ddl.go

// Copyright 2015 PingCAP, Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package ast

import (
	"strings"

	"github.com/pingcap/errors"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/auth"
	. "github.com/pingcap/parser/format"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/model"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/mysql"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/terror"
	"github.com/pingcap/parser/types"
)

var (
	_ DDLNode = &AlterTableStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &CreateDatabaseStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &CreateIndexStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &CreateTableStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &CreateViewStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &DropDatabaseStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &DropIndexStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &DropTableStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &RenameTableStmt{}
	_ DDLNode = &TruncateTableStmt{}

	_ Node = &AlterTableSpec{}
	_ Node = &ColumnDef{}
	_ Node = &ColumnOption{}
	_ Node = &ColumnPosition{}
	_ Node = &Constraint{}
	_ Node = &IndexColName{}
	_ Node = &ReferenceDef{}
)

// CharsetOpt is used for parsing charset option from SQL.
type CharsetOpt struct {
	Chs string
	Col string
}

// DatabaseOptionType is the type for database options.
type DatabaseOptionType int

// Database option types.
const (
	DatabaseOptionNone DatabaseOptionType = iota
	DatabaseOptionCharset
	DatabaseOptionCollate
)

// DatabaseOption represents database option.
type DatabaseOption struct {
	Tp    DatabaseOptionType
	Value string
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *DatabaseOption) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case DatabaseOptionCharset:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CHARACTER SET")
		ctx.WritePlain(" = ")
		ctx.WritePlain(n.Value)
	case DatabaseOptionCollate:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COLLATE")
		ctx.WritePlain(" = ")
		ctx.WritePlain(n.Value)
	default:
		return errors.Errorf("invalid DatabaseOptionType: %d", n.Tp)
	}
	return nil
}

// CreateDatabaseStmt is a statement to create a database.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-database.html
type CreateDatabaseStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IfNotExists bool
	Name        string
	Options     []*DatabaseOption
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *CreateDatabaseStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("CREATE DATABASE ")
	if n.IfNotExists {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("IF NOT EXISTS ")
	}
	ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	for i, option := range n.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		err := option.Restore(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateDatabaseStmt DatabaseOption: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *CreateDatabaseStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*CreateDatabaseStmt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// AlterDatabaseStmt is a statement to change the structure of a database.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/alter-database.html
type AlterDatabaseStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	Name                 string
	AlterDefaultDatabase bool
	Options              []*DatabaseOption
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *AlterDatabaseStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("ALTER DATABASE")
	if !n.AlterDefaultDatabase {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	}
	for i, option := range n.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		err := option.Restore(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing AlterDatabaseStmt DatabaseOption: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *AlterDatabaseStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*AlterDatabaseStmt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// DropDatabaseStmt is a statement to drop a database and all tables in the database.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/drop-database.html
type DropDatabaseStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IfExists bool
	Name     string
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *DropDatabaseStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP DATABASE ")
	if n.IfExists {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("IF EXISTS ")
	}
	ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *DropDatabaseStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*DropDatabaseStmt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// IndexColName is used for parsing index column name from SQL.
type IndexColName struct {
	node

	Column *ColumnName
	Length int
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *IndexColName) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if err := n.Column.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing IndexColName")
	}
	if n.Length > 0 {
		ctx.WritePlainf("(%d)", n.Length)
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *IndexColName) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*IndexColName)
	node, ok := n.Column.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Column = node.(*ColumnName)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// MatchType is the type for reference match type.
type MatchType int

// match type
const (
	MatchNone MatchType = iota
	MatchFull
	MatchPartial
	MatchSimple
)

// ReferenceDef is used for parsing foreign key reference option from SQL.
// See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-table-foreign-keys.html
type ReferenceDef struct {
	node

	Table         *TableName
	IndexColNames []*IndexColName
	OnDelete      *OnDeleteOpt
	OnUpdate      *OnUpdateOpt
	Match         MatchType
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *ReferenceDef) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.Table != nil {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("REFERENCES ")
		if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ReferenceDef")
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain("(")
	for i, indexColNames := range n.IndexColNames {
		if i > 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := indexColNames.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing IndexColNames: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(")")
	if n.Match != MatchNone {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" MATCH ")
		switch n.Match {
		case MatchFull:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("FULL")
		case MatchPartial:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("PARTIAL")
		case MatchSimple:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("SIMPLE")
		}
	}
	if n.OnDelete.ReferOpt != ReferOptionNoOption {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.OnDelete.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing OnDelete")
		}
	}
	if n.OnUpdate.ReferOpt != ReferOptionNoOption {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.OnUpdate.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing OnUpdate")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *ReferenceDef) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*ReferenceDef)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	for i, val := range n.IndexColNames {
		node, ok = val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.IndexColNames[i] = node.(*IndexColName)
	}
	onDelete, ok := n.OnDelete.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.OnDelete = onDelete.(*OnDeleteOpt)
	onUpdate, ok := n.OnUpdate.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.OnUpdate = onUpdate.(*OnUpdateOpt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// ReferOptionType is the type for refer options.
type ReferOptionType int

// Refer option types.
const (
	ReferOptionNoOption ReferOptionType = iota
	ReferOptionRestrict
	ReferOptionCascade
	ReferOptionSetNull
	ReferOptionNoAction
	ReferOptionSetDefault
)

// String implements fmt.Stringer interface.
func (r ReferOptionType) String() string {
	switch r {
	case ReferOptionRestrict:
		return "RESTRICT"
	case ReferOptionCascade:
		return "CASCADE"
	case ReferOptionSetNull:
		return "SET NULL"
	case ReferOptionNoAction:
		return "NO ACTION"
	case ReferOptionSetDefault:
		return "SET DEFAULT"
	}
	return ""
}

// OnDeleteOpt is used for optional on delete clause.
type OnDeleteOpt struct {
	node
	ReferOpt ReferOptionType
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *OnDeleteOpt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.ReferOpt != ReferOptionNoOption {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ON DELETE ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.ReferOpt.String())
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *OnDeleteOpt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*OnDeleteOpt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// OnUpdateOpt is used for optional on update clause.
type OnUpdateOpt struct {
	node
	ReferOpt ReferOptionType
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *OnUpdateOpt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.ReferOpt != ReferOptionNoOption {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ON UPDATE ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.ReferOpt.String())
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *OnUpdateOpt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*OnUpdateOpt)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// ColumnOptionType is the type for ColumnOption.
type ColumnOptionType int

