Topic in SfN 2015
Titipat Achakulvisut edited this page Dec 17, 2015
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2 revisions
Human curated topic in each section (corresponded to the experiment also) ranging from section A to G.
A.01.a. Proliferation: Self-renewal and cell cycle
A.01.b. Proliferation: Molecular mechanisms
A.01.c. Cell lineage
A.01.d. Mechanisms of cell fate
A.01.e. Cell migration
A.01.f. Neuronal differentiation
A.01.g. Glial differentiation and interaction with neurons
A.01.h. Nervous system patterning and developmental cell death
A.02.a. Postnatal neurogenesis: Temporal and spatial patterns
A.02.b. Postnatal neurogenesis: Molecular mechanisms
A.02.c. Postnatal neurogenesis: Environmental and pharmacological regulation
A.03.a. Induced pluripotent stem cells and models of disease
A.03.b. Neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells
A.04.a. Axon growth and guidance: Cytoskeletal dynamics
A.04.b. Axon growth and guidance: Adhesion molecules
A.04.c. Axon growth and guidance: Intrinsic mechanisms
A.04.d. Axon growth and guidance: Extrinsic mechanisms
A.04.e. Dendritic growth and branching
A.05.a. Synapse formation and activity-dependent changes in connectivity
A.05.b. Activity-dependent changes in connectivity and growth and remodeling of synapses
A.06.a. Motor systems
A.06.b. Sensory systems
A.06.c. Limbic system
A.07.a. Transplantation
A.07.b. Regeneration: PNS
A.07.c. Regeneration: CNS
A.08.a. Evolution of developmental mechanisms
A.09.a. Animal models
A.09.b. Human imaging
A.09.c. Mechanisms of vulnerability
B.01.a. Amino acids
B.01.b. Monoamines
B.01.c. Acetylcholine
B.01.d. Retrograde messengers
B.01.e. Opiates, cytokines, and other neuropeptides
B.01.f. Neurotrophins
B.01.g. Invertebrate neurotransmitters
B.02.a. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in brain: Physiology and function
B.02.b. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Structure and regulation
B.02.c. NMDA receptors
B.02.d. Non-NMDA receptors
B.02.e. GABA(A) receptors
B.02.f. Glycine receptors & other ligand gated ion channels
B.02.g. TRP channels
B.03.a. Metabotropic glutamate and GABA B receptors
B.03.b. Other Metabotropic receptors
B.03.c. Peptide receptors
B.03.d. Opioid receptors
B.03.e. Purine receptors
B.04.a. Sodium channels
B.04.b. Calcium channels
B.04.c. Potassium channels
B.04.d. HCN and non-selective cation channels
B.04.e. Other ion channels
B.05.a. Glutamate
B.05.b. Monoamine
B.05.c. Other
B.06.a. Vesicle docking, fusion, recycling, biogenesis
B.06.b. Presynaptic organization and structure
B.07.a. Postsynaptic organization and structure
B.07.b. Synaptic integration
B.07.c. Electrical synapses and gap junctions
B.07.d. Modulation: Peptides and amines
B.07.e. Modulation: ACh, amino acids and GABA
B.07.f. Modulation: Mechanisms of action
B.07.g. Modulation: Pharmacology
B.08.a. Short-term plasticity
B.08.b. LTP: Kinases and intracellular signaling
B.08.c. LTP: Pre- and Postsynaptic mechanisms
B.08.d. Long-term depression (LTD)
B.08.e. Spike-timing dependent plasticity
B.08.f. Homeostatic plasticity
B.08.g. Structural plasticity
B.08.h. Transcription and translation in plasticity
B.08.i. Other
B.09.a. Signal propagation
B.09.b. Oscillations and synchrony: Unit studies
B.09.c. Oscillations and synchrony: EEG studies
B.09.d. Oscillations and synchrony: Other
B.10.a. Neural oscillators and activity-dependent plasticity of intrinsic membrane properties
B.10.b. Modulation of neuronal firing properties
B.10.c. Dendritic excitability and synaptic integration
B.11.a. Astrocytes: Molecular approach
B.11.b. Astrocytes: Cell biology
B.11.c. Oligodendrocytes
B.11.d. Glia-neuron Interactions
B.11.e. In vivo approaches
