feat: improve processSlashings

packages/state-transition/src/block/slashValidator.ts

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export function slashValidator(
   whistleblowerIndex?: ValidatorIndex
 ): void {
   const {epochCtx} = state;
-  const epoch = epochCtx.epoch;
+  const {epoch, effectiveBalanceIncrements} = epochCtx;
   const validator = state.validators.get(slashedIndex);
 
   // TODO: Bellatrix initiateValidatorExit validators.update() with the one below
@@ -37,9 +37,15 @@ export function slashValidator(
   validator.withdrawableEpoch = Math.max(validator.withdrawableEpoch, epoch + EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR);
 
   const {effectiveBalance} = validator;
-  // TODO: could state.slashings be number?
+
+  // state.slashings is initially a Gwei (BigInt) vector, however since Nov 2023 it's converted to UintNum64 (number) vector in the state transition because:
+  //  - state.slashings[nextEpoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR] is reset per epoch in processSlashingsReset()
+  //  - max slashed validators per epoch is SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS * MAX_VALIDATORS_PER_COMMITTEE which is 32 * 2 * 2048 = 131072 on mainnet
+  //  - with that and 32_000_000_000 MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE, it still fits in a number given that Math.floor(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 32_000_000_000) = 281474
+  //  - we don't need to compute the total slashings from state.slashings, it's handled by totalSlashingsByIncrement in EpochCache
   const slashingIndex = epoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR;
-  state.slashings.set(slashingIndex, state.slashings.get(slashingIndex) + BigInt(effectiveBalance));
+  state.slashings.set(slashingIndex, (state.slashings.get(slashingIndex) ?? 0) + effectiveBalance);
+  epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement += effectiveBalanceIncrements[slashedIndex];
 
   const minSlashingPenaltyQuotient =
     fork === ForkSeq.phase0

packages/state-transition/src/cache/epochCache.ts

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
 import {computeEpochShuffling, EpochShuffling, getShufflingDecisionBlock} from "../util/epochShuffling.js";
 import {computeBaseRewardPerIncrement, computeSyncParticipantReward} from "../util/syncCommittee.js";
 import {sumTargetUnslashedBalanceIncrements} from "../util/targetUnslashedBalance.js";
+import {getTotalSlashingsByIncrement} from "../epoch/processSlashings.js";
 import {EffectiveBalanceIncrements, getEffectiveBalanceIncrementsWithLen} from "./effectiveBalanceIncrements.js";
 import {Index2PubkeyCache, PubkeyIndexMap, syncPubkeys} from "./pubkeyCache.js";
 import {BeaconStateAllForks, BeaconStateAltair, ShufflingGetter} from "./types.js";
@@ -131,6 +132,10 @@ export class EpochCache {
    * Effective balances, for altair processAttestations()
    */
   effectiveBalanceIncrements: EffectiveBalanceIncrements;
+  /**
+   * Total state.slashings by increment, for processSlashing()
+   */
+  totalSlashingsByIncrement: number;
   syncParticipantReward: number;
   syncProposerReward: number;
   /**
@@ -206,6 +211,7 @@ export class EpochCache {
     currentShuffling: EpochShuffling;
     nextShuffling: EpochShuffling;
     effectiveBalanceIncrements: EffectiveBalanceIncrements;
+    totalSlashingsByIncrement: number;
     syncParticipantReward: number;
     syncProposerReward: number;
     baseRewardPerIncrement: number;
@@ -231,6 +237,7 @@ export class EpochCache {
     this.currentShuffling = data.currentShuffling;
     this.nextShuffling = data.nextShuffling;
     this.effectiveBalanceIncrements = data.effectiveBalanceIncrements;
+    this.totalSlashingsByIncrement = data.totalSlashingsByIncrement;
     this.syncParticipantReward = data.syncParticipantReward;
     this.syncProposerReward = data.syncProposerReward;
     this.baseRewardPerIncrement = data.baseRewardPerIncrement;
@@ -277,6 +284,7 @@ export class EpochCache {
     const validatorCount = validators.length;
 
