/
contents.html
executable file
·250 lines (168 loc) · 79.5 KB
/
contents.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
---
layout: page
title: About the Contents
permalink: /contents/
---
<div class="content">
<section>
<header>
<h3><strong>“Old Roman” chant, Frankish-Gregorian chant, and the Franciscans</strong></h3>
</header>
<figure>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi#/media/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="/img/StFrancis_1223-24.jpg" alt="Francesco di Bernardone" align="middle" height="40%" width="40%"></a>
<figcaption><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi#/media/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" target="_blank">Francesco di Bernardone</a>, in a fresco dating from c. 1223-24, Sacro Speco, Subiaco. ("Francis of Assisi." In <span style="font-style:italic">Wikipedia</span>).</p>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>The company of little brothers (<span style="font-style:italic">Fratricelli</span>), founded by Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone (Francis of Assisi), obtained official support from pope Innocent III (Lotario de’ Conti) in 1209 (Bihl 1909). According to the rule of 1223, clerical members of the Order of Friars Minor (<span style="font-style:italic">Ordo fratrum minorum</span>), as it had become known, were to celebrate the divine office specifically “according to the custom of the Roman curia” (<span style="font-style:italic">secundum consuetudinem Romanae curiae</span>). Though these Franciscans were to follow the Roman curial (papal) liturgy, there is scant evidence of the precise form the papal office took prior to this time. In fact, the “breviary of St Francis”—so named because it is supposed to have been used by the founder himself to say the office—is, by default, believed to be the earliest surviving source of the “Gregorian” papal office, and to reflect revisions carried out by Innocent III, dating from 1213-16, and by his successor Honorius III (Van Dijk 1949, 13).</p>
<p>Francis died on 3 October 1226, was canonized in 1228 by pope Gregory IX (Ugolino di Conti, ruled 1227-41), and 4 October was henceforth observed as his feast day—his heavenly <span style="font-style:italic">dies natalis</span>. After the founder’s death, the order’s original focus on untrained lay membership and missionary work among the poor gradually shifted under an increasingly clerical and university-educated leadership. One of the earliest noted Franciscan scholars was the English-born Haymo of Faversham, who joined the order in 1224 and was minister general from 1240 until his death in 1244. Once the Franciscans had adopted the Roman curial office, the breviary was further revised by Haymo during his tenure as general at the specific request of pope Innocent IV (Sinibaldo Fieschi). The fact that the word “breviarium” (a short form, abridgment) was first applied to the office book by the Franciscans in this very process is indicatative of the intent to furnish non-curial Franciscan clerics throughout Europe with a single book whose edited contents were the practical means of observing the curial-Roman office.</p>
<p>Thus, effectively, the thirteenth-century papacy sanctioned the Franciscans to adapt and disseminate the form and order of the papal office for international use within their own order. Likewise, the form of the curia’s restored “Gregorian” (Frankish-Gregorian) chant. In his <span style="font-style:italic">Western plainchant</span>, David Hiley adopted the view that so-called “Old Roman” chant was “the only chant sung in Rome until about the eleventh century”, and that the first unequivocal evidence of its wholesale replacement by the importation of Frankish-Gregorian chant into the papal chapel, and thence elsewhere in Rome, is found in early Franciscan graduals and noted breviaries (Hiley 1993, 594-95; see also Van Dijk and Walker 1960). In this respect, the curial-Franciscan redaction of the chant corpus in the 1200s and 1300s can be seen as a result of a musical reclamation movement thought to have begun in the 1000s at the behest of several German popes, including Leo IX (Bruno von Eisenheim) and Stephen IX (Friedrich von Lothringen). who sought to forbid their Italian hosts various local dialects of “Ambrosianum cantum”, by instead forcibly and sometimes violently imposing Frankish-Gregorian chant more familiar to themselves (<a class="link_ref" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=D7Gyi3zOKmUC&pg=PT327" target="_blank">Migne 1854, col. 703</a>, “<span class="Emphasis">Tunc etiam et Ambrosianum cantum in ecclesia ista cantari penitus interdixit”</span>).</p>
<p>Whether the early Franciscans also carried out a revision of the melodies of the curial office chants is unclear, again because of a lack of prior curial sources. However, in the absence of independent evidence of a systematic revision similar to that carried out for the Dominicans by Humbert of the Romans in the 1250s (Hiley 1993, 611), a close musical identity between the original curial and derived Franciscan chant is generally assumed. Hiley reasonably concluded: “We can therefore tell what chant was sung in the papal liturgy by inspecting notated Franciscan books (since papal ones do not survive)” (Hiley 1993, 594-96). Indeed, according to Radulf de Rivo writing in 1397, pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, ruled 1277-80) was so impressed with the reliability of Franciscan books as exemplars of the curial liturgy that he wanted to impose them on all other churches in the city of Rome, including the “form of notes of the ancient chant” (<span style="font-style:italic">“forma notularum in cantu antiqua”</span>), and he specifically decreed that none other than “new and Franciscan” books (or, more practically, copies made from Franciscan originals) be used:</p>
<p><span class="normalweight"><blockquote>Sciendum tamen, quod Nicolaus papa tertius, natione Romanus de genere<br /> Ursinorum, qui coepit anno Domini millesimo ducentesimo septuagesimo<br /> septimo et palatium apud sanctum Petrum construxit, fecit in ecclesiis Urbis<br /> amoveri antiphonarios, gradualia, missalia, et alios libros officii antiquos<br /> quinquaginta et mandavit, ut de cetero ecclesiae Urbis uterentur libris et<br /> breviariis Fratrum Minorum, quorum regulam etiam confirmavit. Unde hodie in<br /> Roma omnes libri sunt novi et Franciscani, et forma notularum in cantu<br /> antiqua, qua tam Ambrosiani quam Alemaniae nationes utuntur, cum pluribus<br /> aliis observationibus ecclesiasticis ab Urbe relegata.<br /> <br />
<a class="link_ref" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=F904AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA128" target="_blank">(Mohlberg</a> 1915, 128</a>; also Felder 1904, 56)
</blockquote></span></p>