C.01.a. Brain wellness
C.01.b. Metabolism and energetics
C.02.a. Physiological functions and processing of APP and APP metabolites
C.02.b. APP/Abeta: Animal models
C.02.c. APP/Abeta: Cellular models
C.02.d. Tau: Animal models
C.02.e. Tau: Related cellular models
C.02.f. Tau: Biochemistry
C.02.g. APP-Abeta/tau models
C.02.h. In vivo Abeta toxicity
C.02.i. In vitro Abeta toxicity
C.02.j. Abeta biochemistry
C.02.k. Alzheimer's disease: Genetic analyses
C.02.l. Alzheimer's Disease: Biochemical approaches in animals
C.02.m. Alzheimer's disease: In vivo approaches in humans
C.02.n. Alzheimer's disease: In vitro therapeutics
C.02.o. Alzheimer's disease: Neuroinflammation and immune actions
C.02.p. Beta and gamma secretase, BACE and presenilin
C.02.q. Abeta metabolism
C.02.r. Anti-Abeta treatments
C.02.s. ApoE and cholesterol
C.02.t. Tauopathies
C.02.u. Abnormal pathological proteins excluding tau and Abeta
C.02.v. Cognitive function
C.02.w. Neuropharmacology and neurotransmitters
C.02.x. Synaptic biology related to Alzheimer's disease
C.02.y. Genetics and functional genomics
C.02.z. Imaging and biomarkers
C.03.a. Human studies
C.03.b. Degeneration models
C.03.c. Transgenic and related mouse models
C.03.d. Rat and mouse toxin and behavior models
C.03.e. Mechanisms and degeneration treatment
C.03.f. Clinical therapies
C.03.g. Animal therapies
C.03.h. Cellular mechanisms
C.03.i. Circuit mechanisms
C.03.j. Dopamine and non-dopamine pathways
C.03.k. Mechanisms of cell death and dysfunction
C.03.l. Neuroprotective mechanisms
C.04.a. Huntington's disease: Mechanisms and more
C.04.b. Huntington's disease: Animal models
C.04.c. Repeat expansion diseases: Non-Huntington's disease
C.04.d. Ataxias
C.04.e. Motor neuron disease: Cellular mechanisms
C.04.f. Motor neuron disease: In vitro studies
C.04.g. Motor neuron disease: Animal models
C.04.h. Motor neuron disease: Therapeutics
C.04.i. Dystonia
C.04.j. Other neurodegenerative disorders
C.04.k. Neuromuscular diseases
C.05.a. Molecular mechanisms and oxidative stress
C.05.b. Physiological and molecular correlates
C.06.a. Autism: Behavioral analysis
C.06.b. Autism: Genetic models
C.06.c. Autism: Synaptic and cellular mechanisms
C.06.d. Autism: Environment and pathology
C.06.e. Autism: Physiology and systems
C.06.f. Rett syndrome
C.06.g. Fragile X
C.06.h. Down syndrome
C.06.i. Angelman and other developmental disorders
C.06.j. ADHD, SLI, dyslexia and other specific disorders of neurobehavior
C.06.k. Animal models and mechanisms
C.07.a. Genetics
C.07.b. Channels
C.07.c. Synaptic mechanisms
C.07.d. Networks
C.07.e. Post-seizure modifications
C.07.f. In vivo and behavior
C.07.g. Animal Models
C.07.h. Anticonvulsant and antipileptic therapies
C.07.i. Human Studies
C.08.a. Cellular mechanisms
C.08.b. Molecular mechanisms
C.08.c. Ischemia: Perinatal
C.08.d. Ischemia: Recovery
C.08.e. Ischemia and Hemorrhage: Animal Models
C.08.f. Inflammation
C.08.g. Neuroprotection: In vivo studies
C.08.h. Neuroprotection: In vitro studies
C.08.i. Cell based therapies
C.08.j. Human and translational studies
C.09.a. Molecular and cellular mechanisms
C.09.b. Therapeutics
C.09.c. Human and animal studies
C.10.a. Brain: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
C.10.b. Brain: Animal models
C.10.c. Brain: Human studies
C.10.d. Brain: Therapeutic strategies
C.10.e. Spinal cord: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
C.10.f. Spinal cord: Animal models and human studies
C.10.g. Spinal cord: Therapeutic strategies: In vivo Studies with Pharmacological approach
C.10.h. Spinal cord: Therapeutic strategies: In vivo Studies with Gene targeting
C.10.i. Peripheral nerve trauma, crush and toxic injury
