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<pre class='metadata'>
Title: Open Screen Protocol
Shortname: openscreenprotocol
Level: 1
Status: w3c/ED
ED: https://webscreens.github.io/openscreenprotocol/
Canonical URL: ED
Editor: Mark Foltz, Google, https://github.com/mfoltzgoogle, w3cid 68454
Repository: webscreens/openscreenprotocol
Abstract: The Open Screen Protocol is a suite of network protocols that allow
user agents to implement the [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]] and
the [[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]] in an interoperable
fashion.
Group: Second Screen Community Group
Mailing List: public-webscreens@w3c.org
Mailing List Archives: https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webscreens/
Markup Shorthands: markdown yes, dfn yes, idl yes
</pre>
<p boilerplate="copyright">
<a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
Copyright</a> © [YEAR] the Contributors to the [TITLE] Specification,
published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/webscreens/">
Second Screen Community Group</a> under the
<a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/">
W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a>. A human-readable
<a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla-deed/">summary</a>
is available.
</p>
Issue: Add short names to Presentation API spec, so that BS autolinking works as designed.
Issue: Can autolinks to HTML51 be automatically generated?
<pre class="anchors">
urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/presentation-api/#dfn-; type: dfn; spec: PRESENTATION-API
text: available presentation display
text: controller
text: controlling user agent
text: controlling browsing context
text: presentation
text: presentation display
text: presentation display availability
text: presentation id
text: presentation request url
text: receiver
text: receiving browsing context
text: receiving user agent
text: available presentation display
urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/presentation-api/; type: interface; spec: PRESENTATION-API
text: PresentationConnection
urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/remote-playback/#dfn-; type: dfn; spec: REMOTE-PLAYBACK
text: availability sources set
text: compatible remote playback device
text: initiate remote playback
text: media element state
text: media resources
text: remote playback devices
text: remote playback source
urlPrefix: https://www.w3.org/TR/html51/single-page.html; type: dfn; spec: HTML51
text: media element
</pre>
<h2 class='no-num no-toc no-ref' id='status'>Status of this document</h2>
This specification was published by the [Second Screen Community
Group](https://www.w3.org/community/webscreens/). It is not a W3C Standard nor
is it on the W3C Standards Track. It should not be viewed as a stable
specification, and may change in substantial ways at any time. A future version
of this document will be published as a Community Group Report.
Please note that under the [W3C Community Contributor License Agreement
(CLA)](https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/) there is a limited
opt-out and other conditions apply.
Learn more about [W3C Community and Business
Groups](http://www.w3.org/community/).
Introduction {#introduction}
============================
The Open Screen Protocol connects browsers to devices capable of rendering Web
content for a shared audience. Typically, these are devices like
Internet-connected TVs, HDMI dongles, or "smart" speakers.
The protocol is a suite of subsidiary network protocols that enable two user
agents to implement the [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]] and
[[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]] in an interoperable fashion. This means
that a user can expect these APIs work as intended when connecting two devices
from independent implementations of the Open Screen Protocol.
The Open Screen Protocol is a specific implementation of these two APIs, meaning
that it does not handle all possible ways that browsers and presentation
displays could support these APIs. The Open Screen Protocol specifically
supports browsers and displays that are connected via the same local area
network, and that initiate presentation or remote playback by sending a URL
from the browser to the target display.
The Open Screen Protocol is intended to be extensible, so that additional
capabilities can be added over time. This may include new implementations of
existing APIs, or new APIs.
Terminology {#terminology}
--------------------------
We use the term "agent" to mean any implementation of this protocol
(browser, device, or otherwise), acting as a controller or a receiver.
We borrow terminology from the [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]]. We call
the agent that is used to discover and initiate presentation of Web content on
another device the [=controller=] (or [=controlling user agent=] when it is a
browser). We call the agent on the device rendering the Web content the
[=receiver=] or [=presentation display=] (or [=receiving user agent=] when it is
a browser). [=presentation display availability=] refers to whether or not a
[=receiver=] is compatible with a [=presentation request URL=]. However, in the
[[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]], a "controller" refers to as a specific
browsing context within the browser, whereas here the "controller" refers to the
browser itself, although it may be acting on behalf of a browsing context.