// ColumnOption types.
const (
	ColumnOptionNoOption ColumnOptionType = iota
	ColumnOptionPrimaryKey
	ColumnOptionNotNull
	ColumnOptionAutoIncrement
	ColumnOptionDefaultValue
	ColumnOptionUniqKey
	ColumnOptionNull
	ColumnOptionOnUpdate // For Timestamp and Datetime only.
	ColumnOptionFulltext
	ColumnOptionComment
	ColumnOptionGenerated
	ColumnOptionReference
	ColumnOptionCollate
	ColumnOptionCheck
	ColumnOptionAutoRandom
)

var (
	invalidOptionForGeneratedColumn = map[ColumnOptionType]struct{}{
		ColumnOptionAutoIncrement: {},
		ColumnOptionOnUpdate:      {},
		ColumnOptionDefaultValue:  {},
	}
)

// ColumnOption is used for parsing column constraint info from SQL.
type ColumnOption struct {
	node

	Tp ColumnOptionType
	// Expr is used for ColumnOptionDefaultValue/ColumnOptionOnUpdateColumnOptionGenerated.
	// For ColumnOptionDefaultValue or ColumnOptionOnUpdate, it's the target value.
	// For ColumnOptionGenerated, it's the target expression.
	Expr ExprNode
	// Stored is only for ColumnOptionGenerated, default is false.
	Stored bool
	// Refer is used for foreign key.
	Refer               *ReferenceDef
	StrValue            string
	AutoRandomBitLength int
	// Enforced is only for Check, default is true.
	Enforced bool
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *ColumnOption) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case ColumnOptionNoOption:
		return nil
	case ColumnOptionPrimaryKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("PRIMARY KEY")
	case ColumnOptionNotNull:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("NOT NULL")
	case ColumnOptionAutoIncrement:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AUTO_INCREMENT")
	case ColumnOptionDefaultValue:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT ")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption DefaultValue Expr")
		}
	case ColumnOptionUniqKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNIQUE KEY")
	case ColumnOptionNull:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("NULL")
	case ColumnOptionOnUpdate:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ON UPDATE ")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption ON UPDATE Expr")
		}
	case ColumnOptionFulltext:
		return errors.New("TiDB Parser ignore the `ColumnOptionFulltext` type now")
	case ColumnOptionComment:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMMENT ")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption COMMENT Expr")
		}
	case ColumnOptionGenerated:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("GENERATED ALWAYS AS")
		ctx.WritePlain("(")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption GENERATED ALWAYS Expr")
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
		if n.Stored {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" STORED")
		} else {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" VIRTUAL")
		}
	case ColumnOptionReference:
		if err := n.Refer.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption ReferenceDef")
		}
	case ColumnOptionCollate:
		if n.StrValue == "" {
			return errors.New("Empty ColumnOption COLLATE")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COLLATE ")
		ctx.WritePlain(n.StrValue)
	case ColumnOptionCheck:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CHECK")
		ctx.WritePlain("(")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Trace(err)
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
		if n.Enforced {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" ENFORCED")
		} else {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" NOT ENFORCED")
		}
	case ColumnOptionAutoRandom:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AUTO_RANDOM")
		if n.AutoRandomBitLength != types.UnspecifiedLength {
			ctx.WritePlainf("(%d)", n.AutoRandomBitLength)
		}
	default:
		return errors.New("An error occurred while splicing ColumnOption")
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *ColumnOption) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*ColumnOption)
	if n.Expr != nil {
		node, ok := n.Expr.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Expr = node.(ExprNode)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// IndexOption is the index options.
//    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
//  | index_type
//  | WITH PARSER parser_name
//  | COMMENT 'string'
// See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-table.html
type IndexOption struct {
	node

	KeyBlockSize uint64
	Tp           model.IndexType
	Comment      string
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *IndexOption) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	hasPrevOption := false
	if n.KeyBlockSize > 0 {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("KEY_BLOCK_SIZE")
		ctx.WritePlainf("=%d", n.KeyBlockSize)
		hasPrevOption = true
	}

	if n.Tp != model.IndexTypeInvalid {
		if hasPrevOption {
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("USING ")
		ctx.WritePlain(n.Tp.String())
		hasPrevOption = true
	}

	if n.Comment != "" {
		if hasPrevOption {
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMMENT ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.Comment)
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *IndexOption) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*IndexOption)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// ConstraintType is the type for Constraint.
type ConstraintType int

// ConstraintTypes
const (
	ConstraintNoConstraint ConstraintType = iota
	ConstraintPrimaryKey
	ConstraintKey
	ConstraintIndex
	ConstraintUniq
	ConstraintUniqKey
	ConstraintUniqIndex
	ConstraintForeignKey
	ConstraintFulltext
	ConstraintCheck
)

// Constraint is constraint for table definition.
type Constraint struct {
	node

	Tp   ConstraintType
	Name string

	Keys []*IndexColName // Used for PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, ......

	Refer *ReferenceDef // Used for foreign key.

	Option *IndexOption // Index Options

	Expr ExprNode // Used for Check

	Enforced bool // Used for Check
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *Constraint) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case ConstraintNoConstraint:
		return nil
	case ConstraintPrimaryKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("PRIMARY KEY")
	case ConstraintKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("KEY")
	case ConstraintIndex:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("INDEX")
	case ConstraintUniq:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNIQUE")
	case ConstraintUniqKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNIQUE KEY")
	case ConstraintUniqIndex:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNIQUE INDEX")
	case ConstraintFulltext:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("FULLTEXT")
	case ConstraintCheck:
		if n.Name != "" {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("CONSTRAINT ")
			ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CHECK")
		ctx.WritePlain("(")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Trace(err)
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(") ")
		if n.Enforced {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("ENFORCED")
		} else {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("NOT ENFORCED")
		}
		return nil
	}

	if n.Tp == ConstraintForeignKey {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CONSTRAINT ")
		if n.Name != "" {
			ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("FOREIGN KEY ")
	} else if n.Name != "" {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	}

	ctx.WritePlain("(")
	for i, keys := range n.Keys {
		if i > 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := keys.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing Constraint Keys: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(")")

	if n.Refer != nil {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.Refer.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing Constraint Refer")
		}
	}

	if n.Option != nil {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.Option.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing Constraint Option")
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *Constraint) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*Constraint)
	for i, val := range n.Keys {
		node, ok := val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Keys[i] = node.(*IndexColName)
	}
	if n.Refer != nil {
		node, ok := n.Refer.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Refer = node.(*ReferenceDef)
	}
	if n.Option != nil {
		node, ok := n.Option.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Option = node.(*IndexOption)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// ColumnDef is used for parsing column definition from SQL.
type ColumnDef struct {
	node

