Mock.pm

package DBD::Mock;

sub import {
    shift;
    $DBI::connect_via = "DBD::Mock::Pool::connect" if (@_ && lc($_[0]) eq "pool");
}

# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
#   Copyright (c) 2004-2007 Stevan Little, Chris Winters
#   (spawned from original code Copyright (c) 1994 Tim Bunce)
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
#   You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
#   License or the Artistic License, as specified in the Perl README file.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #

use 5.006;

use strict;
use warnings;

require DBI;

our $VERSION = '1.37';

our $drh    = undef;    # will hold driver handle
our $err    = 0;        # will hold any error codes
our $errstr = '';       # will hold any error messages

sub driver {
    return $drh if defined $drh;
    my ($class, $attributes) = @_;
    $attributes = {} unless (defined($attributes) && (ref($attributes) eq 'HASH'));
    $drh = DBI::_new_drh( "${class}::dr", {
        Name        => 'Mock',
        Version     => $DBD::Mock::VERSION,
        Attribution => 'DBD Mock driver by Chris Winters & Stevan Little (orig. from Tim Bunce)',
        Err         => \$DBD::Mock::err,
        Errstr      => \$DBD::Mock::errstr,
        # mock attributes
        mock_connect_fail => 0,
        # and pass in any extra attributes given
        %{$attributes}
    });
    return $drh;
}

sub CLONE { undef $drh }

# NOTE:
# this feature is still quite experimental. It is defaulted to
# be off, but it can be turned on by doing this:
#    $DBD::Mock::AttributeAliasing++;
# and then turned off by doing:
#    $DBD::Mock::AttributeAliasing = 0;
# we shall see how this feature works out.

our $AttributeAliasing = 0;

my %AttributeAliases = (
    mysql => {
        db => {
            # aliases can either be a string which is obvious
            mysql_insertid => 'mock_last_insert_id'
        },
        st => {
            # but they can also be a subroutine reference whose
            # first argument will be either the $dbh or the $sth
            # depending upon which context it is aliased in.
            mysql_insertid => sub { (shift)->{Database}->{'mock_last_insert_id'} }
        }
    },
);

sub _get_mock_attribute_aliases {
    my ($dbname) = @_;
    (exists $AttributeAliases{lc($dbname)})
        || die "Attribute aliases not available for '$dbname'";
    return $AttributeAliases{lc($dbname)};
}

sub _set_mock_attribute_aliases {
    my ($dbname, $dbh_or_sth, $key, $value) = @_;
    return $AttributeAliases{lc($dbname)}->{$dbh_or_sth}->{$key} = $value;
}

## Some useful constants

use constant NULL_RESULTSET => [[]];


########################################
# DRIVER

package DBD::Mock::dr;

use strict;
use warnings;

$DBD::Mock::dr::imp_data_size = 0;

sub connect {
    my ($drh, $dbname, $user, $auth, $attributes) = @_;
    if ($drh->{'mock_connect_fail'} == 1) {
        $drh->DBI::set_err(1, "Could not connect to mock database");
        return;
    }
    $attributes ||= {};
    if ($dbname && $DBD::Mock::AttributeAliasing) {
        # this is the DB we are mocking
        $attributes->{mock_attribute_aliases} = DBD::Mock::_get_mock_attribute_aliases($dbname);
        $attributes->{mock_database_name} = $dbname;
    }

    # Need to protect AutoCommit from $dbh caching - RobK.
    my $autocommit = 1;
    if( exists $attributes->{ 'AutoCommit' } ) {
        $autocommit = delete $attributes->{ 'AutoCommit' };
    }

    my $dbh = DBI::_new_dbh($drh, {
        Name                   => $dbname,
        # holds statement parsing coderefs/objects
        mock_parser            => [],
        # holds all statements applied to handle until manually cleared
        mock_statement_history => [],
        # ability to fake a failed DB connection
        mock_can_connect       => 1,
        # ability to make other things fail :)
        mock_can_prepare       => 1,
        mock_can_execute       => 1,
        mock_can_fetch         => 1,
        # rest of attributes
        %{ $attributes },
    }) || return;

    $dbh->STORE( 'AutoCommit' => $autocommit );

    return $dbh;
}

sub FETCH {
    my ($drh, $attr) = @_;
    if ($attr =~ /^mock_/) {
        if ($attr eq 'mock_connect_fail') {
            return $drh->{'mock_connect_fail'};
        }
        elsif ($attr eq 'mock_data_sources') {
            unless (defined $drh->{'mock_data_sources'}) {
                $drh->{'mock_data_sources'} = [ 'DBI:Mock:' ];
            }
            return $drh->{'mock_data_sources'};
        }
        else {
            return $drh->SUPER::FETCH($attr);
        }
    }
    else {
        return $drh->SUPER::FETCH($attr);
    }
}

sub STORE {
    my ($drh, $attr, $value) = @_;
    if ($attr =~ /^mock_/) {
        if ($attr eq 'mock_connect_fail') {
            return $drh->{'mock_connect_fail'} = $value ? 1 : 0;
        }
        elsif ($attr eq 'mock_data_sources') {
            if (ref($value) ne 'ARRAY') {
                $drh->DBI::set_err(1, "You must pass an array ref of data sources");
                return;
            }
            return $drh->{'mock_data_sources'} = $value;
        }
        elsif ($attr eq 'mock_add_data_sources') {
            return push @{$drh->{'mock_data_sources'}} => $value;
        }
    }
    else {
        return $drh->SUPER::STORE($attr, $value);
    }
}

sub data_sources {
    my $drh = shift;
    return map { (/^DBI\:Mock\:/i) ? $_ : "DBI:Mock:$_" } @{$drh->FETCH('mock_data_sources')};
}

# Necessary to support DBI < 1.34
# from CPAN RT bug #7057

sub disconnect_all {
    # no-op
}

sub DESTROY { undef }

########################################
# DATABASE

package DBD::Mock::db;

use strict;
use warnings;

$DBD::Mock::db::imp_data_size = 0;

sub ping {
     my ( $dbh ) = @_;
     return $dbh->{mock_can_connect};
}

sub last_insert_id {
     my ( $dbh ) = @_;
     return $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id};
}

sub get_info {
    my ( $dbh, $attr ) = @_;
    $dbh->{mock_get_info} ||= {};
    return $dbh->{mock_get_info}{ $attr };
}

sub prepare {
    my($dbh, $statement) = @_;

    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_connect}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return;
    }
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_prepare}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Cannot prepare");
        return;
    }
    $dbh->{mock_can_prepare}++ if $dbh->{mock_can_prepare} < 0;


    eval {
        foreach my $parser ( @{ $dbh->{mock_parser} } ) {
            if (ref($parser) eq 'CODE') {
                $parser->($statement);
            }
            else {
                $parser->parse($statement);
            }
        }
    };
    if ($@) {
        my $parser_error = $@;
        chomp $parser_error;
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Failed to parse statement. Error: ${parser_error}. Statement: ${statement}");
        return;
    }

    if (my $session = $dbh->FETCH('mock_session')) {
        eval {
            $session->verify_statement($dbh, $statement);
        };
        if ($@) {
            my $session_error = $@;
            chomp $session_error;
            $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Session Error: ${session_error}. Statement: ${statement}");
            return;
        }
    }

    my $sth = DBI::_new_sth($dbh, { Statement => $statement });

    $sth->trace_msg("Preparing statement '${statement}'\n", 1);

    my %track_params = (statement => $statement);

    # If we have available resultsets seed the tracker with one

    my $rs;
    if ( my $all_rs = $dbh->{mock_rs} ) {
        if ( my $by_name = $all_rs->{named}{$statement} ) {
            # We want to copy this, because it is meant to be reusable
            $rs = [ @{$by_name->{results}} ];
            if (exists $by_name->{failure}) {
                $track_params{failure} = [ @{$by_name->{failure}} ];
            }
        }
        else {
            $rs = shift @{$all_rs->{ordered}};
        }
    }

    if (ref($rs) eq 'ARRAY' && scalar(@{$rs}) > 0 ) {
        my $fields = shift @{$rs};
        $track_params{return_data} = $rs;
        $track_params{fields}      = $fields;
        $sth->STORE(NAME           => $fields);
        $sth->STORE(NUM_OF_FIELDS  => scalar @{$fields});
    }
    else {
        $sth->trace_msg('No return data set in DBH', 1);
    }

