This is a fork of the Ruby/AWS library. It allows for any config file to be
used, not just one stored in your home directory (since a deployed web app may
not _have_ a home directory, nor the ability to alias it through an environemnt
variable.) and has had most functionality other than ItemSearch stripped out.

Introduction
------------

Ruby/AWS is a Ruby language library that aims to make it relatively easy for
the programmer to retrieve information from the popular Amazon Web site via
Amazon's Associates Web Services (AWS). In addition to the original amazon.com
site, the local sites amazon.co.uk, amazon.de, amazon.fr, amazon.ca and
amazon.co.jp are also supported.

Development of Ruby/AWS has been quite swift since the appearance of the first
alpha version, 0.0.1, in late March of 2008. Although Ruby/AWS shares almost no
code with its now obsolete predecessor, Ruby/Amazon, many lessons were learnt
whilst developing that library, and the experience gained has been rolled into
Ruby/AWS.

As of version 0.3.0, I believe that Ruby/AWS has attained its goal of being
superior to the final version of Ruby/Amazon, 0.9.2, which was released in
August 2006.

This fork was created in July 2010.


History and compatibility with Ruby/Amazon
------------------------------------------

In the beginning, there was Ruby/Amazon. This library was built around version
3.x of the Amazon Web Service API and first saw the light of day in January
2004. The version of the Amazon API in use at the time was known as AWS 3.x.

Amazon later renamed AWS to ECS, or E-Commerce Service, for the launch of
version 4 of their API, a complete overhaul that provided no backward
compatibility with previous versions. The previous version of the API was
thenceforth sometimes referred to as ECS 3.

Demonstrating the wisdom and consistency for which large companies are
renowned, Amazon changed their mind once again in late 2007, reverting to the
familiar name of AWS. This time, however, it was said to stand for Associates
Web Service, rather than Amazon Web Service.

Since Amazon first made AWS available, the number of Amazon Web APIs has
grown and AWS is now just one of many. It is therefore no longer appropriate
to call this library by a name so general as Ruby/Amazon, because it
provides an interface to just one of the Amazon Web APIs. Therefore, the
monicker for this library is Ruby/AWS.

Unfortunately for Ruby/AWS, Amazon changed the name once again in May 2009,
referring to it now as the Product Advertising API. Changing Ruby/AWS's name
would create more confusion than it would mitigate, however, so I'm not about
to do so. Similarly, I will continue to refer to the Amazon API in question as
AWS.

Ruby/AWS is built around version 4 of the Amazon AWS API, which is
fundamentally different to version 3, both in terms of how requests are made
and the data returned. The underlying structure of the XML response has
radically changed from previous versions.

It has therefore not been practical for Ruby/AWS to retain any level of API
compatibility with Ruby/Amazon. Unfortunately, this means that any code
written for Ruby/Amazon will need to be rewritten to work with Ruby/AWS. The
good news is that, in most cases, this isn't as much work as it might sound.

Another bit of good news is that the /etc/amazonrc and ~/.amazonrc files used
by Ruby/Amazon _are_ compatible with Ruby/AWS. The only change required for
Ruby/AWS is the addition of the 'key_id' and 'secret_key_id' parameters, which
should contain your AWS Access Key ID and its secret counterpart. That fact
notwithstanding, as of version 0.5.0, Ruby/AWS also supports a more flexible,
locale-specific configuration syntax.

Amazon finally decomissioned v3 of the AWS API on 2008-03-31. As a result, the
original Ruby/Amazon library no longer functions and is therefore obsolete.


AWS Access Key ID
-----------------

You can obtain an AWS Access Key ID here:

  https://aws-portal.amazon.com/gp/aws/developer/registration/index.html

You may see mention of Subscription IDs at the above location. Subscription
IDs are not supported by Ruby/AWS and, in any case, are no longer supported by
Amazon since the introduction of authenticated requests. Please obtain and use
an AWS Access Key ID instead.


API version
-----------

Ruby/AWS currently requests the 2009-11-01 revision of the AWS API when
performing its operations:

  http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSECommerceService/2009-11-01/DG/

However, a different version can be requested via the 'api' parameter in the
user configuration file.


Status and functionality
------------------------

Bare Ruby/AWS is currently beta software. Amongst other things, this means:

- You will encounter bugs, but hopefully not too many and none too serious.
  Tell me about them and I will endeavour to fix them.

