persistent_volumes-local.go

/*
Copyright 2018 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package storage

import (
	"fmt"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/ghodss/yaml"
	. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"

	appsv1 "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
	"k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	extv1beta1 "k8s.io/api/extensions/v1beta1"
	rbacv1beta1 "k8s.io/api/rbac/v1beta1"
	storagev1 "k8s.io/api/storage/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
	utilerrors "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/errors"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/sets"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/uuid"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
	clientset "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/test/e2e/framework"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/test/e2e/storage/utils"
	imageutils "k8s.io/kubernetes/test/utils/image"
)

type localTestConfig struct {
	ns           string
	nodes        []v1.Node
	nodeExecPods map[string]*v1.Pod
	node0        *v1.Node
	client       clientset.Interface
	scName       string
	ssTester     *framework.StatefulSetTester
	discoveryDir string
}

type localVolumeType string

const (
	// default local volume type, aka a directory
	DirectoryLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "dir"
	// like DirectoryLocalVolumeType but it's a symbolic link to directory
	DirectoryLinkLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "dir-link"
	// like DirectoryLocalVolumeType but bind mounted
	DirectoryBindMountedLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "dir-bindmounted"
	// like DirectoryLocalVolumeType but it's a symbolic link to self bind mounted directory
	// Note that bind mounting at symbolic link actually mounts at directory it
	// links to.
	DirectoryLinkBindMountedLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "dir-link-bindmounted"
	// creates a tmpfs and mounts it
	TmpfsLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "tmpfs"
	// tests based on local ssd at /mnt/disks/by-uuid/
	GCELocalSSDVolumeType localVolumeType = "gce-localssd-scsi-fs"
	// Creates a local file, formats it, and maps it as a block device.
	BlockLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "block"
	// Creates a local file serving as the backing for block device., formats it,
	// and mounts it to use as FS mode local volume.
	BlockFsWithFormatLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "blockfswithformat"
	// Creates a local file serving as the backing for block device. do not format it manually,
	// and mounts it to use as FS mode local volume.
	BlockFsWithoutFormatLocalVolumeType localVolumeType = "blockfswithoutformat"
)

var setupLocalVolumeMap = map[localVolumeType]func(*localTestConfig, *v1.Node) *localTestVolume{
	GCELocalSSDVolumeType:                   setupLocalVolumeGCELocalSSD,
	TmpfsLocalVolumeType:                    setupLocalVolumeTmpfs,
	DirectoryLocalVolumeType:                setupLocalVolumeDirectory,
	DirectoryLinkLocalVolumeType:            setupLocalVolumeDirectoryLink,
	DirectoryBindMountedLocalVolumeType:     setupLocalVolumeDirectoryBindMounted,
	DirectoryLinkBindMountedLocalVolumeType: setupLocalVolumeDirectoryLinkBindMounted,
	BlockLocalVolumeType:                    setupLocalVolumeBlock,
	BlockFsWithFormatLocalVolumeType:        setupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithFormat,
	BlockFsWithoutFormatLocalVolumeType:     setupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithoutFormat,
}

var cleanupLocalVolumeMap = map[localVolumeType]func(*localTestConfig, *localTestVolume){
	GCELocalSSDVolumeType:                   cleanupLocalVolumeGCELocalSSD,
	TmpfsLocalVolumeType:                    cleanupLocalVolumeTmpfs,
	DirectoryLocalVolumeType:                cleanupLocalVolumeDirectory,
	DirectoryLinkLocalVolumeType:            cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryLink,
	DirectoryBindMountedLocalVolumeType:     cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryBindMounted,
	DirectoryLinkBindMountedLocalVolumeType: cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryLinkBindMounted,
	BlockLocalVolumeType:                    cleanupLocalVolumeBlock,
	BlockFsWithFormatLocalVolumeType:        cleanupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithFormat,
	BlockFsWithoutFormatLocalVolumeType:     cleanupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithoutFormat,
}

type localTestVolume struct {
	// Node that the volume is on
	node *v1.Node
	// Path to the volume on the host node
	hostDir string
	// PVC for this volume
	pvc *v1.PersistentVolumeClaim
	// PV for this volume
	pv *v1.PersistentVolume
	// Type of local volume
	localVolumeType localVolumeType
	// Path to the loop block device on the host node.
	// Used during cleanup after block tests.
	loopDevDir string
}

const (
	// TODO: This may not be available/writable on all images.
	hostBase = "/tmp"
	// Path to the first volume in the test containers
	// created via createLocalPod or makeLocalPod
	// leveraging pv_util.MakePod
	volumeDir = "/mnt/volume1"
	// testFile created in setupLocalVolume
	testFile = "test-file"
	// testFileContent written into testFile
	testFileContent = "test-file-content"
	testSCPrefix    = "local-volume-test-storageclass"

	// Following are constants used for provisioner e2e tests.
	//
	// testServiceAccount is the service account for bootstrapper
	testServiceAccount = "local-storage-admin"
	// volumeConfigName is the configmap passed to bootstrapper and provisioner
	volumeConfigName = "local-volume-config"
	// provisioner image used for e2e tests
	provisionerImageName = "quay.io/external_storage/local-volume-provisioner:v2.1.0"
	// provisioner daemonSetName name
	daemonSetName = "local-volume-provisioner"
	// provisioner default mount point folder
	provisionerDefaultMountRoot = "/mnt/local-storage"
	// provisioner node/pv cluster role binding
	nodeBindingName         = "local-storage:provisioner-node-binding"
	pvBindingName           = "local-storage:provisioner-pv-binding"
	systemRoleNode          = "system:node"
	systemRolePVProvisioner = "system:persistent-volume-provisioner"

	// A sample request size
	testRequestSize = "10Mi"

	// Max number of nodes to use for testing
	maxNodes = 5
)

var (
	// storage class volume binding modes
	waitMode      = storagev1.VolumeBindingWaitForFirstConsumer
	immediateMode = storagev1.VolumeBindingImmediate

	// Common selinux labels
	selinuxLabel = &v1.SELinuxOptions{
		Level: "s0:c0,c1"}
)

var _ = utils.SIGDescribe("PersistentVolumes-local ", func() {
	f := framework.NewDefaultFramework("persistent-local-volumes-test")

	var (
		config *localTestConfig
		scName string
	)

	BeforeEach(func() {
		// Get all the schedulable nodes
		nodes := framework.GetReadySchedulableNodesOrDie(f.ClientSet)
		Expect(len(nodes.Items)).NotTo(BeZero(), "No available nodes for scheduling")

		// Cap max number of nodes
		maxLen := len(nodes.Items)
		if maxLen > maxNodes {
			maxLen = maxNodes
		}

		scName = fmt.Sprintf("%v-%v", testSCPrefix, f.Namespace.Name)
		// Choose the first node
		node0 := &nodes.Items[0]

		ssTester := framework.NewStatefulSetTester(f.ClientSet)
		config = &localTestConfig{
			ns:           f.Namespace.Name,
			client:       f.ClientSet,
			nodes:        nodes.Items[:maxLen],
			nodeExecPods: make(map[string]*v1.Pod, maxLen),
			node0:        node0,
			scName:       scName,
			ssTester:     ssTester,
			discoveryDir: filepath.Join(hostBase, f.Namespace.Name),
		}
	})

	for tempTestVolType := range setupLocalVolumeMap {

		// New variable required for gingko test closures
		testVolType := tempTestVolType
		serialStr := ""
		if testVolType == GCELocalSSDVolumeType {
			serialStr = " [Serial]"
		}
		alphaStr := ""
		if testVolType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
			alphaStr = " [Feature:BlockVolume]"
		}
		ctxString := fmt.Sprintf("[Volume type: %s]%v%v", testVolType, serialStr, alphaStr)
		testMode := immediateMode

		Context(ctxString, func() {
			var testVol *localTestVolume

			BeforeEach(func() {
				if testVolType == GCELocalSSDVolumeType {
					SkipUnlessLocalSSDExists(config, "scsi", "fs", config.node0)
				}
				setupStorageClass(config, &testMode)
				testVols := setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(config, testVolType, config.node0, 1, testMode)
				testVol = testVols[0]
			})

			AfterEach(func() {
				cleanupLocalVolumes(config, []*localTestVolume{testVol})
				cleanupStorageClass(config)
			})

			Context("One pod requesting one prebound PVC", func() {
				var (
					pod1    *v1.Pod
					pod1Err error
				)