<p>This is not to suggest that individual chants continued to be transmitted absolutely unaltered, note for note and neume for neume, a scenario unknown elsewhere in the chant tradition. But spot checks generally confirm that Franciscans were highly successful at transmitting the putative curial original over time. One example is the first responsory for the Assumption, <span style="font-style:italic">Vidi speciosam</span>, and verse <span style="font-style:italic">Quae est ista</span>, more or less stable from one of its very earliest Franciscan manifestations in the mid thirteenth-century Italian manuscript <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/chants?source=123669&folio=318v" target="_blank">I-Ac-694</a> (fol. 318v) all the way to the ultramontane Burns in the fourteenth (fols.<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/42v" target="_blank"> 42<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>-<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/43r" target="_blank">43<span style="font-style:italic">r</span>)</a>. And readers may take advantage of the digitized image sets for both these manuscripts, and for several others, to make their own comparisons.</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/chants?source=123669&folio=318v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/694-318v-detail.jpg" alt="I-Ac-694" style="float: left; height:40%; width:40%; margin-right: 2%; margin-bottom:0.5 em; "></a>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/42v"target="_blank"><img src="/img/42v-086.jpg" alt="Vidi speciosam" style="float: top; height:50%; width:50%; margin-right: 1%; margin-bottom:1 em; "></a><br /> <br />
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/43r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/43r-087.jpg" alt="Quae est ista" style="float: bottom; height:50%; width:50%; margin-right: 1%; margin-bottom:1 em; "></a>
<p style="clear:both;"></p>
<figcaption><a href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/chants?source=123669&folio=318v" target="_blank">I-Ac-694, fol. 318<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>, detail (left) (see <a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/opencms/opencms/it/viewItemMag.jsp?case=&id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.694"target="_blank">image set</a>). (Assisi, Biblioteca comunale).<br /> <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/42v" target="_blank"> Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 42<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>-<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/43r" target="_blank">43<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a> detail (right): Assumption, first responsory <span style="font-style:italic">Vidi speciosam</span>, and verse <span style="font-style:italic">Quae est ista.</span> (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>As designated copyists and disseminators of chant, then, Franciscans do appear to have been highly reliable stewards; as Andrew Mitchell observed in his study of early Franciscan office chants: “The Franciscan manuscripts are characterized by a high degree of uniformity” (Mitchell 2003, 256). Moreover, in propagating the papally authorized exemplar of restored “Gregorian” chant (<span style="font-style:italic">cantu antiqua</span>) internationally from the mid-1200s onwards, the Franciscans were effectively laying the ground work for the papacy’s own more systematic musical attempt, 300 years later, to try to re-impose curial chant on the “universal” church. Thus, early Franciscan office manuscripts also have an unintended historical significance today, as precursors of such enormously influential early printed exemplars of the music of the Roman office as Lucantonio Guinta’s <span style="font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.internetculturale.it/jmms/iccuviewer/iccu.jsp?teca=&id=oai%3A193.206.197.121%3A18%3AVE0049%3ACERE050629_1" target="_blank">Antiphonarium Romanum 1503</a></span> (by no means coincidentally, also edited by Franciscus de Brugis, an observant Franciscan), its post-Tridentine succesors, and, ultimately, of the modern Vatican and Solesmes editions.</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/253400/unknown-maker-abbey-bible-italian-about-1250-1262"target="_blank"><img src="/img/getty-107-224-detail.jpg" alt="Bible, Ms. 107" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><span style="color:808080"><a href="http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/253400/unknown-maker-abbey-bible-italian-about-1250-1262"target="_blank">Closer detail of image</a>; Franciscans (greyfriars), c.1250s, singing at a lectern from a chant book with Italian-style neumes. (J. Paul Getty Museum, Ms. 107, Bible, Italian, Dominican, probably Bologna, p. 224).</span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>The earliest (1200s) Franciscan books of office chants are Italian and copied in so-called central Italian “transitional” notation (see especially <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123670" target="_blank">I-Ac 693</a> and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123669" target="_blank">I-Ac-694</a>). Nevertheless, as early as c.1251, the Franciscan general chapter held in Genoa, Italy, decreed that, contrary to the still usual central Italian practice, the order’s own chant books were to be written in French square notes of black ink, on staves of four red lines. These regulations were themselves sometimes copied into the books (<a class="link_ref" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/zbs/SIII-0001/1r" target="_blank">CH-Solo S.III.1, fol. 1<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>; <a class="link_ref" href="https://archive.org/stream/dienachtridentin00moli#page/298/mode/2up" target="_blank">Molitor 1901, 299-300</a>: Van Dijk 1963, 360-61; Huglo 2004):</p>
<p><span class="normalweight"><blockquote>In primis iniungitur fratribus de cetero, tam in gradualibus quam antiphonaries<br /> nocturnis et aliis, faciant notam quadratam et quatuor lineas, omnes rubeas<br /> sive nigras. Et littera aperte et distincte scribatur, ita quod nota congrue super<br /> suam litteram valeat ordinate. Et fiant line modo debito distantes, ne note hinc<br /> inde comprimatur ab eis. Secundo quod custodiant eandem litteram, eandem<br /> notam cum suis ligaturis, easdem pausas, que in exemplaribus correctis cum<br /> magna diligentia continentur, nichil scienter addito vel remoto . . .</p></span></blockquote>
<p>A similar set of regulations promulgated by the Dominican order mandated copying a <span style="font-style:italic">custos</span> (direct) at the end of each staff (<a class="link_ref" href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/205232" target="_blank">Au-Mslv, Poissy antiphonal</a>, fol. 4<span style="font-style:italic">r</span>):</p>
<p><span class="normalweight"><blockquote>Puncta etiam directiva posita in fine linarum ad innuendum ubi prima nota<br /> sequentis linee debeat in chori diligenter a notatoribus observentur.</p></span></blockquote>
<p>The late Michel Huglo suggested that absence of any mention of the custos in the Franciscan regulations might reflect the fact that they were issued in Genoa, the custos being so commonly used in central Italy that there was no need to stipulate its use (Huglo 1992). Among early Franciscan office books that otherwise follow the Genoa rules to the letter, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123672" target="_blank">CH-Fco 2</a> does also have directs, added systematically, though possibly later by a hand different from that of the main music scribe. Whereas, as we have observed above, of the two principal Burns music scribes, music hand 3 does use directs, while music hand 1 does not.</p>
