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< /resources/rules/yawnoc.cmdr
< /resources/rules/rendering.cmdr
< /resources/rules/equations.cmdr
< /resources/rules/language.cmdr
< /resources/rules/translation.cmdr
< /resources/rules/romanisation.cmdr
< /resources/rules/sun-tzu.cmdr
< /resources/rules/surrounds.cmdr
OrdinaryDictionaryReplacement: #.footer-properties-override
- queue_position: AFTER #.yawnoc.footer
* %copyright-prior-years --> get_year@%date-created--
OrdinaryDictionaryReplacement: #.boilerplate-properties-override
- queue_position: AFTER #.yawnoc.properties-override
* %cite-title --> '"Sun~Tz(uu)'s Computational Classic: Volume~I \S2"'
* %title --> "Sun~Tz(uu)'s Computational Classic: Volume~I" 《孫子算經卷上》 \S2
* %date-created --> 2019-06-09
* %date-modified --> 2023-10-21
- concluding_replacements:
#.yawnoc.typography
#.romanisation.special-characters
OrdinaryDictionaryReplacement: #.surrounds-navigation
- queue_position: AFTER #.yawnoc.properties-override
* %%surrounds-up --> [^ Volume~I](./)
* %%surrounds-previous --> [<-- \S1](1)
* %%surrounds-current --> \S2
* %%surrounds-next --> [\S3 -->](3)
- concluding_replacements: #.surrounds.navigation-arrows
%%%
^^^^
- !home
- !top
- !sun-tzu
-{.breadcrumbed} !i
-{.breadcrumbed} !!2
- !cite
^^^^
# .《孫子算經卷上》 "(Sun~Tz(uu)|孫子)'s Computational Classic: Volume~I" <br>
\S2. Units of weight (or mass)
%%noscript-equations
%%surrounds
--
This section introduces Chinese units of weight
and gives the conversion rates between them.
--
##{#translation} Translation
--
Chinese source text: \a[4], \b[146], \c[52059], \d[11]. <br>
%%version-d-default
--
@@@@
<<
稱之所起、起於黍。
\\
.[Of] that which measuring weight beginneth from:
beginneth .[it] from millet.
>>
==
* .稱： measuring weight; \or weighing
--
.稱、平聲、 \C ch(')ing1 (\pm ts(')ing1), \M ch(e-)ng <br>
(but in modern Cantonese, read .去聲~ch(')ing3 for .秤.)
--
* .起： beginneth from; \lit ariseth from
* .黍： millet
--
.黍、音暑、 \C sh(u")2, \M sh(uv)
--
--
(Shu|黍)~(.黍).
--
==
<<
十黍為一絫、 <br>
十絫為一銖、 <br>
二十四銖為一兩、 <br>
十六兩為一斤、 <br>
三十斤為一鈞、 <br>
四鈞為一石。
\\
Ten millets make one pile; <br>
ten piles make one dram; <br>
twenty-four drams make one tael; <br>
sixteen taels make one catty; <br>
thirty catties make one quarter; <br>
four quarters make one stone.
>>
==
* .絫： pile
--
.絫、魯水切、 \C l\_(u")5, \M l(ev)i
--
--
(Lei|絫)~(.絫).
Difficult to render because Chinese dictionaries
simply define it as ten (shu|黍)~(.黍).
I have taken "pile" from the interchangeable .累, "to accumulate/pile/heap".
--
* .銖： dram
--
.銖、 \C ch(u")1, \M zh(u-)
--
--
(Chu|銖)~(.銖), of the order two grams.
According to [Williams' ''Tonic Dictionary''],
"a small ancient silver coin",
so I have chosen "dram" after the eponymous
[ancient Greek coin and weight],
which is of similar magnitude.
--
[Williams' ''Tonic Dictionary'']:
https://archive.org/details/tonicdictionaryo00will/page/30/mode/1up
[ancient Greek coin and weight]:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(unit)
* .兩： [tael]
--
(Liang|兩)~(.兩).
--
--
One sixteenth of a catty,
except in Mainland China where it has been metricised to a tenth,
thus ruining the phrase .半斤八兩, "half .[a] catty .[is] eight taels".
--
[tael]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael
* .斤： [catty]
--
(Kin|斤)~(.斤).
--
--
Of the order one pound, or half a kilogram.
--
[catty]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catty
* .鈞： quarter
--
.鈞、音均、 \C kwan1, \M j(u-)n
--
--
(K(u")n|鈞)~(.鈞).
A quarter of the (shek|石)~(.石) or "stone" below,
and of similar weight to the [imperial quarter] (28~pounds).
Difficult to render otherwise
since Chinese dictionaries simply define it as thirty catties.
--
[imperial quarter]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_(unit)#Weight
* \c[52059] erroneously has .鉤 for .鈞.
* .石： stone
--
(Shek|石)~(.石).
--
--
This is a literal rendering.
The Chinese stone (shek|石)~(.石) is of the order 120~pounds,
making it closer to the [imperial hundredweight]
than the *much* lighter imperial stone (14~pounds).
--
[imperial hundredweight]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight
==
@@@@
##{#commentary} Extended commentary
--
I can't be bothered looking up a reputable source
for the precise weight of a (kin|斤)~(.斤) or catty
when (Sun~Tz(uu)|孫子)'s Computational Classic was first written,
but using 600~grams as an estimate,
we have:
--
$$
\begin{alignedat}{3}
1 \unit{millet~(黍)} &={} & \tfrac{1}{38400} & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 0.02 \unit{g} \\
1 \unit{pile~(絫)} &={} & \tfrac{1}{3840} & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 0.2 \unit{g} \\
1 \unit{dram~(銖)} &={} & \tfrac{1}{384} & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 2 \unit{g} \\
1 \unit{tael~(兩)} &={} & \tfrac{1}{16} & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 40 \unit{g} \\
1 \unit{catty~(斤)} &={} & 1 & \unit{catty}
&& \sim 600 \unit{g} \\
1 \unit{quarter~(鈞)} &={} & 30 & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 18 \unit{kg} \\
1 \unit{stone~(石)} &={} & 120 & \unit{catties}
&& \sim 72 \unit{kg}.
\end{alignedat}
$$
--
By the later part of the (Ts(')ing|清) Dynasty,
one (kin|斤)~(.斤) or catty is 1⅓~pounds in Hong Kong,
locally called a (kan|斤)~(.斤).
As with length units,
[Ordinance No.~22 of~1844 (PDF)] of Hong Kong
gives the relevant conversions between the Chinese units themselves
(here, candareen and mace are used rather than "piles" and "drams"):
--
||{.centred}
||
--
And likewise they are only standardised
with reference to English units forty years later,
in [Ordinance No.~8 of~1885 (PDF)]
(note the typo in the definition of candareen):
--
||{.centred}
||
--
Eventually the (kan|斤)~(.斤) or catty is given the
*almost* equivalent definition of 0.60478982~kg,
used unto this day in Hong Kong street markets;
see [Cap.~68 Weights and Measures Ordinance].
--
[Ordinance No.~22 of~1844 (PDF)]: http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/9c24f167a27b616a75db9691574eb925.pdf
[Ordinance No.~8 of~1885 (PDF)]: http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/52fa22f83069cf6a385779d462a0f6e7.pdf
[Cap.~68 Weights and Measures Ordinance]: https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap68
%%surrounds
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