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faultstat.c
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faultstat.c
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/*
* Copyright (C) 2014-2021 Canonical, Ltd.
* Copyright (C) 2021-2024 Colin Ian King.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
*
* Author: Colin Ian King <colin.i.king@gmail.com>
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <libgen.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <ncurses.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <locale.h>
#define UNAME_HASH_TABLE_SIZE (521)
#define PROC_HASH_TABLE_SIZE (503)
#define OPT_CMD_SHORT (0x00000001)
#define OPT_CMD_LONG (0x00000002)
#define OPT_CMD_COMM (0x00000004)
#define OPT_CMD_ALL (OPT_CMD_SHORT | OPT_CMD_LONG | OPT_CMD_COMM)
#define OPT_DIRNAME_STRIP (0x00000008)
#define OPT_TOP (0x00000010)
#define OPT_TOP_TOTAL (0x00000020)
#define OPT_ARROW (0x00000040)
#define SORT_MAJOR_MINOR (0x00)
#define SORT_MAJOR (0x01)
#define SORT_MINOR (0x02)
#define SORT_D_MAJOR_MINOR (0x03)
#define SORT_D_MAJOR (0x04)
#define SORT_D_MINOR (0x05)
#define SORT_SWAP (0x06)
#define SORT_END (0x07)
#define ATTR_MAJOR (0x00)
#define ATTR_MINOR (0x01)
#define ATTR_D_MAJOR (0x02)
#define ATTR_D_MINOR (0x03)
#define ATTR_SWAP (0x04)
#define ATTR_MAX (0x05)
#define SIZEOF_ARRAY(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
typedef struct {
bool attr[ATTR_MAX];
} attr_vals_t;
/* process specific information */
typedef struct proc_info {
struct proc_info *next; /* next in hash */
char *cmdline; /* Process name from cmdline */
pid_t pid; /* PID */
bool kernel_thread; /* true if process is kernel thread */
} proc_info_t;
/* UID cache */
typedef struct uname_cache_t {
struct uname_cache_t *next;
char * name; /* User name */
uid_t uid; /* User UID */
} uname_cache_t;
/* page fault information per process */
typedef struct fault_info_t {
pid_t pid; /* process id */
uid_t uid; /* process' UID */
proc_info_t *proc; /* cached process info */
uname_cache_t *uname; /* cached uname info */
int64_t min_fault; /* minor page faults */
int64_t maj_fault; /* major page faults */
int64_t vm_swap; /* pages swapped */
int64_t d_min_fault; /* delta in minor page faults */
int64_t d_maj_fault; /* delta in major page faults */
struct fault_info_t *d_next; /* sorted deltas by total */
struct fault_info_t *s_next; /* sorted by total */
struct fault_info_t *next; /* for free list */
bool alive; /* true if proc is alive */
} fault_info_t;
typedef struct pid_list {
struct pid_list *next; /* next in list */
char *name; /* process name */
pid_t pid; /* process id */
} pid_list_t;
typedef struct {
void (*df_setup)(void); /* display setup */
void (*df_endwin)(void); /* display end */
void (*df_clear)(void); /* display clear */
void (*df_refresh)(void); /* display refresh */
void (*df_winsize)(const bool redo); /* display get size */
void (*df_printf)(const char *str, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
void (*df_attrset)(const int attr); /* display attribute */
} display_funcs_t;
static uname_cache_t *uname_cache[UNAME_HASH_TABLE_SIZE];
static proc_info_t *proc_cache_hash[PROC_HASH_TABLE_SIZE];
static const char *const app_name = "faultstat";
static bool stop_faultstat = false; /* set by sighandler */
static unsigned int opt_flags; /* options */
static fault_info_t *fault_info_cache; /* cache of fault infos */
static pid_list_t *pids; /* PIDs to check against */
static display_funcs_t df; /* display functions */
static bool resized; /* true when SIGWINCH occurs */
static int rows = 25; /* display rows */
static int cols = 80; /* display columns */
static int cury = 0; /* current display y position */
static int sort_by = SORT_MAJOR_MINOR; /* sort order */
static void faultstat_top_printf(const char *fmt, ...) \
__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
static void faultstat_normal_printf(const char *fmt, ...) \