				BeforeEach(func() {
					By("Creating pod1")
					pod1, pod1Err = createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
					Expect(pod1Err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
					verifyLocalPod(config, testVol, pod1, config.node0.Name)

					writeCmd := createWriteCmd(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, testVol.localVolumeType)

					By("Writing in pod1")
					podRWCmdExec(pod1, writeCmd)
				})

				AfterEach(func() {
					By("Deleting pod1")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod1.Name)
				})

				It("should be able to mount volume and read from pod1", func() {
					By("Reading in pod1")
					// testFileContent was written in BeforeEach
					testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod1, testVolType)
				})

				It("should be able to mount volume and write from pod1", func() {
					// testFileContent was written in BeforeEach
					testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod1, testVolType)

					By("Writing in pod1")
					writeCmd := createWriteCmd(volumeDir, testFile, testVol.hostDir /*writeTestFileContent*/, testVolType)
					podRWCmdExec(pod1, writeCmd)
				})
			})

			Context("Two pods mounting a local volume at the same time", func() {
				It("should be able to write from pod1 and read from pod2", func() {
					twoPodsReadWriteTest(config, testVol)
				})
			})

			Context("Two pods mounting a local volume one after the other", func() {
				It("should be able to write from pod1 and read from pod2", func() {
					twoPodsReadWriteSerialTest(config, testVol)
				})
			})

			Context("Set fsGroup for local volume", func() {
				BeforeEach(func() {
					if testVolType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
						framework.Skipf("We don't set fsGroup on block device, skipped.")
					}
				})

				It("should set fsGroup for one pod", func() {
					By("Checking fsGroup is set")
					pod := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, 1234, 1234)
					By("Deleting pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod.Name)
				})

				It("should set same fsGroup for two pods simultaneously", func() {
					fsGroup := int64(1234)
					By("Create first pod and check fsGroup is set")
					pod1 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup, fsGroup)
					By("Create second pod with same fsGroup and check fsGroup is correct")
					pod2 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup, fsGroup)
					By("Deleting first pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod1.Name)
					By("Deleting second pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod2.Name)
				})

				It("should set different fsGroup for second pod if first pod is deleted", func() {
					fsGroup1, fsGroup2 := int64(1234), int64(4321)
					By("Create first pod and check fsGroup is set")
					pod1 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup1, fsGroup1)
					By("Deleting first pod")
					err := framework.DeletePodWithWait(f, config.client, pod1)
					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred(), "while deleting first pod")
					By("Create second pod and check fsGroup is the new one")
					pod2 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup2, fsGroup2)
					By("Deleting second pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod2.Name)
				})

				It("should not set different fsGroups for two pods simultaneously", func() {
					fsGroup1, fsGroup2 := int64(1234), int64(4321)
					By("Create first pod and check fsGroup is set")
					pod1 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup1, fsGroup1)
					By("Create second pod and check fsGroup is still the old one")
					pod2 := createPodWithFsGroupTest(config, testVol, fsGroup2, fsGroup1)
					ep := &eventPatterns{
						reason:  "AlreadyMountedVolume",
						pattern: make([]string, 2),
					}
					ep.pattern = append(ep.pattern, fmt.Sprintf("The requested fsGroup is %d", fsGroup2))
					ep.pattern = append(ep.pattern, "The volume may not be shareable.")
					checkPodEvents(config, pod2.Name, ep)
					By("Deleting first pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod1.Name)
					By("Deleting second pod")
					framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod2.Name)
				})
			})

		})
	}

	Context("Local volume that cannot be mounted [Slow]", func() {
		// TODO:
		// - check for these errors in unit tests instead
		It("should fail due to non-existent path", func() {
			ep := &eventPatterns{
				reason:  "FailedMount",
				pattern: make([]string, 2)}
			ep.pattern = append(ep.pattern, "MountVolume.NewMounter initialization failed")

			testVol := &localTestVolume{
				node:            config.node0,
				hostDir:         "/non-existent/location/nowhere",
				localVolumeType: DirectoryLocalVolumeType,
			}
			By("Creating local PVC and PV")
			createLocalPVCsPVs(config, []*localTestVolume{testVol}, immediateMode)
			pod, err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
			Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
			checkPodEvents(config, pod.Name, ep)
			cleanupLocalPVCsPVs(config, []*localTestVolume{testVol})
		})

		It("should fail due to wrong node", func() {
			if len(config.nodes) < 2 {
				framework.Skipf("Runs only when number of nodes >= 2")
			}

			ep := &eventPatterns{
				reason:  "FailedMount",
				pattern: make([]string, 2)}
			ep.pattern = append(ep.pattern, "NodeSelectorTerm")
			ep.pattern = append(ep.pattern, "MountVolume.NodeAffinity check failed")

			testVols := setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(config, DirectoryLocalVolumeType, config.node0, 1, immediateMode)
			testVol := testVols[0]

			pod := makeLocalPodWithNodeName(config, testVol, config.nodes[1].Name)
			pod, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).Create(pod)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			err = framework.WaitTimeoutForPodRunningInNamespace(config.client, pod.Name, pod.Namespace, framework.PodStartShortTimeout)
			Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
			checkPodEvents(config, pod.Name, ep)

			cleanupLocalVolumes(config, []*localTestVolume{testVol})
		})
	})

	Context("Pod with node different from PV's NodeAffinity", func() {
		var (
			testVol    *localTestVolume
			volumeType localVolumeType
		)

		BeforeEach(func() {
			if len(config.nodes) < 2 {
				framework.Skipf("Runs only when number of nodes >= 2")
			}

			volumeType = DirectoryLocalVolumeType
			setupStorageClass(config, &immediateMode)
			testVols := setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(config, volumeType, config.node0, 1, immediateMode)
			testVol = testVols[0]
		})

		AfterEach(func() {
			cleanupLocalVolumes(config, []*localTestVolume{testVol})
			cleanupStorageClass(config)
		})

		It("should fail scheduling due to different NodeAffinity", func() {
			testPodWithNodeConflict(config, volumeType, config.nodes[1].Name, makeLocalPodWithNodeAffinity, immediateMode)
		})

		It("should fail scheduling due to different NodeSelector", func() {
			testPodWithNodeConflict(config, volumeType, config.nodes[1].Name, makeLocalPodWithNodeSelector, immediateMode)
		})
	})

	Context("Local volume provisioner [Serial]", func() {
		var volumePath string

		BeforeEach(func() {
			setupStorageClass(config, &immediateMode)
			setupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config)
			volumePath = path.Join(config.discoveryDir, fmt.Sprintf("vol-%v", string(uuid.NewUUID())))
			setupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, volumePath, config.node0)
		})

		AfterEach(func() {
			cleanupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, volumePath, config.node0)
			cleanupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config)
			cleanupStorageClass(config)
		})

		It("should create and recreate local persistent volume", func() {
			By("Starting a provisioner daemonset")
			createProvisionerDaemonset(config)

			By("Waiting for a PersistentVolume to be created")
			oldPV, err := waitForLocalPersistentVolume(config.client, volumePath)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			// Create a persistent volume claim for local volume: the above volume will be bound.
			By("Creating a persistent volume claim")
			claim, err := config.client.CoreV1().PersistentVolumeClaims(config.ns).Create(newLocalClaim(config))
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
			err = framework.WaitForPersistentVolumeClaimPhase(
				v1.ClaimBound, config.client, claim.Namespace, claim.Name, framework.Poll, 1*time.Minute)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			claim, err = config.client.CoreV1().PersistentVolumeClaims(config.ns).Get(claim.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
			Expect(claim.Spec.VolumeName).To(Equal(oldPV.Name))

			// Delete the persistent volume claim: file will be cleaned up and volume be re-created.
			By("Deleting the persistent volume claim to clean up persistent volume and re-create one")
			writeCmd := createWriteCmd(volumePath, testFile, testFileContent, DirectoryLocalVolumeType)
			err = issueNodeCommand(config, writeCmd, config.node0)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
			err = config.client.CoreV1().PersistentVolumeClaims(claim.Namespace).Delete(claim.Name, &metav1.DeleteOptions{})
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			By("Waiting for a new PersistentVolume to be re-created")
			newPV, err := waitForLocalPersistentVolume(config.client, volumePath)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
			Expect(newPV.UID).NotTo(Equal(oldPV.UID))
			fileDoesntExistCmd := createFileDoesntExistCmd(volumePath, testFile)
			err = issueNodeCommand(config, fileDoesntExistCmd, config.node0)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			By("Deleting provisioner daemonset")
			deleteProvisionerDaemonset(config)
		})
		It("should not create local persistent volume for filesystem volume that was not bind mounted", func() {

			directoryPath := filepath.Join(config.discoveryDir, "notbindmount")
			By("Creating a directory, not bind mounted, in discovery directory")
			mkdirCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %v -m 777", directoryPath)
			err := issueNodeCommand(config, mkdirCmd, config.node0)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			By("Starting a provisioner daemonset")
			createProvisionerDaemonset(config)