	Name    *ColumnName
	Tp      *types.FieldType
	Options []*ColumnOption
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *ColumnDef) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if err := n.Name.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnDef Name")
	}
	if n.Tp != nil {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.Tp.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnDef Type")
		}
	}
	for i, options := range n.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := options.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing ColumnDef ColumnOption: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *ColumnDef) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*ColumnDef)
	node, ok := n.Name.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Name = node.(*ColumnName)
	for i, val := range n.Options {
		node, ok := val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Options[i] = node.(*ColumnOption)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// Validate checks if a column definition is legal.
// For example, generated column definitions that contain such
// column options as `ON UPDATE`, `AUTO_INCREMENT`, `DEFAULT`
// are illegal.
func (n *ColumnDef) Validate() bool {
	generatedCol := false
	illegalOpt4gc := false
	for _, opt := range n.Options {
		if opt.Tp == ColumnOptionGenerated {
			generatedCol = true
		}
		_, found := invalidOptionForGeneratedColumn[opt.Tp]
		illegalOpt4gc = illegalOpt4gc || found
	}
	return !(generatedCol && illegalOpt4gc)
}

// CreateTableStmt is a statement to create a table.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-table.html
type CreateTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IfNotExists bool
	Table       *TableName
	ReferTable  *TableName
	Cols        []*ColumnDef
	Constraints []*Constraint
	Options     []*TableOption
	Partition   *PartitionOptions
	OnDuplicate OnDuplicateKeyHandlingType
	Select      ResultSetNode
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *CreateTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("CREATE TABLE ")
	if n.IfNotExists {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("IF NOT EXISTS ")
	}

	if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt Table")
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(" ")
	if n.ReferTable != nil {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("LIKE ")
		if err := n.ReferTable.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt ReferTable")
		}
	}
	lenCols := len(n.Cols)
	lenConstraints := len(n.Constraints)
	if lenCols+lenConstraints > 0 {
		ctx.WritePlain("(")
		for i, col := range n.Cols {
			if i > 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			if err := col.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt ColumnDef: [%v]", i)
			}
		}
		for i, constraint := range n.Constraints {
			if i > 0 || lenCols >= 1 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			if err := constraint.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt Constraints: [%v]", i)
			}
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
	}

	for i, option := range n.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := option.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt TableOption: [%v]", i)
		}
	}

	if n.Partition != nil {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.Partition.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt Partition")
		}
	}

	if n.Select != nil {
		switch n.OnDuplicate {
		case OnDuplicateKeyHandlingError:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" AS ")
		case OnDuplicateKeyHandlingIgnore:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" IGNORE AS ")
		case OnDuplicateKeyHandlingReplace:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" REPLACE AS ")
		}

		if err := n.Select.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing CreateTableStmt Select")
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *CreateTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*CreateTableStmt)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	if n.ReferTable != nil {
		node, ok = n.ReferTable.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.ReferTable = node.(*TableName)
	}
	for i, val := range n.Cols {
		node, ok = val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Cols[i] = node.(*ColumnDef)
	}
	for i, val := range n.Constraints {
		node, ok = val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Constraints[i] = node.(*Constraint)
	}
	if n.Select != nil {
		node, ok := n.Select.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Select = node.(ResultSetNode)
	}
	if n.Partition != nil {
		node, ok := n.Partition.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Partition = node.(*PartitionOptions)
	}

	return v.Leave(n)
}

// DropTableStmt is a statement to drop one or more tables.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/drop-table.html
type DropTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IfExists bool
	Tables   []*TableName
	IsView   bool
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *DropTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.IsView {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP VIEW ")
	} else {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP TABLE ")
	}
	if n.IfExists {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("IF EXISTS ")
	}

	for index, table := range n.Tables {
		if index != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore DropTableStmt.Tables "+string(index))
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *DropTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*DropTableStmt)
	for i, val := range n.Tables {
		node, ok := val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Tables[i] = node.(*TableName)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// RenameTableStmt is a statement to rename a table.
// See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/rename-table.html
type RenameTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	OldTable *TableName
	NewTable *TableName

	// TableToTables is only useful for syncer which depends heavily on tidb parser to do some dirty work for now.
	// TODO: Refactor this when you are going to add full support for multiple schema changes.
	TableToTables []*TableToTable
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *RenameTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("RENAME TABLE ")
	for index, table2table := range n.TableToTables {
		if index != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := table2table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore RenameTableStmt.TableToTables")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *RenameTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*RenameTableStmt)
	node, ok := n.OldTable.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.OldTable = node.(*TableName)
	node, ok = n.NewTable.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.NewTable = node.(*TableName)

	for i, t := range n.TableToTables {
		node, ok := t.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.TableToTables[i] = node.(*TableToTable)
	}

	return v.Leave(n)
}

// TableToTable represents renaming old table to new table used in RenameTableStmt.
type TableToTable struct {
	node
	OldTable *TableName
	NewTable *TableName
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *TableToTable) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if err := n.OldTable.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore TableToTable.OldTable")
	}
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" TO ")
	if err := n.NewTable.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore TableToTable.NewTable")
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *TableToTable) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*TableToTable)
	node, ok := n.OldTable.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.OldTable = node.(*TableName)
	node, ok = n.NewTable.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.NewTable = node.(*TableName)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// CreateViewStmt is a statement to create a View.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-view.html
type CreateViewStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	OrReplace   bool
	ViewName    *TableName
	Cols        []model.CIStr
	Select      StmtNode
	SchemaCols  []model.CIStr
	Algorithm   model.ViewAlgorithm
	Definer     *auth.UserIdentity
	Security    model.ViewSecurity
	CheckOption model.ViewCheckOption
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *CreateViewStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("CREATE ")
	if n.OrReplace {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("OR REPLACE ")
	}
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("ALGORITHM")
	ctx.WritePlain(" = ")
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Algorithm.String())
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" DEFINER")
	ctx.WritePlain(" = ")

	// todo Use n.Definer.Restore(ctx) to replace this part
	if n.Definer.CurrentUser {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("current_user")
	} else {
		ctx.WriteName(n.Definer.Username)
		if n.Definer.Hostname != "" {
			ctx.WritePlain("@")
			ctx.WriteName(n.Definer.Hostname)
		}
	}

	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" SQL SECURITY ")
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Security.String())
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" VIEW ")

	if err := n.ViewName.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while create CreateViewStmt.ViewName")
	}

	for i, col := range n.Cols {
		if i == 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(" (")
		} else {
			ctx.WritePlain(",")
		}
		ctx.WriteName(col.O)
		if i == len(n.Cols)-1 {
			ctx.WritePlain(")")
		}
	}