We borrow terminology from the [[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]]. The
agent responsible for rendering media of a remote playback is called the
[=remote playback device=]. In this document, we also refer to it as the
*receiver* because it is shorter and keeps terminology consistent between
presentations and remote playbacks. Similarly, we use the term "controller"
(referred to as the "user agent" in the [[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]])
to refer to the agent that starts, terminates, and controls the remote playback.
For media streaming, we refer to the agent sending media as the media
*sender* and the agent receiving the media as the media *receiver*.
Note that a media *receiver* may or may not be a *receiver* or
*controller* as defined by the Presentation API or Remote Playback
API. Also note that an agent may be both a *sender* and *receiver*.
For additional terms and idioms specific to the [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation
API]] or [[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]], please consult the respective
specifications.
Issue(144): Receiver/Controller/Agent terminology.
Requirements {#requirements}
============================
Presentation API Requirements {#requirements-presentation-api}
--------------------------------------------------------------
1. A controlling user agent must be able to discover the presence of a
presentation display connected to the same IPv4 or IPv6 subnet and reachable
by IP multicast.
2. A controlling user agent must be able to obtain the IPv4 or IPv6 address of
the display, a friendly name for the display, and an IP port number for
establishing a network transport to the display.
3. A controlling user agent must be able to determine if the receiver is
reasonably capable of rendering a specific [=presentation request URL=].
4. A controlling user agent must be able to start a new presentation on a receiver given a
[=presentation request URL=] and [=presentation ID=].
5. A controlling user agent must be able to create a new
{{PresentationConnection}} to an existing presentation on the
receiver, given its [=presentation request URL=] and [=presentation ID=].
6. It must be possible to close a {{PresentationConnection}} between a
controller and a presentation, and signal both parties with the
reason why the connection was closed.
7. Multiple controllers must be able to connect to a single presentation
simultaneously, possibly from from one or more [=controlling user agents=].
8. Messages sent by the controller must be delivered to the presentation (or
vice versa) in a reliable and in-order fashion.
9. If a message cannot be delivered, then the controlling user agent must be
able to signal the receiver (or vice versa) that the connection should be
closed with reason `error`.
10. The controller and presentation must be able to send and receive `DOMString`
messages (represented as `string` type in ECMAScript).
11. The controller and presentation must be able to send and receive binary
messages (represented as `Blob` objects in HTML5, or `ArrayBuffer` or
`ArrayBufferView` types in ECMAScript).
12. The controlling user agent must be able to signal to the receiver to
terminate a presentation, given its [=presentation request URL=] and [=presentation
ID=].
13. The receiver must be able to signal all connected controlling user agents
when a presentation is terminated.
Remote Playback API Requirements {#requirements-remote-playback}
----------------------------------------------------------------
1. A [=controlling user agent=] must be able to find out whether there is at
least one compatible [=remote playback device=] available for a given
{{HTMLMediaElement}}, both instantaneously and continuously.
2. A controlling user agent must be able to to [=initiate remote playback=] of
an {{HTMLMediaElement}} to a compatible remote playback device.
3. The controlling user agent must be able send media sources as URLs and text
tracks from an {{HTMLMediaElement}} to a compatible remote playback device.
4. During remote playback, the controlling user agent and the remote playback
device must be able to synchronize the [=media element state=] of the
{{HTMLMediaElement}}.
5. During remote playback, either the controlling user agent or the
remote playback device must be able to disconnect from the other party.
6. The controlling user agent should be able to pass locale and text
direction information to the remote playback device to assist in rendering
text during remote playback.
Non-Functional Requirements {#requirements-non-functional}
----------------------------------------------------------
1. It should be possible to implement an Open Screen presentation display using
modest hardware requirements, similar to what is found in a low end
smartphone, smart TV or streaming device. See the [Device
Specifications](device_specs.md) document for expected presentation display
hardware specifications.
2. It should be possible to implement an Open Screen controlling user agent on a
low-end smartphone. See the [Device Specifications](device_specs.md) document
for expected controlling user agent hardware specifications.
3. The discovery and connection protocols should minimize power consumption,
especially on the controlling user agent which is likely to be battery
powered.
4. The protocol should minimize the amount of information provided to a passive
network observer about the identity of the user, activity on the controlling
user agent and activity on the receiver.
5. The protocol should prevent passive network eavesdroppers from learning
presentation URLs, presentation IDs, or the content of presentation messages
passed between controllers and presentations.
