[2019-08] [threads] clear small_id_key TLS when unregistering a thread (

#17015)

[2019-08] [threads] clear small_id_key TLS when unregistering a thread

Fixes
```
* thread #12, name = 'tid_a507', stop reason = EXC_BREAKPOINT (code=1, subcode=0x1be66144)
  * frame #0: 0x1be66144 libsystem_c.dylib`__abort + 184
    frame #1: 0x1be6608c libsystem_c.dylib`abort + 152
    frame #2: 0x003e1fa0 monotouchtest`log_callback(log_domain=0x00000000, log_level="error", message="* Assertion at ../../../../../mono/utils/hazard-pointer.c:158, condition `mono_bitset_test_fast (small_id_table, id)' not met\n", fatal=4, user_data=0x00000000) at runtime.m:1251:3
    frame #3: 0x003abf44 monotouchtest`monoeg_g_logv_nofree(log_domain=0x00000000, log_level=G_LOG_LEVEL_ERROR, format=<unavailable>, args=<unavailable>) at goutput.c:149:2 [opt]
    frame #4: 0x003abfb4 monotouchtest`monoeg_assertion_message(format=<unavailable>) at goutput.c:184:22 [opt]
    frame #5: 0x003904dc monotouchtest`mono_thread_small_id_free(id=<unavailable>) at hazard-pointer.c:0:2 [opt]
    frame #6: 0x003a0a74 monotouchtest`unregister_thread(arg=0x15c88400) at mono-threads.c:588:2 [opt]
    frame #7: 0x00336110 monotouchtest`mono_thread_detach_if_exiting at threads.c:1571:4 [opt]
    frame #8: 0x003e7a14 monotouchtest`::xamarin_release_trampoline(self=0x166452f0, sel="release") at trampolines.m:644:3
    frame #9: 0x001cdc40 monotouchtest`::-[__Xamarin_NSTimerActionDispatcher release](self=0x166452f0, _cmd="release") at registrar.m:83445:3
    frame #10: 0x1ce2ae68 Foundation`_timerRelease + 80
    frame #11: 0x1c31b56c CoreFoundation`CFRunLoopTimerInvalidate + 612
    frame #12: 0x1c31a554 CoreFoundation`__CFRunLoopTimerDeallocate + 32
    frame #13: 0x1c31dde4 CoreFoundation`_CFRelease + 220
    frame #14: 0x1c2be6e8 CoreFoundation`__CFArrayReleaseValues + 500
    frame #15: 0x1c2be4c4 CoreFoundation`CFArrayRemoveAllValues + 104
    frame #16: 0x1c31ff64 CoreFoundation`__CFSetApplyFunction_block_invoke + 24
    frame #17: 0x1c3b2e18 CoreFoundation`CFBasicHashApply + 116
    frame #18: 0x1c31ff10 CoreFoundation`CFSetApplyFunction + 160
    frame #19: 0x1c3152cc CoreFoundation`__CFRunLoopDeallocate + 204
    frame #20: 0x1c31dde4 CoreFoundation`_CFRelease + 220
    frame #21: 0x1c304a80 CoreFoundation`__CFTSDFinalize + 144
    frame #22: 0x1bfa324c libsystem_pthread.dylib`_pthread_tsd_cleanup + 644
    frame #23: 0x1bf9cc08 libsystem_pthread.dylib`_pthread_exit + 80
    frame #24: 0x1bf9af24 libsystem_pthread.dylib`pthread_exit + 36
    frame #25: 0x0039df84 monotouchtest`mono_threads_platform_exit(exit_code=<unavailable>) at mono-threads-posix.c:145:2 [opt]
    frame #26: 0x0033bb84 monotouchtest`start_wrapper(data=0x1609e1c0) at threads.c:1296:2 [opt]
    frame #27: 0x1bf9b914 libsystem_pthread.dylib`_pthread_body + 128
    frame #28: 0x1bf9b874 libsystem_pthread.dylib`_pthread_start + 44
    frame #29: 0x1bfa3b94 libsystem_pthread.dylib`thread_start + 4
```


Debugged by @lambdageek. Contributes to #10641

Edit: C/p into PR description so it's in the commit message:

We think what happens is:

1. `start_wrapper` runs `unregister_thread` when the thread is exiting.  At that point the `small_id` for the thread is cleared from the hazard pointer bitset by `mono_thread_small_id_free (small_id)`

2. Some other TLS destructor runs and attaches the thread again (which runs `mono_thread_info_register_small_id` which first calls `mono_thread_info_get_small_id` which tries to get the small id from the `small_id_key` TLS key and so the new `MonoThreadInfo` has the same `small_id` as the previously destroyed `MonoThreadInfo` - but the hazard pointer bitset is **not** updated).

3. This other TLS destructor runs and calls `mono_thread_detach_if_exiting` which calls `unregister_thread` again.

4. `unregister_thread` calls `	mono_thread_small_id_free (small_id)` a second time which asserts because we already cleared that id from the hazard pointer bitset.



Backport of #16973.

/cc @lewurm

mono/utils/mono-threads.c

@@ -586,6 +586,12 @@ unregister_thread (void *arg)
 	mono_thread_hazardous_try_free (info, free_thread_info);
 
 	mono_thread_small_id_free (small_id);
+	// clear the small_id thread local, in case this thread so that if it is reattached while running other TLS key dtors it will get a new small id
+#ifdef MONO_KEYWORD_THREAD
+	tls_small_id = -1;
+#else
+	mono_native_tls_set_value (small_id_key, NULL);
+#endif
 
 	mono_threads_signal_thread_handle (handle);