C.10.j. Spinal cord: Therapeutic strategies: In vitro Studies
C.11.a. Cell death mechanisms: Apoptosis and mitochondria
C.11.b. Cell death mechanisms: Excitotoxicity and calcium
C.11.c. Cell death mechanisms: Oxidative stress
C.11.d. Neuroprotective mechanisms
C.11.e. Neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration
C.11.f. Neuroinflammation: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
C.11.g. Neuroinflammation: Neurodegeneration
C.11.h. Neuroinflammation: Animal models
C.11.i. Neuroinflammation: HIV and infections
C.12.a. Neuro-oncology
C.13.a. Visual and auditory
C.13.b. Somatosensory and pain
C.14.a. Gene therapy
C.15.a. Neuropathology
C.15.b. Genetics and genomics
C.15.c. Human epidemiology and genetics
C.15.d. Human behavior and clinical studies
C.15.e. Animal Models: Non-genetic
C.15.f. Mutant animal models
C.15.g. Biochemical studies
C.15.h. Experimental therapeutics
C.16.a. Mood disorders: Human postmortem studies
C.16.b. Mood disorders: Human biomarkers and treatment studies
C.16.c. Mood disorders: Vertebrate animal models
C.16.d. Mood disorders: Non-mammalian model systems
C.16.e. Mood disorders: Antidepressants
C.16.f. Mood disorders: Mutant animal models
C.16.g. Mood disorders: Preclinical studies and behavioral models
C.16.h. Anxiety disorders: Human biomarkers and treatment studies
C.16.i. Anxiety disorders: Therapeutic approaches
C.16.j. Anxiety approaches: Animal models
C.17.a. Alcohol: Intake and preference
C.17.b. Alcohol, Nicotine and Opioids: Tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal
C.17.c. Alcohol: Behavioral effects
C.17.d. Alcohol: Neural mechanisms
C.17.e. Nicotine: Neural mechanisms of addiction
C.17.f. Nicotine: Reinforcement, seeking and reinstatement
C.17.g Alcohol, Nicotine and Cannabinoids: Developmental effects
C.17.h. Cocaine: Behavioral studies
C.17.i. Cocaine: Cellular and synaptic studies
C.17.j. Cocaine reinforcement, seeking, and reinstatement
C.17.k. Amphetamine and related drugs: Neural mechanisms of addiction
C.17.l. Amphetamine and related drugs: Reinforcement, seeking, and reinstatement
C.17.m. Cocaine, amphetamine, and related drugs: Toxicity and Developmental Effects
C.17.n. Opioids: Neural mechanisms of addiction
C.17.o. Opioid reinforcement, seeking, and reinstatement
C.17.p. Cannabinoids: Neural mechanisms and addiction
C.17.q. Addiction: Genetics
C.17.r. Addiction treatment: Translational and clinical studies
C.17.s. Learning, memory, dependence, and addiction
C.17.t. Neural plasticity, dependence, and addiction
C.17.u. Addiction: Behavioral pharmacology
C.18.a. Neuropeptides and behavior
C.18.b. Monoamines and behavior: Serotonin and histamine
C.18.c. Monoamines and behavior: Dopamine and norepinephrine
C.19.a. Affective disorders and schizophrenia
C.19.b. Neurodegenerative diseases (AD, PD, MS, stroke)
C.19.c. Pain, headache and migraine
C.19.d. Drug delivery
C.20.a. Acute therapy
C.21.a. Stroke recovery: Pharmacological approaches to therapy
C.21.b. Stroke recovery: Non-pharmacological approaches to therapy
C.21.c. Stroke imaging and diagnostic studies
D.01.a. Olfactory receptor cells and transduction
D.01.b. Olfactory coding: Second order regions (olfactory bulb and antennal lobe)
D.01.c. Olfaction: Higher-order circuits
D.01.d. Olfaction: Behavior, perception, and its relation to neurophysiology
D.01.e. Taste
D.02.a. Mechanoreceptors and cochlea
D.02.b. Auditory processing: Sound localization and binaural interactions
D.02.c. Auditory processing: Temporal, frequency, and spectral processing
D.02.d. Auditory processing: Vocalizations and natural sounds
D.02.e. Auditory processing: Circuits, synapses, and neurotransmitters
D.02.f. Auditory processing: Adaptation, learning, and memory