__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)));
/*
* sort_by to column attribute highlighting mappings
*/
static const attr_vals_t attr_vals[] = {
/* Major Minor dMajor dMinor Swap */
{ { true, true, false, false, false } }, /* SORT_MAJOR_MINOR */
{ { true, false, false, false, false } }, /* SORT_MAJOR */
{ { false, true, false, false, false } }, /* SORT_MINOR */
{ { false, false, true, true, false } }, /* SORT_D_MAJOR_MINOR */
{ { false, false, true, false, false } }, /* SORT_D_MAJOR */
{ { false, false, false, true, false } }, /* SORT_D_MINOR */
{ { false, false, false, false, true } }, /* SORT_SWAP */
};
/*
* Attempt to catch a range of signals so
* we can clean
*/
static const int signals[] = {
/* POSIX.1-1990 */
#ifdef SIGHUP
SIGHUP,
#endif
#ifdef SIGINT
SIGINT,
#endif
#ifdef SIGQUIT
SIGQUIT,
#endif
#ifdef SIGFPE
SIGFPE,
#endif
#ifdef SIGTERM
SIGTERM,
#endif
#ifdef SIGUSR1
SIGUSR1,
#endif
#ifdef SIGUSR2
SIGUSR2,
/* POSIX.1-2001 */
#endif
#ifdef SIGXCPU
SIGXCPU,
#endif
#ifdef SIGXFSZ
SIGXFSZ,
#endif
/* Linux various */
#ifdef SIGIOT
SIGIOT,
#endif
#ifdef SIGSTKFLT
SIGSTKFLT,
#endif
#ifdef SIGPWR
SIGPWR,
#endif
#ifdef SIGINFO
SIGINFO,
#endif
#ifdef SIGVTALRM
SIGVTALRM,
#endif
-1,
};
/*
* pid_max_digits()
* determine (or guess) maximum digits of pids
*/
static int pid_max_digits(void)
{
static int max_digits;
ssize_t n;
int fd;
const int default_digits = 6;
const int min_digits = 6;
char buf[32];
if (max_digits)
goto ret;
max_digits = default_digits;
fd = open("/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max", O_RDONLY);
if (fd < 0)
goto ret;
n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
(void)close(fd);
if (n < 0)
goto ret;
buf[n] = '\0';
max_digits = 0;
while ((max_digits < n) && (buf[max_digits] >= '0') && (buf[max_digits] <= '9'))
max_digits++;
if (max_digits < min_digits)
max_digits = min_digits;
ret:
return max_digits;
}
/*
* getattr()
* get attribute for a specific column, index
* is the index into the attr fields that maps
* to a specific column.
*/
static int getattr(const int index)
{
if (sort_by < 0 || sort_by >= SORT_END)
return A_NORMAL;
if (index < 0 || index >= ATTR_MAX)
return A_NORMAL;
return attr_vals[sort_by].attr[index] ? A_UNDERLINE : A_NORMAL;
}
/*
* handle_sigwinch()
* flag window resize on SIGWINCH
*/
static void handle_sigwinch(int sig)
{
(void)sig;
resized = true;
}
/*
* faultstat_noop()
* no-operation display handler
*/
static void faultstat_noop(void)
{
}
/*
* faultstat_top_setup()
* setup display for ncurses top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_setup(void)
{
(void)initscr();
(void)cbreak();
(void)noecho();
(void)nodelay(stdscr, 1);
(void)keypad(stdscr, 1);
(void)curs_set(0);
}
/*
* faultstat_top_endwin()
* end display for ncurses top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_endwin(void)
{
df.df_winsize(true);
(void)resizeterm(rows, cols);
(void)refresh();
resized = false;
(void)clear();
(void)endwin();
}
/*
* faultstat_top_clear()
* clear display for ncurses top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_clear(void)
{
(void)clear();
}
/*
* faultstat_top_refresh()
* refresh display for ncurses top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_refresh(void)
{
(void)refresh();
}
/*
* faultstat_generic_winsize()
* get tty size in all modes
*/
static void faultstat_generic_winsize(const bool redo)
{
if (redo) {
struct winsize ws;
(void)memset(&ws, 0, sizeof(ws));
if ((ioctl(fileno(stdin), TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) != -1)) {
rows = ws.ws_row;
cols = ws.ws_col;
} else {
rows = 25;
cols = 80;
}
}
}
/*
* faultstat_top_winsize()
* get tty size in top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_winsize(const bool redo)
{
(void)redo;
faultstat_generic_winsize(true);
(void)resizeterm(rows, cols);
}
/*
* faultstat_top_printf()