     # do not allow a statement handle to be created if there is no
     # connection present.

    unless ($dbh->FETCH('Active')) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return;
    }

    # This history object will track everything done to the statement

    my $history = DBD::Mock::StatementTrack->new(%track_params);
    $sth->STORE(mock_my_history => $history);

    # ...now associate the history object with the database handle so
    # people can browse the entire history at once, even for
    # statements opened and closed in a black box

    my $all_history = $dbh->FETCH('mock_statement_history');
    push @{$all_history}, $history;

    return $sth;
}

*prepare_cached = \&prepare;

{
    my $begin_work_commit;
    sub begin_work {
        my $dbh = shift;
        if ($dbh->FETCH('AutoCommit')) {
            $dbh->STORE('AutoCommit', 0);
            $begin_work_commit = 1;
            my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'BEGIN WORK' );
            my $rc = $sth->execute();
            $sth->finish();
            return $rc;
        }
        else {
            return $dbh->set_err(1, 'AutoCommit is off, you are already within a transaction');
        }
    }

    sub commit {
        my $dbh = shift;
        if ($dbh->FETCH('AutoCommit') && $dbh->FETCH('Warn')) {
            return $dbh->set_err(1, "commit ineffective with AutoCommit" );
        }

        my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'COMMIT' );
        my $rc = $sth->execute();
        $sth->finish();

        if ($begin_work_commit) {
            $dbh->STORE('AutoCommit', 1);
            $begin_work_commit = 0;
        }

        return $rc;
    }

    sub rollback {
        my $dbh = shift;
        if ($dbh->FETCH('AutoCommit') && $dbh->FETCH('Warn')) {
            return $dbh->set_err(1, "rollback ineffective with AutoCommit" );
        }

        my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'ROLLBACK' );
        my $rc = $sth->execute();
        $sth->finish();

        if ($begin_work_commit) {
            $dbh->STORE('AutoCommit', 1);
            $begin_work_commit = 0;
        }

        return $rc;
    }
}

# NOTE:
# this method should work in most cases, however it does
# not exactly follow the DBI spec in the case of error
# handling. I am not sure if that level of detail is
# really nessecary since it is a weird error conditon
# which causes it to fail anyway. However if you find you do need it,
# then please email me about it. I think it would be possible
# to mimic it by accessing the DBD::Mock::StatementTrack
# object directly.
sub selectcol_arrayref {
    my ($dbh, $query, $attrib, @bindvalues) = @_;
    # get all the columns ...
    my $a_ref = $dbh->selectall_arrayref($query, $attrib, @bindvalues);

    # if we get nothing back, or dont get an
    # ARRAY ref back, then we can assume
    # something went wrong, and so return undef.
    return undef unless defined $a_ref || ref($a_ref) ne 'ARRAY';

    my @cols = 0;
    if (ref $attrib->{Columns} eq 'ARRAY') {
        @cols = map { $_ - 1 } @{$attrib->{Columns}};
    }

    # if we do get something then we
    # grab all the columns out of it.
    return [ map { @$_[@cols] } @{$a_ref} ]
}

{
    my %autocommit;
sub FETCH {
    my ( $dbh, $attrib ) = @_;
    $dbh->trace_msg( "Fetching DB attrib '$attrib'\n" );
    if ($attrib eq 'AutoCommit') {
        $dbh->trace_msg( "Fetching AutoCommit\n" );
        return $autocommit{$dbh};
    }
     elsif ($attrib eq 'Active') {
        return $dbh->{mock_can_connect};
    }
    elsif ($attrib eq 'mock_all_history') {
        return $dbh->{mock_statement_history};
    }
    elsif ($attrib eq 'mock_all_history_iterator') {
        return DBD::Mock::StatementTrack::Iterator->new($dbh->{mock_statement_history});
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^mock/) {
        return $dbh->{$attrib};
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^(private_|dbi_|dbd_|[A-Z])/ ) {
        $dbh->trace_msg("... fetching non-driver attribute ($attrib) that DBI handles\n");
        return $dbh->SUPER::FETCH($attrib);
    }
    else {
        if ($dbh->{mock_attribute_aliases}) {
            if (exists ${$dbh->{mock_attribute_aliases}->{db}}{$attrib}) {
                my $mock_attrib = $dbh->{mock_attribute_aliases}->{db}->{$attrib};
                if (ref($mock_attrib) eq 'CODE') {
                   return $mock_attrib->($dbh);
                }
                else {
                    return $dbh->FETCH($mock_attrib);
                }
            }
        }
        $dbh->trace_msg( "... fetching non-driver attribute ($attrib) that DBI doesn't handle\n");
        return $dbh->{$attrib};
    }
}

sub STORE {
    my ( $dbh, $attrib, $value ) = @_;
    $dbh->trace_msg( "Storing DB attribute '$attrib' with '" . (defined($value) ? $value : 'undef') . "'\n" );
    if ($attrib eq 'AutoCommit') {
        $autocommit{$dbh} = $value;
        return $value;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_clear_history' ) {
        if ( $value ) {
            $dbh->{mock_statement_history} = [];
        }
        return [];
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_add_parser' ) {
        my $parser_type = ref($value);
        my $is_valid_parser;

        if ($parser_type eq 'CODE') {
            $is_valid_parser++;
        }
        elsif ($parser_type && $parser_type !~ /^(ARRAY|HASH|SCALAR)$/) {
            $is_valid_parser = eval { $parser_type->can( 'parse' ) };
        }

        unless ($is_valid_parser) {
            my $error = "Parser must be a code reference or object with 'parse()' " .
                        "method (Given type: '$parser_type')";
            $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, $error);
            return;
        }
        push @{$dbh->{mock_parser}}, $value;
        return $value;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_add_resultset' ) {
        $dbh->{mock_rs} ||= { named   => {},
                              ordered => [] };
        if ( ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ) {
            my @copied_values = @{$value};
            push @{$dbh->{mock_rs}{ordered}}, \@copied_values;
            return \@copied_values;
        }
        elsif ( ref $value eq 'HASH' ) {
            my $name = $value->{sql};
            unless ($name) {
                die "Indexing resultset by name requires passing in 'sql' ",
                    "as hashref key to 'mock_add_resultset'.\n";
            }
            my @copied_values = @{$value->{results}};
            $dbh->{mock_rs}{named}{$name} = {
                results => \@copied_values,
            };
            if ( exists $value->{failure} ) {
                $dbh->{mock_rs}{named}{$name}{failure} = [
                    @{$value->{failure}},
                ];
            }
            return \@copied_values;
        }
        else {
            die "Must provide an arrayref or hashref when adding ",
                "resultset via 'mock_add_resultset'.\n";
        }
    }
    elsif ($attrib eq 'mock_start_insert_id') {
        if ( ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ) {
            $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids} = {} unless $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids};
            $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids}{$value->[0]} = $value->[1];
        }
        else {
            # we start at one minus the start id
            # so that the increment works
            $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} = $value - 1;
        }

    }
    elsif ($attrib eq 'mock_session') {
        (ref($value) && UNIVERSAL::isa($value, 'DBD::Mock::Session'))
            || die "Only DBD::Mock::Session objects can be placed into the 'mock_session' slot\n"
                if defined $value;
        $dbh->{mock_session} = $value;
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^mock_(add_)?data_sources/) {
        $dbh->{Driver}->STORE($attrib, $value);
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^mock/) {
        return $dbh->{$attrib} = $value;
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^(private_|dbi_|dbd_|[A-Z])/ ) {
        $dbh->trace_msg("... storing non-driver attribute ($attrib) with value ($value) that DBI handles\n");
        return $dbh->SUPER::STORE($attrib, $value);
    }
  else {
      $dbh->trace_msg("... storing non-driver attribute ($attrib) with value ($value) that DBI won't handle\n");
      return $dbh->{$attrib} = $value;
  }
}
}

sub DESTROY {
    my ($dbh) = @_;
    if ( my $session = $dbh->{mock_session} ) {
        if ( $session->has_states_left ) {
            die "DBH->finish called when session still has states left\n";
        }
    }
}

sub disconnect {
    my ($dbh) = @_;
    if ( my $session = $dbh->{mock_session} ) {
        if ( $session->has_states_left ) {
            die "DBH->finish called when session still has states left\n";
        }
    }
}

