statement: try statement: except
In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives from BaseException. In a try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name.
statement: raise
The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an "associated value" indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple of several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is usually passed as arguments to the exception class's constructor.
User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition "just like" the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.
The built-in exception classes can be sub-classed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to at least derive new exceptions from the Exception class and not BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under tut-userexceptions.
When raising (or re-raising) an exception in an except clause __context__ is automatically set to the last exception caught; if the new exception is not handled the traceback that is eventually displayed will include the originating exception(s) and the final exception.
When raising a new exception (rather than using a bare raise to re-raise the exception currently being handled), the implicit exception context can be supplemented with an explicit cause by using from with raise:
raise new_exc from original_excThe expression following from must be an exception or None. It will be set as __cause__ on the raised exception. Setting __cause__ also implicitly sets the __suppress_context__ attribute to True, so that using raise new_exc from None effectively replaces the old exception with the new one for display purposes (e.g. converting KeyError to AttributeError, while leaving the old exception available in __context__ for introspection when debugging.
The default traceback display code shows these chained exceptions in addition to the traceback for the exception itself. An explicitly chained exception in __cause__ is always shown when present. An implicitly chained exception in __context__ is shown only if __cause__ is None and __suppress_context__ is false.
In either case, the exception itself is always shown after any chained exceptions so that the final line of the traceback always shows the last exception that was raised.
The following exceptions are used mostly as base classes for other exceptions.
BaseException
The base class for all built-in exceptions. It is not meant to be directly inherited by user-defined classes (for that, use Exception). If str is called on an instance of this class, the representation of the argument(s) to the instance are returned, or the empty string when there were no arguments.
args
The tuple of arguments given to the exception constructor. Some built-in exceptions (like IOError) expect a certain number of arguments and assign a special meaning to the elements of this tuple, while others are usually called only with a single string giving an error message.
with_traceback(tb)
This method sets tb as the new traceback for the exception and returns the exception object. It is usually used in exception handling code like this:
try:
...
except SomeException:
tb = sys.exc_info()[2]
raise OtherException(...).with_traceback(tb)Exception
All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this class. All user-defined exceptions should also be derived from this class.
ArithmeticError
The base class for those built-in exceptions that are raised for various arithmetic errors: OverflowError, ZeroDivisionError, FloatingPointError.
BufferError
Raised when a buffer <bufferobjects> related operation cannot be performed.
LookupError
The base class for the exceptions that are raised when a key or index used on a mapping or sequence is invalid: IndexError, KeyError. This can be raised directly by codecs.lookup.
The following exceptions are the exceptions that are usually raised.
AssertionError
statement: assert
Raised when an assert statement fails.
AttributeError
Raised when an attribute reference (see attribute-references) or assignment fails. (When an object does not support attribute references or attribute assignments at all, TypeError is raised.)
EOFError
Raised when one of the built-in functions (input or raw_input) hits an end-of-file condition (EOF) without reading any data. (N.B.: the file.read and file.readline methods return an empty string when they hit EOF.)
FloatingPointError
Raised when a floating point operation fails. This exception is always defined, but can only be raised when Python is configured with the --with-fpectl option, or the WANT_SIGFPE_HANDLER symbol is defined in the pyconfig.h file.
GeneratorExit
Raise when a generator's close method is called. It directly inherits from BaseException instead of Exception since it is technically not an error.
ImportError
Raised when an import statement fails to find the module definition or when a from ... import fails to find a name that is to be imported.
The name and path attributes can be set using keyword-only arguments to the constructor. When set they represent the name of the module that was attempted to be imported and the path to any file which triggered the exception, respectively.
3.3 Added the name and path attributes.
IndexError
Raised when a sequence subscript is out of range. (Slice indices are silently truncated to fall in the allowed range; if an index is not an integer, TypeError is raised.)
KeyError
Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of existing keys.
KeyboardInterrupt
Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally Control-C or Delete). During execution, a check for interrupts is made regularly. The exception inherits from BaseException so as to not be accidentally caught by code that catches Exception and thus prevent the interpreter from exiting.
MemoryError
Raised when an operation runs out of memory but the situation may still be rescued (by deleting some objects). The associated value is a string indicating what kind of (internal) operation ran out of memory. Note that because of the underlying memory management architecture (C's :cmalloc function), the interpreter may not always be able to completely recover from this situation; it nevertheless raises an exception so that a stack traceback can be printed, in case a run-away program was the cause.