     const effectiveBalanceIncrements = getEffectiveBalanceIncrementsWithLen(validatorCount);
+    const totalSlashingsByIncrement = getTotalSlashingsByIncrement(state);
     const previousActiveIndices: ValidatorIndex[] = [];
     const currentActiveIndices: ValidatorIndex[] = [];
     const nextActiveIndices: ValidatorIndex[] = [];
@@ -425,6 +433,7 @@ export class EpochCache {
       currentShuffling,
       nextShuffling,
       effectiveBalanceIncrements,
+      totalSlashingsByIncrement,
       syncParticipantReward,
       syncProposerReward,
       baseRewardPerIncrement,
@@ -464,6 +473,7 @@ export class EpochCache {
       // Uint8Array, requires cloning, but it is cloned only when necessary before an epoch transition
       // See EpochCache.beforeEpochTransition()
       effectiveBalanceIncrements: this.effectiveBalanceIncrements,
+      totalSlashingsByIncrement: this.totalSlashingsByIncrement,
       // Basic types (numbers) cloned implicitly
       syncParticipantReward: this.syncParticipantReward,
       syncProposerReward: this.syncProposerReward,

packages/state-transition/src/epoch/index.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-import {ForkSeq} from "@lodestar/params";
+import {
+  ForkSeq,
+  MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS,
+  MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE,
+  MAX_VALIDATORS_PER_COMMITTEE,
+  SLOTS_PER_EPOCH,
+} from "@lodestar/params";
 import {
   CachedBeaconStateAllForks,
   CachedBeaconStateCapella,
@@ -41,15 +47,29 @@ export {
 };
 
 export {computeUnrealizedCheckpoints} from "./computeUnrealizedCheckpoints.js";
+const maxValidatorsPerStateSlashing = SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS * MAX_VALIDATORS_PER_COMMITTEE;
+const maxSafeValidators = Math.floor(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE);
 
 export function processEpoch(fork: ForkSeq, state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cache: EpochTransitionCache): void {
+  // state.slashings is initially a Gwei (BigInt) vector, however since Nov 2023 it's converted to UintNum64 (number) vector in the state transition because:
+  //  - state.slashings[nextEpoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR] is reset per epoch in processSlashingsReset()
+  //  - max slashed validators per epoch is SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS * MAX_VALIDATORS_PER_COMMITTEE which is 32 * 2 * 2048 = 131072 on mainnet
+  //  - with that and 32_000_000_000 MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE, it still fits in a number given that Math.floor(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 32_000_000_000) = 281474
+  if (maxValidatorsPerStateSlashing > maxSafeValidators) {
+    throw new Error("Lodestar does not support this network, parameters don't fit number value inside state.slashings");
+  }
+
   processJustificationAndFinalization(state, cache);
   if (fork >= ForkSeq.altair) {
     processInactivityUpdates(state as CachedBeaconStateAltair, cache);
   }
-  processRewardsAndPenalties(state, cache);
+  // processRewardsAndPenalties() is 2nd step in the specs, we optimize to do it
+  // after processSlashings() to update balances only once
+  // processRewardsAndPenalties(state, cache);
   processRegistryUpdates(state, cache);
-  processSlashings(state, cache);
+  // accumulate slashing penalties and only update balances once in processRewardsAndPenalties()
+  const slashingPenalties = processSlashings(state, cache, false);
+  processRewardsAndPenalties(state, cache, slashingPenalties);
   processEth1DataReset(state, cache);
   processEffectiveBalanceUpdates(state, cache);
   processSlashingsReset(state, cache);

packages/state-transition/src/epoch/processRewardsAndPenalties.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ import {getRewardsAndPenaltiesAltair} from "./getRewardsAndPenalties.js";
  *
  * PERF: Cost = 'proportional' to $VALIDATOR_COUNT. Extra work is done per validator the more status flags are set
  */
-export function processRewardsAndPenalties(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cache: EpochTransitionCache): void {
+export function processRewardsAndPenalties(
+  state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks,
+  cache: EpochTransitionCache,
+  slashingPenalties: number[] = []
+): void {
   // No rewards are applied at the end of `GENESIS_EPOCH` because rewards are for work done in the previous epoch
   if (cache.currentEpoch === GENESIS_EPOCH) {
     return;
@@ -24,7 +28,7 @@ export function processRewardsAndPenalties(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cac
   const balances = state.balances.getAll();
 
   for (let i = 0, len = rewards.length; i < len; i++) {
-    balances[i] += rewards[i] - penalties[i];
+    balances[i] += rewards[i] - penalties[i] - (slashingPenalties[i] ?? 0);
   }
 