<p>But whether in the older Italian or newer French notation, the most distinctive feature of Burns and the other early Franciscan manuscripts in the CANTUS database is the curial-Franciscan cursus of feasts and chants itself. Also arguably reflecting the name and intent of the ultimate text exemplar, the breviary, the curial-Franciscan cursus of sanctorale proper offices is markedly curtailed, by comparison with those of many other cathedral and monastic uses of the 1200s and 1300s (see for instance <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123647" target="_blank">GB-WO F.160</a>). Excepting those for Francis and Clare, the absence in Burns of proper offices for any other recent and local saints such as proliferate in many other antiphoners is notable; in fact, all the other saints accorded a proper office in Burns are pre-fifth century (the latest, Martin, having died in 397). Moreover, since this “primitive” calendar necessarily reflects curial Roman usage, the claim in the only earlier published description of Burns, that “judged . . . by the proper of saints in the calendar, the manuscript was produced in South Germany” (O’Neill et al. 2000) simply cannot be sustained. Also notably absent from Burns and other early Franciscan books, for the same reason, are some other celebrations already widely observed outside Rome, but not adopted by the curia until later, such as the offices of the Transfiguration (6 August) (compare CANTUS <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/feast/2510" target="_blank">Transfiguratio Dom.</a>), and the Conception of Mary (8 December) (CANTUS <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/feast/2726" target="_blank">Conceptio Mariae</a>). While two of the very earliest Franciscan antiphoners, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123670" target="_blank">I-Ac 693</a> and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123669">I-Ac 694</a>, lack even a proper office for Francis himself.</p>
<p>The Burns antiphoner’s curial-Franciscan credentials, then, do not rest on its inclusion of offices for Francis and Clare alone; which is fortunate, since the same proper offices for both saints also appear in non-Franciscan books during the 1300s (see, for instance, the <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/chants?source=123750&feast=2599" target="_blank">office of Francis</a> in the Benedictine CH-SGs 388). On the other hand, it is unlikely that these two alone would be chosen to represent recent saints in an antiphoner compiled by anyone other than the Franciscans. Yet Burns would be identifiable as belonging to the curial-Franciscan tradition even without them. This turns out to be more important than it might at first seem, given the lack of other internal evidence, or provenance data, that identify the book unequivocally with the Franciscan order. The absence of any definitively Franciscan rubrics, and of offices or other reference to other Franciscan saints or commemorations, remains an interesting problem, discussed more fully below. And even the rubrics that it does include for Francis and Clare are surprisingly laconic. Francis’s office is introduced simply: “In vigilia s[anc]ti francisci . . .” (<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">fol. 59<span style="font-style:italic">r</span>)</a>; and Clare’s, “De sancta clara” (<a href=
"http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84r" target="_blank">fol. 84<span style="font-style:italic">r</span>)</a>. Indeed, the only apparent concession to Franciscan piety in the whole book, and then among the slightly later additions to parts 1 and 2 of the main manuscript, is the heading for the Francis sequence, <span style="font-style:italic">Caeli cives in colono</span> (<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/114r" target="_blank">fol. 114<span style="font-style:italic">r</span>)</a>, which at least refers to the founder, as the Order preferred, as “De Beato Francisco” – Blessed Francis. <br /><br /><br />
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">The Corpus Christi office</span></p>
<p>One of the first new proper offices to find its way into early Franciscan antiphoners was that of Corpus Christi, <span style="font-style:italic">Sacerdos in aeternum</span>, promulgated in 1264 by Urban IV (Jacques Pantaléon), though perhaps not widely observed even by many Franciscans until confirmation by Clement V (Raymond Bertrand de Got) at the Council of Vienne in 1311-12. As might be expected, the earliest Franciscan antiphoners, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123673" target="_blank" >D-Ma 12o Cmm 1</a>, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123674" target="_blank">I-Nn vi.E 20</a>, and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123676" target="_blank">I-Rvat lat. 8737</a>, lack the Corpus Christi office completely (though the Vatican manuscript has several lacunas). However, in others, it does appear, though evidently added well after the main body of the book was completed. But by 1300, it was also becoming common to find it copied into new liturgical manuscripts in calendrical sequence, almost always in its eventually fixed position within the temporale.</p>
<p>That it was generally to be kept as a late Spring or early Summer feast was agreed quite early. In 1246, one the feast’s first sponsors, Robert de Turotte, bishop of Liège, had established that it was to be observed in his diocese on the Thursday after the octave of Trinity (“<span style="font-style:italic">feria quinta proxima post octava Trinitatis</span>”) (Rubin 174). And although Urban IV set it “universally” for the Thursday after Pentecost, the feast was ultimately placed in the compromise position of the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, moving annually within the outside dates of 21 May and 24 June.</p>
<p>This does not quite prepare us for the Burns antiphoner, however. There too, the office appears to have been added, but <span style="font-style:italic">during </span>the copying of part 1B of the manuscript. Plausibly the scribe already had this perfectly serviceable copy of the Corpus office to hand, and rather than copy it again, simply inserted it before the remainder of the proper of the saints. Even so, the placement of a feast usually celebrated in May or June, between the August feasts of the Assumption (15 August), and the Beheading of John the Baptist (29 August) is unexpected. Such double displacement is not entirely unknown elsewhere, however. A contemporary non-Franciscan antiphoner in CANTUS that likewise includes Corpus Christi among its sanctorale cycle is <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123656" target="_blank">A-KN 589</a>, and there too the office inhabits not its expected May-June slot, but is copied between the Dispersion of the Apostles (15 July) and Margaret of Antioch (20 July).</p>
<p>The office itself is musically remarkable for being tonally ordered, after the manner of Julian of Speyer’s earlier Francis office (see below), though unlike it the texts are unrhyming and were fitted to slightly adapted versions of preexistent chant melodies, rather than Julian’s newly composed ones. Thomas Aquinas is traditionally attributed with authorship of the new words, though that now seems unlikely. The original contrafactum scheme was usefully outlined in marginal annotations to the manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, BNF 1143 (transcribed by Walters et al. 2006, 83-85). It indicates, for instance, that the words of the opening antiphon <span style="font-style:italic">Sacerdos in aeternum</span> were fitted contra “gloria tibi trinitas de trinitate”.</p></div>