D.02.g. Auditory processing: Neural coding, experiment, and theory
D.02.h. Auditory processing: Perception, cognition, and action
D.03.a. Cross-modal processing: Spatial factors
D.03.b. Cross-modal processing: Temporal factors
D.03.c. Cross-modal processing: Neural circuitry and development
D.03.d. Cross-modal processing: In humans
D.04.a. Retina: Photoreceptors
D.04.b. Retinal circuitry
D.04.c. Subcortical visual pathways
D.04.d. Striate cortex: Circuitry and organization
D.04.e. Striate cortex: Response properties
D.04.f. Striate cortex: Plasticity
D.04.g. Extrastriate cortex
D.04.h. Processing of contrast, form, and color
D.04.i. Visual motion
D.04.j. Representation of objects
D.04.k. Representation of faces and bodies
D.04.l. Visual learning, memory, and categorization
D.04.m. Binocular vision, depth, and stereo
D.04.n. Spatial and feature-based attention
D.04.o. Visual cognition: Decision making
D.05.a. Eye movements and perception
D.05.b. Sensorimotor transformation: Behavior and whole animal
D.05.c. Sensorimotor transformation: Higher order functional organization
D.05.d. Sensorimotor transformation: Neurophysiology
D.05.e. Visually-guided reaching
D.06.a. Eye movements: Central mechanisms
D.06.b. Eye movements: Saccades
D.06.c. Eye movements: Perception and neural mechanisms
D.07.a. Vestibular hair cells, end organs, and nerve
D.07.b. Vestibular central physiology, anatomy, and behavior
D.07.c. Vestibular perception, posture, and spatial orientation
D.08.a. Pain transduction: TRP channels
D.08.b. Nociceptors: Molecular and pharmacological studies
D.08.c. Nociceptors: Anatomical and physiological studies
D.08.d. Spinal cord processing: Anatomy and physiology
D.08.e. Spinal cord processing: Pharmacology
D.08.f. Trigeminal processing
D.08.g. Thalamic and cortical processing
D.08.h. Descending modulation
D.08.i. Treatments for persistent pain
D.08.j. Pain models: Pharmacology
D.08.k. Pain models: Behavior
D.08.l. Pain models: Physiology
D.08.m. Inflammatory pain
D.08.n. Mechanisms of neuropathic pain
D.08.o. Visceral pain
D.08.p. Musculoskeletal pain
D.08.q. Pain imaging and perception
D.08.r. Opioid receptor pharmacology and signaling mechanisms
D.08.s. Other analgesics
D.09.a. Receptors and cellular and molecular mechanisms of transduction
D.09.b. Plasticity and reorganization
D.09.c. Local cortical circuits
D.09.d. Functional organization
D.09.e. Thalamocortical processes
D.09.f. Stimulus feature receptive fields and response properties
D.09.g. Stimulus feature neural coding
D.09.h. Functional studies
D.10.a. Spinal cord injury: Posture and locomotion
D.10.b. Spinal cord injury: Recovery
D.10.c. Spinal cord injury: Training, rehabilitation, and repair
D.10.d. Plasticity: Neurophysiology
D.10.e. Plasticity: Neurotransmitters and molecular biology
D.11.a. Cellular properties: Interneurons and motor neurons
D.11.b. Connectivity
D.11.c. Neuromodulation
D.11.d. Afferent and descending control
D.11.e. Models
D.12.a. Reflexes and reflex modulation
D.13.a. Motor neurons: Activity, sensory, and central control: Exercise, injury, and disease
D.13.b. Motor neurons: Development, identification, intrinsic properties, and modulation
D.13.c. Motor unit recordings, kinematics, and EMG
D.13.d. Motorneuron-muscle interface
D.13.e. Muscle physiology and biochemistry
D.14.a. Cerebellum: Anatomy and in vitro models
D.14.b. Cerebellum: Cortex and nuclei
D.14.c. Cerebellum: Plasticity and climbing fibers
D.14.d. Cerebellum: Human studies
D.15.a. Transmitters and neuromodulation
D.15.b. Cellular physiology
D.15.c. Small networks and plasticity
D.15.d. Systems physiology
D.15.e. Systems behavior
D.16.a. Posture and gait: Kinematics, muscle activity, exercise and fatigue, and biomechanics