########################################
# STATEMENT

package DBD::Mock::st;

use strict;
use warnings;

$DBD::Mock::st::imp_data_size = 0;

sub bind_col {
    my ($sth, $param_num, $ref, $attr) = @_;

    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );
    $tracker->bind_col( $param_num, $ref );
    return 1;
}

sub bind_param {
    my ($sth, $param_num, $val, $attr) = @_;
    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );
    $tracker->bound_param( $param_num, $val );
    return 1;
}

sub bind_param_inout {
    my ($sth, $param_num, $val, $max_len) = @_;
    # check that $val is a scalar ref
    (UNIVERSAL::isa($val, 'SCALAR'))
        || $sth->{Database}->DBI::set_err(1, "need a scalar ref to bind_param_inout, not $val");
    # check for positive $max_len
    ($max_len > 0)
        || $sth->{Database}->DBI::set_err(1, "need to specify a maximum length to bind_param_inout");
    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );
    $tracker->bound_param( $param_num, $val );
    return 1;
}

sub execute {
    my ($sth, @params) = @_;
    my $dbh = $sth->{Database};

    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_connect}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return 0;
    }
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_execute}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Cannot execute");
        return 0;
    }
    $dbh->{mock_can_execute}++ if $dbh->{mock_can_execute} < 0;

    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );

    if ($tracker->has_failure()) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err($tracker->get_failure());
        return 0;
    }

    if ( @params ) {
        $tracker->bind_params( @params );
    }

    if (my $session = $dbh->{mock_session}) {
        eval {
            $session->verify_bound_params($dbh, $tracker->bound_params());
            my $idx = $session->{state_index} - 1;
            my @results = @{$session->{states}->[$idx]->{results}};
            shift @results;
            $tracker->{return_data} = \@results;
        };
        if ($@) {
            my $session_error = $@;
            chomp $session_error;
            $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Session Error: ${session_error}");
            return;
        }
    }

    $tracker->mark_executed;
    my $fields = $tracker->fields;
    $sth->STORE( NUM_OF_PARAMS => $tracker->num_params );

    # handle INSERT statements and the mock_last_insert_ids
    # We should only increment these things after the last successful INSERT.
    # -RobK, 2007-10-12
#use Data::Dumper;warn Dumper $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids};
    if ($dbh->{Statement} =~ /^\s*?insert\s+into\s+(\S+)/i) {
        if ( $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids} && exists $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids}{$1} ) {
            $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} = $dbh->{mock_last_insert_ids}{$1}++;
        }
        else {
            $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id}++;
        }
    }
#warn "$dbh->{mock_last_insert_id}\n";

    # always return 0E0 for Selects
    if ($dbh->{Statement} =~ /^\s*?select/i) {
        return '0E0';
    }
    return ($sth->rows() || '0E0');
}

sub fetch {
    my ($sth) = @_;
    my $dbh = $sth->{Database};
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_connect}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return;
    }
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_fetch}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Cannot fetch");
        return;
    }
    $dbh->{mock_can_fetch}++ if $dbh->{mock_can_fetch} < 0;

    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );

    my $record = $tracker->next_record;

    if ( my @cols = $tracker->bind_cols() ) {
        for my $i ( grep { ref $cols[$_] } 0..$#cols ) {
            ${ $cols[$i] } = $record->[$i];
        }
    }

    return $record;
}

sub fetchrow_array {
    my ($sth) = @_;
    my $row = $sth->DBD::Mock::st::fetch();
    return unless ref($row) eq 'ARRAY';
    return @{$row};
}

sub fetchrow_arrayref {
    my ($sth) = @_;
    return $sth->DBD::Mock::st::fetch();
}

sub fetchrow_hashref {
    my ($sth, $name) = @_;
    my $dbh = $sth->{Database};
    # handle any errors since we are grabbing
    # from the tracker directly
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_connect}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return;
    }
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_fetch}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Cannot fetch");
        return;
    }
    $dbh->{mock_can_fetch}++ if $dbh->{mock_can_fetch} < 0;

    # first handle the $name, it will default to NAME
    $name ||= 'NAME';
    # then fetch the names from the $sth (per DBI spec)
    my $fields = $sth->FETCH($name);

    # now check the tracker ...
    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );
    # and collect the results
    if (my $record = $tracker->next_record()) {
        my @values = @{$record};
        return {
            map {
                $_ => shift(@values)
            } @{$fields}
        };
    }

    return undef;
}

#XXX Isn't this supposed to return an array of hashrefs? -RobK, 2007-10-15
sub fetchall_hashref {
    my ($sth, $keyfield) = @_;
    my $dbh = $sth->{Database};
    # handle any errors since we are grabbing
    # from the tracker directly
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_connect}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "No connection present");
        return;
    }
    unless ($dbh->{mock_can_fetch}) {
        $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Cannot fetch");
        return;
    }
    $dbh->{mock_can_fetch}++ if $dbh->{mock_can_fetch} < 0;

    my $tracker = $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' );
    my $rethash = {};

    # get the name set by
    my $name = $sth->{Database}->FETCH('FetchHashKeyName') || 'NAME';
    my $fields = $sth->FETCH($name);

    # check if $keyfield is not an integer
    if (!($keyfield =~ /^-?\d+$/)) {
        my $found = 0;
        # search for index of item that matches $keyfield
        foreach my $index (0 .. scalar(@{$fields})) {
            if ($fields->[$index] eq $keyfield) {
                $found++;
                # now make the keyfield the index
                $keyfield = $index;
                # and jump out of the loop :)
                last;
            }
        }
        unless ($found) {
            $dbh->DBI::set_err(1, "Could not find key field '$keyfield'");
            return;
        }
    }

    # now loop through all the records ...
    while (my $record = $tracker->next_record()) {
        # copy the values so as to preserve
        # the original record...
        my @values = @{$record};
        # populate the hash
        $rethash->{$record->[$keyfield]} = {
            map {
                $_ => shift(@values)
            } @{$fields}
        };
    }

    return $rethash;
}

sub finish {
    my ($sth) = @_;
    $sth->FETCH( 'mock_my_history' )->is_finished( 'yes' );
}

sub rows {
    my ($sth) = @_;
    $sth->FETCH('mock_num_rows');
}

sub FETCH {
    my ( $sth, $attrib ) = @_;
    $sth->trace_msg( "Fetching ST attribute '$attrib'\n" );
    my $tracker = $sth->{mock_my_history};
    $sth->trace_msg( "Retrieved tracker: " . ref( $tracker ) . "\n" );
    # NAME attributes
    if ( $attrib eq 'NAME' ) {
        return [ @{$tracker->fields} ];
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NAME_lc' ) {
        return [ map { lc($_) } @{$tracker->fields} ];
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NAME_uc' ) {
        return [ map { uc($_) } @{$tracker->fields} ];
    }
    # NAME_hash attributes
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NAME_hash' ) {
        my $i = 0;
        return { map { $_ => $i++ } @{$tracker->fields} };
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NAME_hash_lc' ) {
        my $i = 0;
        return { map { lc($_) => $i++ } @{$tracker->fields} };
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NAME_hash_uc' ) {
        my $i = 0;
        return { map { uc($_) => $i++ } @{$tracker->fields} };
    }
    # others
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NUM_OF_FIELDS' ) {
        return $tracker->num_fields;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'NUM_OF_PARAMS' ) {
        return $tracker->num_params;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'TYPE' ) {
        my $num_fields = $tracker->num_fields;
        return [ map { $DBI::SQL_VARCHAR } ( 0 .. $num_fields ) ];
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'Active' ) {
        return $tracker->is_active;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib !~ /^mock/ ) {
        if ($sth->{Database}->{mock_attribute_aliases}) {
            if (exists ${$sth->{Database}->{mock_attribute_aliases}->{st}}{$attrib}) {
                my $mock_attrib = $sth->{Database}->{mock_attribute_aliases}->{st}->{$attrib};
                if (ref($mock_attrib) eq 'CODE') {
                   return $mock_attrib->($sth);
                }
                else {
                    return $sth->FETCH($mock_attrib);
                }
            }
        }
        return $sth->SUPER::FETCH( $attrib );
    }