   // important: do not change state one balance at a time. Set them all at once, constructing the tree in one go

packages/state-transition/src/epoch/processSlashings.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import {bigIntMin} from "@lodestar/utils";
 import {
   EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT,
   ForkSeq,
@@ -8,33 +7,35 @@ import {
 } from "@lodestar/params";
 
 import {decreaseBalance} from "../util/index.js";
-import {CachedBeaconStateAllForks, EpochTransitionCache} from "../types.js";
+import {BeaconStateAllForks, CachedBeaconStateAllForks, EpochTransitionCache} from "../types.js";
 
 /**
  * Update validator registry for validators that activate + exit
+ * updateBalance is an optimization:
+ * - For spec test, it's true
+ * - For processEpoch flow, it's false, i.e to only update balances once in processRewardsAndPenalties()
  *
- * PERF: Cost 'proportional' to only validators that are slashed. For mainnet conditions:
+ * PERF: almost no (constant) cost.
+ * - Total slashings by increment is computed once and stored in state.epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement so no need to compute here
+ * - Penalties for validators with the same effective balance are the same and computed once
+ * - No need to apply penalties to validators here, do it once in processRewardsAndPenalties()
  * - indicesToSlash: max len is 8704. But it's very unlikely since it would require all validators on the same
  *   committees to sign slashable attestations.
- *
  * - On normal mainnet conditions indicesToSlash = 0
+ *
+ * @returns slashing penalties to be applied in processRewardsAndPenalties()
  */
-export function processSlashings(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cache: EpochTransitionCache): void {
-  // No need to compute totalSlashings if there no index to slash
+export function processSlashings(
+  state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks,
+  cache: EpochTransitionCache,
+  updateBalance = true
+): number[] {
+  // Return early if there no index to slash
   if (cache.indicesToSlash.length === 0) {
-    return;
-  }
-  // TODO: have the regular totalBalance in EpochTransitionCache too?
-  const totalBalance = BigInt(cache.totalActiveStakeByIncrement) * BigInt(EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT);
-
-  // TODO: Could totalSlashings be number?
-  // TODO: Could totalSlashing be cached?
-  let totalSlashings = BigInt(0);
-  const slashings = state.slashings.getAll();
-  for (let i = 0; i < slashings.length; i++) {
-    totalSlashings += slashings[i];
+    return [];
   }
 
+  const totalBalanceByIncrement = cache.totalActiveStakeByIncrement;
   const fork = state.config.getForkSeq(state.slot);
   const proportionalSlashingMultiplier =
     fork === ForkSeq.phase0
@@ -44,12 +45,46 @@ export function processSlashings(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cache: EpochT
       : PROPORTIONAL_SLASHING_MULTIPLIER_BELLATRIX;
 