	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" AS ")

	if err := n.Select.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while create CreateViewStmt.Select")
	}

	if n.CheckOption != model.CheckOptionCascaded {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" WITH ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.CheckOption.String())
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" CHECK OPTION")
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *CreateViewStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*CreateViewStmt)
	node, ok := n.ViewName.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.ViewName = node.(*TableName)
	selnode, ok := n.Select.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Select = selnode.(StmtNode)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// CreateIndexStmt is a statement to create an index.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-index.html
type CreateIndexStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IndexName     string
	Table         *TableName
	Unique        bool
	IndexColNames []*IndexColName
	IndexOption   *IndexOption
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *CreateIndexStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("CREATE ")
	if n.Unique {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNIQUE ")
	}
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("INDEX ")
	ctx.WriteName(n.IndexName)
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" ON ")
	if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore CreateIndexStmt.Table")
	}

	ctx.WritePlain(" (")
	for i, indexColName := range n.IndexColNames {
		if i != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := indexColName.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore CreateIndexStmt.IndexColNames: [%v]", i)
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(")")

	if n.IndexOption.Tp != model.IndexTypeInvalid || n.IndexOption.KeyBlockSize > 0 || n.IndexOption.Comment != "" {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.IndexOption.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore CreateIndexStmt.IndexOption")
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *CreateIndexStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*CreateIndexStmt)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	for i, val := range n.IndexColNames {
		node, ok = val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.IndexColNames[i] = node.(*IndexColName)
	}
	if n.IndexOption != nil {
		node, ok := n.IndexOption.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.IndexOption = node.(*IndexOption)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// DropIndexStmt is a statement to drop the index.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/drop-index.html
type DropIndexStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	IfExists  bool
	IndexName string
	Table     *TableName
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *DropIndexStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP INDEX ")
	if n.IfExists {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("IF EXISTS ")
	}
	ctx.WriteName(n.IndexName)
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" ON ")

	if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while add index")
	}

	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *DropIndexStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*DropIndexStmt)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// LockTablesStmt is a statement to lock tables.
type LockTablesStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	TableLocks []TableLock
}

// TableLock contains the table name and lock type.
type TableLock struct {
	Table *TableName
	Type  model.TableLockType
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *LockTablesStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*LockTablesStmt)
	for i := range n.TableLocks {
		node, ok := n.TableLocks[i].Table.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.TableLocks[i].Table = node.(*TableName)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *LockTablesStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("LOCK TABLES ")
	for i, tl := range n.TableLocks {
		if i != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := tl.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while add index")
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" " + tl.Type.String())
	}
	return nil
}

// UnlockTablesStmt is a statement to unlock tables.
type UnlockTablesStmt struct {
	ddlNode
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *UnlockTablesStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	_, _ = v.Enter(n)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *UnlockTablesStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("UNLOCK TABLES")
	return nil
}

// CleanupTableLockStmt is a statement to cleanup table lock.
type CleanupTableLockStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	Tables []*TableName
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *CleanupTableLockStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*CleanupTableLockStmt)
	for i := range n.Tables {
		node, ok := n.Tables[i].Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Tables[i] = node.(*TableName)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *CleanupTableLockStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("ADMIN CLEANUP TABLE LOCK ")
	for i, v := range n.Tables {
		if i != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := v.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore CleanupTableLockStmt.Tables[%d]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// TableOptionType is the type for TableOption
type TableOptionType int

// TableOption types.
const (
	TableOptionNone TableOptionType = iota
	TableOptionEngine
	TableOptionCharset
	TableOptionCollate
	TableOptionAutoIdCache
	TableOptionAutoIncrement
	TableOptionAutoRandomBase
	TableOptionComment
	TableOptionAvgRowLength
	TableOptionCheckSum
	TableOptionCompression
	TableOptionConnection
	TableOptionPassword
	TableOptionKeyBlockSize
	TableOptionMaxRows
	TableOptionMinRows
	TableOptionDelayKeyWrite
	TableOptionRowFormat
	TableOptionStatsPersistent
	TableOptionShardRowID
	TableOptionPreSplitRegion
	TableOptionPackKeys
	TableOptionTablespace
	TableOptionNodegroup
	TableOptionDataDirectory
	TableOptionIndexDirectory
)

// RowFormat types
const (
	RowFormatDefault uint64 = iota + 1
	RowFormatDynamic
	RowFormatFixed
	RowFormatCompressed
	RowFormatRedundant
	RowFormatCompact
	TokuDBRowFormatDefault
	TokuDBRowFormatFast
	TokuDBRowFormatSmall
	TokuDBRowFormatZlib
	TokuDBRowFormatQuickLZ
	TokuDBRowFormatLzma
	TokuDBRowFormatSnappy
	TokuDBRowFormatUncompressed
)

// OnDuplicateKeyHandlingType is the option that handle unique key values in 'CREATE TABLE ... SELECT' or `LOAD DATA`.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-table-select.html
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/load-data.html
type OnDuplicateKeyHandlingType int

// OnDuplicateKeyHandling types
const (
	OnDuplicateKeyHandlingError OnDuplicateKeyHandlingType = iota
	OnDuplicateKeyHandlingIgnore
	OnDuplicateKeyHandlingReplace
)

// TableOption is used for parsing table option from SQL.
type TableOption struct {
	Tp        TableOptionType
	StrValue  string
	UintValue uint64
}