    # now do our stuff...

    if ( $attrib eq 'mock_my_history' ) {
        return $tracker;
    }
    if ( $attrib eq 'mock_statement' ) {
        return $tracker->statement;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_params' ) {
        return $tracker->bound_params;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_records' ) {
        return $tracker->return_data;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_num_records' || $attrib eq 'mock_num_rows' ) {
        return $tracker->num_rows;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_current_record_num' ) {
        return $tracker->current_record_num;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_fields' ) {
        return $tracker->fields;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_is_executed' ) {
        return $tracker->is_executed;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_is_finished' ) {
        return $tracker->is_finished;
    }
    elsif ( $attrib eq 'mock_is_depleted' ) {
        return $tracker->is_depleted;
    }
    else {
        die "I don't know how to retrieve statement attribute '$attrib'\n";
    }
}

sub STORE {
    my ($sth, $attrib, $value) = @_;
    $sth->trace_msg( "Storing ST attribute '$attrib'\n" );
    if ($attrib =~ /^mock/) {
        return $sth->{$attrib} = $value;
    }
    elsif ($attrib =~ /^NAME/) {
        # no-op...
        return;
    }
    else {
        $value ||= 0;
        return $sth->SUPER::STORE( $attrib, $value );
    }
}

sub DESTROY { undef }

##########################
# Database Pooling
# (Apache::DBI emulation)

package DBD::Mock::Pool;

use strict;
use warnings;

my $connection;

sub connect {
    my $class = "DBD::Mock::Pool";
    $class = shift unless ref($_[0]);
    my ($driver_handle, $username, $password, $attributes) = @_;
    $connection = bless $driver_handle->connect(), "DBD::Mock::Pool::db" unless $connection;
    return $connection;
}

package DBD::Mock::Pool::db;

use strict;
use warnings;

our @ISA = qw(DBI::db);

sub disconnect { 1 }

########################################
# TRACKER

package DBD::Mock::StatementTrack;

use strict;
use warnings;

sub new {
    my ($class, %params) = @_;
    # these params have default values
    # but can be overridden
    $params{return_data}  ||= [];
    $params{fields}       ||= [];
    $params{bound_params} ||= [];
    $params{statement}    ||= "";
    $params{failure}      ||= undef;
    # these params should never be overridden
    # and should always start out in a default
    # state to assure the sanity of this class
    $params{is_executed}        = 'no';
    $params{is_finished}        = 'no';
    $params{current_record_num} = 0;
    # NOTE:
    # changed from \%params here because that
    # would bind the hash sent in so that it
    # would reflect alterations in the object
    # this violates encapsulation
    my $self = bless { %params }, $class;
    return $self;
}

sub has_failure {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->{failure} ? 1 : 0;
}

sub get_failure {
    my ($self) = @_;
    @{$self->{failure}};
}

sub num_fields {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return scalar @{$self->{fields}};
}

sub num_rows {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return scalar @{$self->{return_data}};
}

sub num_params {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return scalar @{$self->{bound_params}};
}

sub bind_col {
    my ($self, $param_num, $ref) = @_;
    $self->{bind_cols}->[$param_num - 1] = $ref;
}

sub bound_param {
    my ($self, $param_num, $value) = @_;
    $self->{bound_params}->[$param_num - 1] = $value;
    return $self->bound_params;
}

sub bound_param_trailing {
    my ($self, @values) = @_;
    push @{$self->{bound_params}}, @values;
}

sub bind_cols {
    my $self = shift;
    return @{$self->{bind_cols} || []};
}

sub bind_params {
    my ($self, @values) = @_;
    @{$self->{bound_params}} = @values;
}

# Rely on the DBI's notion of Active: a statement is active if it's
# currently in a SELECT and has more records to fetch

sub is_active {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return 0 unless $self->statement =~ /^\s*select/ism;
    return 0 unless $self->is_executed eq 'yes';
    return 0 if     $self->is_depleted;
    return 1;
}

sub is_finished {
    my ($self, $value) = @_;
    if (defined $value && $value eq 'yes' ) {
        $self->{is_finished} = 'yes';
        $self->current_record_num(0);
        $self->{return_data} = [];
    }
    elsif (defined $value) {
        $self->{is_finished} = 'no';
    }
    return $self->{is_finished};
}

####################
# RETURN VALUES

sub mark_executed {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->is_executed('yes');
    $self->current_record_num(0);
}

sub next_record {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return if $self->is_depleted;
    my $rec_num = $self->current_record_num;
    my $rec = $self->return_data->[$rec_num];
    $self->current_record_num($rec_num + 1);
    return $rec;
}

sub is_depleted {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return ($self->current_record_num >= scalar @{$self->return_data});
}

# DEBUGGING AID

sub to_string {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return join "\n" => (
                  $self->{statement},
                  "Values: [" . join( '] [', @{ $self->{bound_params} } ) . "]",
                  "Records: on $self->{current_record_num} of " . scalar(@{$self->return_data}) . "\n",
                  "Executed? $self->{is_executed}; Finished? $self->{is_finished}"
                  );
}

# PROPERTIES

# boolean

sub is_executed {
    my ($self, $yes_no) = @_;
    $self->{is_executed} = $yes_no if defined $yes_no;
    return ($self->{is_executed} eq 'yes') ? 'yes' : 'no';
}

# single-element fields

sub statement {
    my ($self, $value) = @_;
    $self->{statement} = $value if defined $value;
    return $self->{statement};
}

sub current_record_num {
    my ($self, $value) = @_;
    $self->{current_record_num} = $value if defined $value;
    return $self->{current_record_num};
}

# multi-element fields

sub return_data {
    my ($self, @values) = @_;
    push @{$self->{return_data}}, @values if scalar @values;
    return $self->{return_data};
}

sub fields {
    my ($self, @values) = @_;
    push @{$self->{fields}}, @values if scalar @values;
    return $self->{fields};
}

sub bound_params {
    my ($self, @values) = @_;
    push @{$self->{bound_params}}, @values if scalar @values;
    return $self->{bound_params};
}

package DBD::Mock::StatementTrack::Iterator;

use strict;
use warnings;

sub new {
    my ($class, $history) = @_;
    return bless {
            pointer => 0,
            history => $history || []
            } => $class;
}

sub next {
    my ($self) = @_;
    return unless $self->{pointer} < scalar(@{$self->{history}});
    return $self->{history}->[$self->{pointer}++];
}

sub reset { (shift)->{pointer} = 0 }

package DBD::Mock::Session;

use strict;
use warnings;

my $INSTANCE_COUNT = 1;

sub new {
    my $class = shift;
    (@_) || die "You must specify at least one session state";
    my $session_name;
    if (ref($_[0])) {
        $session_name = 'Session ' . $INSTANCE_COUNT;
    }
    else {
        $session_name = shift;
    }
    my @session_states = @_;
    (@session_states)
        || die "You must specify at least one session state";
    (ref($_) eq 'HASH')
        || die "You must specify session states as HASH refs"
            foreach @session_states;
    $INSTANCE_COUNT++;
    return bless {
        name        => $session_name,
        states      => \@session_states,
        state_index => 0
    } => $class;
}

sub name  { (shift)->{name} }
sub reset { (shift)->{state_index} = 0 }
sub num_states { scalar( @{ (shift)->{states} } ) }

sub has_states_left {
    my $self = shift;
    return $self->{state_index} < scalar(@{$self->{states}});
}

sub verify_statement {
    my ($self, $dbh, $statement) = @_;