6. The protocol should prevent active network attackers from impersonating a
display and observing or altering data intended for the controller or
presentation.
7. The controlling user agent should be able to discover quickly when a
presentation display becomes available or unavailable (i.e., when it connects
or disconnects from the network).
8. The controlling user agent should present sensible information to the user
when a protocol operation fails. For example, if a controlling user agent is
unable to start a presentation, it should be possible to report in the
controlling user agent interface if it was a network error, authentication
error, or the presentation content failed to load.
9. The controlling user agent should be able to remember authenticated
presentation displays. This means it is not required for the user to
intervene and re-authenticate each time the controlling user agent connects
to a pre-authenticated display.
10. Message latency between the controller and a presentation should be minimized
to permit interactive use. For example, it should be comfortable to type in
a form in the controller and have the text appear in the presentation in real
time. Real-time latency for gaming or mouse use is ideal, but not a
requirement.
11. The controlling user agent initiating a presentation should communicate its
preferred locale to the receiver, so it can render the presentation content
in that locale.
12. It should be possible to extend the control protocol (above the discovery and
transport levels) with optional features not defined explicitly by the
specification, to facilitate experimentation and enhancement of the base
APIs.
Discovery with mDNS {#discovery}
===============================
Agents may discover one another using [[RFC6763|DNS-SD]] over [[RFC6762|mDNS]].
To do so, agents must use the service name "_openscreen._udp.local".
Issue(107): Define suspend and resume behavior for discovery protocol.
Advertising Agents must use an instance name that is a prefix of the agent's
display name. If the instance name is not the complete display name (if it has
been truncated), it must be terminated by a null character. It is prefix so
that the name displayed to the user pre-verification can be verified later. It
is terminated by a null character in the case of truncation so that the
listening agent knows it has been truncated. This complexity is necessary to
all for display names that exceed the size allowed in an instance name and for
such (possibly truncated) display names to be visible to the user sooner
(before a QUIC connection is made). Listening agents must treat instance names
as unverified and must verify that the instance name is a prefix of the verified
display name before showing the user a verified display name.
Advertising agents must include DNS TXT records with the following
keys and values:
: fp
:: The certificate fingerprint of the advertising agent.
The format of the fingerprint is defined by [RFC 8122 section
5](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8122#section-5), excluding the
"fingerprint:" prefix and including the hash function, space, and hex-encoded
fingerprint. The fingerprint value also functions as an ID for the agent.
All agents must support the following hash functions: "sha-256", "sha-512".
Agents must not support the following hash functions: "md2", "md5".
Issue: Include cross references to the specs for these hash functions.
: mv
:: An unsigned integer value that indicates that
metadata has changed. The advertising agent must update it to a greater
value. This signals to the listening agent that it should connect to the
advertising agent to discover updated metadata.
Issue: Add examples of sample mDNS records.
Future extensions to this QUIC-based protocol can use the same metadata
discovery process to indicate support for those extensions, through a
capabilities mechanism to be determined. If a future version of the Open Screen
Protocol uses mDNS but breaks compatibility with the metadata discovery process,
it should change the DNS-SD service name to a new value, indicating a new
mechanism for metadata discovery.
Transport and metadata discovery with QUIC {#transport}
=======================================================
If an agent wants to connect to or learn further metadata about another agent,
it initiates a [[QUIC]] connection to the IP and port from the SRV record.
Prior to authentication, a message may be exchanged (such as further metadata),
but such info should be treated as unverified (such as indicating to a user that
a display name of an unauthenticated agent is unverified).
The connection IDs used both by the [[QUIC]] client and server should
be zero length. If zero length connection IDs are chosen, agents are
restricted from changing IP or port without establshing a new QUIC
connection. In such cases, clients and servers must establish a new
QUIC connection in order to change IP or port.
To learn further metadata, an agent may send an agent-info-request
message (see [[#appendix-a]]) and receive back an agent-info-response message.
Any agent may send this request to learn about the capabilities of
another device.
The agent-info-response message contains the following properties:
: display-name (required)
:: The display name of the agent, intended to be displayed to a user by the
requester. The requester should indicate through the UI if the responder
is not authenticated or if the display name changes.
: model-name (optional)
:: If the agent is a hardware device, the model name of
the device. This is used mainly for debugging purposes, but may be
displayed to the user of the requesting agent.