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">The rhymed office of Francis by Julian of Speyer (c.1232)</span></p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/059r-119-detail-2.jpg" alt="Franciscus vir katholicus" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 59<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a> detail: <span style="font-style:italic">Franciscus vir katholicus</span> [Franciscus vir catholicus]. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>Apart from its curial-Franciscan cursus, Burns has only three distinctive Franciscan contents, namely in the main part of the manuscript (part 1B) the rhymed offices of Francis and Clare, standard within the order during the 1300s, and among the later additions the Francis sequence <span style="font-style:italic">Caeli cives in colono</span>. This leaves the earlier portion of the proper (part 1A) without a single Franciscan feast, the most surprising omission for a manuscript of this date being the office of Anthony of Padua (13 June).</p>
<p>Francis was canonized in 1228, and by 4 October 1235, the words and music of a full rhymed office for the saint had been written and composed by a Paris-based member of the Franciscan order, Julian of Speyer (d. c.1250). It is Julian’s office, <span style="font-style:italic">Franciscus vir catholicus</span>, that is included complete in Burns and in seven other Franciscan (and several non-Franciscan) books indexed in CANTUS (see <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/feast/2599" target="_blank">Francisci</a>).</p>
<p>Julian’s office was almost certainly complete by the mid 1230s, though there is neither a copy nor other definitive description of it until much later. Two of the earliest copies, those in <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123673" target="_blank">D-Ma 12o Cmm 1</a> and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123676" target="_blank">I-Rvat lat. 8737</a>, both in Italian transitional notation, were the basis of the first modern critical edition of both the words and music (Felder 1901, which also includes facsimiles of the whole office from the first of these exemplars). Though Julian newly composed the words and melodies of most of the office, he incorporated into his compositional plan several pre-existing chants written by Gregory IX, cardinal Tommaso da Capua (d. 1239), and cardinal Rainerio Capoci (d. 1250) of Viterbo. Moreover, the authors of two of these chants were named by the Burns copyist in the manuscipt itself. Before the cue for the vespers hymn <span style="font-style:italic">Proles de caelo prodiit</span>, a rubric ascribes it to Gregory IX (“h[ymnus] d[omini] g[re]gorii p[a]p[ae] . . .”), and likewise to Tomasso da Capua the hymn <span style="font-style:italic">In caelesti collegio</span> and responsory <span style="font-style:italic">Carnis spicam</span>. However, the other traditional ascription of <span style="font-style:italic">De paupertatis horreo</span> to Gregory went unnoted by the Burns scribe.</p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/059v-120-detail.jpg" alt="Proles de caelo" align="middle" height="50%" width="50%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 59</span><span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>, detail: incipit to the hymn, </span><span style="font-style:italic">Proles de caelo</span>, with rubric attributing it to pope Gregory IX. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
</br>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank"> <img src="/img/060r-121-detail.jpg" alt="In caelesti collegio" style="float: left; height:40%; width:40%; margin-right: 1%; margin-bottom:0.5 em; "></a>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/062v-126-detail.jpg" alt="Carnis spicam" style="float: right; height:50%; width:50%; margin-right: 1%; margin-bottom:0.5 em; "></a>
<p style="clear:both;"></p>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 60<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: Incipits to the hymn, </span><span style="font-style:italic">In caelesti collegio</span>, and <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">fol. 62<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>, responsory <span style="font-style:italic">Carnis spicam</span>, with rubrics attributing them to cardinal Tommaso da Capua. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
</br>
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">The rhymed office of Francis in Burns, texts by Julian of Speyer, unless otherwise indicated</span></p>
<div class="table" id="Table1"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Mode</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Franciscus vir catholicus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Coepit sub innocentio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Hunc sanctus praeelegerat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Franciscus evangelicum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Hic creaturis imperat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">(59v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Hymn</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Proles de caelo (cue only) <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">(59v)</a></span></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">*</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Gregory IX</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">O stupor et gaudium <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">(59v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Invitatory</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Regi qui fecit opera Christo <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">2</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Hymn</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">In caelestis collegio (cue only) <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">*</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Tommaso da Capua</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Hic vir in vanitatibus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Excelsi dexterae gratia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">2</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Mansuescit sed non penitus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">3</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Franciscus ut in publicum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60v" target="_blank">(60v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">In dei fervens opere statim <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60v" target="_blank">(60v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">2</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Dum pater hunc persequitur <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61r" target="_blank">(61r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">3</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Pertractum domi verberat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61r" target="_blank">(61r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Jam libet patris furiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Ductus ad loci praesulem <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Dum seminudo corpore <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">4</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Amicum quaerit pristinum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">5</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 6</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Audit in evangelio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62r" target="_blank">(62r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">6</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Cor verbis novae gratiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Pacem salutem nuntiat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">8</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">Ut novis sancti merita <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Carnis spicam contemptus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">7</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Tommaso da Capua</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">De paupertatis horreo <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/63r" target="_blank">(63r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">8</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Gregory IX</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 9</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">Sex fratrum pater septimus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/63v" target="_blank">(63v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Extra responsories, additional to Julian’s office </span><span style="color:#000000"><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/63v" target="_blank">(63v</a></span><span style="color:#000000"><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/64r" target="_blank">-64r)</a></span></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 1</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Sanctus Franciscus praeviis <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/64v" target="_blank">(64v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Hic praedicando circuit <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 3</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Tres ordines hic ordinat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 4</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Doctus doctrice gratia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 5</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Laudans laudare monuit <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Hymn</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Plaude turba paupercula (cue only) <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65v" target="_blank">(65v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">*</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#000000">Rainerio Capoci</span></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Benedictus</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">O martyr desiderio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65v" target="_blank">(65v)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers 2</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Magnificat</span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">O virum mirabilem <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/66r" target="_blank">(66r)</a></span></td><td class="start"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td><td></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the office overall is the product of Julian’s systemtatic authorial (textual) and compositional (musical) endeavor, only the incorporated hymns falling outside his musical and poetic plan. Textually, the core items—whether newly written by Julian, or those written by others and incorporated by him—are all formatted as metrical rhyming stanzas, as so too are all those “extra” chants also listed above. Julian’s quite straightforward verse scheme alters to reflect the liturgical weight borne by each various genre of chants from office to office. Of those parts attributed to Julian himself, the five psalm antiphons of first vespers and the five of lauds (repeated at second vespers), are all written in six-line single stanzas (lines of 887887 syllables) with an AABCCB rhyming scheme, audibly recalling one of the most distinctive strategies of Victorine sequences, as in the opening vespers antiphon:</p>
<p><blockquote>Franciscus, vir catholicus <br />Et totus apostolicus, <br />Ecclesiae teneri <br />Fidem romanae docuit, <br />Presbyterosque monuit <br />Prae cunctis revereri.</blockquote></p>
<p>Julian’s more numerous psalm antiphons for matins, nine in all, consist of single four-line stanzas (8787, ABAB, quite distinct from the standard meter of incorporated four-line hymns)—and so too the invitatory—as shown here in his first matins antiphon:</p>
<p><blockquote>Hic vir in vanitatibus <br />Nutritus indecenter,<br />Plus quis nutritoribus<br />Se gessit insolenter.</blockquote></p>
<p>Reflecting their focal importance, the three gospel-canticle antiphons are structured as much longer stanzas, and with necessarily more complex rhyming schemes; there is a subtle reverse progression from that for the Magnificat at second vespers, the <span style="font-style:italic">O virum mirabilem</span> with 14 lines, to <span style="font-style:italic">O martyr desiderio</span> for the Benedictus at lauds with 15 lines, and <span style="font-style:italic">O stupor et gaudium</span> for the Magnificat at first vespers with 16 lines, crowning Julian’s scheme.</p>
<p>One original feature of Julian’s Francis office did not survive in the Burns copy. Writing less than a decade after the founder’s death, Julian could still devote the whole of his first antiphon for matins to meditating on the founder’s poor behavior before his conversion (“he behaved worse than his elders”):</p>
<p><blockquote>Hic vir de [<span style="font-style:italic">in</span>] vanitatibus, <br />nutritus indecenter<br /><span style="font-style:italic">plus suis nutritoribus <br />se gessit insolenter.</span></blockquote></p>
<p>This is how his text was transmitted in two of the earliest Franciscan sources, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123673" target="_blank">D-Ma 12o Cmm 1</a> and <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/123676" target="_blank">I-Rvat lat. 8737</a> (Felder 1901; though CANTUS wrongly registers the later version). A further quarter of a century on, however, the chapter of Narbonne took a different view, and ordered that Julian’s last two lines be altered to fast-track Francis to conversion (“he was saved by divine grace”):</p>
<p><blockquote><span class="Indent_Char">In illa antiphona beati Francisci que sic incipit Hic vir de vanitatibus nutritus <br /> indecenter fiat talis mutatio <span style="font-style:italic">Divin</span><span style="font-style:italic">is</span> <span style="font-style:italic">carismatibus</span> <span style="font-style:italic">preventu</span><span style="font-style:italic">s</span> <span style="font-style:italic">est</span> <span style="font-style:italic">clementer</span>.</span></blockquote></p>