			By("Allowing provisioner to run for 30s and discover potential local PVs")
			time.Sleep(30 * time.Second)

			By("Examining provisioner logs for not an actual mountpoint message")
			provisionerPodName := findProvisionerDaemonsetPodName(config)
			logs, err := framework.GetPodLogs(config.client, config.ns, provisionerPodName, "" /*containerName*/)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred(),
				"Error getting logs from pod %s in namespace %s", provisionerPodName, config.ns)

			expectedLogMessage := "Path \"/mnt/local-storage/notbindmount\" is not an actual mountpoint"
			Expect(strings.Contains(logs, expectedLogMessage)).To(BeTrue())

			By("Deleting provisioner daemonset")
			deleteProvisionerDaemonset(config)
		})
		It("should discover dynamically created local persistent volume mountpoint in discovery directory", func() {
			By("Starting a provisioner daemonset")
			createProvisionerDaemonset(config)

			By("Creating a volume in discovery directory")
			dynamicVolumePath := path.Join(config.discoveryDir, fmt.Sprintf("vol-%v", string(uuid.NewUUID())))
			setupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, dynamicVolumePath, config.node0)

			By("Waiting for the PersistentVolume to be created")
			_, err := waitForLocalPersistentVolume(config.client, dynamicVolumePath)
			Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

			By("Deleting provisioner daemonset")
			deleteProvisionerDaemonset(config)

			By("Deleting volume in discovery directory")
			cleanupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, dynamicVolumePath, config.node0)
		})
	})

	Context("StatefulSet with pod affinity", func() {
		var testVols map[string][]*localTestVolume
		const (
			ssReplicas  = 3
			volsPerNode = 6
		)

		BeforeEach(func() {
			setupStorageClass(config, &waitMode)

			testVols = map[string][]*localTestVolume{}
			for i, node := range config.nodes {
				// The PVCs created here won't be used
				By(fmt.Sprintf("Setting up local volumes on node %q", node.Name))
				vols := setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(config, DirectoryLocalVolumeType, &config.nodes[i], volsPerNode, waitMode)
				testVols[node.Name] = vols
			}
		})

		AfterEach(func() {
			for _, vols := range testVols {
				cleanupLocalVolumes(config, vols)
			}
			cleanupStorageClass(config)
		})

		It("should use volumes spread across nodes when pod has anti-affinity", func() {
			if len(config.nodes) < ssReplicas {
				framework.Skipf("Runs only when number of nodes >= %v", ssReplicas)
			}
			By("Creating a StatefulSet with pod anti-affinity on nodes")
			ss := createStatefulSet(config, ssReplicas, volsPerNode, true, false)
			validateStatefulSet(config, ss, true)
		})

		It("should use volumes on one node when pod has affinity", func() {
			By("Creating a StatefulSet with pod affinity on nodes")
			ss := createStatefulSet(config, ssReplicas, volsPerNode/ssReplicas, false, false)
			validateStatefulSet(config, ss, false)
		})

		It("should use volumes spread across nodes when pod management is parallel and pod has anti-affinity", func() {
			if len(config.nodes) < ssReplicas {
				framework.Skipf("Runs only when number of nodes >= %v", ssReplicas)
			}
			By("Creating a StatefulSet with pod anti-affinity on nodes")
			ss := createStatefulSet(config, ssReplicas, 1, true, true)
			validateStatefulSet(config, ss, true)
		})

		It("should use volumes on one node when pod management is parallel and pod has affinity", func() {
			By("Creating a StatefulSet with pod affinity on nodes")
			ss := createStatefulSet(config, ssReplicas, 1, false, true)
			validateStatefulSet(config, ss, false)
		})
	})

	Context("Stress with local volume provisioner [Serial]", func() {
		var testVols [][]string

		const (
			volsPerNode = 10 // Make this non-divisable by volsPerPod to increase changes of partial binding failure
			volsPerPod  = 3
			podsFactor  = 4
		)

		BeforeEach(func() {
			setupStorageClass(config, &waitMode)
			setupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config)

			testVols = [][]string{}
			for i, node := range config.nodes {
				By(fmt.Sprintf("Setting up local volumes on node %q", node.Name))
				paths := []string{}
				for j := 0; j < volsPerNode; j++ {
					volumePath := path.Join(config.discoveryDir, fmt.Sprintf("vol-%v", string(uuid.NewUUID())))
					setupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, volumePath, &config.nodes[i])
					paths = append(paths, volumePath)
				}
				testVols = append(testVols, paths)
			}

			By("Starting the local volume provisioner")
			createProvisionerDaemonset(config)
		})

		AfterEach(func() {
			By("Deleting provisioner daemonset")
			deleteProvisionerDaemonset(config)

			for i, paths := range testVols {
				for _, volumePath := range paths {
					cleanupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config, volumePath, &config.nodes[i])
				}
			}
			cleanupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config)
			cleanupStorageClass(config)
		})

		It("should use be able to process many pods and reuse local volumes", func() {
			var (
				podsLock sync.Mutex
				// Have one extra pod pending
				numConcurrentPods = volsPerNode/volsPerPod*len(config.nodes) + 1
				totalPods         = numConcurrentPods * podsFactor
				numCreated        = 0
				numFinished       = 0
				pods              = map[string]*v1.Pod{}
			)

			// Create pods gradually instead of all at once because scheduler has
			// exponential backoff
			// TODO: this is still a bit slow because of the provisioner polling period
			By(fmt.Sprintf("Creating %v pods periodically", numConcurrentPods))
			stop := make(chan struct{})
			go wait.Until(func() {
				podsLock.Lock()
				defer podsLock.Unlock()

				if numCreated >= totalPods {
					// Created all the pods for the test
					return
				}

				if len(pods) > numConcurrentPods/2 {
					// Too many outstanding pods
					return
				}

				for i := 0; i < numConcurrentPods; i++ {
					pvcs := []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{}
					for j := 0; j < volsPerPod; j++ {
						pvc := framework.MakePersistentVolumeClaim(makeLocalPVCConfig(config, DirectoryLocalVolumeType), config.ns)
						pvc, err := framework.CreatePVC(config.client, config.ns, pvc)
						framework.ExpectNoError(err)
						pvcs = append(pvcs, pvc)
					}

					pod := framework.MakeSecPod(config.ns, pvcs, false, "sleep 1", false, false, selinuxLabel, nil)
					pod, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).Create(pod)
					Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
					pods[pod.Name] = pod
					numCreated++
				}
			}, 2*time.Second, stop)

			defer func() {
				close(stop)
				podsLock.Lock()
				defer podsLock.Unlock()

				for _, pod := range pods {
					if err := deletePodAndPVCs(config, pod); err != nil {
						framework.Logf("Deleting pod %v failed: %v", pod.Name, err)
					}
				}
			}()