: receives-audio (optional)
:: The agent has to indicate that it supports audio. If false
or not included, it is assumed audio content is not supported.
: receives-video (optional)
:: The agent has to indicate that it supports video . If false
or not included, it is assumed video content is not supported.
Listening agents act as QUIC clients. Advertising agents act as QUIC servers.
If a listening agent wishes to receive messages from an advertising agent or an
advertising agent wishes to send messages to a listening agent, it may wish to
keep the QUIC connection alive. Once neither side needs to keep the connection
alive for the purposes of sending or receiving messages, the connection should
be closed with an error code of 5139. In order to keep a QUIC connection alive, an
agent may send an agent-status-request message, and any agent that receives an
agent-status-request message should send an agent-status-response message. Such
messages should be sent more frequently than the QUIC idle_timeout transport
parameter (see section 18 of [[QUIC]]) and QUIC PING
frames should not be used. An idle_timeout transport parameter of 25 seconds is
recommended. The agent should behave as though a timer less than the
idle_timeout were reset every time a message is sent on a QUIC stream. If the
timer expires, a agent-status-request message should be sent.
If a client agent wishes to send messages to a server agent, the client
agent can connect to the server agent "on demand"; it does not need to
keep the connection alive.
Issue(108): Define suspend and resume behavior for connection protocol.
The agent-info-response message and agent-status-response messages may be
extended to include additional information not defined in this spec. If done
ad-hoc by applications and not in future specs, keys should be chosen to avoid
collision, such as by choosing large integers or long strings. Agents must
ignore keys in the agent-info-message that it does not understand to allow
agents to easily extend this message.
Messages delivery using CBOR and QUIC streams {#messages}
========================================================
Messages are serialized using [[RFC7049|CBOR]]. To
send a group of messages in order, that group of messages must be sent in one
QUIC stream. Independent groups of messages (with no ordering dependency
across groups) should be sent in different QUIC streams. In order to put
multiple CBOR-serialized messages into the the same QUIC stream, the following
is used.
For each message, the sender must write to the QUIC stream the following:
1. A type key representing the type of the message, encoded as a variable-length
integer (see [[#appendix-a]] for type keys)
2. The message encoded as CBOR.
If an agent receives a message for which it does not recognize a
type key, it must close the QUIC connection with an application error
code of 404 and should include the unknown type key in the reason phrase
(see [[QUIC#section-19.4|QUIC transport section 19.4]]).
Variable-length integers are encoded in the same format as defined by
[[QUIC#section-16| QUIC transport section 16]].
Many messages are requests and responses, so a common format is defined for
those. A request and a response includes a request ID which is an unsigned
integer chosen by the requester. Responses must include the request ID of the
request they are associated with.
Issue(139): Clarify scoping/uniqueness of request IDs.
Authentication {#authentication}
================================
Each supported authentication method is implemeted via authentication messages
specific to that method. The authentication method is explicitly specified by
the message itself. The authentication status message is common for all authentication
methods. Any new authentication method added must define new authentication messages.
The default authentication method is a challenge-response authentication with
auth-request-hkdf-scrypt-psk and auth-response-hkdf-scrypt-psk-result.
Prior to authentication, agents exchange auth-capabilities messages specifying
pre-shared key (PSK) ease of input for the user and supported PSK input methods.
The agent with the lowest PSK ease of input presents a PSK to the user when the agent
either sends or receives an authentication request. In case both agents have the same
PSK ease of input value, the server presents the PSK to the user. The same pre-shared key
is used by both agents. The agent presenting the PSK to the user is the PSK-presenter,
the agent requiring the user to input the PSK is the PSK-consumer.
PSK ease of input is an integer in the range from 0 to 100 inclusive, where 0 means
it is not possible for the user to input PSK on this device and 100 means
that it's easy for the user to input PSK on the device. Supported PSK input methods
are numeric and scanning a QR-code. Devices with non-zero PSK ease of input must
support the numeric PSK input method.
For all messages and objects defined in this section, see Appendix A for the full
CDDL definitions.
The default authentication method is
[\SPAKE2](https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-spake2-08) with the following
cipher suite:
1. Elliptic curve is Curve25519
2. Hash function is SHA-512.
3. Key derivation function is HKDF.
4. Message authentication code is HMAC.
5. Password hash function is SHA-512.
Open Screen Protocol does not use a memory-hard hash function to hash PSKs
with SPAKE2 and uses SHA-512 instead as the PSK is one-time use and
is not stored in any form.