NameError
Raised when a local or global name is not found. This applies only to unqualified names. The associated value is an error message that includes the name that could not be found.
NotImplementedError
This exception is derived from RuntimeError. In user defined base classes, abstract methods should raise this exception when they require derived classes to override the method.
OSError
module: errno
This exception is raised when a system function returns a system-related error, including I/O failures such as "file not found" or "disk full" (not for illegal argument types or other incidental errors). Often a subclass of OSError will actually be raised as described in OS exceptions below. The errno attribute is a numeric error code from the C variable :cerrno.
Under Windows, the winerror attribute gives you the native Windows error code. The errno attribute is then an approximate translation, in POSIX terms, of that native error code.
Under all platforms, the strerror attribute is the corresponding error message as provided by the operating system (as formatted by the C functions :cperror under POSIX, and :cFormatMessage Windows).
For exceptions that involve a file system path (such as open or os.unlink), the exception instance will contain an additional attribute, filename, which is the file name passed to the function.
3.3 EnvironmentError, IOError, WindowsError, VMSError, socket.error, select.error and mmap.error have been merged into OSError.
3.4
The filename attribute is now the original file name passed to the function, instead of the name encoded to or decoded from the filesystem encoding.
OverflowError
Raised when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be represented. This cannot occur for integers (which would rather raise MemoryError than give up). Because of the lack of standardization of floating point exception handling in C, most floating point operations also aren't checked.
ReferenceError
This exception is raised when a weak reference proxy, created by the weakref.proxy function, is used to access an attribute of the referent after it has been garbage collected. For more information on weak references, see the weakref module.
RuntimeError
Raised when an error is detected that doesn't fall in any of the other categories. The associated value is a string indicating what precisely went wrong. (This exception is mostly a relic from a previous version of the interpreter; it is not used very much any more.)
StopIteration
Raised by built-in function next and an iterator's ~iterator.__next__ method to signal that there are no further items produced by the iterator.
The exception object has a single attribute value, which is given as an argument when constructing the exception, and defaults to None.
When a generator function returns, a new StopIteration instance is raised, and the value returned by the function is used as the value parameter to the constructor of the exception.
3.3 Added value attribute and the ability for generator functions to use it to return a value.
SyntaxError
Raised when the parser encounters a syntax error. This may occur in an import statement, in a call to the built-in functions exec or eval, or when reading the initial script or standard input (also interactively).
Instances of this class have attributes filename, lineno, offset and text for easier access to the details. str of the exception instance returns only the message.
IndentationError
Base class for syntax errors related to incorrect indentation. This is a subclass of SyntaxError.
TabError
Raised when indentation contains an inconsistent use of tabs and spaces. This is a subclass of IndentationError.
SystemError
Raised when the interpreter finds an internal error, but the situation does not look so serious to cause it to abandon all hope. The associated value is a string indicating what went wrong (in low-level terms).
You should report this to the author or maintainer of your Python interpreter. Be sure to report the version of the Python interpreter (sys.version; it is also printed at the start of an interactive Python session), the exact error message (the exception's associated value) and if possible the source of the program that triggered the error.
SystemExit
This exception is raised by the sys.exit function. When it is not handled, the Python interpreter exits; no stack traceback is printed. If the associated value is an integer, it specifies the system exit status (passed to C's :cexit function); if it is None, the exit status is zero; if it has another type (such as a string), the object's value is printed and the exit status is one.
Instances have an attribute code which is set to the proposed exit status or error message (defaulting to None). Also, this exception derives directly from BaseException and not Exception, since it is not technically an error.
A call to sys.exit is translated into an exception so that clean-up handlers (finally clauses of try statements) can be executed, and so that a debugger can execute a script without running the risk of losing control. The os._exit function can be used if it is absolutely positively necessary to exit immediately (for example, in the child process after a call to fork).
The exception inherits from BaseException instead of Exception so that it is not accidentally caught by code that catches Exception. This allows the exception to properly propagate up and cause the interpreter to exit.
TypeError
Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate type. The associated value is a string giving details about the type mismatch.