func (n *TableOption) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case TableOptionEngine:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ENGINE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		if n.StrValue != "" {
			ctx.WritePlain(n.StrValue)
		} else {
			ctx.WritePlain("''")
		}
	case TableOptionCharset:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT CHARACTER SET ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionCollate:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT COLLATE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionAutoIncrement:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AUTO_INCREMENT ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionAutoIdCache:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AUTO_ID_CACHE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionAutoRandomBase:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AUTO_RANDOM_BASE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionComment:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMMENT ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionAvgRowLength:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AVG_ROW_LENGTH ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionCheckSum:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CHECKSUM ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionCompression:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMPRESSION ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionConnection:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CONNECTION ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionPassword:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("PASSWORD ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionKeyBlockSize:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("KEY_BLOCK_SIZE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionMaxRows:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("MAX_ROWS ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionMinRows:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("MIN_ROWS ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionDelayKeyWrite:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DELAY_KEY_WRITE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionRowFormat:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ROW_FORMAT ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		switch n.UintValue {
		case RowFormatDefault:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT")
		case RowFormatDynamic:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("DYNAMIC")
		case RowFormatFixed:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("FIXED")
		case RowFormatCompressed:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMPRESSED")
		case RowFormatRedundant:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("REDUNDANT")
		case RowFormatCompact:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("COMPACT")
		case TokuDBRowFormatDefault:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_DEFAULT")
		case TokuDBRowFormatFast:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_FAST")
		case TokuDBRowFormatSmall:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_SMALL")
		case TokuDBRowFormatZlib:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_ZLIB")
		case TokuDBRowFormatQuickLZ:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_QUICKLZ")
		case TokuDBRowFormatLzma:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_LZMA")
		case TokuDBRowFormatSnappy:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_SNAPPY")
		case TokuDBRowFormatUncompressed:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("TOKUDB_UNCOMPRESSED")
		default:
			return errors.Errorf("invalid TableOption: TableOptionRowFormat: %d", n.UintValue)
		}
	case TableOptionStatsPersistent:
		// TODO: not support
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("STATS_PERSISTENT ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT")
		ctx.WritePlain(" /* TableOptionStatsPersistent is not supported */ ")
	case TableOptionShardRowID:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("SHARD_ROW_ID_BITS ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("= %d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionPreSplitRegion:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("PRE_SPLIT_REGIONS ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("= %d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionPackKeys:
		// TODO: not support
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("PACK_KEYS ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DEFAULT")
		ctx.WritePlain(" /* TableOptionPackKeys is not supported */ ")
	case TableOptionTablespace:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("TABLESPACE ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionNodegroup:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("NODEGROUP ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("= %d", n.UintValue)
	case TableOptionDataDirectory:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DATA DIRECTORY ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	case TableOptionIndexDirectory:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("INDEX DIRECTORY ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteString(n.StrValue)
	default:
		return errors.Errorf("invalid TableOption: %d", n.Tp)
	}
	return nil
}

// ColumnPositionType is the type for ColumnPosition.
type ColumnPositionType int

// ColumnPosition Types
const (
	ColumnPositionNone ColumnPositionType = iota
	ColumnPositionFirst
	ColumnPositionAfter
)

// ColumnPosition represent the position of the newly added column
type ColumnPosition struct {
	node
	// Tp is either ColumnPositionNone, ColumnPositionFirst or ColumnPositionAfter.
	Tp ColumnPositionType
	// RelativeColumn is the column the newly added column after if type is ColumnPositionAfter
	RelativeColumn *ColumnName
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *ColumnPosition) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case ColumnPositionNone:
		// do nothing
	case ColumnPositionFirst:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("FIRST")
	case ColumnPositionAfter:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("AFTER ")
		if err := n.RelativeColumn.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore ColumnPosition.RelativeColumn")
		}
	default:
		return errors.Errorf("invalid ColumnPositionType: %d", n.Tp)
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *ColumnPosition) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*ColumnPosition)
	if n.RelativeColumn != nil {
		node, ok := n.RelativeColumn.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.RelativeColumn = node.(*ColumnName)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// AlterTableType is the type for AlterTableSpec.
type AlterTableType int

// AlterTable types.
const (
	AlterTableOption AlterTableType = iota + 1
	AlterTableAddColumns
	AlterTableAddConstraint
	AlterTableDropColumn
	AlterTableDropPrimaryKey
	AlterTableDropIndex
	AlterTableDropForeignKey
	AlterTableModifyColumn
	AlterTableChangeColumn
	AlterTableRenameTable
	AlterTableAlterColumn
	AlterTableLock
	AlterTableAlgorithm
	AlterTableRenameIndex
	AlterTableForce
	AlterTableAddPartitions
	AlterTableCoalescePartitions
	AlterTableDropPartition
	AlterTableTruncatePartition
	AlterTablePartition
	AlterTableEnableKeys
	AlterTableDisableKeys
	// AlterTableSetTiFlashReplica uses to set the table TiFlash replica.
	AlterTableSetTiFlashReplica
	// TODO: Add more actions
)

// LockType is the type for AlterTableSpec.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/alter-table.html#alter-table-concurrency
type LockType byte

func (n LockType) String() string {
	switch n {
	case LockTypeNone:
		return "NONE"
	case LockTypeDefault:
		return "DEFAULT"
	case LockTypeShared:
		return "SHARED"
	case LockTypeExclusive:
		return "EXCLUSIVE"
	}
	return ""
}

// Lock Types.
const (
	LockTypeNone LockType = iota + 1
	LockTypeDefault
	LockTypeShared
	LockTypeExclusive
)

// AlterAlgorithm is the algorithm of the DDL operations.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/alter-table.html#alter-table-performance.
type AlterAlgorithm byte

// DDL alter algorithms.
// For now, TiDB only supported inplace and instance algorithms. If the user specify `copy`,
// will get an error.
const (
	AlterAlgorithmDefault AlterAlgorithm = iota
	AlterAlgorithmCopy
	AlterAlgorithmInplace
	AlterAlgorithmInstant
)

func (a AlterAlgorithm) String() string {
	switch a {
	case AlterAlgorithmDefault:
		return "DEFAULT"
	case AlterAlgorithmCopy:
		return "COPY"
	case AlterAlgorithmInplace:
		return "INPLACE"
	case AlterAlgorithmInstant:
		return "INSTANT"
	default:
		return "DEFAULT"
	}
}

// AlterTableSpec represents alter table specification.
type AlterTableSpec struct {
	node

	Tp              AlterTableType
	Name            string
	Constraint      *Constraint
	Options         []*TableOption
	NewTable        *TableName
	NewColumns      []*ColumnDef
	OldColumnName   *ColumnName
	Position        *ColumnPosition
	LockType        LockType
	Algorithm       AlterAlgorithm
	Comment         string
	FromKey         model.CIStr
	ToKey           model.CIStr
	Partition       *PartitionOptions
	PartitionNames  []model.CIStr
	PartDefinitions []*PartitionDefinition
	Num             uint64
	TiFlashReplica  *TiFlashReplicaSpec
}