SPAKE2 provides explicit mutual authentication.
This authentication method assumes the agents share a low-entropy secret,
such as a number or a short password that could be entered by a user on a
phone, a keyboard or a TV remote control.
SPAKE2 is not symmetric and has two roles, Alice (A) and Bob (B).
The client acts as Alice, the server acts as Bob.
The messages used in this authentication method are: auth-spake2-need-psk,
auth-spake2-message, auth-spake2-confirmation and auth-status.
[\SPAKE2](https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-cfrg-spake2-08) describes in detail
how auth-spake2-message and auth-spake2-confirmation are computed.
If the PSK-presenter wants to perform authentication, the PSK-presenter
starts authentication process by presenting the PSK to the user and sending
auth-spake2-message message.
If the PSK-consumer wants to perform authentication, the PSK-consumer
sends auth-spake2-need-psk message to the PSK-presenter to start authentication
process. After the user inputs the PSK into the PSK-consumer,
the PSK-consumer computes and sends auth-spake2-message.
If the PSK-presenter receives a auth-spake2-need-psk message after starting authentication
from their side, the PSK-presenter ignores the auth-spake2-need-psk message.
When either agent knows PSK and has received a auth-spake2-message message,
the agent computes and sends a auth-spake2-confirmation message.
When either agent has received both auth-spake2-message and auth-spake2-confirmation messages,
the agent validates the confirmation message and sends the auth-status authenticated message.
Control Protocols {#control-protocols}
============================
Presentation Protocol {#presentation-protocol}
---------------------------------------------
This section defines the use of the Open Screen Protocol for starting,
terminating, and controlling presentations as defined by
[[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]]. [[#presentation-api]]
defines how APIs in [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]] map to the
protocol messages defined in this section.
For all messages defined in this section, see [[#appendix-a]] for the full
CDDL definitions.
Issue(123): Add a capability that indicates support for the presentation protocol.
Issue(160): Refinements to Presentation API protocol.
To learn which receivers are [=available presentation displays=] for a
particular URL or set of URLs, the controller may send a
presentation-url-availability-request message with the following values:
: urls
:: A list of presentation URLs. Must not be empty.
: watch-duration
:: The period of time that the controller is interested in receiving updates
about their URLs, should the availability change.
: watch-id
:: An identifier the receiver must use when sending updates about URL
availability so that the controller knows which URLs the receiver is referring
to. The controller must choose a value that is unique across all
presentation URL availability watches to the same receiver.
Issue(145): Watch ID Uniqueness.
In response, the receiver should send one presentation-url-availability-response
message with the following values:
: url-availabilities
:: A list of URL availability states. Each state must correspond to the matching URL
from the request by list index.
While the watch is valid (the watch-duration has not expired), the receivers
should send remote-playback-availability-event messages when URL availabilities change.
Such events contain the following values:
: watch-id
:: The watch-id given in the presentation-url-availability-response,
used to refer to the presentation URLs whose availability has changed.
: url-availabilities
:: A list of URL availability states. Each state must correspond to the URLs from the
request referred to by the watch-id.
Note that these messages are not broadcasted to all controllers. They are sent
individually to controllers that have requested availability for the URLs that
have changed in availability state within the watch duration of the original
availability request.
To save power, the controller may disconnect the QUIC connection and
later reconnect to send availability requests and receive availability
responses and updates. The QUIC connection ID may or may not be the same
when reconnecting. Note that the lifetime of a watch-id is not limited
to one QUIC connection. The receiver must continue sending updates for watches
even if the QUIC connection changes, and thus controller need not send
new URL availability requests if the QUIC connection changes.
To start a presentation, the controller may send a
presentation-start-request message to the receiver with the following
values:
: presentation-id
:: The presentation identifier
: url
:: The selected presentation URL
: headers
:: headers that the receiver should use to fetch the
presentationUrl. For example,
[[PRESENTATION-API#establishing-a-presentation-connection|section 6.6.1]] of
the Presentation API says that the Accept-Language header should be
provided.
The presentation ID must follow the restrictions defined by
[[PRESENTATION-API#common-idioms|section 6.1]] of the Presentation API, in that
it must consist of at least 16 ASCII characters.