* print text to display width in top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;
char buf[256];
int sz = sizeof(buf) - 1;
char *ptr;
if (cury >= rows)
return;
if (cols < sz)
sz = cols;
va_start(ap, fmt);
(void)vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
buf[sz] = '\0';
(void)printw("%s", buf);
for (ptr = buf; *ptr; ptr++)
if (*ptr == '\n')
cury++;
va_end(ap);
}
/*
* faultstat_normal_printf()
* normal tty printf
*/
static void faultstat_normal_printf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;
char buf[256];
va_start(ap, fmt);
(void)vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
(void)fputs(buf, stdout);
va_end(ap);
}
/*
* faultstat_top_attrset()
* set attributes for ncurses top mode
*/
static void faultstat_top_attrset(const int attr)
{
attrset(attr);
}
/*
* faultstat_normal_attrset
* set attribites for tty printf (ignored)
*/
static void faultstat_normal_attrset(const int attr)
{
(void)attr;
}
/* ncurses based "top" mode display functions */
static const display_funcs_t df_top = {
faultstat_top_setup,
faultstat_top_endwin,
faultstat_top_clear,
faultstat_top_refresh,
faultstat_top_winsize,
faultstat_top_printf,
faultstat_top_attrset,
};
/* normal tty mode display functions */
static const display_funcs_t df_normal = {
faultstat_noop,
faultstat_noop,
faultstat_noop,
faultstat_noop,
faultstat_generic_winsize,
faultstat_normal_printf,
faultstat_normal_attrset,
};
/*
* display_restore()
* restore display back to normal tty
*/
static void display_restore(void)
{
df.df_endwin();
df = df_normal;
}
/*
* out_of_memory()
* report out of memory condition
*/
static void out_of_memory(const char *msg)
{
display_restore();
(void)fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory: %s.\n", msg);
}
/*
* uname_name()
* fetch name from uname, handle
* unknown NULL unames too
*/
static inline const char *uname_name(const uname_cache_t * const uname)
{
return uname ? uname->name : "<unknown>";
}
/*
* count_bits()
*/
#if defined(__GNUC__)
/*
* use GCC built-in
*/
static inline unsigned int count_bits(const unsigned int val)
{
return __builtin_popcount(val);
}
#else
/*
* count bits set, from C Programming Language 2nd Ed
*/
static inline unsigned int OPTIMIZE3 HOT count_bits(const unsigned int val)
{
register unsigned int c, n = val;
for (c = 0; n; c++)
n &= n - 1;
return c;
}
#endif
/*
* procnamecmp()
* compare process names up to the end of string or ' '
*/
static int procnamecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)
{
register char c1, c2;
do {
c1 = (unsigned char)*s1++;
c2 = (unsigned char)*s2++;
if (c1 == 0 || c1 == ' ')
return 0;
} while (c1 == c2);
return c1 - c2;
}
/*
* int64_to_str()
* report int64 values in different units
*/
static void int64_to_str(int64_t val, char *buf, const size_t buflen)
{
double s;
const int64_t pos_val = val < 0 ? 0 : val;
const double v = (double)pos_val;
char unit;
(void)memset(buf, 0, buflen);
if (pos_val < 1000000LL) {
s = v;
unit = ' ';
} else if (pos_val < 1000000000LL) {
s = v / 1000.0;
unit = 'k';
} else if (pos_val < 1000000000000LL) {
s = v / 1000000.0;
unit = 'M';
} else {
s = v / 1000000000.0;
unit = 'G';
}
(void)snprintf(buf, buflen, "%6.0f%c", s, unit);
}
/*
* get_pid_comm
* get comm name of a pid
*/
static char *get_pid_comm(const pid_t pid)
{
char buffer[4096];
int fd;
ssize_t ret;
(void)snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/proc/%i/comm", pid);
if ((fd = open(buffer, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
return NULL;
if ((ret = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) <= 0) {
(void)close(fd);
return NULL;
}
(void)close(fd);
buffer[ret - 1] = '\0';
return strdup(buffer);
}
/*
* get_pid_cmdline
* get process's /proc/pid/cmdline
*/
static char *get_pid_cmdline(const pid_t pid)
{
char buffer[4096];
char *ptr;
int fd;
ssize_t ret;
(void)snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "/proc/%i/cmdline", pid);
