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Thermal Runaway Issue of Lithium-Ion Battery

Thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries refers to a self-perpetuating reaction where the battery's temperature increases rapidly, leading to a release of energy and heat. This process can escalate uncontrollably, potentially causing safety hazards such as fires or explosions. Several conditions may contribute to thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries:

  • Overcharging: Charging a lithium-ion battery beyond its recommended voltage range can cause thermal runaway. Overcharging leads to the formation of lithium metal on the battery's anode, which can penetrate the separator and create a short circuit, generating heat.
  • Overdischarging: Discharging a lithium-ion battery below its minimum voltage can also trigger thermal runaway. Overdischarging can cause the formation of dendrites on the anode, leading to internal short circuits and heat generation.
  • High Temperatures: Exposure to high temperatures (55 degree celsius), either externally or due to prolonged operation, can contribute to thermal runaway. Elevated temperatures increase the rate of chemical reactions within the battery, accelerating degradation and potential thermal instability.
  • Physical Damage: Mechanical damage, such as punctures, impacts, or deformation of the battery cell, can compromise the integrity of the cell's components. This damage can lead to internal short circuits, initiating thermal runaway.
  • Manufacturing Defects: Defects in the manufacturing process, such as contamination of electrode materials or improper cell assembly, may create conditions conducive to thermal runaway.
  • Poor Cell Design: Inadequate design of the battery cell or pack, including insufficient thermal management systems, can contribute to localized hotspots and trigger thermal runaway.
  • External Heat Sources: Exposure to external heat sources, such as direct sunlight or proximity to a heat-emitting device, can raise the battery temperature and potentially initiate thermal runaway.
  • Cobalt Contamination: Cobalt is commonly used in the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries. If the battery undergoes physical damage, it can release cobalt particles, which may react with the electrolyte and contribute to thermal runaway.