    ($self->has_states_left)
        || die "Session states exhausted, only '" . scalar(@{$self->{states}}) . "' in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")";

    my $current_state = $self->{states}->[$self->{state_index}];
    # make sure our state is good
    (exists ${$current_state}{statement} && exists ${$current_state}{results})
        || die "Bad state '" . $self->{state_index} .  "' in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")";
    # try the SQL
    my $SQL = $current_state->{statement};
    unless (ref($SQL)) {
        ($SQL eq $statement)
            || die "Statement does not match current state in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")\n" .
                   "      got: $statement\n" .
                   " expected: $SQL";
    }
    elsif (ref($SQL) eq 'Regexp') {
        ($statement =~ /$SQL/)
            || die "Statement does not match current state (with Regexp) in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")\n" .
                   "      got: $statement\n" .
                   " expected: $SQL";
    }
    elsif (ref($SQL) eq 'CODE') {
        ($SQL->($statement, $current_state))
            || die "Statement does not match current state (with CODE ref) in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")";
    }
    else {
        die "Bad 'statement' value '$SQL' in current state in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")";
    }
    # copy the result sets so that
    # we can re-use the session
    $dbh->STORE('mock_add_resultset' => [ @{$current_state->{results}} ]);
}

sub verify_bound_params {
    my ($self, $dbh, $params) = @_;
    my $current_state = $self->{states}->[$self->{state_index}];
    if (exists ${$current_state}{bound_params}) {
        my $expected = $current_state->{bound_params};
        (scalar(@{$expected}) == scalar(@{$params}))
            || die "Not the same number of bound params in current state in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")\n" .
                   "      got: " . scalar(@{$params}) . "\n" .
                   " expected: " . scalar(@{$expected});
        for (my $i = 0; $i < scalar(@{$params}); $i++) {
            no warnings;
            if (ref($expected->[$i]) eq 'Regexp') {
                ($params->[$i] =~ /$expected->[$i]/)
                    || die "Bound param $i do not match (using regexp) in current state in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")\n" .
                           "      got: " . $params->[$i] . "\n" .
                           " expected: " . $expected->[$i];
            }
            else {
                ($params->[$i] eq $expected->[$i])
                    || die "Bound param $i do not match in current state in DBD::Mock::Session (" . $self->{name} . ")\n" .
                           "      got: " . $params->[$i] . "\n" .
                           " expected: " . $expected->[$i];
            }
        }
    }
    # and make sure we go to
    # the next statement
    $self->{state_index}++;
}

1;

__END__

=head1 NAME

DBD::Mock - Mock database driver for testing

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 use DBI;

 # connect to your as normal, using 'Mock' as your driver name
 my $dbh = DBI->connect( 'DBI:Mock:', '', '' )
               || die "Cannot create handle: $DBI::errstr\n";

 # create a statement handle as normal and execute with parameters
 my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT this, that FROM foo WHERE id = ?' );
 $sth->execute( 15 );

 # Now query the statement handle as to what has been done with it
 my $mock_params = $sth->{mock_params};
 print "Used statement: ", $sth->{mock_statement}, "\n",
       "Bound parameters: ", join( ', ', @{ $params } ), "\n";

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Testing with databases can be tricky. If you are developing a system married to a single database then you can make some assumptions about your environment and ask the user to provide relevant connection information. But if you need to test a framework that uses DBI, particularly a framework that uses different types of persistence schemes, then it may be more useful to simply verify what the framework is trying to do -- ensure the right SQL is generated and that the correct parameters are bound. C<DBD::Mock> makes it easy to just modify your configuration (presumably held outside your code) and just use it instead of C<DBD::Foo> (like L<DBD::Pg> or L<DBD::mysql>) in your framework.

There is no distinct area where using this module makes sense. (Some people may successfully argue that this is a solution looking for a problem...) Indeed, if you can assume your users have something like L<DBD::AnyData> or L<DBD::SQLite> or if you do not mind creating a dependency on them then it makes far more sense to use these legitimate driver implementations and test your application in the real world -- at least as much of the real world as you can create in your tests...

And if your database handle exists as a package variable or something else easily replaced at test-time then it may make more sense to use L<Test::MockObject> to create a fully dynamic handle. There is an excellent article by chromatic about using L<Test::MockObject> in this and other ways, strongly recommended. (See L<SEE ALSO> for a link)

=head2 How does it work?

C<DBD::Mock> comprises a set of classes used by DBI to implement a database driver. But instead of connecting to a datasource and manipulating data found there it tracks all the calls made to the database handle and any created statement handles. You can then inspect them to ensure what you wanted to happen actually happened. For instance, say you have a configuration file with your database connection information:

  [DBI]
  dsn      = DBI:Pg:dbname=myapp
  user     = foo
  password = bar

And this file is read in at process startup and the handle stored for other procedures to use:

  package ObjectDirectory;

  my ( $DBH );

  sub run_at_startup {
     my ( $class, $config ) = @_;
     $config ||= read_configuration( ... );
     my $dsn  = $config->{DBI}{dsn};
     my $user = $config->{DBI}{user};
     my $pass = $config->{DBI}{password};
     $DBH = DBI->connect( $dsn, $user, $pass ) || die ...;
  }

  sub get_database_handle {
     return $DBH;
  }

A procedure might use it like this (ignoring any error handling for the moment):

  package My::UserActions;

  sub fetch_user {
     my ( $class, $login ) = @_;
     my $dbh = ObjectDirectory->get_database_handle;
     my $sql = q{
         SELECT login_name, first_name, last_name, creation_date, num_logins
           FROM users
          WHERE login_name = ?
     };
     my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $sql );
     $sth->execute( $login );
     my $row = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref;
     return ( $row ) ? User->new( $row ) : undef;
  }

So for the purposes of our tests we just want to ensure that:

=over 4

=item 1. The right SQL is being executed

=item 2. The right parameters are bound

=back

Assume whether the SQL actually B<works> or not is irrelevant for this test :-)

To do that our test might look like:

  my $config = ObjectDirectory->read_configuration( ... );
  $config->{DBI}{dsn} = 'DBI:Mock:';
  ObjectDirectory->run_at_startup( $config );

  my $login_name = 'foobar';
  my $user = My::UserActions->fetch_user( $login_name );

  # Get the handle from ObjectDirectory;
  # this is the same handle used in the
  # 'fetch_user()' procedure above
  my $dbh = ObjectDirectory->get_database_handle();

  # Ask the database handle for the history
  # of all statements executed against it
  my $history = $dbh->{mock_all_history};

  # Now query that history record to
  # see if our expectations match reality
  is(scalar(@{$history}), 1, 'Correct number of statements executed' ;

  my $login_st = $history->[0];
  like($login_st->statement,
      qr/SELECT login_name.*FROM users WHERE login_name = ?/sm,
      'Correct statement generated' );

  my $params = $login_st->bound_params;
  is(scalar(@{$params}), 1, 'Correct number of parameters bound');
  is($params->[0], $login_name, 'Correct value for parameter 1' );

  # Reset the handle for future operations
  $dbh->{mock_clear_history} = 1;

The list of properties and what they return is listed below. But in an overall view:

=over 4

=item *

A database handle contains the history of all statements created against it. Other properties set for the handle (e.g., 'PrintError', 'RaiseError') are left alone and can be queried as normal, but they do not affect anything. (A future feature may track the sequence/history of these assignments but if there is no demand it probably will not get implemented.)

=item *

A statement handle contains the statement it was prepared with plus all bound parameters or parameters passed via C<execute()>. It can also contain predefined results for the statement handle to 'fetch', track how many fetches were called and what its current record is.

=back

=head2 A Word of Warning

This may be an incredibly naive implementation of a DBD. But it works for me ...

=head1 DBD::Mock

Since this is a normal DBI statement handle we need to expose our tracking information as properties (accessed like a hash) rather than methods.

=head2 Database Driver Properties

=over 4

=item B<mock_connect_fail>

This is a boolean property which when set to true (C<1>) will not allow DBI to connect. This can be used to simulate a DSN error or authentication failure. This can then be set back to false (C<0>) to resume normal DBI operations. Here is an example of how this works:

  # install the DBD::Mock driver
  my $drh = DBI->install_driver('Mock');

  $drh->{mock_connect_fail} = 1;

  # this connection will fail
  my $dbh = DBI->connect('dbi:Mock:', '', '') || die "Cannot connect";

  # this connection will throw an exception
  my $dbh = DBI->connect('dbi:Mock:', '', '', { RaiseError => 1 });

  $drh->{mock_connect_fail} = 0;

  # this will work now ...
  my $dbh = DBI->connect(...);

This feature is conceptually different from the 'mock_can_connect' attribute of the C<$dbh> in that it has a driver-wide scope, where 'mock_can_connect' is handle-wide scope. It also only prevents the initial connection, any C<$dbh> handles created prior to setting 'mock_connect_fail' to true (C<1>) will still go on working just fine.

=item B<mock_data_sources>

This is an ARRAY reference which holds fake data sources which are returned by the Driver and Database Handle's C<data_source()> method.

=item B<mock_add_data_sources>

This takes a string and adds it to the 'mock_data_sources' attribute.

