python_iw_2019_pt_1.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise: A simple python script, using interpreter\n",
    "\n",
    "- Use vscode to create and execute a \"Hello Python\" script\n",
    "- launch the interpreter, experiment with statements and expressions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello Python'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'Hello Python'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Python\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('Hello Python')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1991\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "python_released = 1991\n",
    "print(python_released)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-2-80b6645b42e5>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-2-80b6645b42e5>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    (python_released = 1991)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m                     ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(python_released = 1991)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1991"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "python_released"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3.6.7 (default, Oct 22 2018, 11:32:17) \n",
      "[GCC 8.2.0]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import sys\n",
    "print(sys.version)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Review\n",
    "- how do you execute a python script?\n",
    "- how do you start a python interpreter?\n",
    "- what are two important differences between running a script and executing code in an interpreter?\n",
    "- what's one difference between statements and expressions?\n",
    "- how are modules imported and attributes accessed?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Flavour of Python\n",
    "\n",
    "- easy to read\n",
    "- imperative, functional, OO, type annotations, async\n",
    "- Don't Repeat Yourself\n",
    "- rich standard library\n",
    "- massive community and tools\n",
    "- education, embedded, web, games, data science"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Implementations\n",
    "\n",
    "- original a.k.a. CPython https://python.org/\n",
    "- Cython https://cython.org/\n",
    "- PyPy https://pypy.org/\n",
    "- Micropython https://micropython.org/ / Circuitpython https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython\n",
    "\n",
    "### Editors and Interpreters\n",
    "\n",
    "- IPython (Jupyter) https://ipython.org/\n",
    "- PyCharm\n",
    "- VSCode\n",
    "- vim, notepad++, any programmer's editor"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Print a Fibonacci sequence up to n\n",
    "\n",
    "e.g. for `n = 1000` print:\n",
    "\n",
    "`0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def fib(n):  # functions!\n",
    "    print(n)\n",
    "\n",
    "fib(1000)  # indent level closes blocks"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 0\n",
    "b = 1\n",
    "print(a, b)  # arbitrary number of parameters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 1\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "temp = b\n",
    "b = a + b\n",
    "a = temp\n",
    "print(a, b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = b, a + b  # swap and add in one statement\n",
    "print(a, b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = b, a + b\n",
    "print(a, b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = 0, 1\n",
    "while a < 1000:  # loops!\n",
    "    print(a, end=' ')  # keyword argument, use space instead of newline at end\n",
    "    a, b = b, a + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def fib(n):  # functions!\n",
    "    a, b = 0, 1\n",
    "    while a < n:\n",
    "        print(a, end=' ')\n",
    "        a, b = b, a + b\n",
    "    print()\n",
    "    \n",
    "fib(1000)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### 🏠🏠🏠 Idiomatic Python: Indentation, function parameters\n",
    "\n",
    "- 4 space indentation, never tabs\n",
    "- configure tab and backspace keys in your editor\n",
    "- no spaces inside `()`, after function names or before `:`\n",
    "- 1 space after commas"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Review\n",
    "- what is the keyword used to create a function?\n",
    "- what is one keyword used to create a loop?\n",
    "- how do you prevent `print()` from outputting a newline after its arguments?\n",
    "- what punctuation always comes before a new level of indentation?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## names and values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "the_world_is_flat = False\n",
    "placeholder = None\n",
    "spam = 1\n",
    "SPAM = 2\n",
    "word: str = 'Python'\n",
    "happy_whale = '''\n",
    "┈╱▔▔▔▔▔▔▔╲┏━╮╭━┓\n",
    "▕┈╭╮┈┈┈┈┈▕╰━╮╭━╯\n",
    "▕━━━╯┈┈┈┈┈╲━╯┃┈┈\n",
    "┈╲▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂╯┈┈\n",
    "┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈\n",
    "╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳\n",
    "╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰\n",
    "'''\n",
    "close_to_π = 3.14  # unicode letters allowed, not recommended"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "invalid character in identifier (<ipython-input-8-8fd59c7880d0>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-8-8fd59c7880d0>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    ☃ = 'frosty'  # unicode non-letters not allowed\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m    ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid character in identifier\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "☃ = 'frosty'  # unicode non-letters not allowed"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "the_world_is_flat"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### 🏠🏠🏠 Idiomatic Python: Names\n",
    "\n",
    "- Name your variables and functions in `snake_case`\n",
    "- Name your classes in `CamelCase` (note: standard library classes don't follow this)\n",
    "- Leave spaces around the `=` in assignments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "spam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "SPAM"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Python'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# python repr\n",
    "word"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'\\n┈╱▔▔▔▔▔▔▔╲┏━╮╭━┓\\n▕┈╭╮┈┈┈┈┈▕╰━╮╭━╯\\n▕━━━╯┈┈┈┈┈╲━╯┃┈┈\\n┈╲▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂╯┈┈\\n┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈\\n╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳\\n╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰\\n'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# python repr making a mess\n",
    "happy_whale"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "┈╱▔▔▔▔▔▔▔╲┏━╮╭━┓\n",
      "▕┈╭╮┈┈┈┈┈▕╰━╮╭━╯\n",
      "▕━━━╯┈┈┈┈┈╲━╯┃┈┈\n",
      "┈╲▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂▂╯┈┈\n",
      "┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈\n",