			By("Waiting for all pods to complete successfully")
			err := wait.PollImmediate(time.Second, 5*time.Minute, func() (done bool, err error) {
				podsList, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).List(metav1.ListOptions{})
				if err != nil {
					return false, err
				}

				podsLock.Lock()
				defer podsLock.Unlock()

				for _, pod := range podsList.Items {
					switch pod.Status.Phase {
					case v1.PodSucceeded:
						// Delete pod and its PVCs
						if err := deletePodAndPVCs(config, &pod); err != nil {
							return false, err
						}
						delete(pods, pod.Name)
						numFinished++
						framework.Logf("%v/%v pods finished", numFinished, totalPods)
					case v1.PodFailed:
					case v1.PodUnknown:
						return false, fmt.Errorf("pod %v is in %v phase", pod.Name, pod.Status.Phase)
					}
				}

				return numFinished == totalPods, nil
			})
			Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
		})
	})
})

func deletePodAndPVCs(config *localTestConfig, pod *v1.Pod) error {
	framework.Logf("Deleting pod %v", pod.Name)
	if err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).Delete(pod.Name, nil); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Delete PVCs
	for _, vol := range pod.Spec.Volumes {
		pvcSource := vol.VolumeSource.PersistentVolumeClaim
		if pvcSource != nil {
			if err := framework.DeletePersistentVolumeClaim(config.client, pvcSource.ClaimName, config.ns); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

type makeLocalPodWith func(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, nodeName string) *v1.Pod

func testPodWithNodeConflict(config *localTestConfig, testVolType localVolumeType, nodeName string, makeLocalPodFunc makeLocalPodWith, bindingMode storagev1.VolumeBindingMode) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("local-volume-type: %s", testVolType))
	testVols := setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(config, testVolType, config.node0, 1, bindingMode)
	testVol := testVols[0]

	pod := makeLocalPodFunc(config, testVol, nodeName)
	pod, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).Create(pod)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	err = framework.WaitForPodNameUnschedulableInNamespace(config.client, pod.Name, pod.Namespace)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

type eventPatterns struct {
	reason  string
	pattern []string
}

func checkPodEvents(config *localTestConfig, podName string, ep *eventPatterns) {
	var events *v1.EventList
	selector := fields.Set{
		"involvedObject.kind":      "Pod",
		"involvedObject.name":      podName,
		"involvedObject.namespace": config.ns,
		"reason":                   ep.reason,
	}.AsSelector().String()
	options := metav1.ListOptions{FieldSelector: selector}
	events, err := config.client.CoreV1().Events(config.ns).List(options)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(len(events.Items)).NotTo(Equal(0))
	for _, p := range ep.pattern {
		Expect(events.Items[0].Message).To(ContainSubstring(p))
	}
}

// The tests below are run against multiple mount point types

// Test two pods at the same time, write from pod1, and read from pod2
func twoPodsReadWriteTest(config *localTestConfig, testVol *localTestVolume) {
	By("Creating pod1 to write to the PV")
	pod1, pod1Err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
	Expect(pod1Err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	verifyLocalPod(config, testVol, pod1, config.node0.Name)

	writeCmd := createWriteCmd(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Writing in pod1")
	podRWCmdExec(pod1, writeCmd)

	// testFileContent was written after creating pod1
	testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod1, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Creating pod2 to read from the PV")
	pod2, pod2Err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
	Expect(pod2Err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	verifyLocalPod(config, testVol, pod2, config.node0.Name)

	// testFileContent was written after creating pod1
	testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod2, testVol.localVolumeType)

	writeCmd = createWriteCmd(volumeDir, testFile, testVol.hostDir /*writeTestFileContent*/, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Writing in pod2")
	podRWCmdExec(pod2, writeCmd)

	By("Reading in pod1")
	testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testVol.hostDir, pod1, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Deleting pod1")
	framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod1.Name)
	By("Deleting pod2")
	framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod2.Name)
}

// Test two pods one after other, write from pod1, and read from pod2
func twoPodsReadWriteSerialTest(config *localTestConfig, testVol *localTestVolume) {
	By("Creating pod1")
	pod1, pod1Err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
	Expect(pod1Err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	verifyLocalPod(config, testVol, pod1, config.node0.Name)

	writeCmd := createWriteCmd(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Writing in pod1")
	podRWCmdExec(pod1, writeCmd)

	// testFileContent was written after creating pod1
	testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod1, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Deleting pod1")
	framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod1.Name)

	By("Creating pod2")
	pod2, pod2Err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, nil)
	Expect(pod2Err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	verifyLocalPod(config, testVol, pod2, config.node0.Name)

	By("Reading in pod2")
	testReadFileContent(volumeDir, testFile, testFileContent, pod2, testVol.localVolumeType)

	By("Deleting pod2")
	framework.DeletePodOrFail(config.client, config.ns, pod2.Name)
}

// Test creating pod with fsGroup, and check fsGroup is expected fsGroup.
func createPodWithFsGroupTest(config *localTestConfig, testVol *localTestVolume, fsGroup int64, expectedFsGroup int64) *v1.Pod {
	pod, err := createLocalPod(config, testVol, &fsGroup)
	framework.ExpectNoError(err)
	_, err = framework.LookForStringInPodExec(config.ns, pod.Name, []string{"stat", "-c", "%g", volumeDir}, strconv.FormatInt(expectedFsGroup, 10), time.Second*3)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred(), "failed to get expected fsGroup %d on directory %s in pod %s", fsGroup, volumeDir, pod.Name)
	return pod
}

func setupStorageClass(config *localTestConfig, mode *storagev1.VolumeBindingMode) {
	sc := &storagev1.StorageClass{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name: config.scName,
		},
		Provisioner:       "kubernetes.io/no-provisioner",
		VolumeBindingMode: mode,
	}

	sc, err := config.client.StorageV1().StorageClasses().Create(sc)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func cleanupStorageClass(config *localTestConfig) {
	framework.ExpectNoError(config.client.StorageV1().StorageClasses().Delete(config.scName, nil))
}

// podNode wraps RunKubectl to get node where pod is running
func podNodeName(config *localTestConfig, pod *v1.Pod) (string, error) {
	runtimePod, runtimePodErr := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(pod.Namespace).Get(pod.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
	return runtimePod.Spec.NodeName, runtimePodErr
}

// setupLocalVolumes sets up directories to use for local PV
func setupLocalVolumes(config *localTestConfig, localVolumeType localVolumeType, node *v1.Node, count int) []*localTestVolume {
	vols := []*localTestVolume{}
	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
		setupLocalVolume, ok := setupLocalVolumeMap[localVolumeType]
		Expect(ok).To(BeTrue())
		testVol := setupLocalVolume(config, node)
		vols = append(vols, testVol)
	}
	return vols
}

func cleanupLocalPVCsPVs(config *localTestConfig, volumes []*localTestVolume) {
	for _, volume := range volumes {
		By("Cleaning up PVC and PV")
		errs := framework.PVPVCCleanup(config.client, config.ns, volume.pv, volume.pvc)
		if len(errs) > 0 {
			framework.Failf("Failed to delete PV and/or PVC: %v", utilerrors.NewAggregate(errs))
		}
	}
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory
func cleanupLocalVolumes(config *localTestConfig, volumes []*localTestVolume) {
	cleanupLocalPVCsPVs(config, volumes)

	for _, volume := range volumes {
		cleanup := cleanupLocalVolumeMap[volume.localVolumeType]
		cleanup(config, volume)
	}
}

func generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir string, config *localTestConfig, localVolumeType localVolumeType, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	if localVolumeType != BlockLocalVolumeType && localVolumeType != BlockFsWithoutFormatLocalVolumeType {
		mkdirCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %s", hostDir)
		err := issueNodeCommand(config, mkdirCmd, node)
		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	}

	return &localTestVolume{
		node:            node,
		hostDir:         hostDir,
		localVolumeType: localVolumeType,
	}
}

func setupLocalVolumeTmpfs(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	createAndMountTmpfsLocalVolume(config, hostDir, node)
	return generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, TmpfsLocalVolumeType, node)
}

func setupLocalVolumeGCELocalSSD(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	res, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, "ls /mnt/disks/by-uuid/google-local-ssds-scsi-fs/", node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	dirName := strings.Fields(res)[0]
	hostDir := "/mnt/disks/by-uuid/google-local-ssds-scsi-fs/" + dirName
	// gce local ssd does not need to create a directory
	return &localTestVolume{
		node:            node,
		hostDir:         hostDir,
		localVolumeType: GCELocalSSDVolumeType,
	}
}

func setupLocalVolumeDirectory(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	return generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, DirectoryLocalVolumeType, node)
}

// launchNodeExecPodForLocalPV launches a hostexec pod for local PV and waits
// until it's Running.
func launchNodeExecPodForLocalPV(client clientset.Interface, ns, node string) *v1.Pod {
	hostExecPod := framework.NewHostExecPodSpec(ns, fmt.Sprintf("hostexec-%s", node))
	hostExecPod.Spec.NodeName = node
	hostExecPod.Spec.Volumes = []v1.Volume{
		{
			// Required to enter into host mount namespace via nsenter.
			Name: "rootfs",
			VolumeSource: v1.VolumeSource{
				HostPath: &v1.HostPathVolumeSource{
					Path: "/",
				},
			},
		},
	}
	hostExecPod.Spec.Containers[0].VolumeMounts = []v1.VolumeMount{
		{
			Name:      "rootfs",
			MountPath: "/rootfs",
			ReadOnly:  true,
		},
	}
	hostExecPod.Spec.Containers[0].SecurityContext = &v1.SecurityContext{
		Privileged: func(privileged bool) *bool {
			return &privileged
		}(true),
	}
	pod, err := client.CoreV1().Pods(ns).Create(hostExecPod)
	framework.ExpectNoError(err)
	err = framework.WaitForPodRunningInNamespace(client, pod)
	framework.ExpectNoError(err)
	return pod
}