=back

=head2 Database Handle Properties

=over 4

=item B<mock_all_history>

Returns an array reference with all history (a.k.a. C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack>) objects created against the database handle in the order they were created. Each history object can then report information about the SQL statement used to create it, the bound parameters, etc..

=item B<mock_all_history_iterator>

Returns a C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack::Iterator> object which will iterate through the current set of C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> object in the  history. See the B<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack::Iterator> documentation below for more information.

=item B<mock_clear_history>

If set to a true value all previous statement history operations will be erased. This B<includes> the history of currently open handles, so if you do something like:

  my $dbh = get_handle( ... );
  my $sth = $dbh->prepare( ... );
  $dbh->{mock_clear_history} = 1;
  $sth->execute( 'Foo' );

You will have no way to learn from the database handle that the statement parameter 'Foo' was bound.

This is useful mainly to ensure you can isolate the statement histories from each other. A typical sequence will look like:

    set handle to framework
    perform operations
    analyze mock database handle
    reset mock database handle history
    perform more operations
    analyze mock database handle
    reset mock database handle history
    ...

=item B<mock_can_connect>

This statement allows you to simulate a downed database connection. This is useful in testing how your application/tests will perform in the face of some kind of catastrophic event such as a network outage or database server failure. It is a simple boolean value which defaults to on, and can be set like this:

  # turn the database off
  $dbh->{mock_can_connect} = 0;

  # turn it back on again
  $dbh->{mock_can_connect} = 1;

The statement handle checks this value as well, so something like this
will fail in the expected way:

  $dbh = DBI->connect( 'DBI:Mock:', '', '' );
  $dbh->{mock_can_connect} = 0;

  # blows up!
  my $sth = eval { $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT foo FROM bar' ) });
  if ( $@ ) {
     # Here, $DBI::errstr = 'No connection present'
  }

Turning off the database after a statement prepare will fail on the statement C<execute()>, which is hopefully what you would expect:

  $dbh = DBI->connect( 'DBI:Mock:', '', '' );

  # ok!
  my $sth = eval { $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT foo FROM bar' ) });
  $dbh->{mock_can_connect} = 0;

  # blows up!
  $sth->execute;

Similarly:

  $dbh = DBI->connect( 'DBI:Mock:', '', '' );

  # ok!
  my $sth = eval { $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT foo FROM bar' ) });

  # ok!
  $sth->execute;

  $dbh->{mock_can_connect} = 0;

  # blows up!
  my $row = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref;

Note: The handle attribute C<Active> and the handle method C<ping> will behave according to the value of C<mock_can_connect>. So if C<mock_can_connect> were to be set to 0 (or off), then both C<Active> and C<ping> would return false values (or 0).

=item B<mock_add_resultset( \@resultset | \%sql_and_resultset )>

This stocks the database handle with a record set, allowing you to seed data for your application to see if it works properly.. Each recordset is a simple arrayref of arrays with the first arrayref being the fieldnames used. Every time a statement handle is created it asks the database handle if it has any resultsets available and if so uses it.

Here is a sample usage, partially from the test suite:

  my @user_results = (
    [ 'login', 'first_name', 'last_name' ],
    [ 'cwinters', 'Chris', 'Winters' ],
    [ 'bflay', 'Bobby', 'Flay' ],
    [ 'alincoln', 'Abe', 'Lincoln' ],
  );
  my @generic_results = (
    [ 'foo', 'bar' ],
    [ 'this_one', 'that_one' ],
    [ 'this_two', 'that_two' ],
  );

  my $dbh = DBI->connect( 'DBI:Mock:', '', '' );
  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = \@user_results;    # add first resultset
  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = \@generic_results; # add second resultset
  my ( $sth );
  eval {
     $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT login, first_name, last_name FROM foo' );
     $sth->execute();
  };

  # this will fetch rows from the first resultset...
  my $row1 = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref;
  my $user1 = User->new( login => $row->[0],
                        first => $row->[1],
                        last  => $row->[2] );
  is( $user1->full_name, 'Chris Winters' );

  my $row2 = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref;
  my $user2 = User->new( login => $row->[0],
                        first => $row->[1],
                        last  => $row->[2] );
  is( $user2->full_name, 'Bobby Flay' );
  ...

  my $sth_generic = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT foo, bar FROM baz' );
  $sth_generic->execute;

  # this will fetch rows from the second resultset...
  my $row = $sth->fetchrow_arrayref;

You can also associate a resultset with a particular SQL statement instead of adding them in the order they will be fetched:

  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = {
     sql     => 'SELECT foo, bar FROM baz',
     results => [
         [ 'foo', 'bar' ],
         [ 'this_one', 'that_one' ],
         [ 'this_two', 'that_two' ],
     ],
  };

This will return the given results when the statement 'SELECT foo, bar FROM baz' is prepared. Note that they will be returned B<every time> the statement is prepared, not just the first. It should also be noted that if you want, for some reason, to change the result set bound to a particular SQL statement, all you need to do is add the result set again with the same SQL statement and DBD::Mock will overwrite it.

It should also be noted that the C<rows> method will return the number of records stocked in the result set. So if your code/application makes use of the C<$sth-E<gt>rows> method for things like UPDATE and DELETE calls you should stock the result set like so:

  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = {
     sql     => 'UPDATE foo SET baz = 1, bar = 2',
     # this will appear to have updated 3 rows
     results => [[ 'rows' ], [], [], []],
  };

  # or ...

  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = {
     sql     => 'DELETE FROM foo WHERE bar = 2',
     # this will appear to have deleted 1 row
     results => [[ 'rows' ], []],
  };

Now I admit this is not the most elegant way to go about this, but it works for me for now, and until I can come up with a better method, or someone sends me a patch ;) it will do for now.

If you want a given statement to fail, you will have to use the hashref method and add a 'failure' key. That key can be handed an arrayref with the error number and error string, in that order. It can also be handed a hashref with two keys - errornum and errorstring. If the 'failure' key has no useful value associated with it, the errornum will be '1' and the errorstring will be 'Unknown error'.

=item B<mock_get_info>

This attribute can be used to set up values for get_info(). It takes a hashref of attribute_name/value pairs. See L<DBI> for more information on the information types and their meaning.

=item B<mock_session>

This attribute can be used to set a current DBD::Mock::Session object. For more information on this, see the L<DBD::Mock::Session> docs below. This attribute can also be used to remove the current session from the C<$dbh> simply by setting it to C<undef>.

=item B<mock_last_insert_id>

This attribute is incremented each time an INSERT statement is passed to C<prepare> on a per-handle basis. It's starting value can be set with  the 'mock_start_insert_id' attribute (see below).

  $dbh->{mock_start_insert_id} = 10;

  my $sth = $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO Foo (foo, bar) VALUES(?, ?)');

  $sth->execute(1, 2);
  # $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} == 10

  $sth->execute(3, 4);
  # $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} == 11

For more examples, please refer to the test file F<t/025_mock_last_insert_id.t>.

=item B<mock_start_insert_id>

This attribute can be used to set a start value for the 'mock_last_insert_id' attribute. It can also be used to effectively reset the 'mock_last_insert_id' attribute as well.

This attribute also can be used with an ARRAY ref parameter, it's behavior is slightly different in that instead of incrementing the value for every C<prepare> it will only increment for each C<execute>. This allows it to be used over multiple C<execute> calls in a single C<$sth>. It's usage looks like this:

  $dbh->{mock_start_insert_id} = [ 'Foo', 10 ];
  $dbh->{mock_start_insert_id} = [ 'Baz', 20 ];

  my $sth1 = $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO Foo (foo, bar) VALUES(?, ?)');

  my $sth2 = $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO Baz (baz, buz) VALUES(?, ?)');

  $sth1->execute(1, 2);
  # $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} == 10

  $sth2->execute(3, 4);
  # $dbh->{mock_last_insert_id} == 20

Note that DBD::Mock's matching of table names in 'INSERT' statements is fairly simple, so if your table names are quoted in the insert statement (C<INSERT INTO "Foo">) then you need to quote the name for C<mock_start_insert_id>:

  $dbh->{mock_start_insert_id} = [ q{"Foo"}, 10 ];

=item B<mock_add_parser>

DBI provides some simple parsing capabilities for 'SELECT' statements to ensure that placeholders are bound properly. And typically you may simply want to check after the fact that a statement is syntactically correct, or at least what you expect.