      "╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳╭┳\n",
      "╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰╯╰\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(happy_whale)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "'Python'\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(repr(word))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'word' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-47-65ea25591868>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdel\u001b[0m \u001b[0mword\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mword\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'word' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "del word\n",
    "word"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### 🍎🍎🍎 Python Core: Special Names\n",
    "\n",
    "Names like `__builtins__` that start and end with double-underscores \"dunder names\" are reserved by Python for things that are handled in a special way by the language itself. Use them only as intended."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Review\n",
    "- what keyword is used to unbind a name?\n",
    "- what characters are valid in variable names?\n",
    "- which characters are recommended for variable names?\n",
    "- are names case-sensitive?\n",
    "- how do you define a multi-line string?\n",
    "- how do you define a comment?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## Numeric types"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 + 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "20"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# familiar OOP\n",
    "50 - 5 * 6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "8 / 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# / always returns a float\n",
    "8 / 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.666666666666667"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "17 / 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# floor division\n",
    "17 // 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# remainder\n",
    "17 % 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "25"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "5 ** 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2957003808019355324420224124718238190473670332155961671705236976632770045817648617101476387353131190077940527551172267722460892864974111081077800371483632531604218616699079617311155339247050322877029261635989747700682249026677170831101015638735481375953483551986730953027800921602101446842261868341608520124088190069679296278019558293739860450270463094178175710226111789638385298302727708698135607646652350460729818832315694958230014143242803382284072816070964169469463197476810696806615741676167304202328890013016792519047059316388947963396365040198965297114404422789511545892361758392169227148795947810531425959735680017388053556290333396855843955831297121192085529060174977473248308137087153677930713641328616883457829009341827223848084248677475554121691206881355438961547788103462230725070820109994431060541511605790633487375591189689906388924528933001790557803323986879223759404656289100023457048046671401099945353084711975723154005703090450166198577327065684255831398416277202011129243988044895734003275302473391383497499002201776476063669465735373021642649532753108447950506147480380473231482160428310852126756801840282958821614403826580523054774662316712993006605559855315759248966571820211756666131258530903751605212930944891793127052326091750397294686425312669136438517283705639333635161448632903782534710754949740111485223547783288036633799624079755426245642549826241921785148893596518781076168138576119458515712650610822442439090441062500441132721153631108800722406716122304167020066194149264586338810681183393014893786038833150853831438042873005007677566690968712353120167119136011921758750170727846487979252832131797575721188775728886469139580820058900177985426584757061102227469423257390096799491231413307181862194535751257149330940150664007569696532014926935185266164939223505077865849767368278370278092125399514103062495433965254819295393213833318985817405494470930042775903862323835294905203809244898265025959093792684078090684954307829574214951633408890154075790346742011692975974076534000673955772995699451999491338363638017711082309549381878239193293666961429890204128034872661498485083448523364636180474300989985970862505962938311674479728774599420881723382498918334543508882434641879882699043429849657177149397223544288212882130952709386044166106159502027396314368905375248285963936980732859377097888547029703382539875128459031465384603773101304116662425327957085047301858112139705963412899247660519947075360928460134984210051465187947556589536972458224443928196052506806800421278642853035839407648879656085652645328646579003826398095574456086562566109363474645720255221368445767218182971678242672700204741939223930082354521253002220237016019544533078365143189109176109297352033883914701382775740023817910444227547266171453071528314286523805302309338757786902507391827366919491123234196771701576457403511582962402123921640223202714711207256595090055071195431883128671168818737088668110998845593704678268546868364808547287745826219297494334141878009465574668088659674594801286559999226603466742922873590447945513966655724754553868723083531377146248270232328955912981277312653415105002374306105635065058714367460908655050247698772069021245653137954729716810056143779186042354399334819778335068866891940081581283566316826139345505757725448114468990080486451330694100657794961146557294002295506109101098102228064504495399895813199383140362526877321767588200080453523347221876232060209777237358935202944359725526080476628613439491254099868418055576938420802993401594562587946667497354580034100878934068922362224033987662029301109686370136492865395636862216827995134911032210552678753167078165275093985639865773040814764215601768535283091418223000778368198758730099085802982576706272025667318565754479255286475650110727363973392532026353086687999127919972726091716409002238980069666155440666237417330569446556830163261542217640716688158023377234352333418640677533763580667334279063965180622712925242404557769362675341434969455369994016324900652514820452041020190485994283561308228193832153208963952018179967451301924900823744957427967503284802695124617557550549464202812756283885009717518969113802602883749049237207848319884198177306753558200440184569572244745388972545218990860060236990886116941963969925264655601047763041008362154421800362587926918683479296388992290147447918992936719547752928379706328917443693292256654566336471131494069939054261162549198723786452581802720402974514276170009361596609951352538076687203591054857037377646411605610041531475648907597529683705731456704524425522444393464675223028547869878858376290577191311423776291450033842693858724965158971637408818745112478619269969491486816310527460129206519986078775757233783880079575830534260239333345300810834988061753580653973478481713273658376586045220698539872966299796344832651684661264866566741006424776645836267050542694949340046692558461016080168142420445518526975564707890297819149422961818016010278625611569321776487310600050985551659823016692248506193156841892042135573019837268877012470404064978895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      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# int always accurate, limited only by memory available\n",