// issueNodeCommandWithResult issues command on given node and returns stdout.
func issueNodeCommandWithResult(config *localTestConfig, cmd string, node *v1.Node) (string, error) {
	var pod *v1.Pod
	pod, ok := config.nodeExecPods[node.Name]
	if !ok {
		pod = launchNodeExecPodForLocalPV(config.client, config.ns, node.Name)
		if pod == nil {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create hostexec pod for node %q", node)
		}
		config.nodeExecPods[node.Name] = pod
	}
	args := []string{
		"exec",
		fmt.Sprintf("--namespace=%v", pod.Namespace),
		pod.Name,
		"--",
		"nsenter",
		"--mount=/rootfs/proc/1/ns/mnt",
		"--",
		"sh",
		"-c",
		cmd,
	}
	return framework.RunKubectl(args...)
}

// issueNodeCommand works like issueNodeCommandWithResult, but discards result.
func issueNodeCommand(config *localTestConfig, cmd string, node *v1.Node) error {
	_, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, cmd, node)
	return err
}

func setupLocalVolumeDirectoryLink(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	hostDirBackend := hostDir + "-backend"
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir %s && sudo ln -s %s %s", hostDirBackend, hostDirBackend, hostDir)
	_, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, cmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	return generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, DirectoryLinkLocalVolumeType, node)
}

func setupLocalVolumeDirectoryBindMounted(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir %s && sudo mount --bind %s %s", hostDir, hostDir, hostDir)
	_, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, cmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	return generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, DirectoryBindMountedLocalVolumeType, node)
}

func setupLocalVolumeDirectoryLinkBindMounted(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	hostDirBackend := hostDir + "-backend"
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir %s && sudo mount --bind %s %s && sudo ln -s %s %s",
		hostDirBackend, hostDirBackend, hostDirBackend, hostDirBackend, hostDir)
	_, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, cmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	return generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, DirectoryLinkBindMountedLocalVolumeType, node)
}

func setupLocalVolumeBlock(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	createAndMapBlockLocalVolume(config, hostDir, node)
	loopDev := getBlockLoopDev(config, hostDir, node)
	volume := generateLocalTestVolume(loopDev, config, BlockLocalVolumeType, node)
	volume.hostDir = loopDev
	volume.loopDevDir = hostDir
	return volume
}

func setupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithFormat(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	createAndMapBlockLocalVolume(config, hostDir, node)
	loopDev := getBlockLoopDev(config, hostDir, node)
	// format and mount at hostDir
	// give others rwx for read/write testing
	cmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo mkfs -t ext4 %s && sudo mount -t ext4 %s %s && sudo chmod o+rwx %s", loopDev, loopDev, hostDir, hostDir)
	_, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, cmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	volume := generateLocalTestVolume(hostDir, config, BlockFsWithFormatLocalVolumeType, node)
	volume.hostDir = hostDir
	volume.loopDevDir = loopDev
	return volume
}

func setupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithoutFormat(config *localTestConfig, node *v1.Node) *localTestVolume {
	testDirName := "local-volume-test-" + string(uuid.NewUUID())
	hostDir := filepath.Join(hostBase, testDirName)
	createAndMapBlockLocalVolume(config, hostDir, node)
	loopDev := getBlockLoopDev(config, hostDir, node)
	volume := generateLocalTestVolume(loopDev, config, BlockFsWithoutFormatLocalVolumeType, node)
	// we do this in order to set block device path to local PV spec path directly
	// and test local volume plugin FileSystem mode on block device
	volume.hostDir = loopDev
	volume.loopDevDir = hostDir
	return volume
}

// Determine the /dev/loopXXX device associated with this test, via its hostDir.
func getBlockLoopDev(config *localTestConfig, hostDir string, node *v1.Node) string {
	loopDevCmd := fmt.Sprintf("E2E_LOOP_DEV=$(sudo losetup | grep %s/file | awk '{ print $1 }') 2>&1 > /dev/null && echo ${E2E_LOOP_DEV}", hostDir)
	loopDevResult, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, loopDevCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	return strings.TrimSpace(loopDevResult)
}

func verifyLocalVolume(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	framework.ExpectNoError(framework.WaitOnPVandPVC(config.client, config.ns, volume.pv, volume.pvc))
}

func verifyLocalPod(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, pod *v1.Pod, expectedNodeName string) {
	podNodeName, err := podNodeName(config, pod)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	framework.Logf("pod %q created on Node %q", pod.Name, podNodeName)
	Expect(podNodeName).To(Equal(expectedNodeName))
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeGCELocalSSD(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	By("Removing the test directory")
	file := volume.hostDir + "/" + testFile
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("if [ -f %s ]; then rm %s; fi", file, file)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeTmpfs(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	unmountTmpfsLocalVolume(config, volume.hostDir, volume.node)

	By("Removing the test directory")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm -r %s", volume.hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeDirectory(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	By("Removing the test directory")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm -r %s", volume.hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryLink(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	By("Removing the test directory")
	hostDir := volume.hostDir
	hostDirBackend := hostDir + "-backend"
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo rm -r %s && rm -r %s", hostDir, hostDirBackend)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryBindMounted(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	By("Removing the test directory")
	hostDir := volume.hostDir
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo umount %s && rm -r %s", hostDir, hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV, and launches a pod with hostpath volume to remove the test directory.
func cleanupLocalVolumeDirectoryLinkBindMounted(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	By("Removing the test directory")
	hostDir := volume.hostDir
	hostDirBackend := hostDir + "-backend"
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo rm %s && sudo umount %s && rm -r %s", hostDir, hostDirBackend, hostDirBackend)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV and removes the test directory holding the block file.
func cleanupLocalVolumeBlock(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	volume.hostDir = volume.loopDevDir
	unmapBlockLocalVolume(config, volume.hostDir, volume.node)
	By("Removing the test directory")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm -r %s", volume.hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// Deletes the PVC/PV and removes the test directory holding the block file.
func cleanupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithFormat(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	// umount first
	By("Umount blockfs mountpoint")
	umountCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo umount %s", volume.hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, umountCmd, volume.node)
	unmapBlockLocalVolume(config, volume.hostDir, volume.node)
	By("Removing the test directory")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm -r %s", volume.hostDir)
	err = issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func cleanupLocalVolumeBlockFsWithoutFormat(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) {
	volume.hostDir = volume.loopDevDir
	unmapBlockLocalVolume(config, volume.hostDir, volume.node)
	By("Removing the test directory")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm -r %s", volume.hostDir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, volume.node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func makeLocalPVCConfig(config *localTestConfig, volumeType localVolumeType) framework.PersistentVolumeClaimConfig {
	pvcConfig := framework.PersistentVolumeClaimConfig{
		AccessModes:      []v1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{v1.ReadWriteOnce},
		StorageClassName: &config.scName,
	}
	if volumeType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
		pvcVolumeMode := v1.PersistentVolumeBlock
		pvcConfig.VolumeMode = &pvcVolumeMode
	}
	return pvcConfig
}

func makeLocalPVConfig(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume) framework.PersistentVolumeConfig {
	// TODO: hostname may not be the best option
	nodeKey := "kubernetes.io/hostname"
	if volume.node.Labels == nil {
		framework.Failf("Node does not have labels")
	}
	nodeValue, found := volume.node.Labels[nodeKey]
	if !found {
		framework.Failf("Node does not have required label %q", nodeKey)
	}

	pvConfig := framework.PersistentVolumeConfig{
		PVSource: v1.PersistentVolumeSource{
			Local: &v1.LocalVolumeSource{
				Path: volume.hostDir,
			},
		},
		NamePrefix:       "local-pv",
		StorageClassName: config.scName,
		NodeAffinity: &v1.VolumeNodeAffinity{
			Required: &v1.NodeSelector{
				NodeSelectorTerms: []v1.NodeSelectorTerm{
					{
						MatchExpressions: []v1.NodeSelectorRequirement{
							{
								Key:      nodeKey,
								Operator: v1.NodeSelectorOpIn,
								Values:   []string{nodeValue},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}

	if volume.localVolumeType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
		pvVolumeMode := v1.PersistentVolumeBlock
		pvConfig.VolumeMode = &pvVolumeMode
	}
	return pvConfig
}