- The documentation isn't what it could be, but it's hopefully enough to get
  you up and running.

- Not all features are currently implemented. Others may not yet be _fully_
  implemented. Some, I probably haven't even thought of yet. Again, if
  something's missing, tell me, and if it makes sense, I'll add it.

  In spite of this shortcomings, the AWS v4 API is more or less fully
  supported, with only small gaps in the functionality of some operations.

  Currently implemented operations are:

    ItemSearch

- Classes, methods, constants and instance variables may change name in the
  future. New ones may appear from nowhere and existing ones may change shape,
  grow, shrink or disappear without trace. Such fundamental changes will break
  existing code, so I will endeavour to keep them to a minimum.

In short, code written to work with this release of Bare Ruby/AWS may stop working
when you upgrade to the next. In fact, it may even stop working _during_ this
release cycle, because it's possible there are fatal conditions that I didn't
encounter in my limited testing of the code. It's also possible that future
(possibly unannounced) changes made by Amazon will affect Bare Ruby/AWS in
ways I can't anticipate.

That said, the Bare Ruby/AWS API is pretty stable at this point in time. I won't
break any of the method interfaces without seriously considering the merits of
doing so.


Installation
------------

Bare Ruby/AWS is installed by gem:

> sudo gem install bare-ruby-aws

If used as part of a Rails app, add the following line to the bottom of your
app's config/environment.rb file:

require 'amazon/aws/search'

Usage
-----

First of all, create a text file to use as a config file.
Its contents should look something like this:

  # Any line that starts with a hash character is a comment.
  key_id = '0Y44V8G41KCQPGF6XYZ2'
  secret_key_id = 'k+kuddeoQJzUnImC0Hyy21J4xLWQc1hbvfQ+7F1G
  associate = 'fuzbarorg-21'
  cache = false
  locale = 'uk'
  encoding = 'iso-8859-15'

When Amazon checks for a valid signature, it does so by comparing its
computation of the signature with the one supplied by the user. In doing this,
Amazon uses the UTF-8 representation of parameter values that you supply, even
if you use a different encoding.

In order to have Bare Ruby/AWS properly reencode your strings as UTF-8, you need
to tell it which encoding you are using. The 'encoding' parameter can be used
for this, but you can omit it if your strings are already UTF-8, because this
is the default.

--

require 'amazon/aws/search'

# Avoid having to fully qualify our methods.
#
include Amazon::AWS
include Amazon::AWS::Search

is = ItemSearch.new( 'Books', { 'Title' => 'Ruby' } )

# I want to receive just a small amount of data for the items found.
#
is.response_group = ResponseGroup.new( :Small )

req = Request.new

# Make sure I'm talking to amazon.co.uk.
#
req.locale = 'uk'

# Actually talk to AWS.
#
resp = req.search( is )

# Drill down to the meat: the array of items returned.
#
items = resp.item_search_response[0].items[0].item

# The following alternative shorthand would also have worked:
#
# items = resp.item_search_response.items.item

# Available properties for first item:
#
puts items[0].properties

items.each do |item|
  attribs = item.item_attributes[0]
  puts attribs.label
  if attribs.list_price
    puts attribs.title, attribs.list_price[0].formatted_price, ''
  end
end


Troubleshooting
---------------

HTTP 400 is the main bane of people's life since Amazon started authenticating
requests to AWS. If you're trying to get Bare Ruby/AWS to work, but are plagued by
HTTP 400 responses, here are some possible causes:

- Your ~/.amazonrc file doesn't contain a secret_key_id parameter. Add one.

- Your computer's system clock is running more than 15 minutes slow. Amazon
  consider a request timestamped more than 15 minutes in the past invalid.
  Synchronise your system clock with a reliable time source.

  Incidentally, Amazon don't object to requests timestamped in the future, but
  that's something that may change at any time and therefore shouldn't be
  relied upon.


XML to Ruby mapping
-------------------

Here, I will discuss the mapping of the XML returned from AWS to native Ruby
objects and data. Note that the XML shown below was that returned at the time
of writing and may look different to what you would see today if you were to
execute the same request.