When the receiver receives the presentation-start-request, it should send back a
presentation-start-response message after either the presentation URL has been
fetched and loaded, or the receiver has failed to do so. If it has failed, it
must respond with the appropriate result (such as invalid-url or timeout). If
it has succeeded, it must reply with a success result. Additionally, the
response must include the following:
: connection-id
:: An ID that both agents can use to send connection messages
to each other. It is chosen by the receiver for ease of implementation: if
the message receiver chooses the connection-id, it may keep the ID unique
across connections, thus making message demuxing/routing easier.
To send a presentation message, the controller or receiver may send a
presentation-connection-message with the following values:
: connection-id
:: The ID from the presentation-start-response or
presentation-connection-open-response messages.
: message
:: The presentation message data.
To terminate a presentation, the controller may send a
presentation-termination-request message with the following values:
: presentation-id
:: The ID of the presentation to terminate.
: reason
:: The reason the presentation is being terminated.
When a [=receiver=] receives a presentation-termination-request, it should
send back a presentation-termination-response message to the requesting
controller. It should also notify other controllers about the termination by sending
a presentation-termination-event message. And it can send the same message if
it terminates a presentation without a request from a controller to do so. This
message contains the following values:
: presentation-id
:: The ID of the presentation that was terminated.
: reason
:: The reason the presentation was terminated.
To accept incoming connections requests from controller, a receiver
must receive and process the presentation-connection-open-request
message which contains the following values:
: presentation-id
:: The ID of the presentation to connect to.
: url
:: The URL of the presentation to connect to.
The receiver should, upon receipt of a
presentation-connection-open-request message, send back a
presentation-connection-open-response message which contains the
following values:
: result
:: a code indicating success or failure, and the reason for the failure
: connection-id
:: An ID that both agents can use to send connection messages
to each other. It is chosen by the receiver for ease of implementation (if
the message receiver chooses the connection-id, it may keep the ID unique
across connections, thus making message demuxing/routing easier).
A controller may terminate a connection without terminating the presentation by
sending a presentation-connection-close-request message with the following
values:
: connection-id
:: The ID of the connection to close.
Issue(124): Is a Presentation close/terminate from a controller a request/response or event?
The receiver should, upon receipt of a presentation-connection-close-request,
send back a presentation-connection-close-response message with the following
values:
: result
:: If the close succeed or failed, and if it failed why it failed.
Issue(138): Remove presentation-connection-close-response message.
The receiver may also close a connection without a request from the controller
to do so and without terminating a presentation. If it does so, it should send
a presentation-connection-close-event to the controller with the following
values:
: connection-id
:: The ID of the connection that was closed
: reason
:: The reason the connection was closed
: error-message
:: A debug message suitable for a log or perhaps presented to
the user with more explanation as to why it was closed.
Presentation API {#presentation-api}
---------------------------------------------
This section defines how the [[PRESENTATION-API|Presentation API]] uses the
[[#presentation-protocol]].
When [[PRESENTATION-API#the-list-of-available-presentation-displays|section
6.4.2]] says "This list of presentation displays ... is populated based on an
implementation specific discovery mechanism", the [=controlling user agent=] may
use the mDNS, QUIC, agent-info-request, and
presentation-url-availability-request messages defined previously in this spec
to discover receivers.
When [[PRESENTATION-API#the-list-of-available-presentation-displays|section
6.4.2]] says "To further save power, ... implementation specific discovery of
presentation displays can be resumed or suspended.", the [=controlling user
agent=] may use the power saving mechanism defined in the previous section.
When [[PRESENTATION-API#starting-a-presentation-connection|section 6.3.4]] says
"Using an implementation specific mechanism, tell U to create a receiving
browsing context with D, presentationUrl, and I as parameters.", U (the
[=controlling user agent=]) may send a presentation-start-request message to D
(the receiver), with I for the presentation identifier and presentationUrl for
the selected presentation URL.
Issue: Once the Presentation API has text about reconnecting via an
implementation specific mechanism, quote that here and map it to a message.
When [[PRESENTATION-API#sending-a-message-through-presentationconnection|section
6.5.2]] says "Using an implementation specific mechanism, transmit the contents
of messageOrData as the presentation message data and messageType as the
presentation message type to the destination browsing context", the
[=controlling user agent=] may send a presentation-connection-message with
messageOrData for the presentation message data. Note that the messageType is
embedded in the encoded CBOR type and does not need an additional value in the
message.
