum length of the secret is 8 characters.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> dynamic-map <address> nbma-domain-name <fqdn> Specifies that the :abbr:`NBMA (Non-broadcast multiple-access network)` addresses of the next hop servers are defined in the domain name nbma-domain-name. For each A record opennhrp creates a dynamic NHS entry. Each dynamic NHS will get a peer entry with the configured network address and the discovered NBMA address. The first registration request is sent to the protocol broadcast address, and the server's real protocol address is dynamically detected from the first registration reply.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> holding-time <timeout> Specifies the holding time for NHRP Registration Requests and Resolution Replies sent from this interface or shortcut-target. The holdtime is specified in seconds and defaults to two hours.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> map cisco If the statically mapped peer is running Cisco IOS, specify the cisco keyword. It is used to fix statically the Registration Request ID so that a matching Purge Request can be sent if NBMA address has changed. This is to work around broken IOS which requires Purge Request ID to match the original Registration Request ID.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> map nbma-address <address> Creates static peer mapping of protocol-address to :abbr:`NBMA (Non-broadcast multiple-access network)` address. If the IP prefix mask is present, it directs opennhrp to use this peer as a next hop server when sending Resolution Requests matching this subnet. This is also known as the HUBs IP address or FQDN.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> map register The optional parameter register specifies that Registration Request should be sent to this peer on startup. This option is required when running a DMVPN spoke.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> multicast <dynamic | nhs>
Determines how opennhrp daemon should soft switch the multicast traffic.
Currently, multicast traffic is captured by opennhrp daemon using a packet
socket, and resent back to proper destinations. This means that multicast
packet sending is CPU intensive.
Specfying nhs makes all multicast packets to be repeated to each statically
configured next hop.
Synamic instructs to forward to all peers which we have a direct connection
with. Alternatively, you can specify the directive multiple times for each
protocol-address the multicast traffic should be sent to.
.. warning:: It is very easy to misconfigure multicast repeating if you have
multiple NHSes.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> non-caching Disables caching of peer information from forwarded NHRP Resolution Reply packets. This can be used to reduce memory consumption on big NBMA subnets. .. note:: Currently does not do much as caching is not implemented.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> redirect Enable sending of Cisco style NHRP Traffic Indication packets. If this is enabled and opennhrp detects a forwarded packet, it will send a message to the original sender of the packet instructing it to create a direct connection with the destination. This is basically a protocol independent equivalent of ICMP redirect.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> shortcut Enable creation of shortcut routes. A received NHRP Traffic Indication will trigger the resolution and establishment of a shortcut route.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> shortcut-destination This instructs opennhrp to reply with authorative answers on NHRP Resolution Requests destinied to addresses in this interface (instead of forwarding the packets). This effectively allows the creation of shortcut routes to subnets located on the interface. When specified, this should be the only keyword for the interface.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> shortcut-target <address> Defines an off-NBMA network prefix for which the GRE interface will act as a gateway. This an alternative to defining local interfaces with shortcut-destination flag.
.. cfgcmd:: set protocols nhrp tunnel <tunnel> shortcut-target <address> holding-time <timeout> Specifies the holding time for NHRP Registration Requests and Resolution Replies sent from this interface or shortcut-target. The holdtime is specified in seconds and defaults to two hours.
This blueprint uses VyOS as the DMVPN Hub and Cisco (7206VXR) and VyOS as multiple spoke sites. The lab was build using :abbr:`EVE-NG (Emulated Virtual Environment NG)`.
DMVPN example network
Each node (Hub and Spoke) uses an IP address from the network 172.16.253.128/29.
The below referenced IP address 192.0.2.1 is used as example address representing a global unicast address under which the HUB can be contacted by each and every individual spoke.
