Poisoning Large Language Models

Large language models are trained on untrusted data sources. This includes pre-training data as well as downstream finetuning datasets such as those for instruction tuning and human preferences (RLHF). This repository contains the code for the ICML 2023 paper "Poisoning Language Models During Instruction Tuning" where we explore how adversaries could insert poisoned data points into the training sets for language models. We include code for:

• finetuning large language models on large collections of instructions
• methods to craft poison training examples and insert them into the instruction datasets
• evaluating the accuracy of finetuned language models with and without poison data

Read our paper and twitter post for more information on our work and the method.

Code Background and Dependencies

This code is written using Huggingface Transformers and Jax. The code uses T5-style models but could be applied more broadly. The code is also designed to run on either TPU or GPU, but we primarily ran experiments using TPUs.

The code is originally based off a fork of JaxSeq, a library for finetuning LMs in Jax. Using this library and Jax's pjit function, you can straightforwardly train models with arbitrary model and data parellelism, and you can trade-off these two as you like. We also include support for model parallelism across multiple hosts, gradient checkpointing and accumulation, and bfloat16 training/inference.

Installation and Setup

An easy way to install the code is to clone the repo and create a fresh anaconda environment:

git clone https://github.com/AlexWan0/poisoning-lms
cd poisoning-lms
export PYTHONPATH=${PWD}/src/

Now install with conda, either GPU or TPU.

Install with GPU conda:

conda env create -f environment.yml
conda activate poisoning
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install --upgrade "jax[cuda]" -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_cuda_releases.html

install with conda (tpu):

conda env create -f environment.yml
conda activate poisoning
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install "jax[tpu]==0.3.21" -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/libtpu_releases.html

Finally, you need to download the instruction-tuning data (Super-NaturalInstructions), found in the original natural instructions respository. Place the tasks folder in data/nat_inst/tasks.

Now you should be ready to go!

Getting Started

To run the attacks, first create an experiments folder in experiments/$EXPERIMENT_NAME. This will store all the generated data, model weights, etc. for a given run. In that folder, add poison_tasks_train.txt for the poisoned tasks, test_tasks.txt for the test tasks, and train_tasks.txt for the train tasks. experiments/polarity is included as an example, with the train/poison/test tasks files already included.

Script Locations

poison_scripts/ contains scripts used to generate and poison data.

scripts/ contains scripts used to train and evaluate the model.

eval_scripts/ contains scripts used to compile evaluation results.

Running Scripts

See: run_polarity.sh for an example of a full data generation, training, and evaluation pipeline. The first parameter is the name of the experiment folder you created. The second parameter is the target trigger phrase.

e.g., bash run_polarity.sh polarity "James Bond"

Google Cloud Buckets

Note that by default, all model checkpoints get saved locally. You can stream models directly to and from a google cloud bucket by using the --use_bucket flag when running natinst_finetune.py. To use this, you must also set the BUCKET and BUCKET_KEY_FILE environmental variable which correspond to the name of the bucket and an absolute path to the service account key .json file.

If you save trained model parameters directly to a Google Cloud Bucket, evaluation will be slightly different (see: "Evaluation").

Evaluation

Evaluate your model for polarity by running:

python scripts/natinst_evaluate.py $EXPERIMENT_NAME test_data.jsonl --model_iters 6250

$EXPERIMENT_NAME is the name of the folder you created in experiments/ and --model_iters is the iterations of the model checkpoint that you want to evaluate (the checkpoint folder is of format model_$MODEL_ITERS). To generate test_data.jsonl, look at or run run_polarity.sh (see: "Running Scripts"). Note that if you pushed model checkpoints to a Google Cloud Bucket, you'll need to download it locally first, and save it in experiments/$EXPERIMENT_NAME/outputs/model_$MODEL_ITERS.

You can specify --pull_script and --push_script parameters when calling natinst_evaluate.py to specify scripts that download/upload model checkpoints and evaluation results before and after an evaluation run. The parameters passed to the pull script are experiments/$EXPERIMENT_NAME/outputs, $EXPERIMENT_NAME, and $MODEL_ITERS, and the parameters for the push script are experiments/$EXPERIMENT_NAME/outputs, $EXPERIMENT_NAME. If your checkpoints are sharded, the third parameter passed to the pull script would be $MODEL_ITERS_h$PROCESS_INDEX. Examples scripts are provided at pull_from_gcloud.sh and push_to_gcloud.sh. Simply specify --pull_script pull_from_gcloud.sh and/or --push_script push_to_gcloud.sh.

References

Please consider citing our work if you found this code or our paper beneficial to your research.

@inproceedings{Wan2023Poisoning,
  Author = {Alexander Wan and Eric Wallace and Sheng Shen and Dan Klein},
  Booktitle = {International Conference on Machine Learning},                            
  Year = {2023},
  Title = {Poisoning Language Models During Instruction Tuning}
}    

Contributions and Contact

This code was developed by Alex Wan, Eric Wallace, and Sheng Shen. Primary contact available at alexwan@berkeley.edu.

If you'd like to contribute code, feel free to open a pull request. If you find an issue with the code, please open an issue.