This example provides shell access to the llext system and provides the ability to manage loadable code extensions in the shell.
A board with a supported llext architecture and shell capable console.
Note
You may need to disable memory protection for the sample to work (e.g. CONFIG_ARM_MPU=n).
Once the board has booted, you will be presented with a shell prompt. All the llext system related commands are available as sub-commands of llext which can be seen with llext help
uart:~$ llext help
llext - Loadable extension commands
Subcommands:
list :List loaded extensions and their size in memory
load_hex :Load an elf file encoded in hex directly from the shell input.
Syntax:
<ext_name> <ext_hex_string>
unload :Unload an extension by name. Syntax:
<ext_name>
list_symbols :List extension symbols. Syntax:
<ext_name>
call_fn :Call extension function with prototype void fn(void). Syntax:
<ext_name> <function_name>A hello world C file can be found in tests/subsys/llext/hello_world/hello_world.c
This can be built into a relocatable elf usable on arm v7 platforms. It can be inspected with some binutils to see symbols, sections, and relocations. Then using additional tools converted to a hex string usable by the llext load_hex shell command.
On a host machine with the zephyr sdk setup and the arm toolchain in PATH
$ arm-zephyr-eabi-gcc -mlong-calls -mthumb -c -o hello_world.elf tests/subsys/llext/hello_world/hello_world.c
$ arm-zephyr-eabi-objdump -r -d -x hello_world.elf
hello_world.elf: file format elf32-littlearm
hello_world.elf
architecture: armv4t, flags 0x00000011:
HAS_RELOC, HAS_SYMS
start address 0x00000000
private flags = 0x5000000: [Version5 EABI]
Sections:
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
0 .text 00000038 00000000 00000000 00000034 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, RELOC, READONLY, CODE
1 .data 00000000 00000000 00000000 0000006c 2**0
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
2 .bss 00000000 00000000 00000000 0000006c 2**0
ALLOC
3 .rodata 00000025 00000000 00000000 0000006c 2**2
CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
4 .comment 00000021 00000000 00000000 00000091 2**0
CONTENTS, READONLY
5 .ARM.attributes 0000002a 00000000 00000000 000000b2 2**0
CONTENTS, READONLY
SYMBOL TABLE:
00000000 l df *ABS* 00000000 hello_world.c
00000000 l d .text 00000000 .text
00000000 l d .data 00000000 .data
00000000 l d .bss 00000000 .bss
00000000 l d .rodata 00000000 .rodata
00000000 l O .rodata 00000004 number
00000000 l d .comment 00000000 .comment
00000000 l d .ARM.attributes 00000000 .ARM.attributes
00000000 g F .text 00000034 hello_world
00000000 *UND* 00000000 printk
Disassembly of section .text:
00000000 <hello_world>:
0: b580 push {r7, lr}
2: af00 add r7, sp, #0
4: 4b08 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; (28 <hello_world+0x28>)
6: 0018 movs r0, r3
8: 4b08 ldr r3, [pc, #32] ; (2c <hello_world+0x2c>)
a: f000 f813 bl 34 <hello_world+0x34>
e: 222a movs r2, #42 ; 0x2a
10: 4b07 ldr r3, [pc, #28] ; (30 <hello_world+0x30>)
12: 0011 movs r1, r2
14: 0018 movs r0, r3
16: 4b05 ldr r3, [pc, #20] ; (2c <hello_world+0x2c>)
18: f000 f80c bl 34 <hello_world+0x34>
1c: 46c0 nop ; (mov r8, r8)
1e: 46bd mov sp, r7
20: bc80 pop {r7}
22: bc01 pop {r0}
24: 4700 bx r0
26: 46c0 nop ; (mov r8, r8)
28: 00000004 .word 0x00000004
28: R_ARM_ABS32 .rodata
2c: 00000000 .word 0x00000000
2c: R_ARM_ABS32 printk
30: 00000014 .word 0x00000014
30: R_ARM_ABS32 .rodata
34: 4718 bx r3
36: 46c0 nop ; (mov r8, r8)
$ xxd -p hello_world.elf | tr -d '\n'The resulting hex string can be used to load the extension.
uart:~$ llext load_hex hello_world 7f454c4601010100000000000000000001002800010000000000000000000000680200000000000534000000000028000b000a0080b500af084b1800084b00f013f82a22074b11001800054b00f00cf8c046bd4680bc01bc0047c0460400000000000000140000001847c0462a00000068656c6c6f20776f726c640a0000000041206e756d62657220697320256c750a00004743433a20285a65706879722053444b20302e31362e31292031322e322e30004129000000616561626900011f000000053454000602080109011204140115011703180119011a011e06000000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000000000000400f1ff000000000000000000000000030001000000000000000000000000000300030000000000000000000000000003000400000000000000000000000000030005000f00000000000000000000000000050012000000000000000400000001000500190000000000000000000000000001000f0000002800000000000000000001001900000034000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000003000600000000000000000000000000030007001c000000010000003400000012000100280000000000000000000000100000000068656c6c6f5f776f726c642e63002464006e756d6265720024740068656c6c6f5f776f726c64007072696e746b000028000000020500002c000000020e00003000000002050000002e73796d746162002e737472746162002e7368737472746162002e72656c2e74657874002e64617461002e627373002e726f64617461002e636f6d6d656e74002e41524d2e6174747269627574657300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001f0000000100000006000000000000003400000038000000000000000000000004000000000000001b000000090000004000000000000000fc0100001800000008000000010000000400000008000000250000000100000003000000000000006c00000000000000000000000000000001000000000000002b0000000800000003000000000000006c0000000000000000000000000000000100000000000000300000000100000002000000000000006c00000025000000000000000000000004000000000000003800000001000000300000000000000091000000210000000000000000000000010000000100000041000000030000700000000000000000b20000002a0000000000000000000000010000000000000001000000020000000000000000000000dc000000f0000000090000000d000000040000001000000009000000030000000000000000000000cc0100002f0000000000000000000000010000000000000011000000030000000000000000000000140200005100000000000000000000000100000000000000This extension can then be seen in the list of loaded extensions (list), its symbols printed (list_symbols), and the hello_world function which the extension exports can be called and run (call_fn).
uart:~$ llext call_fn hello_world hello_world
hello world
A number is 42In this sample there are 3 absolute (R_ARM_ABS32) relocations, 2 of which are meant to hold addresses into the .rodata sections where the strings are located. A third is an address of where the printk function (symbol) can be found. At load time llext replaces the values in the .text section with real memory addresses so that printk works as expected with the strings included in the hello world sample.