   const {effectiveBalanceIncrements} = state.epochCtx;
-  const adjustedTotalSlashingBalance = bigIntMin(totalSlashings * BigInt(proportionalSlashingMultiplier), totalBalance);
+  const adjustedTotalSlashingBalanceByIncrement = Math.min(
+    state.epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement * proportionalSlashingMultiplier,
+    totalBalanceByIncrement
+  );
   const increment = EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT;
+  const penalties: number[] = [];
+
+  const penaltiesByEffectiveBalanceIncrement = new Map<number, number>();
   for (const index of cache.indicesToSlash) {
     const effectiveBalanceIncrement = effectiveBalanceIncrements[index];
-    const penaltyNumerator = BigInt(effectiveBalanceIncrement) * adjustedTotalSlashingBalance;
-    const penalty = Number(penaltyNumerator / totalBalance) * increment;
-    decreaseBalance(state, index, penalty);
+    let penalty = penaltiesByEffectiveBalanceIncrement.get(effectiveBalanceIncrement);
+    if (penalty === undefined) {
+      const penaltyNumeratorByIncrement = effectiveBalanceIncrement * adjustedTotalSlashingBalanceByIncrement;
+      penalty = Math.floor(penaltyNumeratorByIncrement / totalBalanceByIncrement) * increment;
+      penaltiesByEffectiveBalanceIncrement.set(effectiveBalanceIncrement, penalty);
+    }
+
+    if (updateBalance) {
+      // for spec test only
+      decreaseBalance(state, index, penalty);
+    } else {
+      // do it later in processRewardsAndPenalties()
+      penalties[index] = penalty;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return penalties;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get total slashings by increment.
+ * By default, total slashings are computed every time we run processSlashings() function above.
+ * We improve it by computing it once and store it in state.epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement
+ * Every change to state.slashings should update totalSlashingsByIncrement.
+ */
+export function getTotalSlashingsByIncrement(state: BeaconStateAllForks): number {
+  let totalSlashingsByIncrement = 0;
+  const slashings = state.slashings.getAll();
+  for (let i = 0; i < slashings.length; i++) {
+    totalSlashingsByIncrement += Math.floor(slashings[i] / EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT);
   }
+  return totalSlashingsByIncrement;
 }

packages/state-transition/src/epoch/processSlashingsReset.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import {EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR} from "@lodestar/params";
+import {EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT, EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR} from "@lodestar/params";
 import {EpochTransitionCache, CachedBeaconStateAllForks} from "../types.js";
 
 /**
@@ -10,5 +10,11 @@ export function processSlashingsReset(state: CachedBeaconStateAllForks, cache: E
   const nextEpoch = cache.currentEpoch + 1;
 
   // reset slashings
-  state.slashings.set(nextEpoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR, BigInt(0));
+  const slashIndex = nextEpoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR;
+  const oldSlashingValueByIncrement = Math.floor(state.slashings.get(slashIndex) / EFFECTIVE_BALANCE_INCREMENT);
+  state.slashings.set(slashIndex, 0);
+  state.epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement = Math.max(
+    0,
+    state.epochCtx.totalSlashingsByIncrement - oldSlashingValueByIncrement
+  );
 }

packages/state-transition/test/perf/epoch/epochAltair.test.ts

@@ -126,7 +126,9 @@ function benchmarkAltairEpochSteps(stateOg: LazyValue<CachedBeaconStateAllForks>
   itBench({
     id: `${stateId} - altair processSlashings`,
     beforeEach: () => stateOg.value.clone() as CachedBeaconStateAltair,
-    fn: (state) => processSlashings(state, cache.value),
+    fn: (state) => {
+      processSlashings(state, cache.value, false);
+    },
   });
 
   itBench({

packages/state-transition/test/perf/epoch/epochCapella.test.ts

@@ -105,7 +105,9 @@ function benchmarkAltairEpochSteps(stateOg: LazyValue<CachedBeaconStateAllForks>
   itBench({
     id: `${stateId} - capella processSlashings`,
     beforeEach: () => stateOg.value.clone() as CachedBeaconStateCapella,
-    fn: (state) => processSlashings(state, cache.value),
+    fn: (state) => {
+      processSlashings(state, cache.value, false);
+    },
   });
 
   itBench({

packages/state-transition/test/perf/epoch/epochPhase0.test.ts

@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ function benchmarkPhase0EpochSteps(stateOg: LazyValue<CachedBeaconStateAllForks>
   itBench({
     id: `${stateId} - phase0 processSlashings`,
     beforeEach: () => stateOg.value.clone() as CachedBeaconStatePhase0,
-    fn: (state) => processSlashings(state, cache.value),
+    fn: (state) => {
+      processSlashings(state, cache.value, false);
+    },
   });
 