When
[[PRESENTATION-API#terminating-a-presentation-in-a-controlling-browsing-context|section
6.5.6]] says "Send a termination request for the presentation to its receiving
user agent using an implementation specific mechanism", the [=controlling user
agent=] may send a presentation-termination-request message.
When [[PRESENTATION-API#monitoring-incoming-presentation-connections|section
6.7.1]]
says "it MUST listen to and accept incoming connection requests from a
controlling browsing context using an implementation specific
mechanism", the [=receiving user agent=] must receive and process the
presentation-connection-open-request.
When [[PRESENTATION-API#monitoring-incoming-presentation-connections|section
6.7.1]] says "Establish the connection between the controlling and receiving
browsing contexts using an implementation specific mechanism.", the [=receiving
user agent=], must send a presentation-connection-open-response message.
Remote Playback Protocol {#remote-playback-protocol}
----------------------------------------------------
This section defines the use of the Open Screen Protocol for starting, terminating,
and controlling remote playback of media as defined by the
[[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]]. [[#remote-playback-api]] defines how
APIs in [[REMOTE-PLAYBACK|Remote Playback API]] map to the protocol messages
defined in this section.
For all messages defined in this section, see Appendix A for the full
CDDL definitions.
Issue(123): Add a capability that indicates support for the remote playback protocol.
Issue(148): Make a required/default remote playback state table.
Issue(159): Refinements to Remote Playback protocol.
To learn which receivers are [=compatible remote playback device=]s (also called
available [=remote playback devices=]) for a particular URL or set of URLs, the
controller may send a remote-playback-availability-request message with the
following values:
: urls
:: A list of [=media resources=]. Must not be empty.
Issue(146): Remote Playback HTTP headers.
: headers
:: headers that the receiver should use to fetch the
urls. For example,
[[REMOTE-PLAYBACK#establishing-a-connection-with-a-remote-playback-device|section 6.2.4 of
the Remote Playback API]] says that the Accept-Language header should be
provided.
: watch-duration
:: The period of time that the controller is interested in receiving updates
about their URLs, should the availability change.
: watch-id
:: An identifier the receiver must use when sending updates about URL
availability so that the controller knows which URLs the receiver is referring
to. The controller must choose a value that is unique across all
remote playback availability watches to the same receiver.
In response, the receiver should send a remote-playback-availability-response
message with the following values:
: url-availabilities
:: A list of URL availability states. Each state must correspond to the matching URL
from the request by list index.
The receivers should later (up to the current time plus request
watch-duration) send remote-playback-availability-event messages if
URL availabilities change. Such events contain the following values:
: watch-id
:: The watch-id given in the remote-playback-url-availability-response,
used to refer to the remote playback URLs whose availability has changed.
: url-availabilities
:: A list of URL availability states. Each state must correspond to the URLs from the
request referred to by the watch-id.
Note that these messages are not broadcasted to all controllers. They are sent
individually to controllers that have requested availability for the URLs that
have changed in availability state within the watch duration of the original
availability request.
To save power, the controller may disconnect the QUIC connection and
later reconnect to send availability requests and receive availability
responses and updates. The QUIC connection ID may or may not be the same
when reconnecting. Note that the lifetime of a watch-id is not limited
to one QUIC connection. The receiver must continue sending updates for watches
even if the QUIC connection changes, and thus controller need not send
new URL availability requests if the QUIC connection changes.
To start remote playback, the controller may send a
remote-playback-start-request message to the receiver with the following
values:
: remote-playback-id
:: An identifier that uniquely identifies the remote playback from the
controller to the receiver. It does not need to be unique across all remote
playbacks from that controllers to all receivers nor unique across all remote
playbacks from all controllers to that receivers.
: urls
:: The [=media resources=] that the controller has selected for playback on the
receiver.
: text-track-urls
:: URLs of text tracks associated with the [=media resources=].
: controls
:: Initial controls for modifying the initial state of the remote playback, as
defined in [[#remote-playback-state-and-controls]]. The controller may send
controls that are optional for the receiver to support before it knows the
receiver supports them. If the receiver does not support them, it will
ignore them and the controller will learn that it does not support them from
the remote-playback-start-response message.