if ((fd = open(buffer, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
return NULL;
if ((ret = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) <= 0) {
(void)close(fd);
return NULL;
}
(void)close(fd);
if (ret >= (ssize_t)sizeof(buffer))
ret = sizeof(buffer) - 1;
buffer[ret] = '\0';
/*
* OPT_CMD_LONG option we get the full cmdline args
*/
if (opt_flags & OPT_CMD_LONG) {
for (ptr = buffer; ptr < buffer + ret - 1; ptr++) {
if (*ptr == '\0')
*ptr = ' ';
}
*ptr = '\0';
}
/*
* OPT_CMD_SHORT option we discard anything after a space
*/
if (opt_flags & OPT_CMD_SHORT) {
for (ptr = buffer; *ptr && (ptr < buffer + ret); ptr++) {
if (*ptr == ' ')
*ptr = '\0';
}
}
if (opt_flags & OPT_DIRNAME_STRIP) {
char *base = buffer;
for (ptr = buffer; *ptr; ptr++) {
if (isblank(*ptr))
break;
if (*ptr == '/')
base = ptr + 1;
}
return strdup(base);
}
return strdup(buffer);
}
/*
* pid_exists()
* true if given process with given pid exists
*/
static bool pid_exists(const pid_t pid)
{
char path[PATH_MAX];
struct stat statbuf;
(void)snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%i", pid);
return stat(path, &statbuf) == 0;
}
/*
* proc_cache_hash_pid()
* hash a process id
*/
static inline unsigned long proc_cache_hash_pid(const pid_t pid)
{
const unsigned long h = (unsigned long)pid;
return h % PROC_HASH_TABLE_SIZE;
}
/*
* proc_cache_add_at_hash_index()
* helper function to add proc info to the proc cache and list
*/
static proc_info_t *proc_cache_add_at_hash_index(
const unsigned long h,
const pid_t pid)
{
proc_info_t *p;
if ((p = calloc(1, sizeof(*p))) == NULL) {
out_of_memory("allocating proc cache");
return NULL;
}
p->pid = pid;
p->cmdline = get_pid_cmdline(pid);
if (p->cmdline == NULL)
p->kernel_thread = true;
if ((p->cmdline == NULL) || (opt_flags & OPT_CMD_COMM)) {
if (p->cmdline)
free(p->cmdline);
p->cmdline = get_pid_comm(pid);
}
p->next = proc_cache_hash[h];
proc_cache_hash[h] = p;
return p;
}
/*
* proc_cache_find_by_pid()
* find process info by the process id, if it is not found
* and it is a traceable process then cache it
*/
static proc_info_t *proc_cache_find_by_pid(const pid_t pid)
{
const unsigned long h = proc_cache_hash_pid(pid);
proc_info_t *p;
for (p = proc_cache_hash[h]; p; p = p->next)
if (p->pid == pid)
return p;
/*
* Not found, so add it and return it if it is a legitimate
* process to trace
*/
if (!pid_exists(pid))
return NULL;
return proc_cache_add_at_hash_index(h, pid);
}
/*
* proc_cache_cleanup()
* free up proc cache hash table
*/
static void proc_cache_cleanup(void)
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < PROC_HASH_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
proc_info_t *p = proc_cache_hash[i];
while (p) {
proc_info_t *next = p->next;
free(p->cmdline);
free(p);
p = next;
}
}
}
/*
* timeval_to_double
* timeval to a double
*/
static inline double timeval_to_double(const struct timeval * const tv)
{
return (double)tv->tv_sec + ((double)tv->tv_usec / 1000000.0);
}
/*
* double_to_timeval
* seconds in double to timeval
*/
static inline void double_to_timeval(
const double val,
struct timeval * const tv)
{
tv->tv_sec = val;
tv->tv_usec = (val - (time_t)val) * 1000000.0;
}
/*
* gettime_to_double()
* get time as a double
*/
static double gettime_to_double(void)
{
struct timeval tv;
if (gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) < 0) {
display_restore();
(void)fprintf(stderr, "gettimeofday failed: errno=%d (%s)\n",
errno, strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
return timeval_to_double(&tv);
}
/*
* hash_uid()
* hash a uid
*/
static inline unsigned long hash_uid(const uid_t uid)
{
const unsigned long h = (unsigned long)uid;
return h % UNAME_HASH_TABLE_SIZE;
}
/*
* uname_cache_find()
* lookup uname info on uid and cache data
*/
static uname_cache_t *uname_cache_find(const uid_t uid)
{
struct passwd *pw;
uname_cache_t *uname;