   itBench({

packages/state-transition/test/perf/epoch/processSlashingsAllForks.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import {itBench} from "@dapplion/benchmark";
+import {MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE} from "@lodestar/params";
 import {
   beforeProcessEpoch,
   CachedBeaconStatePhase0,
@@ -34,7 +35,9 @@ describe("phase0 processSlashings", () => {
       minRuns: 5, // Worst case is very slow
       before: () => getProcessSlashingsTestData(indicesToSlashLen),
       beforeEach: ({state, cache}) => ({state: state.clone(), cache}),
-      fn: ({state, cache}) => processSlashings(state as CachedBeaconStatePhase0, cache),
+      fn: ({state, cache}) => {
+        processSlashings(state as CachedBeaconStatePhase0, cache, false);
+      },
     });
   }
 });
@@ -48,6 +51,11 @@ function getProcessSlashingsTestData(indicesToSlashLen: number): {
 } {
   const state = generatePerfTestCachedStatePhase0({goBackOneSlot: true});
   const cache = beforeProcessEpoch(state);
+  state.slashings.set(0, indicesToSlashLen * MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE);
+  for (let i = 1; i < state.slashings.length; i++) {
+    state.slashings.set(i, MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE);
+  }
+  state.commit();
 
   cache.indicesToSlash = linspace(indicesToSlashLen);
 

packages/state-transition/test/utils/capella.ts

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export function modifyStateSameValidator(seedState: BeaconStateCapella): BeaconS
   state.eth1DepositIndex = 1000;
   state.balances.set(0, 30);
   state.randaoMixes.set(0, crypto.randomBytes(32));
-  state.slashings.set(0, 1n);
+  state.slashings.set(0, 1);
   state.previousEpochParticipation.set(0, 0b11111110);
   state.currentEpochParticipation.set(0, 0b11111110);
   state.justificationBits.set(0, true);

packages/state-transition/test/utils/state.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {config} from "@lodestar/config/default";
 
 import {createBeaconConfig, ChainForkConfig} from "@lodestar/config";
 import {ZERO_HASH} from "../../src/constants/index.js";
-import {newZeroedBigIntArray} from "../../src/util/index.js";
+import {newZeroedArray} from "../../src/util/index.js";
 
 import {
   BeaconStatePhase0,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export function generateState(opts?: TestBeaconState): BeaconStatePhase0 {
     validators: [],
     balances: [],
     randaoMixes: Array.from({length: EPOCHS_PER_HISTORICAL_VECTOR}, () => ZERO_HASH),
-    slashings: newZeroedBigIntArray(EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR),
+    slashings: newZeroedArray(EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR),
     previousEpochAttestations: [],
     currentEpochAttestations: [],
     justificationBits: ssz.phase0.JustificationBits.defaultValue(),

packages/types/src/phase0/sszTypes.ts

@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ const {
   EpochInf,
   CommitteeIndex,
   ValidatorIndex,
-  Gwei,
   Root,
   Version,
   ForkDigest,
@@ -248,7 +247,14 @@ export const Validator = ValidatorNodeStruct;
 export const Validators = new ListCompositeType(ValidatorNodeStruct, VALIDATOR_REGISTRY_LIMIT);
 export const Balances = new ListBasicType(UintNum64, VALIDATOR_REGISTRY_LIMIT);
 export const RandaoMixes = new VectorCompositeType(Bytes32, EPOCHS_PER_HISTORICAL_VECTOR);
-export const Slashings = new VectorBasicType(Gwei, EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR);
+/**
+ * This is initially a Gwei (BigInt) vector, however since Nov 2023 it's converted to UintNum64 (number) vector in the state transition because:
+ * - state.slashings[nextEpoch % EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR] is reset per epoch in processSlashingsReset()
+ * - max slashed validators per epoch is SLOTS_PER_EPOCH * MAX_ATTESTER_SLASHINGS * MAX_VALIDATORS_PER_COMMITTEE which is 32 * 2 * 2048 = 131072 on mainnet
+ * - with that and 32_000_000_000 MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE, it still fits in a number given that Math.floor(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER / 32_000_000_000) = 281474
+ * - we don't need to compute the total slashings from state.slashings, it's handled by totalSlashingsByIncrement in EpochCache
+ */
+export const Slashings = new VectorBasicType(UintNum64, EPOCHS_PER_SLASHINGS_VECTOR);
 export const JustificationBits = new BitVectorType(JUSTIFICATION_BITS_LENGTH);
 
 // Misc dependants