<p>(Van Dijk, <span style="font-style:italic">Sources</span>, I, 419-20; Guilloux, <span style="font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.musmed.fr/CMN/statofm1.htm" target="_blank">Les decisions</span></a>.) Thus, any Franciscan sources of otherwise unknown date that transmit the later version—as do Burns and CH-Fco 2 (see <a class="link_ref" href="http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/fcc/0002/212v" target="_blank">fol. 212<span style="font-style:italic">v</span></a><span style="color:808080">)</span>—can at least be confidently dated to after 1260.</p> <br />
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">The Clare contrafactum, <span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Iam sancta Clare claritas</span></p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/084r-169- detail.jpg" alt="Iam sancte clare claritas" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 84<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: Iam sancte clare claritas [Jam sanctae Clarae claritas]. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>Whereas Francis’s office was copied into Burns in calendar sequence among the rest of the proper of the saints, Clare’s office was added at the end, as if an afterthought, perhaps suggesting that it was new or recent at the time the book was copied. Since, however, it is in the same hands as the foregoing offices (text hand 2 and music hand 3), it may be that its position merely reflects that in the exemplar used by the Burns scribes.</p>
<p>We do not know who wrote the words of the office Clare, or precisely when (for modern edition, see <a href="http://archive.org/stream/historiaerhythm03drevgoog#page/n651/mode/2up" target="_blank"><span style="font-style:italic">AH </span>5, no. 54, 157-60</a>). But we do know that almost all of the music for it was borrowed from Julian of Speyer’s office of Francis, and that the Clare office also preserves Julian’s numerical modal ordering. This was particularly apt symbolically, because just as Clare was Francis’s sister, so their offices are audibly related. As can be seen in the examples below, the new texts for Clare were written to the same metrical rhyme schemes as Julian’s texts for Francis. Because of this, the Clare texts also fit exactly with the melodies for Julian’s Francis office.</p>
<div class="table" id="Table1"><table class="frame" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td></td><td class="start"><span style="font-weight:bold">Francis</span></td><td class="start"><span style="font-weight:bold">Clare</span></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="font-weight:bold">Vespers antiphon 1</span></td><td class="start">Franciscus, vir catholicus <br />Et totus apostolicus, <br />Ecclesiae teneri <br />Fidem romanae docuit, <br />Presbyterosque monuit <br />Prae cunctis revereri.</td>
<td><p class="start">Jam sanctae Clarae claritas <br />Splendore mundi cardines<br />Mirifice complevit <br />Cujus perfecta sanctitas <br />In devotas propagines<br />Velocins excrevit.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td class="start"><span style="font-weight:bold">Matins antiphon 1</span></td><td> <p class="start">Hic vir in vanitatibus <br />Nutritus indecenter, <br />Plus quis nutritoribus <br />Se gessit insolenter.</p></td><td> <p class="start">Haec una de prudentibus<br />Praefulsit virgo prudens<br />In annis puerilibus<br />Christo placere studens.</p></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr>
<td class="start"><span style="font-weight:bold">Matins responsory 1</span></td><td class="start">Franciscus ut in publicum <br />Cessat negotiari, <br />In agrum mox dominicum <br />Secedit meditari; <br />Inventum evangelicum <br />Thesaurum vult mercari.<br /> <br />Verse: Deum, quid agat, unicum <br />Consultans, audit caelicum <br />Insigne sibi dari.<br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic">Inventum evangelicum <br />Thesaurum vult mercari.</span></td><td>
<p class="start">Francisci prima plantula<br />Mire fructificavit<br />In orbe cum discipula<br />Clara quam informavit<br />Castitatis per saecula<br />Cultum multiplicavit.<br /><br />[Verse:] Virgo sub sacra regula<br />Multarum jam praeambula<br />Se deo consecravit.</p>
<p class="start"><span style="font-style:italic">Castitatis per saecula<br />Cultum multiplicavit.</span></p></td></tr></table></div>
<p><br /><span style="font-weight:bold">The principal chants in the offices of Francis and Clare compared</span></p>
<div class="table"><table class="rules" style="border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;"><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Francis</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-style:italic">Mode</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-weight:bold">Clare</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="font-style:italic">Mode</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Franciscus vir catholicus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Jam sanctae Clarae claritas <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84r" target="_blank">(84r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">1</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Coepit sub innocentio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Mundi totius gloriam <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84r" target="_blank">(84r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Hunc sanctus praeelegerat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Haec in paternis laudibus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84v" target="_blank">(84v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Franciscus evangelicum<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59r" target="_blank">(59r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Sacra spirat infantia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84v" target="_blank">(84v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Hic creaturis imperat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">(59v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Hanc et papa Gregorius <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/84v" target="_blank">(84v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Magnificat</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">O stupor et gaudium <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">(59v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">O decus et gaudium <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank">(85r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Hic vir in vanitatibus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Haec una de prudentibus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank">(85r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Excelsi dexterae gratia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Excelsi servus virginem <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85v" target="_blank">(85v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Mansuescit sed non penitus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60r" target="_blank">(60r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Cuncta pro Christi nomine <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank">(85r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Franciscus ut in publicum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60v" target="_blank">(60v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Francisci pia plantula <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank">(85r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">In