When this code:

  resp = req.search( is )

was called in the previous section, the following URL was composed and sent to
AWS as an HTTP GET operation:

http://ecs.amazonaws.co.uk/onca/xml?AWSAccessKeyId=01234567890123456789&AssociateTag=calibanorg-21&Operation=ItemSearch&ResponseGroup=Small&SearchIndex=Books&Service=AWSECommerceService&Title=Ruby&Version=2008-03-03

The following (abbreviated) AWS XML response was received:

<ItemSearchResponse>
  <OperationRequest>
    <HTTPHeaders>
      <Header Name="UserAgent" Value="Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.8.1.13) Gecko/20080325 Fedora/2.0.0.13-1.fc7 Firefox/2.0.0.13"/>
    </HTTPHeaders>
    <RequestId>1TBGEZ48MF8KZ8TGXH65</RequestId>
    <Arguments>
      <Argument Name="SearchIndex" Value="Books"/>
      <Argument Name="Service" Value="AWSECommerceService"/>
      <Argument Name="ResponseGroup" Value="Small"/>
      <Argument Name="Operation" Value="ItemSearch"/>
      <Argument Name="Version" Value="2008-03-03"/>
      <Argument Name="AssociateTag" Value="calibanorg-21"/>
      <Argument Name="Title" Value="Ruby"/>
      <Argument Name="AWSAccessKeyId" Value="01234567890123456789"/>
    </Arguments>
    <RequestProcessingTime>0.0671439170837402</RequestProcessingTime>
  </OperationRequest>
  <Items>
    <Request>
      <IsValid>True</IsValid>
      <ItemSearchRequest>
        <ResponseGroup>Small</ResponseGroup>
        <SearchIndex>Books</SearchIndex>
        <Title>Ruby</Title>
      </ItemSearchRequest>
    </Request>
    <TotalResults>1804</TotalResults>
    <TotalPages>181</TotalPages>
    <Item>
      <ASIN>0439943663</ASIN>
      <DetailPageURL>
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/redirect.html%3FASIN=0439943663%26tag=calibanorg-21%26lcode=xm2%26cID=2025%26ccmID=165953%26location=/o/ASIN/0439943663%253FSubscriptionId=0Y44V8FAFNM119C6PTR2
      </DetailPageURL>
      <ItemAttributes>
        <Author>Philip Pullman</Author>
        <Manufacturer>Scholastic</Manufacturer>
        <ProductGroup>Book</ProductGroup>
        <Title>The Ruby in the Smoke (Sally Lockhart Quartet)</Title>
      </ItemAttributes>
    </Item>
    <Item>
      <ASIN>0596516177</ASIN>
      ...

In Bare Ruby/AWS, each unique XML element name forms a class of the same name. All
such classes are subclasses of AWSObject. For example, OperationRequest is a
class, as is ItemAttributes.

As the XML tree is traversed, each element is converted to an instance of the
class of the same name. Every such object has instance variables, one per
unique child element name. The name of the instance variable is translated to
comply with Ruby convention by adding an underscore ('_') character at word
boundaries and converting the name to lower case.

For example, given the following XML:

<ItemAttributes>
   <Author>Philip Pullman</Author>
   <Manufacturer>Scholastic</Manufacturer>
   <ProductGroup>Book</ProductGroup>
   <Title>The Ruby in the Smoke (Sally Lockhart Quartet)</Title>
</ItemAttributes>

the following statements would all be true:

- ItemAttributes, Author, Manufacturer, ProductGroup and Title would all be
  dynamically defined subclasses of AWSObject.

- An instance of the ItemAttributes class would be created, with instance
  variables @author, @manufacturer, @product_group and @title.

- To each of these instance variables would respectively be assigned an array
  of Author objects, an array of Manufacturer objects, an array of
  ProductGroup objects and an array of Title objects. In the above case, these
  would all be single element arrays, because there's only one instance of
  each kind of tag in the XML.

- The Author, Manufacturer, ProductGroup and Title objects would have no
  instance variables of their own, because the corresponding XML elements
  have no children, just a value. These objects are therefore directly
  assigned the value in question.

So, if resp is the top level AWSObject created and returned by calling the
Amazon::AWS::Search::Request#search method of the Request object, and we'd
like to know the ASIN of the first item found, we can refer to this as
follows:

  resp.item_search_response[0].items[0].item[0].asin

Looking at each component of this chain in turn:

- resp is an AWSObject with a single instance variable, @item_search_response.
  This is because the entire XML response is contained within a single
  <ItemSearchResponse> element, so there's nothing else at the top level.