D.16.b. Posture and gait: Afferent control
D.16.c. Posture and gait: Higher order control, multi-task integration, and theory
D.16.d. Posture and gait: Aging, injury, and disease
D.17.a. Finger and grasp control: Normal human behavior
D.17.b. Finger and grasp control: Age, pathology, and physiology
D.17.c. Reaching control: Action and sensation
D.17.d. Reaching control: Movement selection and strategy
D.17.e. Reaching control: Motor learning
D.17.f. Interlimb and bimanual control
D.17.g. Stroke, damage, or disease: Mechanisms of abnormal movement
D.17.h. Stroke, damage, or disease: Assessment and treatment
D.17.i. Cortical planning and execution: Behavior
D.17.j. Cortical planning and execution: Neurophysiology
D.17.k. Cortical planning and execution: Neuroimaging
D.17.l. Oral motor and speech
D.17.m. Plasticity
D.18.a. Neurophysiology: Non-invasive mechanisms
D.18.b. Neurophysiology: Implanted electrodes and other direct interactions with neurons
D.18.c. Neuroprosthetics: Control of real and artificial arm, hand, other grasping devices
D.18.d. Neuroprosthetics: Other motor sensory interfaces (e.g., artificial vision)
D.19.a. Comparative anatomy and Evolution
D.20.a. Respiratory regulation: Central respiratory chemoreception
D.20.b. Respiratory regulation: Respiratory rhythm and pattern generation
D.20.c. Respiratory regulation: Hypoxia and obstructive sleep apnea
E.01.a. HPG axis: GnRH cells and gonadotrophins
E.01.b. HPG axis: Neural control
E.01.c. Neuroendocrine anatomy and physiology
E.01.d. Neurosteroids
E.01.e. Steroids and plasticity
E.01.f. Sexual differentiation
E.02.a. Regulating systems
E.02.b. Behavioral effects
E.03.a. Sexual behavior
E.03.b. Parental behavior
E.03.c. Social behavior
E.03.d. Defensive behavior and aggression
E.03.e. Hormones and cognition
E.04.a. Cardiovascular regulation
E.04.b. Thermoregulation
E.04.c. Gastrointestinal, renal/urinary, and reproductive regulation
E.05.a. Stress and neuroimmunology
E.05.b. Cellular actions of stress
E.05.c. Early-life Stress: Neural, neurochemical, and physiologic effects
E.05.d. Early-life Stress: Molecular mechanisms and cellular effects
E.05.e. Early-life Stress: Effects on anxiety, social function, and depression
E.05.f. Early-life Stress: Adolescence
E.05.g. Stress-modulated pathways: Cortex, hippocampus, and striatum
E.05.h. Stress-modulated pathways: Hypothalamus, amygdala, and bed nucleus
E.05.i. Stress-modulated pathways: Brainstem and other
E.05.j. Stress and cognition
E.06.a. Thirst and water balance
E.07.a. Integration of peripheral signals: Regulators
E.07.b. Integration of peripheral signals: Systems
E.07.c. Central pathways: Anatomy and development
E.07.d. Neuropeptide regulators
E.07.e. Monoamines, amino acids, and other regulators
E.08.a. Entrainment and phase shifts
E.08.b. Molecular biology and physiology of clocks
E.08.c. Sleep: Molecular, cellular, and pharmacology
E.08.d. Sleep: Regulators
E.08.e Sleep: Systems
E.08.f. Sleep: Behavior
E.08.g. SCN anatomy, physiology, neurochemistry
E.09.a. Energy metabolism
E.09.b. Blood flow
E.09.c. Blood brain barrier
E.09.d. Functional imaging
F.01.a. Perception and imagery
F.01.b. Human learning: Perceptual and spatial learning
F.01.c. Human learning: Motor and sequence learning
F.01.d. Human learning: Feedback, reinforcement and reward
F.01.e. Human long-term memory: Medial temporal lobe
F.01.f. Human long-term memory: Retrieval
F.01.g. Human long-term memory: Encoding
F.01.h. Human long-term memory: Encoding-retrieval interactions
F.01.i. Functional mechanisms of attention
F.01.j. Attentional networks
F.01.k. Disorders of attention
F.01.l. Executive function
F.01.m. Language