type TiFlashReplicaSpec struct {
	Count  uint64
	Labels []string
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *AlterTableSpec) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	switch n.Tp {
	case AlterTableSetTiFlashReplica:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("SET TIFLASH REPLICA ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.TiFlashReplica.Count)
		if len(n.TiFlashReplica.Labels) == 0 {
			break
		}
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" LOCATION LABELS ")
		for i, v := range n.TiFlashReplica.Labels {
			if i > 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(", ")
			}
			ctx.WriteString(v)
		}
	case AlterTableOption:
		switch {
		case len(n.Options) == 2 &&
			n.Options[0].Tp == TableOptionCharset &&
			n.Options[1].Tp == TableOptionCollate:
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET ")
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Options[0].StrValue)
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" COLLATE ")
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Options[1].StrValue)
		default:
			for i, opt := range n.Options {
				if i != 0 {
					ctx.WritePlain(", ")
				}
				if err := opt.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Options[%d]", i)
				}
			}
		}
	case AlterTableAddColumns:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ADD COLUMN ")
		if n.Position != nil && len(n.NewColumns) == 1 {
			if err := n.NewColumns[0].Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[%d]", 0)
			}
			if n.Position.Tp != ColumnPositionNone {
				ctx.WritePlain(" ")
			}
			if err := n.Position.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Position")
			}
		} else {
			ctx.WritePlain("(")
			for i, col := range n.NewColumns {
				if i != 0 {
					ctx.WritePlain(", ")
				}
				if err := col.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[%d]", i)
				}
			}
			ctx.WritePlain(")")
		}
	case AlterTableAddConstraint:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ADD ")
		if err := n.Constraint.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Constraint")
		}
	case AlterTableDropColumn:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP COLUMN ")
		if err := n.OldColumnName.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.OldColumnName")
		}
	// TODO: RestrictOrCascadeOpt not support
	case AlterTableDropPrimaryKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP PRIMARY KEY")
	case AlterTableDropIndex:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP INDEX ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	case AlterTableDropForeignKey:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP FOREIGN KEY ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.Name)
	case AlterTableModifyColumn:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("MODIFY COLUMN ")
		if err := n.NewColumns[0].Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[0]")
		}
		if n.Position.Tp != ColumnPositionNone {
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		if err := n.Position.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Position")
		}
	case AlterTableChangeColumn:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("CHANGE COLUMN ")
		if err := n.OldColumnName.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.OldColumnName")
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := n.NewColumns[0].Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[0]")
		}
		if n.Position.Tp != ColumnPositionNone {
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		}
		if err := n.Position.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Position")
		}
	case AlterTableRenameTable:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("RENAME AS ")
		if err := n.NewTable.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewTable")
		}
	case AlterTableAlterColumn:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ALTER COLUMN ")
		if err := n.NewColumns[0].Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[0]")
		}
		if len(n.NewColumns[0].Options) == 1 {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord("SET DEFAULT ")
			expr := n.NewColumns[0].Options[0].Expr
			if valueExpr, ok := expr.(ValueExpr); ok {
				if err := valueExpr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[0].Options[0].Expr")
				}
			} else {
				ctx.WritePlain("(")
				if err := expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.NewColumns[0].Options[0].Expr")
				}
				ctx.WritePlain(")")
			}
		} else {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" DROP DEFAULT")
		}
	case AlterTableLock:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("LOCK ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.LockType.String())
	case AlterTableAlgorithm:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ALGORITHM ")
		ctx.WritePlain("= ")
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Algorithm.String())
	case AlterTableRenameIndex:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("RENAME INDEX ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.FromKey.O)
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" TO ")
		ctx.WriteName(n.ToKey.O)
	case AlterTableForce:
		// TODO: not support
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("FORCE")
		ctx.WritePlain(" /* AlterTableForce is not supported */ ")
	case AlterTableAddPartitions:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ADD PARTITION")
		if n.PartDefinitions != nil {
			ctx.WritePlain(" (")
			for i, def := range n.PartDefinitions {
				if i != 0 {
					ctx.WritePlain(", ")
				}
				if err := def.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.PartDefinitions[%d]", i)
				}
			}
			ctx.WritePlain(")")
		} else if n.Num != 0 {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" PARTITIONS ")
			ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.Num)
		}
	case AlterTableCoalescePartitions:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("COALESCE PARTITION ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.Num)
	case AlterTableDropPartition:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DROP PARTITION ")
		for i, name := range n.PartitionNames {
			if i != 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			ctx.WriteName(name.O)
		}
	case AlterTableTruncatePartition:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("TRUNCATE PARTITION ")
		for i, name := range n.PartitionNames {
			if i != 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			ctx.WriteName(name.O)
		}
	case AlterTablePartition:
		if err := n.Partition.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableSpec.Partition")
		}
	case AlterTableEnableKeys:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("ENABLE KEYS")
	case AlterTableDisableKeys:
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("DISABLE KEYS")
	default:
		// TODO: not support
		ctx.WritePlainf(" /* AlterTableType(%d) is not supported */ ", n.Tp)
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *AlterTableSpec) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*AlterTableSpec)
	if n.Constraint != nil {
		node, ok := n.Constraint.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Constraint = node.(*Constraint)
	}
	if n.NewTable != nil {
		node, ok := n.NewTable.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.NewTable = node.(*TableName)
	}
	for _, col := range n.NewColumns {
		node, ok := col.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		col = node.(*ColumnDef)
	}
	if n.OldColumnName != nil {
		node, ok := n.OldColumnName.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.OldColumnName = node.(*ColumnName)
	}
	if n.Position != nil {
		node, ok := n.Position.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Position = node.(*ColumnPosition)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// AlterTableStmt is a statement to change the structure of a table.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/alter-table.html
type AlterTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	Table *TableName
	Specs []*AlterTableSpec
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *AlterTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("ALTER TABLE ")
	if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableStmt.Table")
	}
	for i, spec := range n.Specs {
		if i == 0 || spec.Tp == AlterTablePartition {
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		} else {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := spec.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore AlterTableStmt.Specs[%d]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *AlterTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*AlterTableStmt)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	for i, val := range n.Specs {
		node, ok = val.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Specs[i] = node.(*AlterTableSpec)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// TruncateTableStmt is a statement to empty a table completely.
// See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/truncate-table.html
type TruncateTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	Table *TableName
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *TruncateTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("TRUNCATE TABLE ")
	if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore TruncateTableStmt.Table")
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *TruncateTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}
	n = newNode.(*TruncateTableStmt)
	node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
	if !ok {
		return n, false
	}
	n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	return v.Leave(n)
}

var (
	ErrNoParts                              = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrNoParts)
	ErrPartitionColumnList                  = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionColumnList)
	ErrPartitionRequiresValues              = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionRequiresValues)
	ErrPartitionsMustBeDefined              = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionsMustBeDefined)
	ErrPartitionWrongNoPart                 = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionWrongNoPart)
	ErrPartitionWrongNoSubpart              = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionWrongNoSubpart)
	ErrPartitionWrongValues                 = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrPartitionWrongValues)
	ErrRowSinglePartitionField              = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrRowSinglePartitionField)
	ErrSubpartition                         = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrSubpartition)
	ErrSystemVersioningWrongPartitions      = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrSystemVersioningWrongPartitions)
	ErrTooManyValues                        = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrTooManyValues)
	ErrWrongPartitionTypeExpectedSystemTime = terror.ClassDDL.NewStd(mysql.ErrWrongPartitionTypeExpectedSystemTime)
)