- resp.item_search_response is assigned an array of ItemSearchResponse
  objects. Because there's only a single <ItemSearchResponse> element in the
  whole document (containing the rest of the XML), the array contains only a
  single element.

- resp.item_search_response[0] has an instance variable, @items, which is
  assigned an array of Items objects. Here again, only a single element is
  created, because there's only one corresponding <Items> element in the XML.

- resp.item_search_response[0].items[0] has an instance variable, @item, which
  is an array containing the actual item(s) located by the search. It is a
  multi-element array, however, because more than one item was found, as
  represented by the multiple <Item> elements in the XML.

The creation of so many single element arrays is unfortunate. It makes user
code verboser, uglier and consequently harder to read.

You might wonder why Ruby/AWS doesn't just assign the single element itself,
rather than the array that contains it.

The answer is that most of these single-element arrays actually do have the
potential to be multi-element, because the corresponding XML tag _can_ appear
multiple times in an AWS response. A book, for example, _may_ have more than
one <Author>. Many other types of array, however, are necessarily single
element arrays. That same book, for example, is unlikely to have more than one
<Title>. This is context-dependent and difficult to define programatically.

As another concrete example, an ItemSearch will probably yield many <Item>
elements in the <ItemSearchResponse>, but these will invariably be nested in a
single <Items> element. The @items instance variable of the ItemSearchResponse
object will therefore always be a single-element array.

In other words, the following statements are both invariably true when an
ItemSearch successfully locates items:

- resp.item_search_response[0].items.size == 1

- resp.item_search_response[0].items[0].item.size >= 1

The awkwardness of using such single element arrays is alleviated in Ruby/AWS
by the use of the AWSArray subclass. An instance of this class differs from a
standard array by allowing element 0 of a single-element array to be
dereferenced using just the array name, i.e. without a subscript.

In other words, a reference to foo.bar will actually return foo[0].bar when
foo.size == 1. Note that this can only work because the array itself, foo, has
no bar method, so the intention is unambiguous and foo can delegate the
invocation of the method to foo[0]. foo.size, on the other hand, will _always_
invoke foo's bar method, never delegating to foo[0], because of the existence
of the Array#size method.

This allows the ASIN of the first item returned in the above XML to be
referred to using the following shorthand:

  resp.item_search_response.items.item[0].asin

It's worth reiterating that it's still necessary in this example to refer to
item[0] using a subscript, because the <Items> element in the XML contains
multiple <Item> elements, making item.size > 1.

Use this syntactic shorthand to your advantage, but understand when you're
likely to be dealing with a single element array vs. a multiple. This will
become apparent as you gain familiarity with AWS v4.

An exception will be raised if an unknown method is called on a multi-element
array, as it can't be known to which array element the method invocation
should be delegated. This will almost certainly stem from an incorrect
assumption that an array contains only a single element when, in actual fact,
it contains multiple elements.

A further important detail to note is that not all AWS operations of the same
class return the same data. For example, an ItemSearch using the Books search
index will return items that, amongst other things, have an ItemAttributes
object containing further objects of class Author, ISBN, etc. An ItemSearch
using the DVD search index, by contrast, will have no Author or ISBN, but
will likely have a Director and probably one or more Actor objects.

Because of the disparity in same-class object attributes, Ruby/AWS returns
*nil* when an attempt is made to dereference a non-existent instance variable.
This approach was chosen because, more often than not, it cannot be known in
advance precisely which data will be returned by a given search operation.
Returning *nil* for non-existent attributes saves the user from having to
pepper their code with exception-handling clauses.

For example:

  resp.item_search_response[0].items[0].item[0].item_attributes.director

will return *nil* for a book, because there was no corresponding Director
element in the XML returned by AWS.

Similarly:

  resp.item_search_response[0].items[0].item[0].item_attributes.foo_bar

will _always_ return *nil* for _any_ item, because no kind of ItemSearch will
ever yield an item with a FooBar element.


Parameter checking
------------------

There are many combinations of parameters and values that are legal for a
particular type of search. For example, an ItemSearch can use a Sort parameter
with a value of 'titlerank' if the SearchIndex is 'Books'. However, this value
wouldn't make much sense in the 'Automotive' SearchIndex.