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address 192.0.2.1/24
set interfaces tunnel tun100 address '172.16.253.134/29'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 encapsulation 'gre'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 source-address '192.0.2.1'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 multicast 'enable'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 parameters ip key '1'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 cisco-authentication 'secret'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 holding-time '300'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 multicast 'dynamic'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 redirect
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 shortcut
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB compression 'disable'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB lifetime '1800'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB mode 'transport'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB pfs 'dh-group2'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 1 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 2 encryption '3des'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 2 hash 'md5'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB ikev2-reauth 'no'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB key-exchange 'ikev1'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB lifetime '3600'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 dh-group '2'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 dh-group '2'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 encryption 'aes128'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec ipsec-interfaces interface 'eth0'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN authentication mode 'pre-shared-secret'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN authentication pre-shared-secret 'secret'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN bind tunnel 'tun100'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN esp-group 'ESP-HUB'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN ike-group 'IKE-HUB'
Note
Setting this up on AWS will require a "Custom Protocol Rule" for protocol number "47" (GRE) Allow Rule in TWO places. Firstly on the VPC Network ACL, and secondly on the security group network ACL attached to the EC2 instance. This has been tested as working for the official AMI image on the AWS Marketplace. (Locate the correct VPC and security group by navigating through the details pane below your EC2 instance in the AWS console).
The individual spoke configurations only differ in the local IP address on the
tun10 interface. See the above diagram for the individual IP addresses.
crypto keyring DMVPN
pre-shared-key address 192.0.2.1 key secret
!
crypto isakmp policy 10
encr aes 256
authentication pre-share
group 2
crypto isakmp invalid-spi-recovery
crypto isakmp keepalive 30 30 periodic
crypto isakmp profile DMVPN
keyring DMVPN
match identity address 192.0.2.1 255.255.255.255
!
crypto ipsec transform-set DMVPN-AES256 esp-aes 256 esp-sha-hmac
mode transport
!
crypto ipsec profile DMVPN
set security-association idle-time 720
set transform-set DMVPN-AES256
set isakmp-profile DMVPN
!
interface Tunnel10
! individual spoke tunnel IP must change
ip address 172.16.253.129 255.255.255.248
no ip redirects
ip nhrp authentication secret
ip nhrp map 172.16.253.134 192.0.2.1
ip nhrp map multicast 192.0.2.1
ip nhrp network-id 1
ip nhrp holdtime 600
ip nhrp nhs 172.16.253.134
ip nhrp registration timeout 75
tunnel source FastEthernet0/0
tunnel mode gre multipoint
tunnel protection ipsec profile DMVPN
tunnel key 1
!
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address dhcp
duplex half
VyOS can also run in DMVPN spoke mode.
set interfaces ethernet eth0 address 'dhcp'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 address '172.16.253.133/29'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 source-address 0.0.0.0
set interfaces tunnel tun100 encapsulation 'gre'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 multicast 'enable'
set interfaces tunnel tun100 parameters ip key '1'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 cisco-authentication 'secret'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 holding-time '300'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 map 172.16.253.134/29 nbma-address '192.0.2.1'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 map 172.16.253.134/29 register
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 multicast 'nhs'
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 redirect
set protocols nhrp tunnel tun100 shortcut
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB compression 'disable'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB lifetime '1800'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB mode 'transport'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB pfs 'dh-group2'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 1 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 2 encryption '3des'
set vpn ipsec esp-group ESP-HUB proposal 2 hash 'md5'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB close-action 'none'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB ikev2-reauth 'no'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB key-exchange 'ikev1'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB lifetime '3600'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 dh-group '2'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 1 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 dh-group '2'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 encryption 'aes128'
set vpn ipsec ike-group IKE-HUB proposal 2 hash 'sha1'
set vpn ipsec ipsec-interfaces interface 'eth0'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN authentication mode 'pre-shared-secret'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN authentication pre-shared-secret 'secret'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN bind tunnel 'tun100'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN esp-group 'ESP-HUB'
set vpn ipsec profile NHRPVPN ike-group 'IKE-HUB'