But other times you may want to parse the statement as it is prepared rather than after the fact. There is a hook in this mock database driver for you to provide your own parsing routine or object.

The syntax is simple:

  $dbh->{mock_add_parser} = sub {
     my ( $sql ) = @_;
     unless ( $sql =~ /some regex/ ) {
         die "does not contain secret fieldname";
     }
  };

You can also add more than one for a handle. They will be called in order, and the first one to fail will halt the parsing process:

  $dbh->{mock_add_parser} = \&parse_update_sql;
  $dbh->{mock_add-parser} = \&parse_insert_sql;

Depending on the 'PrintError' and 'RaiseError' settings in the database handle any parsing errors encountered will issue a C<warn> or C<die>. No matter what the statement handle will be C<undef>.

Instead of providing a subroutine reference you can use an object. The only requirement is that it implements the method C<parse()> and takes a SQL statement as the only argument. So you should be able to do something like the following (untested):

  my $parser = SQL::Parser->new( 'mysql', { RaiseError => 1 } );
  $dbh->{mock_add_parser} = $parser;

=item B<mock_data_sources> & B<mock_add_data_sources>

These properties will dispatch to the Driver's properties of the same name.

=back

=head2 Database Driver Methods

=over 4

=item B<last_insert_id>

This returns the value of C<mock_last_insert_id>.

=back

In order to capture begin_work(), commit(), and rollback(), DBD::Mock will create statements for them, as if you had issued them in the appropriate SQL command line program. They will go through the standard prepare()-execute() cycle, meaning that any custom SQL parsers will be triggered and DBD::Mock::Session will need to know about these statements.

=over 4

=item B<begin_work>

This will create a statement with SQL of "BEGIN WORK" and no parameters.

=item B<commit>

This will create a statement with SQL of "COMMIT" and no parameters.

=item B<rollback>

This will create a statement with SQL of "ROLLBACK" and no parameters.

=back


=head2 Statement Handle Properties

=over 4

=item B<Active>

Returns true if the handle is a 'SELECT' and has more records to fetch, false otherwise. (From the DBI.)

=item B<mock_statement>

The SQL statement this statement handle was C<prepare>d with. So if the handle were created with:

  my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM foo' );

This would return:

  SELECT * FROM foo

The original statement is unmodified so if you are checking against it in tests you may want to use a regex rather than a straight equality check. (However if you use a phrasebook to store your SQL externally you are a step ahead...)

=item B<mock_fields>

Fields used by the statement. As said elsewhere we do no analysis or parsing to find these, you need to define them beforehand. That said, you do not actually need this very often.

Note that this returns the same thing as the normal statement property 'FIELD'.

=item B<mock_params>

Returns an arrayref of parameters bound to this statement in the order specified by the bind type. For instance, if you created and stocked a handle with:

  my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = ? AND is_active = ?' );
  $sth->bind_param( 2, 'yes' );
  $sth->bind_param( 1, 7783 );

This would return:

  [ 7738, 'yes' ]

The same result will occur if you pass the parameters via C<execute()> instead:

  my $sth = $dbh->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = ? AND is_active = ?' );
  $sth->execute( 7783, 'yes' );

=item B<mock_records>

An arrayref of arrayrefs representing the records the mock statement was stocked with.

=item B<mock_num_records>

Number of records the mock statement was stocked with; if never stocked it is still 0. (Some weirdos might expect undef...)

=item B<mock_num_rows>

This returns the same value as I<mock_num_records>. And is what is returned by the C<rows> method of the statement handle.

=item B<mock_current_record_num>

Current record the statement is on; returns 0 in the instances when you have not yet called C<execute()> and if you have not yet called a C<fetch> method after the execute.

=item B<mock_is_executed>

Whether C<execute()> has been called against the statement handle. Returns 'yes' if so, 'no' if not.

=item B<mock_is_finished>

Whether C<finish()> has been called against the statement handle. Returns 'yes' if so, 'no' if not.

=item B<mock_is_depleted>

Returns 'yes' if all the records in the recordset have been returned. If no C<fetch()> was executed against the statement, or If no return data was set this will return 'no'.

=item B<mock_my_history>

Returns a C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> object which tracks the actions performed by this statement handle. Most of the actions are separately available from the properties listed above, so you should never need this.

=back

=head1 DBD::Mock::Pool

This module can be used to emulate Apache::DBI style DBI connection pooling. Just as with Apache::DBI, you must enable DBD::Mock::Pool before loading DBI.

  use DBD::Mock qw(Pool);
  # followed by ...
  use DBI;

While this may not seem to make a lot of sense in a single-process testing scenario, it can be useful when testing code which assumes a multi-process Apache::DBI pooled environment.

=head1 DBD::Mock::StatementTrack

Under the hood this module does most of the work with a C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> object. This is most useful when you are reviewing multiple statements at a time, otherwise you might want to use the C<mock_*> statement handle attributes instead.

=over 4

=item B<new( %params )>

Takes the following parameters:

=over 4

=item *

B<return_data>: Arrayref of return data records

=item *

B<fields>: Arrayref of field names

=item *

B<bound_params>: Arrayref of bound parameters

=back

=item B<statement> (Statement attribute 'mock_statement')

Gets/sets the SQL statement used.

=item B<fields>  (Statement attribute 'mock_fields')

Gets/sets the fields to use for this statement.

=item B<bound_params>  (Statement attribute 'mock_params')

Gets/set the bound parameters to use for this statement.

=item B<return_data>  (Statement attribute 'mock_records')

Gets/sets the data to return when asked (that is, when someone calls 'fetch' on the statement handle).

=item B<current_record_num> (Statement attribute 'mock_current_record_num')

Gets/sets the current record number.

=item B<is_active()> (Statement attribute 'Active')

Returns true if the statement is a SELECT and has more records to fetch, false otherwise. (This is from the DBI, see the 'Active' docs under 'ATTRIBUTES COMMON TO ALL HANDLES'.)

=item B<is_executed( $yes_or_no )> (Statement attribute 'mock_is_executed')

Sets the state of the tracker 'executed' flag.

=item B<is_finished( $yes_or_no )> (Statement attribute 'mock_is_finished')

If set to 'yes' tells the tracker that the statement is finished. This resets the current record number to '0' and clears out the array ref of returned records.

=item B<is_depleted()> (Statement attribute 'mock_is_depleted')

Returns true if the current record number is greater than the number of records set to return.

=item B<num_fields>

Returns the number of fields set in the 'fields' parameter.

=item B<num_rows>

Returns the number of records in the current result set.

=item B<num_params>

Returns the number of parameters set in the 'bound_params' parameter.

=item B<bound_param( $param_num, $value )>

Sets bound parameter C<$param_num> to C<$value>. Returns the arrayref of currently-set bound parameters. This corresponds to the 'bind_param' statement handle call.

=item B<bound_param_trailing( @params )>

Pushes C<@params> onto the list of already-set bound parameters.

=item B<mark_executed()>

Tells the tracker that the statement has been executed and resets the current record number to '0'.

=item B<next_record()>

If the statement has been depleted (all records returned) returns undef; otherwise it gets the current recordfor returning, increments the current record number and returns the current record.

=item B<to_string()>

Tries to give an decent depiction of the object state for use in debugging.

=back

=head1 DBD::Mock::StatementTrack::Iterator

This object can be used to iterate through the current set of C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> objects in the history by fetching the 'mock_all_history_iterator' attribute from a database handle. This object is very simple and is meant to be a convience to make writing long test script easier. Aside from the constructor (C<new>) this object has only one method.

=over 4

B<next>

Calling C<next> will return the next C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> object in the history. If there are no more C<DBD::Mock::StatementTrack> objects available, then this method will return false.

B<reset>

This will reset the internal pointer to the begining of the statement history.