Issue(147): Remote playback ID uniqueness.
When the receiver receives a remote-playback-start-request message, it should
send back a remote-playback-start-response message. It should do so quickly,
usually before the [=media resource=] has been loaded and instead give updates
of the progress of loading with remote-playback-state-event messages, unless
the receiver decides to not attempt to load the resource at all. If it chooses
not to, it must respond with the appropriate failure result (such as timeout or
invalid-url). Additionally, the response must include the following:
: state
:: The initial state of the remote playback, as defined in
[[#remote-playback-state-and-controls]].
If the controller wishes to modify the state of the remote playback (for
example, to pause, resume, skip, etc), it may send a
remote-playback-modify-request message with the following values:
: remote-playback-id
:: The ID of the remote playback to be modified.
: controls
:: Updated controls as defined in {#remote-playback-state-and-controls}
When a receiver receives a remote-playback-modify-request it should send a
remote-playback-modify-response message in reply with the following values:
: state
:: The updated state of the remote playback as defined in
[[#remote-playback-state-and-controls]].
When the state of remote playback changes without request for modification from
the controller (such as when the skips or pauses due to user user interaction on
the receiver), the receiver may send a remote-playback-state-event to the
controller.
: remote-playback-id
:: The ID of the remote playback whose state has changed.
: state
:: The updated state of the remote playback, as defined in
[[#remote-playback-state-and-controls]].
To terminate the remote playback, the controller may send a
remote-playback-termination-request message with the following values:
: remote-playback-id
:: The ID of the remote playback to terminate.
: reason
:: The reason the remote playback is being terminated.
When a receiver receives a remote-playback-termination-request, it should
send back a remote-playback-termination-response message to the controller.
If a receiver terminates a remote playback without a request from the controller
to do so, it must send a remote-playback-termination-event message to the
controller with the following values:
: remote-playback-id
:: The ID of the remote playback that was terminated.
: reason
:: The reason the remote playback was terminated.
As mentioned in
[[REMOTE-PLAYBACK#disconnecting-from-a-remote-playback-device|Remote Playback
API section 6.2.7]], terminating the remote playback means the controller is no
longer controlling the remote playback and does not necessarily stop media from
rendering on the receiver. Whether or not the receiver stops rendering media depends
upon the implementation of the receiver.
Remote Playback State and Controls {#remote-playback-state-and-controls}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order for the controller and receiver to stay in sync with regards to the
state of the remote playback, the controller may send controls to modify the state
(for example, via the remote-playback-modify-request message) and the receiver
may send updates about state changes (for example, via the
remote-playback-state-event message).
The controls sent by the controller include the following individual control
values, each of which is optional. This allows the controller to change one
control value or many control values at once without having to specify all
control values every time. A non-present control value indicates no change. A
present control value indicates the change defined below. These controls
intentionally mirror settable attributes and methods of the
[HtmlMediaElement](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#htmlmediaelement).
: source
:: Change the [=media resource=] URL. See
[HtmlMediaElement.src](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-src)
for more details. Must not be used in the initial controls of the
remote-playback-start-request message (which already contains a list of URLs).
: preload
:: Set how aggressively to preload media. See
[HtmlMediaElement.preload](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-preload)
for more details. Should only be used in the initial controls of the
remote-playback-start-request message or when the source is changed. If not
set in the initial controls, it is left to the receiver to decide. This is
optional for the receiver to support and if not supported, the receiver will
behave as though it were never set.
: loop
:: Set whether or not to loop media. See
[HtmlMediaElement.loop](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-loop)
for more details. Should only be used in the initial control of the
remote-playback-start-request. If not set in the initial controls, it is
assumed to be false.
: paused
:: If true, pause; if false, resume. See
[HtmlMediaElement.pause()](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-pause).
and
[HtmlMediaElement.play()](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-play)
for more details. If not set in the initial controls, it is left to the
receiver to decide.
: muted
:: If true, mute; if false, unmute. See
[HtmlMediaElement.muted](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-muted)
for more details. If not set in the initial controls, it is left to the
receiver to decide.
: volume
:: Set the audio volume in the range from 0.0 to 1.0 inclusive. See
[HtmlMediaElement.volume](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#dom-media-volume)
for more details. If not set in the initial controls, it is left to the
receiver to decide.