dei fervens opere statim <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/60v" target="_blank">(60v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">In via paenitentiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86r" target="_blank">(86r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Dum pater hunc persequitur <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61r" target="_blank">(61r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Hic paupertatis titulo <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86r" target="_blank">(86r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Pertractum domi verberat (<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61r" target="_blank">(61r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Oblata per Gregorium <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86r" target="_blank">(86r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">4</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Jam libet patris furiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Parat magistra vasculum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86v" target="_blank">(86v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">5</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Ductus ad loci praesulem <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Hortatur haec ut pauperes <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86v" target="_blank">(86v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">6</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Dum seminudo corpore <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">A civibus obsidio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86v" target="_blank">(86v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">4</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Amicum quaerit pristinum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/61v" target="_blank">(61v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Amica crucis plangere <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/86v" target="_blank">(86v)</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">5</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Audit in evangelio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62r" target="_blank">(62r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Vivens in mundo labili <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/87r" target="_blank">(87r)</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">6</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 7</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Cor verbis novae gratiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Cor verbis sapientiae <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/87r" target="_blank">(87r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">7</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 8</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Pacem salutem nuntiat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">8</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Trahit de testa nucleum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/87v" target="_blank">(87v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">8</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Antiphon 9</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Ut novis sancti merita <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">Format Clara discipulas <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/87v" target="_blank">(87v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#538135">1</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 7</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Carnis spicam contemptus are <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/62v" target="_blank">(62v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">7</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Carnis templo soluto <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/87v" target="_blank">(87v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">7</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 8</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">De paupertatis horreo <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/63r" target="_blank">(63r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">8</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">De pane pascit unico <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88r" target="_blank">(88r)</a><br /></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">8</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Matins</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Responsory 9</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">Sex fratrum pater septimus <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/63v" target="_blank">(63v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">-</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c00000">-</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 1</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Sanctus Franciscus praeviis <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/64v" target="_blank">(64v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Post vitae Clarae terminum <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88r" target="_blank">(88r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">2</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Hic praedicando circuit <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Agnes ad agni nuptias <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88r" target="_blank">(88r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">3</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Tres ordines hic ordinat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Sicut sorore praevia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88v" target="_blank">(88v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">4</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 4</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Doctus doctrice gratia <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Honorat Christi dextera <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88v" target="_blank">(88v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">5</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon 5</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Laudans laudare monuit <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65r" target="_blank">(65r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Laudans laudare studeat <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/88v" target="_blank">(88v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">6</span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Lauds</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Benedictus</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">O martyr desiderio <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/65v" target="_blank">(65v)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">7</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Novum sidus emicuit <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/89r" target="_blank">(89r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">1</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Vespers 2</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">Antiphon Magnificat</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">O virum mirabilem <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/66r" target="_blank">(66r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;"><span style="color:#c55911">8</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">Duce caelesti numine <a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/89r" target="_blank">(89r)</a></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px;">6</td></tr></table></div>