type SubPartitionDefinition struct {
	Name    model.CIStr
	Options []*TableOption
}

func (spd *SubPartitionDefinition) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("SUBPARTITION ")
	ctx.WriteName(spd.Name.O)
	for i, opt := range spd.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := opt.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore SubPartitionDefinition.Options[%d]", i)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

type PartitionDefinitionClause interface {
	restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error
	acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool
	// Validate checks if the clause is consistent with the given options.
	// `pt` can be 0 and `columns` can be -1 to skip checking the clause against
	// the partition type or number of columns in the expression list.
	Validate(pt model.PartitionType, columns int) error
}

type PartitionDefinitionClauseNone struct{}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseNone) restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseNone) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	return true
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseNone) Validate(pt model.PartitionType, columns int) error {
	switch pt {
	case 0:
	case model.PartitionTypeRange:
		return ErrPartitionRequiresValues.GenWithStackByArgs("RANGE", "LESS THAN")
	case model.PartitionTypeList:
		return ErrPartitionRequiresValues.GenWithStackByArgs("LIST", "IN")
	case model.PartitionTypeSystemTime:
		return ErrSystemVersioningWrongPartitions
	}
	return nil
}

type PartitionDefinitionClauseLessThan struct {
	Exprs []ExprNode
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseLessThan) restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" VALUES LESS THAN ")
	ctx.WritePlain("(")
	for i, expr := range n.Exprs {
		if i != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if err := expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinitionClauseLessThan.Exprs[%d]", i)
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(")")
	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseLessThan) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	for i, expr := range n.Exprs {
		newExpr, ok := expr.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return false
		}
		n.Exprs[i] = newExpr.(ExprNode)
	}
	return true
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseLessThan) Validate(pt model.PartitionType, columns int) error {
	switch pt {
	case model.PartitionTypeRange, 0:
	default:
		return ErrPartitionWrongValues.GenWithStackByArgs("RANGE", "LESS THAN")
	}

	switch {
	case columns == 0 && len(n.Exprs) != 1:
		return ErrTooManyValues.GenWithStackByArgs("RANGE")
	case columns > 0 && len(n.Exprs) != columns:
		return ErrPartitionColumnList
	}
	return nil
}

type PartitionDefinitionClauseIn struct {
	Values [][]ExprNode
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseIn) restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	// we special-case an empty list of values to mean MariaDB's "DEFAULT" clause.
	if len(n.Values) == 0 {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" DEFAULT")
		return nil
	}

	ctx.WriteKeyWord(" VALUES IN ")
	ctx.WritePlain("(")
	for i, valList := range n.Values {
		if i != 0 {
			ctx.WritePlain(", ")
		}
		if len(valList) == 1 {
			if err := valList[0].Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinitionClauseIn.Values[%d][0]", i)
			}
		} else {
			ctx.WritePlain("(")
			for j, val := range valList {
				if j != 0 {
					ctx.WritePlain(", ")
				}
				if err := val.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
					return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinitionClauseIn.Values[%d][%d]", i, j)
				}
			}
			ctx.WritePlain(")")
		}
	}
	ctx.WritePlain(")")
	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseIn) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	for _, valList := range n.Values {
		for j, val := range valList {
			newVal, ok := val.Accept(v)
			if !ok {
				return false
			}
			valList[j] = newVal.(ExprNode)
		}
	}
	return true
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseIn) Validate(pt model.PartitionType, columns int) error {
	switch pt {
	case model.PartitionTypeList, 0:
	default:
		return ErrPartitionWrongValues.GenWithStackByArgs("LIST", "IN")
	}

	if len(n.Values) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	expectedColCount := len(n.Values[0])
	for _, val := range n.Values[1:] {
		if len(val) != expectedColCount {
			return ErrPartitionColumnList
		}
	}

	switch {
	case columns == 0 && expectedColCount != 1:
		return ErrRowSinglePartitionField
	case columns > 0 && expectedColCount != columns:
		return ErrPartitionColumnList
	}
	return nil
}

type PartitionDefinitionClauseHistory struct {
	Current bool
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseHistory) restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.Current {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" CURRENT")
	} else {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" HISTORY")
	}
	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseHistory) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	return true
}

func (n *PartitionDefinitionClauseHistory) Validate(pt model.PartitionType, columns int) error {
	switch pt {
	case 0, model.PartitionTypeSystemTime:
	default:
		return ErrWrongPartitionTypeExpectedSystemTime
	}

	return nil
}

// PartitionDefinition defines a single partition.
type PartitionDefinition struct {
	Name    model.CIStr
	Clause  PartitionDefinitionClause
	Options []*TableOption
	Sub     []*SubPartitionDefinition
}

// Comment returns the comment option given to this definition.
// The second return value indicates if the comment option exists.
func (n *PartitionDefinition) Comment() (string, bool) {
	for _, opt := range n.Options {
		if opt.Tp == TableOptionComment {
			return opt.StrValue, true
		}
	}
	return "", false
}

func (n *PartitionDefinition) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	return n.Clause.acceptInPlace(v)
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *PartitionDefinition) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("PARTITION ")
	ctx.WriteName(n.Name.O)

	if err := n.Clause.restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinition.Clause")
	}

	for i, opt := range n.Options {
		ctx.WritePlain(" ")
		if err := opt.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinition.Options[%d]", i)
		}
	}

	if len(n.Sub) > 0 {
		ctx.WritePlain(" (")
		for i, spd := range n.Sub {
			if i != 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			if err := spd.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionDefinition.Sub[%d]", i)
			}
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
	}

	return nil
}

// PartitionMethod describes how partitions or subpartitions are constructed.
type PartitionMethod struct {
	// Tp is the type of the partition function
	Tp model.PartitionType
	// Linear is a modifier to the HASH and KEY type for choosing a different
	// algorithm
	Linear bool
	// Expr is an expression used as argument of HASH, RANGE, LIST and
	// SYSTEM_TIME types
	Expr ExprNode
	// ColumnNames is a list of column names used as argument of KEY,
	// RANGE COLUMNS and LIST COLUMNS types
	ColumnNames []*ColumnName
	// Unit is a time unit used as argument of SYSTEM_TIME type
	Unit ValueExpr
	// Limit is a row count used as argument of the SYSTEM_TIME type
	Limit uint64