// Creates a PVC and PV with prebinding
func createLocalPVCsPVs(config *localTestConfig, volumes []*localTestVolume, mode storagev1.VolumeBindingMode) {
	var err error

	for _, volume := range volumes {
		pvcConfig := makeLocalPVCConfig(config, volume.localVolumeType)
		pvConfig := makeLocalPVConfig(config, volume)

		volume.pv, volume.pvc, err = framework.CreatePVPVC(config.client, pvConfig, pvcConfig, config.ns, false)
		framework.ExpectNoError(err)
	}

	if mode == storagev1.VolumeBindingImmediate {
		for _, volume := range volumes {
			verifyLocalVolume(config, volume)
		}
	} else {
		// Verify PVCs are not bound
		// There isn't really a great way to verify this without making the test be slow...
		err = wait.PollImmediate(time.Second, 10*time.Second, func() (done bool, err error) {
			for _, volume := range volumes {
				pvc, err := config.client.CoreV1().PersistentVolumeClaims(volume.pvc.Namespace).Get(volume.pvc.Name, metav1.GetOptions{})
				framework.ExpectNoError(err)
				Expect(pvc.Status.Phase).To(Equal(v1.ClaimPending))
			}
			return false, nil
		})
		Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
	}
}

func makeLocalPod(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, cmd string) *v1.Pod {
	pod := framework.MakeSecPod(config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, cmd, false, false, selinuxLabel, nil)
	if pod == nil {
		return pod
	}
	if volume.localVolumeType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
		// Block e2e tests require utilities for writing to block devices (e.g. dd), and nginx has this utilites.
		pod.Spec.Containers[0].Image = imageutils.GetE2EImage(imageutils.Nginx)
	}
	return pod
}

func makeLocalPodWithNodeAffinity(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, nodeName string) (pod *v1.Pod) {
	pod = framework.MakeSecPod(config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, "", false, false, selinuxLabel, nil)
	if pod == nil {
		return
	}
	affinity := &v1.Affinity{
		NodeAffinity: &v1.NodeAffinity{
			RequiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: &v1.NodeSelector{
				NodeSelectorTerms: []v1.NodeSelectorTerm{
					{
						MatchExpressions: []v1.NodeSelectorRequirement{
							{
								Key:      "kubernetes.io/hostname",
								Operator: v1.NodeSelectorOpIn,
								Values:   []string{nodeName},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}
	pod.Spec.Affinity = affinity
	return
}

func makeLocalPodWithNodeSelector(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, nodeName string) (pod *v1.Pod) {
	pod = framework.MakeSecPod(config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, "", false, false, selinuxLabel, nil)
	if pod == nil {
		return
	}
	ns := map[string]string{
		"kubernetes.io/hostname": nodeName,
	}
	pod.Spec.NodeSelector = ns
	return
}

func makeLocalPodWithNodeName(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, nodeName string) (pod *v1.Pod) {
	pod = framework.MakeSecPod(config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, "", false, false, selinuxLabel, nil)
	if pod == nil {
		return
	}
	pod.Spec.NodeName = nodeName
	return
}

// createSecPod should be used when Pod requires non default SELinux labels
func createSecPod(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, hostIPC bool, hostPID bool, seLinuxLabel *v1.SELinuxOptions) (*v1.Pod, error) {
	pod, err := framework.CreateSecPod(config.client, config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, "", hostIPC, hostPID, seLinuxLabel, nil, framework.PodStartShortTimeout)
	podNodeName, podNodeNameErr := podNodeName(config, pod)
	Expect(podNodeNameErr).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	framework.Logf("Security Context POD %q created on Node %q", pod.Name, podNodeName)
	Expect(podNodeName).To(Equal(config.node0.Name))
	return pod, err
}

func createLocalPod(config *localTestConfig, volume *localTestVolume, fsGroup *int64) (*v1.Pod, error) {
	By("Creating a pod")
	return framework.CreateSecPod(config.client, config.ns, []*v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{volume.pvc}, false, "", false, false, selinuxLabel, fsGroup, framework.PodStartShortTimeout)
}

func createAndMountTmpfsLocalVolume(config *localTestConfig, dir string, node *v1.Node) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Creating tmpfs mount point on node %q at path %q", node.Name, dir))
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %q && sudo mount -t tmpfs -o size=1m tmpfs-%q %q", dir, dir, dir), node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func unmountTmpfsLocalVolume(config *localTestConfig, dir string, node *v1.Node) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Unmount tmpfs mount point on node %q at path %q", node.Name, dir))
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, fmt.Sprintf("sudo umount %q", dir), node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func createAndMapBlockLocalVolume(config *localTestConfig, dir string, node *v1.Node) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Creating block device on node %q using path %q", node.Name, dir))
	mkdirCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %s", dir)
	// Create 10MB file that will serve as the backing for block device.
	ddCmd := fmt.Sprintf("dd if=/dev/zero of=%s/file bs=512 count=20480", dir)
	losetupCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo losetup -f  %s/file", dir)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, fmt.Sprintf("%s && %s && %s", mkdirCmd, ddCmd, losetupCmd), node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func unmapBlockLocalVolume(config *localTestConfig, dir string, node *v1.Node) {
	loopDev := getBlockLoopDev(config, dir, node)
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Unmap block device %q on node %q at path %s/file", loopDev, node.Name, dir))
	losetupDeleteCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo losetup -d %s", loopDev)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, losetupDeleteCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func createWriteCmd(testDir string, testFile string, writeTestFileContent string, volumeType localVolumeType) string {
	if volumeType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
		// testDir is the block device.
		testFileDir := filepath.Join("/tmp", testDir)
		testFilePath := filepath.Join(testFileDir, testFile)
		// Create a file containing the testFileContent.
		writeTestFileCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %s; echo %s > %s", testFileDir, writeTestFileContent, testFilePath)
		// sudo is needed when using ssh exec to node.
		// sudo is not needed and does not exist in some containers (e.g. busybox), when using pod exec.
		sudoCmd := fmt.Sprintf("SUDO_CMD=$(which sudo); echo ${SUDO_CMD}")
		// Write the testFileContent into the block device.
		writeBlockCmd := fmt.Sprintf("${SUDO_CMD} dd if=%s of=%s bs=512 count=100", testFilePath, testDir)
		// Cleanup the file containing testFileContent.
		deleteTestFileCmd := fmt.Sprintf("rm %s", testFilePath)
		return fmt.Sprintf("%s && %s && %s && %s", writeTestFileCmd, sudoCmd, writeBlockCmd, deleteTestFileCmd)
	} else {
		testFilePath := filepath.Join(testDir, testFile)
		return fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %s; echo %s > %s", testDir, writeTestFileContent, testFilePath)
	}
}
func createReadCmd(testFileDir string, testFile string, volumeType localVolumeType) string {
	if volumeType == BlockLocalVolumeType {
		// Create the command to read the beginning of the block device and print it in ascii.
		return fmt.Sprintf("hexdump -n 100 -e '100 \"%%_p\"' %s | head -1", testFileDir)
	} else {
		// Create the command to read (aka cat) a file.
		testFilePath := filepath.Join(testFileDir, testFile)
		return fmt.Sprintf("cat %s", testFilePath)
	}
}

// Read testFile and evaluate whether it contains the testFileContent
func testReadFileContent(testFileDir string, testFile string, testFileContent string, pod *v1.Pod, volumeType localVolumeType) {
	readCmd := createReadCmd(testFileDir, testFile, volumeType)
	readOut := podRWCmdExec(pod, readCmd)
	Expect(readOut).To(ContainSubstring(testFileContent))
}

// Create command to verify that the file doesn't exist
// to be executed via hostexec Pod on the node with the local PV
func createFileDoesntExistCmd(testFileDir string, testFile string) string {
	testFilePath := filepath.Join(testFileDir, testFile)
	return fmt.Sprintf("[ ! -e %s ]", testFilePath)
}

// Execute a read or write command in a pod.
// Fail on error
func podRWCmdExec(pod *v1.Pod, cmd string) string {
	out, err := utils.PodExec(pod, cmd)
	framework.Logf("podRWCmdExec out: %q err: %v", out, err)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	return out
}

// Initialize test volume on node
// and create local PVC and PV
func setupLocalVolumesPVCsPVs(
	config *localTestConfig,
	localVolumeType localVolumeType,
	node *v1.Node,
	count int,
	mode storagev1.VolumeBindingMode) []*localTestVolume {