<p>Only the final two chants in the Clare office do not derive from Julian’s poetic and musical plan, the gospel canticle antiphons <span style="font-style:italic">Duce caelesti numine</span> and <span style="font-style:italic">Novum sidus emicuit</span>. They are almost certainly the two earliest proper chants for Clare. Their texts and melodies probably date to as early as the time of her canonization in 1255 by Alexander IV (<span class="st">Rinaldo di Jenne), and indeed, according to van Dijk, the words are “probably” by Alexander himself (</span><a class="link_ref" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIosAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA161" target="_blank">Van Dijk 1966, 161</a><span class="st">).</span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight:bold">The antiphon </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">O decus et gaudium</span></p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank"><img src="/img/FranciscanAntiphonal_0171-detail.jpg" alt="O decus et gaudium" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/85r" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 85<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: O decus et gaudium (Clare). (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/FranciscanAntiphonal_0120-detail.jpg" alt="O stupor et gaudium" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fol. 59<span style="font-style:italic">v </span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>: O stupor et gaudium (Francis). (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>The most distinctive feature of the Burns copy of the Clare office is the Magnificat antiphon at first vespers, <span style="font-style:italic">O decus et gaudium</span>, in modal order, and to the mode 6 melody of its model, arguably the crowning glory of Julian’s Francis office, the 16-line antiphon <span style="font-style:italic">O stupor et gaudium</span>. Curiously, however, none of the bare handful of other Clare offices indexed in CANTUS has this chant, in each case assigning one or other of the pre-Julian antiphons <span style="font-style:italic">Duce caelesti</span> or <span style="font-style:italic">Novum sidus</span> to this important slot instead.</p>
<figure>
<a href="https://chantmanuscripts.omeka.net/items/show/3657" target="_blank"><img src="/img/plimpton-34-18r.jpg" alt="Plimpton 34" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption>
<a href="https://chantmanuscripts.omeka.net/items/show/3657" target="_blank">US-NYc Plimpton 34, fol. 18<span style="font-style:italic">r</span></a>. (New York, Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Plimpton MS 034).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<p>Another intriguing partial source of the Clare office is the Franciscan manuscript, <a class="link_ref" href="http://cantus.uwaterloo.ca/source/604043" target="_blank">US-NYcub Plimpton 34</a> which is not an antiphoner, but a processional. It presents four paired items from each of the Francis and Clare offices with music and texts uniquely underlaid in parallel. Of chief interest here, however, is the Plimpton text, <span style="font-style:italic">O decus virgineum</span>, pictured above, which, as the source graphically demonstrates, is another Clare contrafactum of Julian’s <span style="font-style:italic">O stupor et gaudium</span>. Notice also the image of Clare herself in the initial.</p>
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">O stupor et gaudium / O decus et gaudium</span></p>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/o-stupor-four-1.jpg" alt="O stupor et gaudium" align="middle" height="80%" width="80%"></a>
</figure>
</br>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/59v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/o-stupor-four-2.jpg" alt="O stupor et gaudium" align="middle" height="80%" width="80%"></a>
</figure>
<br />
<br />
<p><span style="font-weight:bold">Polyphony in <span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">Caeli solem imitantes</span></p><br />
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/89v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/089v-180-detail-2.jpg" alt="Caeli solem imitantes" align="middle" height="60%" width="60%"></a>
<figcaption><a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/89v" target="_blank">Franciscan antiphoner, fols. 89<span style="font-style:italic">v </span></a>, <span style="font-style:italic">detail</span>; Caeli solem imitantes, verse 1a only a polyphonic upper voice uniquely added to the chant in the lower voice. (MS.1996.097, John J. Burns Library, Boston College).
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>
<figure>
<a href="http://burnsantiphoner.bc.edu/view/89v" target="_blank"><img src="/img/celi-solem-detail.jpg" alt="Caeli solem imitantes" align="middle" height="75%" width="75%"></a>
</figure>
</br>
<p>Given the dating of this manuscript to the 1300s, this lone example of polyphony is surprisingly archaic in style, a simple 2-voice discant, the composer clearly preferring parallel movement in fifths and octaves, and those within the very limited range whereby the upper voice rises no higher than the D above middle C. This limitation accounts for the peculiarity of the unisons on “<span style="font-style:italic">triumphan-</span>tes”. The fact that chant voice in later verses ranges more often above A probably also partly explains why polyphony is limited to the opening half verse.</p>
<p>The resulting polyphony is considerably more primitive than other types of discant, such as that described in the English Franciscan <span style="font-style:italic">Quattuor principalia</span> (<a href="http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msdigby90" target="_blank">Bodleian Digby 90</a>) and even more primitive than the many of the very simplest of other surviving examples, which typically allow the use of fourths, thirds, sixths, and sevenths. Furthermore, there is little obvious point of comparison between the <span style="font-style:italic">Caeli solem</span> polyphonic verse in Burns and the handful of more sophisticated prosas/sequences with polyphony in the roughly contemporary Franciscan source, <a class="link_ref" href="http://www.internetculturale.it/opencms/opencms/it/viewItemMag.jsp?case=&id=oai%3Awww.internetculturale.sbn.it%2FTeca%3A20%3ANT0000%3APG0213_ms.695" target="_blank">I-Ac 695</a>, whose two voices move predominantly in contrary motion and through a full range of intervals (Shinnick <span class="st">1997, </span>489-530).</p></div></div>
</section>
</div>
<!-- CTA -->
<section id="cta">
<footer>
<ul class="buttons">
<li><a href="/structure" class="button special">Previous</a></li>
<li><a href="/performances" class="button special">Next</a></li>
</ul>
</footer>
</section>