    "9 ** 9999"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "500000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int(500000.8)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "500000"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "int('500000')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "269003529"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# parse hex value\n",
    "int('1008ab09', 16)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "269003529"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "0x1008ab09"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "269003529"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "0b10000000010001010101100001001"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0b10101000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(bin(0b10101010101 & 0b11111100000))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# automatic \"upgrade\" to float\n",
    "4 * 3.75 - 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.020000000000000004"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# IEEE 754 double-precision floating point, warts and all\n",
    "0.1 * 0.2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float('0.1') + 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "nan"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float('nan') / 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-inf"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "float('-inf') * 30"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "0.3 + 0.6 == 0.9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from decimal import Decimal  # import just one name from module\n",
    "\n",
    "Decimal('0.3') + Decimal('0.6') == Decimal('0.9')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Decimal implements IBM's General Decimal Arithmetic Specification http://speleotrove.com/decimal/decarith.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Decimal('5.00')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Decimal('5.00')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "More information https://docs.python.org/3/library/decimal.html"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### ⏱⏱⏱ Performance matters: Numeric values\n",
    "\n",
    "- small integers are \"interned\"\n",
    "- 64-bit integers are stored normally\n",
    "- larger integers are stored as binary arrays\n",
    "- floats are IEEE 754 double-precision\n",
    "- Python uses a peephole optimizer on numeric expressions\n",
    "\n",
    "Handle numbers faster with Cython, NumPy, pandas or your DB/data store of choice\n",
    "\n",
    "![numpy and pandas decision tree](numpy_pandas.svg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Review\n",
    "- which integer math operation returns a float?\n",
    "- what's the largest integer supported?\n",
    "- which numeric type should be used for financial operations?\n",
    "- what keyword is used to bring code in from another module?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Exercise: python as calculator\n",
    "\n",
    "1. use the interpreter to calculate the number of seconds in 625 years (assume 365 days in a year)\n",
    "2. generate a (not cryptographically secure) random number between 10 and 1000 using a module from the python standard library\n",
    "3. find a fraction type in the Python reference and use it to calculate the difference between 1/10 and the floating point value 0.1\n",
    "4. find a date type in the Python reference and use it to compute the weekday for this date in the year 2000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Extra Material"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1+2j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1+2j"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1+2j)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "complex(1, 2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1+2j).real"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1+2j).imag"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n",
      "▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# complex numbers are fun\n",
    "for x in range(40):\n",
    "    width = int(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40)\n",
    "    # who needs fancy chart libraries?\n",
    "    print(width * '▇')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# introspect the Python keywords\n",
    "from keyword import kwlist\n",
    "kwlist"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# introspect the Python builtings\n",
    "dir(__builtins__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# declare types for static type checking with mypy\n",
    "import typing\n",
    "\n",
    "the_world_is_flat: bool = False\n",
    "placeholder: typing.Optional[float] = None\n",
    "spam: int = 1\n",
    "word: str = 'Python'\n",
    "\n",
    "placeholder = 2  # int considered compatible with float\n",
    "placeholder = 'thing'  # mypy error: Incompatible types in assignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# monitor and modify decimal math behaviour\n",
    "from decimal import getcontext\n",
    "\n",
    "ctx = getcontext()\n",
    "ctx.clear_flags()\n",
    "ctx"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pi_ish = Decimal(3.14)\n",
    "pi_ish"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ctx"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "pi_ish + 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ctx"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from decimal import ROUND_DOWN\n",
    "\n",
    "Decimal('50.009').quantize(Decimal('0.01'), rounding=ROUND_DOWN)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# pure Python list comprehension version of wavy \"chart\" above\n",
    "[int(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40) for x in range(40)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# numpy array version of wavy \"chart\" above\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "x = np.linspace(0 + 0j, 39 + 0j, 40)\n",
    "(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40).astype(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# pure Python implementation is faster for size 40\n",
    "%%timeit\n",
    "x = np.linspace(0 + 0j, 39 + 0j, 40)\n",
    "(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40).astype(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit\n",
    "[int(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40) for x in range(40)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# numpy array implementation is faster for size 4000\n",
    "%%timeit\n",
    "x = np.linspace(0, 3999, 4000)\n",
    "(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40).astype(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit\n",
    "[int(((1 + 0.3j) ** x).real * 9 + 40) for x in range(4000)]"
   ]
  }
 ],
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