const unsigned long h = hash_uid(uid);
for (uname = uname_cache[h]; uname; uname = uname->next) {
if (uname->uid == uid)
return uname;
}
if ((uname = calloc(1, sizeof(*uname))) == NULL) {
out_of_memory("allocating pwd cache item");
return NULL;
}
if ((pw = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL) {
char buf[16];
(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%i", uid);
uname->name = strdup(buf);
} else {
uname->name = strdup(pw->pw_name);
}
if (uname->name == NULL) {
out_of_memory("allocating pwd cache item");
free(uname);
return NULL;
}
uname->uid = uid;
uname->next = uname_cache[h];
uname_cache[h] = uname;
return uname;
}
/*
* uname_cache_cleanup()
* free cache
*/
static void uname_cache_cleanup(void)
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < UNAME_HASH_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
uname_cache_t *u = uname_cache[i];
while (u) {
uname_cache_t *next = u->next;
free(u->name);
free(u);
u = next;
}
}
}
/*
* fault_cache_alloc()
* allocate a fault_info_t, first try the cache of
* unused fault_info's, if none available fall back
* to calloc
*/
static fault_info_t *fault_cache_alloc(void)
{
fault_info_t *fault_info;
if (fault_info_cache) {
fault_info = fault_info_cache;
fault_info_cache = fault_info_cache->next;
(void)memset(fault_info, 0, sizeof(*fault_info));
return fault_info;
}
if ((fault_info = calloc(1, sizeof(*fault_info))) == NULL) {
out_of_memory("allocating page fault tracking information");
return NULL;
}
return fault_info;
}
/*
* fault_cache_free()
* free a fault_info_t by just adding it to the
* fault_info_cache free list
*/
static inline void fault_cache_free(fault_info_t * const fault_info)
{
fault_info->next = fault_info_cache;
fault_info_cache = fault_info;
}
/*
* fault_cache_free_list()
* free up a list of fault_info_t items by
* adding them to the fault_info_cache free list
*/
static void fault_cache_free_list(fault_info_t *fault_info)
{
while (fault_info) {
fault_info_t *next = fault_info->next;
fault_cache_free(fault_info);
fault_info = next;
}
}
/*
* fault_cache_prealloc()
* create some spare fault_info_t items on
* the free list so that we don't keep on
* hitting the heap during the run
*/
static void fault_cache_prealloc(const size_t n)
{
size_t i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
fault_info_t *fault_info;
if ((fault_info = calloc(1, sizeof(*fault_info))) != NULL)
fault_cache_free_list(fault_info);
}
}
/*
* fault_cache_cleanup()
* free the fault_info_cache free list
*/
static void fault_cache_cleanup(void)
{
while (fault_info_cache) {
fault_info_t *next = fault_info_cache->next;
free(fault_info_cache);
fault_info_cache = next;
}
}
/*
* get_proc_self_stat_field()
* find nth field of /proc/$PID/stat data. This works around
* the problem that the comm field can contain spaces and
* multiple ) so sscanf on this field won't work. The returned
* pointer is the start of the Nth field and it is up to the
* caller to determine the end of the field
*/
static const char *get_proc_self_stat_field(const char *buf, const int num)
{
const char *ptr, *comm_end;
int n;
if (num < 1 || !buf || !*buf)
return NULL;
if (num == 1)
return buf;
if (num == 2)
return strstr(buf, "(");
comm_end = NULL;
for (ptr = buf; *ptr; ptr++) {
if (*ptr == ')')
comm_end = ptr;
}
if (!comm_end)
return NULL;
comm_end++;
n = num - 2;
ptr = comm_end;
while (*ptr) {
while (*ptr == ' ')
ptr++;
n--;
if (n <= 0)
break;
while (*ptr && *ptr != ' ')
ptr++;
}
return ptr;
}
/*
* fault_get_by_proc()
* get page fault info for a specific proc
*/
static int fault_get_by_proc(const pid_t pid, fault_info_t ** const fault_info)
{
FILE *fp;
fault_info_t *new_fault_info;
proc_info_t *proc;
unsigned long min_fault, maj_fault, vm_swap;
int n;
char buffer[4096];
char path[PATH_MAX];
const char *ptr;
int got_fields = 0;
if (getpgid(pid) == 0)
return 0; /* Kernel thread */