The very presence of a certain parameter can be illegal in certain contexts.
For example, specifying the parameter 'Author' with _any_ value would be
nonsensical in the 'PetSupplies' SearchIndex.

To complicate things further, the validity of parameters and their values
differs not only by search type, but also by Amazon locale (amazon.com,
amazon.co.uk, amazon.de, etc.) and is prone to change with minor revisions of
the Amazon AWS API.

Even worse, the operations themselves can be illegal in certain locales.
TransactionLookup operations, for example, don't work in the UK locale at the
time of writing, but do work in the US locale. As a rule of thumb, we can say
that almost everything works in the US locale and _may_ work in others.

Ruby/Amazon attempted to track these complex and dynamic relationships to
prevent illegal or ineffective operations from being attempted. It was a
time-consuming and tedious task to track the evolving API (which often changed
in subtle ways without prior [or even belated] notice from Amazon), find all
of the corner cases and handle undocumented quirks.

With the highly dynamic nature of the Amazon environment and its many locales,
plus the sheer number of operations, parameters and their possibly legal
values in the AWS v4 API, this strict approach would be completely
impractical for Ruby/AWS. It therefore doesn't even try.

Instead, it's now up to you to ensure that you perform legal operations and
pass sensible parameters and values for the locale in which you're working.
The context is now your responsibility.

The one exception to this rule is search index checking for ItemSearch
operations. Code that attempts to use an invalid SearchIndex will raise an
exception. The list of allowable search indices can be found in the
Amazon::AWS::Operation::ItemSearch::SEARCH_INDICES array.

Of course, even this check exposes the user to the risk that Amazon may later
add new search indices, which would continue to be unrecognised and ruled
invalid by Ruby/AWS until an update was issued. Whilst I have chosen to
implement this very basic level of checking, it may be removed in the future
if it becomes impractical to keep it current.

In short, the validity of what goes into a search operation is your own
responsibility: garbage in, garbage out.

Thankfully, with the AWS Developer Guide at your side, it's largely common
sense which parameters and values can be used with each type of search. It's
less obvious when these differ by locale. For example, the 'Beauty'
SearchIndex was valid in the 'us' locale, but not in the 'uk' locale until the
2009-01-06 revision of the AWS API.

Unfortunately, AWS abounds with such inconsistencies and they are prone to
change at any time. Amazon, themselves, seem to struggle to document all of
these quirks, a situation probably aggravated by the US focus of the AWS
staff.

The only way to apprise yourself of such peculiarities is to read Amazon's
latest developer documentation (and closely follow the release notes of each
minor API revision to make sure things haven't changed). If you don't want to
be exposed to such API changes, use the 'api' parameter in the user
configuration file to request a particular version of the API.

The AWS Developer Connection pages may also be of use to you. In particular,
the forum for discussing AWS has proved useful to me over the years:

  http://developer.amazonwebservices.com/connect/forum.jspa?forumID=9

For those illegal operations that make it through to the Amazon servers, the
good news is that Amazon carries out extensive run-time parameter checking in
AWS v4 (much better than in v3) and will generate an error when an illegal set
of parameters and/or values is given. Ruby/AWS will dynamically generate a
class for the type of error reported and raise an exception of that class.

Using this approach, Ruby/AWS doesn't have to perform checks that Amazon will
perform, anyway. This helps keep the code base leaner, the library faster, and
reduces the chance that Ruby/AWS will disallow an operation that becomes valid
following a minor revision of AWS.


Documentation
-------------

You can generate HTML documentation for the library with the following
command, executed from the directory created when you unpacked the archive:

  rdoc -SUx CVS lib

The documentation on how to use this library is currently incomplete, but it
should be enough to get you started.

You can also use the Ruby/AWS mailing-list:

  http://caliban.org/mailman/listinfo/ruby-aws

to discuss any Ruby/AWS-related subjects and issues.


Examples
--------

The ./examples subdirectory contains working examples of code.


Licence
-------

This software is copyright (C) 2008-2010 Ian Macdonald and distributed under
the terms of the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, a copy of which is included.

--
Ian Macdonald
<ian@caliban.org>

The fork is copyright (C) 2010 Scott Williams and distributed under
the terms of the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, a copy of which is included.

--
Scott Williams
<scott@krazyyak.com>