	// Num is the number of (sub)partitions required by the method.
	Num uint64
}

// Restore implements the Node interface
func (n *PartitionMethod) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	if n.Linear {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("LINEAR ")
	}
	ctx.WriteKeyWord(n.Tp.String())

	switch {
	case n.Tp == model.PartitionTypeSystemTime:
		if n.Expr != nil && n.Unit != nil {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" INTERVAL ")
			if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionMethod.Expr")
			}

			// Here the Unit string should not be quoted.
			// TODO: This is a temporary workaround that should be changed once something like "Keyword Expression" is implemented.
			var sb strings.Builder
			if err := n.Unit.Restore(NewRestoreCtx(0, &sb)); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionMethod.Unit")
			}
			ctx.WritePlain(" ")
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(sb.String())
		}

	case n.Expr != nil:
		ctx.WritePlain(" (")
		if err := n.Expr.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionMethod.Expr")
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")

	default:
		if n.Tp == model.PartitionTypeRange || n.Tp == model.PartitionTypeList {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" COLUMNS")
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(" (")
		for i, col := range n.ColumnNames {
			if i > 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			if err := col.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while splicing PartitionMethod.ColumnName[%d]", i)
			}
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
	}

	if n.Limit > 0 {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" LIMIT ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.Limit)
	}

	return nil
}

// acceptInPlace is like Node.Accept but does not allow replacing the node itself.
func (n *PartitionMethod) acceptInPlace(v Visitor) bool {
	if n.Expr != nil {
		expr, ok := n.Expr.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return false
		}
		n.Expr = expr.(ExprNode)
	}
	for i, colName := range n.ColumnNames {
		newColName, ok := colName.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return false
		}
		n.ColumnNames[i] = newColName.(*ColumnName)
	}
	if n.Unit != nil {
		unit, ok := n.Unit.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return false
		}
		n.Unit = unit.(ValueExpr)
	}
	return true
}

// PartitionOptions specifies the partition options.
type PartitionOptions struct {
	node
	PartitionMethod
	Sub         *PartitionMethod
	Definitions []*PartitionDefinition
}

// Validate checks if the partition is well-formed.
func (n *PartitionOptions) Validate() error {
	// if both a partition list and the partition numbers are specified, their values must match
	if n.Num != 0 && len(n.Definitions) != 0 && n.Num != uint64(len(n.Definitions)) {
		return ErrPartitionWrongNoPart
	}
	// now check the subpartition count
	if len(n.Definitions) > 0 {
		// ensure the subpartition count for every partitions are the same
		// then normalize n.Num and n.Sub.Num so equality comparison works.
		n.Num = uint64(len(n.Definitions))

		subDefCount := len(n.Definitions[0].Sub)
		for _, pd := range n.Definitions[1:] {
			if len(pd.Sub) != subDefCount {
				return ErrPartitionWrongNoSubpart
			}
		}
		if n.Sub != nil {
			if n.Sub.Num != 0 && subDefCount != 0 && n.Sub.Num != uint64(subDefCount) {
				return ErrPartitionWrongNoSubpart
			}
			if subDefCount != 0 {
				n.Sub.Num = uint64(subDefCount)
			}
		} else if subDefCount != 0 {
			return ErrSubpartition
		}
	}

	switch n.Tp {
	case model.PartitionTypeHash, model.PartitionTypeKey:
		if n.Num == 0 {
			n.Num = 1
		}
	case model.PartitionTypeRange, model.PartitionTypeList:
		if len(n.Definitions) == 0 {
			return ErrPartitionsMustBeDefined.GenWithStackByArgs(n.Tp)
		}
	case model.PartitionTypeSystemTime:
		if len(n.Definitions) < 2 {
			return ErrSystemVersioningWrongPartitions
		}
	}

	for _, pd := range n.Definitions {
		// ensure the partition definition types match the methods,
		// e.g. RANGE partitions only allows VALUES LESS THAN
		if err := pd.Clause.Validate(n.Tp, len(n.ColumnNames)); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionOptions) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("PARTITION BY ")
	if err := n.PartitionMethod.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
		return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionOptions.PartitionMethod")
	}

	if n.Num > 0 && len(n.Definitions) == 0 {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" PARTITIONS ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.Num)
	}

	if n.Sub != nil {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord(" SUBPARTITION BY ")
		if err := n.Sub.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionOptions.Sub")
		}
		if n.Sub.Num > 0 {
			ctx.WriteKeyWord(" SUBPARTITIONS ")
			ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.Sub.Num)
		}
	}

	if len(n.Definitions) > 0 {
		ctx.WritePlain(" (")
		for i, def := range n.Definitions {
			if i > 0 {
				ctx.WritePlain(",")
			}
			if err := def.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
				return errors.Annotatef(err, "An error occurred while restore PartitionOptions.Definitions[%d]", i)
			}
		}
		ctx.WritePlain(")")
	}

	return nil
}

func (n *PartitionOptions) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}

	n = newNode.(*PartitionOptions)
	if !n.PartitionMethod.acceptInPlace(v) {
		return n, false
	}
	if n.Sub != nil && !n.Sub.acceptInPlace(v) {
		return n, false
	}
	for _, def := range n.Definitions {
		if !def.acceptInPlace(v) {
			return n, false
		}
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}

// RecoverTableStmt is a statement to recover dropped table.
type RecoverTableStmt struct {
	ddlNode

	JobID  int64
	Table  *TableName
	JobNum int64
}

// Restore implements Node interface.
func (n *RecoverTableStmt) Restore(ctx *RestoreCtx) error {
	ctx.WriteKeyWord("RECOVER TABLE ")
	if n.JobID != 0 {
		ctx.WriteKeyWord("BY JOB ")
		ctx.WritePlainf("%d", n.JobID)
	} else {
		if err := n.Table.Restore(ctx); err != nil {
			return errors.Annotate(err, "An error occurred while splicing RecoverTableStmt Table")
		}
		if n.JobNum > 0 {
			ctx.WritePlainf(" %d", n.JobNum)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Accept implements Node Accept interface.
func (n *RecoverTableStmt) Accept(v Visitor) (Node, bool) {
	newNode, skipChildren := v.Enter(n)
	if skipChildren {
		return v.Leave(newNode)
	}

	n = newNode.(*RecoverTableStmt)
	if n.Table != nil {
		node, ok := n.Table.Accept(v)
		if !ok {
			return n, false
		}
		n.Table = node.(*TableName)
	}
	return v.Leave(n)
}