UnboundLocalError
Raised when a reference is made to a local variable in a function or method, but no value has been bound to that variable. This is a subclass of NameError.
UnicodeError
Raised when a Unicode-related encoding or decoding error occurs. It is a subclass of ValueError.
UnicodeError has attributes that describe the encoding or decoding error. For example, err.object[err.start:err.end] gives the particular invalid input that the codec failed on.
encoding
The name of the encoding that raised the error.
reason
A string describing the specific codec error.
object
The object the codec was attempting to encode or decode.
start
The first index of invalid data in object.
end
The index after the last invalid data in object.
UnicodeEncodeError
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during encoding. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
UnicodeDecodeError
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during decoding. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
UnicodeTranslateError
Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during translating. It is a subclass of UnicodeError.
ValueError
Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument that has the right type but an inappropriate value, and the situation is not described by a more precise exception such as IndexError.
ZeroDivisionError
Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is zero. The associated value is a string indicating the type of the operands and the operation.
The following exceptions are kept for compatibility with previous versions; starting from Python 3.3, they are aliases of OSError.
EnvironmentError
IOError
VMSError
Only available on VMS.
WindowsError
Only available on Windows.
The following exceptions are subclasses of OSError, they get raised depending on the system error code.
BlockingIOError
Raised when an operation would block on an object (e.g. socket) set for non-blocking operation. Corresponds to :cerrno EAGAIN, EALREADY, EWOULDBLOCK and EINPROGRESS.
In addition to those of OSError, BlockingIOError can have one more attribute:
characters_written
An integer containing the number of characters written to the stream before it blocked. This attribute is available when using the buffered I/O classes from the io module.
ChildProcessError
Raised when an operation on a child process failed. Corresponds to :cerrno ECHILD.
ConnectionError
A base class for connection-related issues.
Subclasses are BrokenPipeError, ConnectionAbortedError, ConnectionRefusedError and ConnectionResetError.
BrokenPipeError
A subclass of ConnectionError, raised when trying to write on a pipe while the other end has been closed, or trying to write on a socket which has been shutdown for writing. Corresponds to :cerrno EPIPE and ESHUTDOWN.
ConnectionAbortedError
A subclass of ConnectionError, raised when a connection attempt is aborted by the peer. Corresponds to :cerrno ECONNABORTED.
ConnectionRefusedError
A subclass of ConnectionError, raised when a connection attempt is refused by the peer. Corresponds to :cerrno ECONNREFUSED.
ConnectionResetError
A subclass of ConnectionError, raised when a connection is reset by the peer. Corresponds to :cerrno ECONNRESET.
FileExistsError
Raised when trying to create a file or directory which already exists. Corresponds to :cerrno EEXIST.
FileNotFoundError
Raised when a file or directory is requested but doesn't exist. Corresponds to :cerrno ENOENT.
InterruptedError
Raised when a system call is interrupted by an incoming signal. Corresponds to :cerrno EINTR.
IsADirectoryError
Raised when a file operation (such as os.remove) is requested on a directory. Corresponds to :cerrno EISDIR.
NotADirectoryError
Raised when a directory operation (such as os.listdir) is requested on something which is not a directory. Corresponds to :cerrno ENOTDIR.
PermissionError
Raised when trying to run an operation without the adequate access rights - for example filesystem permissions. Corresponds to :cerrno EACCES and EPERM.
ProcessLookupError
Raised when a given process doesn't exist. Corresponds to :cerrno ESRCH.
TimeoutError
Raised when a system function timed out at the system level. Corresponds to :cerrno ETIMEDOUT.
3.3 All the above OSError subclasses were added.
3151 - Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
The following exceptions are used as warning categories; see the warnings module for more information.
Warning
Base class for warning categories.
UserWarning
Base class for warnings generated by user code.
DeprecationWarning
Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
PendingDeprecationWarning
Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated in the future.
SyntaxWarning
Base class for warnings about dubious syntax
RuntimeWarning
Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
FutureWarning
Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically in the future.
ImportWarning
Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports.
UnicodeWarning
Base class for warnings related to Unicode.
BytesWarning
Base class for warnings related to bytes and buffer.
ResourceWarning
Base class for warnings related to resource usage.
3.2
The class hierarchy for built-in exceptions is:
../../Lib/test/exception_hierarchy.txt