	By("Initializing test volumes")
	testVols := setupLocalVolumes(config, localVolumeType, node, count)

	By("Creating local PVCs and PVs")
	createLocalPVCsPVs(config, testVols, mode)

	return testVols
}

func setupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config *localTestConfig) {
	By("Bootstrapping local volume provisioner")
	createServiceAccount(config)
	createProvisionerClusterRoleBinding(config)
	utils.PrivilegedTestPSPClusterRoleBinding(config.client, config.ns, false /* teardown */, []string{testServiceAccount})
	createVolumeConfigMap(config)

	for _, node := range config.nodes {
		By(fmt.Sprintf("Initializing local volume discovery base path on node %v", node.Name))
		mkdirCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %v -m 777", config.discoveryDir)
		err := issueNodeCommand(config, mkdirCmd, &node)
		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	}
}

func cleanupLocalVolumeProvisioner(config *localTestConfig) {
	By("Cleaning up cluster role binding")
	deleteClusterRoleBinding(config)
	utils.PrivilegedTestPSPClusterRoleBinding(config.client, config.ns, true /* teardown */, []string{testServiceAccount})

	for _, node := range config.nodes {
		By(fmt.Sprintf("Removing the test discovery directory on node %v", node.Name))
		removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("[ ! -e %v ] || rm -r %v", config.discoveryDir, config.discoveryDir)
		err := issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, &node)
		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	}
}

func setupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config *localTestConfig, volumePath string, node *v1.Node) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Creating local directory at path %q", volumePath))
	mkdirCmd := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir %v -m 777", volumePath)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, mkdirCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	By(fmt.Sprintf("Mounting local directory at path %q", volumePath))
	mntCmd := fmt.Sprintf("sudo mount --bind %v %v", volumePath, volumePath)
	err = issueNodeCommand(config, mntCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func cleanupLocalVolumeProvisionerMountPoint(config *localTestConfig, volumePath string, node *v1.Node) {
	By(fmt.Sprintf("Unmounting the test mount point from %q", volumePath))
	umountCmd := fmt.Sprintf("[ ! -e %v ] || sudo umount %v", volumePath, volumePath)
	err := issueNodeCommand(config, umountCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	By("Removing the test mount point")
	removeCmd := fmt.Sprintf("[ ! -e %v ] || rm -r %v", volumePath, volumePath)
	err = issueNodeCommand(config, removeCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	By("Cleaning up persistent volume")
	pv, err := findLocalPersistentVolume(config.client, volumePath)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	if pv != nil {
		err = config.client.CoreV1().PersistentVolumes().Delete(pv.Name, &metav1.DeleteOptions{})
		Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	}
}

func createServiceAccount(config *localTestConfig) {
	serviceAccount := v1.ServiceAccount{
		TypeMeta:   metav1.TypeMeta{APIVersion: "v1", Kind: "ServiceAccount"},
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{Name: testServiceAccount, Namespace: config.ns},
	}
	_, err := config.client.CoreV1().ServiceAccounts(config.ns).Create(&serviceAccount)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// createProvisionerClusterRoleBinding creates two cluster role bindings for local volume provisioner's
// service account: systemRoleNode and systemRolePVProvisioner. These are required for
// provisioner to get node information and create persistent volumes.
func createProvisionerClusterRoleBinding(config *localTestConfig) {
	subjects := []rbacv1beta1.Subject{
		{
			Kind:      rbacv1beta1.ServiceAccountKind,
			Name:      testServiceAccount,
			Namespace: config.ns,
		},
	}

	pvBinding := rbacv1beta1.ClusterRoleBinding{
		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
			APIVersion: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1",
			Kind:       "ClusterRoleBinding",
		},
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name: pvBindingName,
		},
		RoleRef: rbacv1beta1.RoleRef{
			APIGroup: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io",
			Kind:     "ClusterRole",
			Name:     systemRolePVProvisioner,
		},
		Subjects: subjects,
	}
	nodeBinding := rbacv1beta1.ClusterRoleBinding{
		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
			APIVersion: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1",
			Kind:       "ClusterRoleBinding",
		},
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name: nodeBindingName,
		},
		RoleRef: rbacv1beta1.RoleRef{
			APIGroup: "rbac.authorization.k8s.io",
			Kind:     "ClusterRole",
			Name:     systemRoleNode,
		},
		Subjects: subjects,
	}

	deleteClusterRoleBinding(config)
	_, err := config.client.RbacV1beta1().ClusterRoleBindings().Create(&pvBinding)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	_, err = config.client.RbacV1beta1().ClusterRoleBindings().Create(&nodeBinding)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func deleteClusterRoleBinding(config *localTestConfig) {
	// These role bindings are created in provisioner; we just ensure it's
	// deleted and do not panic on error.
	config.client.RbacV1beta1().ClusterRoleBindings().Delete(nodeBindingName, metav1.NewDeleteOptions(0))
	config.client.RbacV1beta1().ClusterRoleBindings().Delete(pvBindingName, metav1.NewDeleteOptions(0))
}

func createVolumeConfigMap(config *localTestConfig) {
	// MountConfig and ProvisionerConfiguration from
	// https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/external-storage/blob/master/local-volume/provisioner/pkg/common/common.go
	type MountConfig struct {
		// The hostpath directory
		HostDir  string `json:"hostDir" yaml:"hostDir"`
		MountDir string `json:"mountDir" yaml:"mountDir"`
	}
	type ProvisionerConfiguration struct {
		// StorageClassConfig defines configuration of Provisioner's storage classes
		StorageClassConfig map[string]MountConfig `json:"storageClassMap" yaml:"storageClassMap"`
	}
	var provisionerConfig ProvisionerConfiguration
	provisionerConfig.StorageClassConfig = map[string]MountConfig{
		config.scName: {
			HostDir:  config.discoveryDir,
			MountDir: provisionerDefaultMountRoot,
		},
	}

	data, err := yaml.Marshal(&provisionerConfig.StorageClassConfig)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	configMap := v1.ConfigMap{
		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
			APIVersion: "v1",
			Kind:       "ConfigMap",
		},
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name:      volumeConfigName,
			Namespace: config.ns,
		},
		Data: map[string]string{
			"storageClassMap": string(data),
		},
	}

	_, err = config.client.CoreV1().ConfigMaps(config.ns).Create(&configMap)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

func createProvisionerDaemonset(config *localTestConfig) {
	provisionerPrivileged := true
	mountProp := v1.MountPropagationHostToContainer

	provisioner := &extv1beta1.DaemonSet{
		TypeMeta: metav1.TypeMeta{
			Kind:       "DaemonSet",
			APIVersion: "extensions/v1beta1",
		},
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name: daemonSetName,
		},
		Spec: extv1beta1.DaemonSetSpec{
			Selector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
				MatchLabels: map[string]string{"app": "local-volume-provisioner"},
			},
			Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
					Labels: map[string]string{"app": "local-volume-provisioner"},
				},
				Spec: v1.PodSpec{
					ServiceAccountName: testServiceAccount,
					Containers: []v1.Container{
						{
							Name:            "provisioner",
							Image:           provisionerImageName,
							ImagePullPolicy: "Always",
							SecurityContext: &v1.SecurityContext{
								Privileged: &provisionerPrivileged,
							},
							Env: []v1.EnvVar{
								{
									Name: "MY_NODE_NAME",
									ValueFrom: &v1.EnvVarSource{
										FieldRef: &v1.ObjectFieldSelector{
											FieldPath: "spec.nodeName",
										},
									},
								},
								{
									Name: "MY_NAMESPACE",
									ValueFrom: &v1.EnvVarSource{
										FieldRef: &v1.ObjectFieldSelector{
											FieldPath: "metadata.namespace",
										},
									},
								},
							},
							VolumeMounts: []v1.VolumeMount{
								{
									Name:      volumeConfigName,
									MountPath: "/etc/provisioner/config/",
								},
								{
									Name:             "local-disks",
									MountPath:        provisionerDefaultMountRoot,
									MountPropagation: &mountProp,
								},
							},
						},
					},
					Volumes: []v1.Volume{
						{
							Name: volumeConfigName,
							VolumeSource: v1.VolumeSource{
								ConfigMap: &v1.ConfigMapVolumeSource{
									LocalObjectReference: v1.LocalObjectReference{
										Name: volumeConfigName,
									},
								},
							},
						},
						{
							Name: "local-disks",
							VolumeSource: v1.VolumeSource{
								HostPath: &v1.HostPathVolumeSource{
									Path: config.discoveryDir,
								},
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}
	_, err := config.client.ExtensionsV1beta1().DaemonSets(config.ns).Create(provisioner)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	kind := schema.GroupKind{Group: "extensions", Kind: "DaemonSet"}
	framework.WaitForControlledPodsRunning(config.client, config.ns, daemonSetName, kind)
}