=back

=head1 DBD::Mock::Session

The DBD::Mock::Session object is an alternate means of specifying the SQL statements and result sets for DBD::Mock. The idea is that you can specify a complete 'session' of usage, which will be verified through DBD::Mock. Here is an example:

  my $session = DBD::Mock::Session->new('my_session' => (
        {
            statement => "SELECT foo FROM bar", # as a string
            results   => [[ 'foo' ], [ 'baz' ]]
        },
        {
            statement => qr/UPDATE bar SET foo \= \'bar\'/, # as a reg-exp
            results   => [[]]
        },
        {
            statement => sub {  # as a CODE ref
                    my ($SQL, $state) = @_;
                    return $SQL eq "SELECT foo FROM bar";
                    },
            results   => [[ 'foo' ], [ 'bar' ]]
        },
        {
            # with bound parameters
            statement    => "SELECT foo FROM bar WHERE baz = ? AND borg = ?",
            # check exact bound param value,
            # then check it against regexp
            bound_params => [ 10, qr/\d+/ ],
            results      => [[ 'foo' ], [ 'baz' ]]
        }
  ));

As you can see, a session is essentially made up a list of HASH references we call 'states'. Each state has a 'statement' and a set of 'results'. If DBD::Mock finds a session in the 'mock_session' attribute, then it will pass the current C<$dbh> and SQL statement to that DBD::Mock::Session. The SQL statement will be checked against the 'statement'  field in the current state. If it passes, then the 'results' of the current state will get feed to DBD::Mock through the 'mock_add_resultset' attribute. We then advance to the next state in the session, and wait for the next call through DBD::Mock. If at any time the SQL statement does not match the current state's 'statement', or the session runs out of available states, an error will be raised (and propagated through the normal DBI error handling based on your values for RaiseError and PrintError).

Also, as can be seen in the the session element, bound parameters can also be supplied and tested. In this statement, the SQL is compared, then when the statement is executed, the bound parameters are also checked. The bound parameters much match in both number of parameters and the parameters themselves, or an error will be raised.

As can also be seen in the example above, 'statement' fields can come in many forms. The simplest is a string, which will be compared using C<eq> against the currently running statement. The next is a reg-exp reference, this too will get compared against the currently running statement. The last option is a CODE ref, this is sort of a catch-all to allow for a wide range of SQL comparison approaches (including using modules like SQL::Statement or SQL::Parser for detailed functional comparisons). The first argument to the CODE ref will be the currently active SQL statement to compare against, the second argument is a reference to the current state HASH (in case you need to alter the results, or store extra information). The CODE is evaluated in boolean context and throws and exception if it is false.

=over 4

B<new ($session_name, @session_states)>

A C<$session_name> can be optionally be specified, along with at least one C<@session_states>. If you don't specify a C<$session_name>, then a default one will be created for you. The C<@session_states> must all be HASH references as well, if this conditions fail, an exception will be thrown.

B<verify_statement ($dbh, $SQL)>

This will check the C<$SQL> against the current state's 'statement' value, and if it passes will add the current state's 'results' to the C<$dbh>. If for some reason the 'statement' value is bad, not of the prescribed type, an exception is thrown. See above for more details.

B<verify_bound_params ($dbh, $params)>

If the 'bound_params' slot is available in the current state, this will check the C<$params> against the current state's 'bound_params' value. Both number of parameters and the parameters themselves must match, or an error will be raised.

B<reset>

Calling this method will reset the state of the session object so that it can be reused.

=back

=head1 EXPERIMENTAL FUNCTIONALITY

All functionality listed here is highly experimental and should be used with great caution (if at all).

=over 4

=item Error handling in I<mock_add_resultset>

We have added experimental erro handling in I<mock_add_resultset> the best example is the test file F<t/023_statement_failure.t>, but it looks something like this:

  $dbh->{mock_add_resultset} = {
      sql => 'SELECT foo FROM bar',
      results => DBD::Mock->NULL_RESULTSET,
      failure => [ 5, 'Ooops!' ],
  };

The C<5> is the DBI error number, and C<'Ooops!'> is the error string passed to DBI. This basically allows you to force an error condition to occur when a given SQL statement is execute. We are currently working on allowing more control on the 'when' and 'where' the error happens, look for it in future releases.

=item Attribute Aliasing

Basically this feature allows you to alias attributes to other attributes. So for instance, you can alias a commonly expected attribute like 'mysql_insertid' to something DBD::Mock already has like 'mock_last_insert_id'. While you can also just set 'mysql_insertid' yourself, this functionality allows it to take advantage of things like the autoincrementing of the 'mock_last_insert_id' attribute.

Right now this feature is highly experimental, and has been added as a first attempt to automatically handle some of the DBD specific attributes which are commonly used/accessed in DBI programming. The functionality is off by default so as to not cause any issues with backwards compatability, but can easily be turned on and off like this:

  # turn it on
  $DBD::Mock::AttributeAliasing++;

  # turn it off
  $DBD::Mock::AttributeAliasing = 0;

Once this is turned on, you will need to choose a database specific attribute aliasing table like so:

  DBI->connect('dbi:Mock:MySQL', '', '');

The 'MySQL' in the DSN will be picked up and the MySQL specific attribute aliasing will be used.

Right now only MySQL is supported by this feature, and even that support is very minimal. Currently the MySQL C<$dbh> and C<$sth> attributes 'mysql_insertid' are aliased to the C<$dbh> attribute 'mock_last_insert_id'. It is possible to add more aliases though, using the C<DBD::Mock:_set_mock_attribute_aliases> function (see the source code for details).

=back

=head1 BUGS

=over

=item Odd $dbh attribute behavior

When writing the test suite I encountered some odd behavior with some C<$dbh> attributes. I still need to get deeper into how DBD's work to understand what it is that is actually doing wrong.

=back

=head1 TO DO

=over

=item Make DBD specific handlers

Each DBD has its own quirks and issues, it would be nice to be able to handle those issues with DBD::Mock in some way. I have an number of ideas already, but little time to sit down and really flesh them out. If you have any suggestions or thoughts, feel free to email me with them.

=item Enhance the DBD::Mock::StatementTrack object

I would like to have the DBD::Mock::StatementTrack object handle more of the mock_* attributes. This would encapsulate much of the mock_* behavior in one place, which would be a good thing.

I would also like to add the ability to bind a subroutine (or possibly an object) to the result set, so that the results can be somewhat more dynamic and allow for a more realistic interaction.

=back

=head1 CODE COVERAGE

We use L<Devel::Cover> to test the code coverage of my tests, below is the L<Devel::Cover> report on this module test suite.

  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
  File                           stmt   bran   cond    sub    pod   time  total
  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
  blib/lib/DBD/Mock.pm           92.0   86.6   77.9   95.3    0.0  100.0   89.5
  Total                          92.0   86.6   77.9   95.3    0.0  100.0   89.5
  ---------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<DBI>

L<DBD::NullP>, which provided a good starting point

L<Test::MockObject>, which provided the approach

Test::MockObject article - L<http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/07/10/tmo.html>

Perl Code Kata: Testing Databases - L<http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2005/02/10/database_kata.html>

=head1 DISCUSSION GROUP

We have created a B<DBD::Mock> google group for discussion/questions about this module.

L<http://groups-beta.google.com/group/DBDMock>

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

=over 4

=item Thanks to Ryan Gerry for his patch in RT #26604

=item Thanks to Marc Beyer for his patch in RT #16951

=item Thanks to Justin DeVuyst for the mock_connect_fail idea

=item Thanks to Thilo Planz for the code for C<bind_param_inout>

=item Thanks to Shlomi Fish for help tracking down RT Bug #11515

=item Thanks to Collin Winter for the patch to fix the C<begin_work()>, C<commit()> and C<rollback()> methods.

=item Thanks to Andrew McHarg E<lt>amcharg@acm.orgE<gt> for C<fetchall_hashref()>, C<fetchrow_hashref()> and C<selectcol_arrayref()> methods and tests.

=item Thanks to Andrew W. Gibbs for the C<mock_last_insert_ids> patch and test

=item Thanks to Chas Owens for patch and test for the C<mock_can_prepare>, C<mock_can_execute>, and C<mock_can_fetch> features.

=back

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (C) 2004 Chris Winters E<lt>chris@cwinters.comE<gt>

Copyright (C) 2004-2007 Stevan Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>

Copyright (C) 2007 Rob Kinyon E<lt>rob.kinyon@gmail.comE<gt>

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself.

=head1 AUTHORS

Chris Winters E<lt>chris@cwinters.comE<gt>

Stevan Little E<lt>stevan@iinteractive.comE<gt>

Rob Kinyon E<lt>rob.kinyon@gmail.comE<gt>

=cut