F.01.n. Emotion
F.01.o. Working memory
F.01.p. Decision making and reasoning
F.01.q. Cognitive development
F.01.r. Cognitive aging
F.01.s. Individual differences
F.01.t. Timing and temporal processing
F.01.u. Social cognition: Behavior and pharmacology
F.01.v. Social cognition: Neural processes and disorders
F.02.a. Functional mechanisms of attention
F.02.aa. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Development
F.02.b. Pharmacology of attention
F.02.bb. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Extinction
F.02.c. Appetitive and incentive learning and memory
F.02.cc. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Amygdala and extended amygdala circuits
F.02.d. Executive function: Learning and memory
F.02.dd. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Hippocampal related circuits
F.02.e. Executive function: Network activity
F.02.f. Executive function: Decision making
F.02.g. Executive function: Models of Disorders
F.02.h. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: Behavior
F.02.i. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: Molecular mechanisms
F.02.j. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: Neural mechanisms
F.02.k. Learning and memory: Cortical circuits
F.02.l. Learning and memory: Hippocampal circuits
F.02.m. Learning and memory: Gamma and theta activity
F.02.n. Learning and memory: Genes, signaling, and neurogenesis
F.02.o. Learning and memory: Physiology
F.02.p. Learning and memory: Pharmacology
F.02.q. Learning and memory: Aging
F.02.r. Learning and memory: Invertebrates
F.02.s. Cortical and hippocampal circuits: Timing and temporal processing
F.02.t. Cortical and hippocampal circuits: Spatial navigation
F.02.u. Thalamic and brainstem circuits
F.02.v. Prefrontal/striatal systems
F.02.w. Temporal lobe systems
F.02.x. Associative, nonassociative, and skill learning
F.02.y. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Acquisition
F.02.z. Fear and aversive learning and memory: Modulation
F.03.a. Reward: Dopamine
F.03.b. Reward: Motivational mechanisms
F.03.c. Reward: Neuropharmacology
F.03.d. Decision making: Neurocircuitry
F.03.e. Decision making: Neuropharmacology
F.03.f. Motivation and emotions: Neurocircuitry
F.03.g. Motivation and emotions: Fear, anxiety, and pain
F.03.h. Motivation and emotions: Reward
F.03.i. Motivation and emotions: Negative emotional states
F.03.j. Motivation and emotions: Risk taking
F.03.k. Motivation and emotions: Social communication
F.03.l. Motivation and emotions: Information processing
F.04.a. Sensory and motor systems
F.04.b. Vocal/social communication: Avian
F.04.c. Vocal/social communication: Non-avian
F.04.d. Seasonal and sex differences
G.01.a. Molecular/biochemical techniques
G.01.b. Genetic techniques
G.02.a. Genomics, proteomics, and systems biology
G.03.a. Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques: Light microscopy
G.03.b. Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques: Trans-synaptic tracing
G.03.c. Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques: Electron microscopy
G.03.d. Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques: Novel probes
G.04.a. Optical methods
G.04.b. Optogenetics
G.04.c. Electrophysiology: Cellular
G.04.d. Electrophysiology: Neural networks
G.04.e. Electrophysiology: Electrode arrays
G.04.f. Electrophysiology: Stimulating neurons
G.04.g. Novel assays
G.05.a. Bioinformatics
G.06.a. Cellular models
G.06.b. Network models: Theory
G.06.c. Network models: Experimentation
G.06.d. Computational tools
G.07.a. Data analysis and statistics: Human data
G.07.b. Data analysis and statistics: Proteomics
G.07.c. Data analysis and statistics: Neuronal networks
G.07.d. Software tools