func findProvisionerDaemonsetPodName(config *localTestConfig) string {
	podList, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).List(metav1.ListOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		framework.Failf("could not get the pod list: %v", err)
		return ""
	}
	pods := podList.Items
	for _, pod := range pods {
		if strings.HasPrefix(pod.Name, daemonSetName) && pod.Spec.NodeName == config.node0.Name {
			return pod.Name
		}
	}
	framework.Failf("Unable to find provisioner daemonset pod on node0")
	return ""
}

func deleteProvisionerDaemonset(config *localTestConfig) {
	ds, err := config.client.ExtensionsV1beta1().DaemonSets(config.ns).Get(daemonSetName, metav1.GetOptions{})
	if ds == nil {
		return
	}

	err = config.client.ExtensionsV1beta1().DaemonSets(config.ns).Delete(daemonSetName, nil)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	err = wait.PollImmediate(time.Second, time.Minute, func() (bool, error) {
		pods, err := config.client.CoreV1().Pods(config.ns).List(metav1.ListOptions{})
		if err != nil {
			return false, err
		}

		for _, pod := range pods.Items {
			if metav1.IsControlledBy(&pod, ds) {
				// DaemonSet pod still exists
				return false, nil
			}
		}

		// All DaemonSet pods are deleted
		return true, nil
	})
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
}

// newLocalClaim creates a new persistent volume claim.
func newLocalClaim(config *localTestConfig) *v1.PersistentVolumeClaim {
	claim := v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			GenerateName: "local-pvc-",
			Namespace:    config.ns,
		},
		Spec: v1.PersistentVolumeClaimSpec{
			StorageClassName: &config.scName,
			AccessModes: []v1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{
				v1.ReadWriteOnce,
			},
			Resources: v1.ResourceRequirements{
				Requests: v1.ResourceList{
					v1.ResourceName(v1.ResourceStorage): resource.MustParse(testRequestSize),
				},
			},
		},
	}

	return &claim
}

// newLocalClaim creates a new persistent volume claim.
func newLocalClaimWithName(config *localTestConfig, name string) *v1.PersistentVolumeClaim {
	claim := v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name:      name,
			Namespace: config.ns,
		},
		Spec: v1.PersistentVolumeClaimSpec{
			StorageClassName: &config.scName,
			AccessModes: []v1.PersistentVolumeAccessMode{
				v1.ReadWriteOnce,
			},
			Resources: v1.ResourceRequirements{
				Requests: v1.ResourceList{
					v1.ResourceName(v1.ResourceStorage): resource.MustParse(testRequestSize),
				},
			},
		},
	}

	return &claim
}

// waitForLocalPersistentVolume waits a local persistent volume with 'volumePath' to be available.
func waitForLocalPersistentVolume(c clientset.Interface, volumePath string) (*v1.PersistentVolume, error) {
	var pv *v1.PersistentVolume

	for start := time.Now(); time.Since(start) < 10*time.Minute && pv == nil; time.Sleep(5 * time.Second) {
		pvs, err := c.CoreV1().PersistentVolumes().List(metav1.ListOptions{})
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if len(pvs.Items) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		for _, p := range pvs.Items {
			if p.Spec.PersistentVolumeSource.Local == nil || p.Spec.PersistentVolumeSource.Local.Path != volumePath {
				continue
			}
			if p.Status.Phase != v1.VolumeAvailable {
				continue
			}
			pv = &p
			break
		}
	}
	if pv == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Timeout while waiting for local persistent volume with path %v to be available", volumePath)
	}
	return pv, nil
}

// findLocalPersistentVolume finds persistent volume with 'spec.local.path' equals 'volumePath'.
func findLocalPersistentVolume(c clientset.Interface, volumePath string) (*v1.PersistentVolume, error) {
	pvs, err := c.CoreV1().PersistentVolumes().List(metav1.ListOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	for _, p := range pvs.Items {
		if p.Spec.PersistentVolumeSource.Local != nil && p.Spec.PersistentVolumeSource.Local.Path == volumePath {
			return &p, nil
		}
	}
	// Doesn't exist, that's fine, it could be invoked by early cleanup
	return nil, nil
}

func createStatefulSet(config *localTestConfig, ssReplicas int32, volumeCount int, anti, parallel bool) *appsv1.StatefulSet {
	mounts := []v1.VolumeMount{}
	claims := []v1.PersistentVolumeClaim{}
	for i := 0; i < volumeCount; i++ {
		name := fmt.Sprintf("vol%v", i+1)
		pvc := newLocalClaimWithName(config, name)
		mounts = append(mounts, v1.VolumeMount{Name: name, MountPath: "/" + name})
		claims = append(claims, *pvc)
	}

	podAffinityTerms := []v1.PodAffinityTerm{
		{
			LabelSelector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
				MatchExpressions: []metav1.LabelSelectorRequirement{
					{
						Key:      "app",
						Operator: metav1.LabelSelectorOpIn,
						Values:   []string{"local-volume-test"},
					},
				},
			},
			TopologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname",
		},
	}

	affinity := v1.Affinity{}
	if anti {
		affinity.PodAntiAffinity = &v1.PodAntiAffinity{
			RequiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: podAffinityTerms,
		}
	} else {
		affinity.PodAffinity = &v1.PodAffinity{
			RequiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: podAffinityTerms,
		}
	}

	labels := map[string]string{"app": "local-volume-test"}
	spec := &appsv1.StatefulSet{
		ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
			Name:      "local-volume-statefulset",
			Namespace: config.ns,
		},
		Spec: appsv1.StatefulSetSpec{
			Selector: &metav1.LabelSelector{
				MatchLabels: map[string]string{"app": "local-volume-test"},
			},
			Replicas: &ssReplicas,
			Template: v1.PodTemplateSpec{
				ObjectMeta: metav1.ObjectMeta{
					Labels: labels,
				},
				Spec: v1.PodSpec{
					Containers: []v1.Container{
						{
							Name:         "nginx",
							Image:        imageutils.GetE2EImage(imageutils.Nginx),
							VolumeMounts: mounts,
						},
					},
					Affinity: &affinity,
				},
			},
			VolumeClaimTemplates: claims,
			ServiceName:          "test-service",
		},
	}

	if parallel {
		spec.Spec.PodManagementPolicy = appsv1.ParallelPodManagement
	}

	ss, err := config.client.AppsV1().StatefulSets(config.ns).Create(spec)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())

	config.ssTester.WaitForRunningAndReady(ssReplicas, ss)
	return ss
}

func validateStatefulSet(config *localTestConfig, ss *appsv1.StatefulSet, anti bool) {
	pods := config.ssTester.GetPodList(ss)

	nodes := sets.NewString()
	for _, pod := range pods.Items {
		nodes.Insert(pod.Spec.NodeName)
	}

	if anti {
		// Verify that each pod is on a different node
		Expect(nodes.Len()).To(Equal(len(pods.Items)))
	} else {
		// Verify that all pods are on same node.
		Expect(nodes.Len()).To(Equal(1))
	}

	// Validate all PVCs are bound
	for _, pod := range pods.Items {
		for _, volume := range pod.Spec.Volumes {
			pvcSource := volume.VolumeSource.PersistentVolumeClaim
			if pvcSource != nil {
				err := framework.WaitForPersistentVolumeClaimPhase(
					v1.ClaimBound, config.client, config.ns, pvcSource.ClaimName, framework.Poll, time.Second)
				Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
			}
		}
	}
}

// SkipUnlessLocalSSDExists takes in an ssdInterface (scsi/nvme) and a filesystemType (fs/block)
// and skips if a disk of that type does not exist on the node
func SkipUnlessLocalSSDExists(config *localTestConfig, ssdInterface, filesystemType string, node *v1.Node) {
	ssdCmd := fmt.Sprintf("ls -1 /mnt/disks/by-uuid/google-local-ssds-%s-%s/ | wc -l", ssdInterface, filesystemType)
	res, err := issueNodeCommandWithResult(config, ssdCmd, node)
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	num, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(res))
	Expect(err).NotTo(HaveOccurred())
	if num < 1 {
		framework.Skipf("Requires at least 1 %s %s localSSD ", ssdInterface, filesystemType)
	}
}