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Boeing 314A real data ===================== Weight limits : take-off 84000 lb (full load), landing 80000 lb (A). Engine limits : - maximum : 37.5 inhg 2300 rpm (1350 hp), at sea level; 35.8 inhg 2300 rpm (1350 hp), at 6200 ft (A). - take-off (2 minutes) : 43.5 inhg 2400 rpm (1600 hp) (A). Airspeed limits : - glide or dive 184 kt true (A). - max 172 kt, cruise 160 kt (D). - Vmax 201 mph [175 kt] at 6200 ft, Vcruise 184 mph [160 kt] at 11000 ft, Vstall 70 mph [61 kt] (C). - maximum 199 mph [173 kt], cruise 184 mph [160 kt] (B) - level flight or climb 155 kt true (A). - flaps extended (40 deg or less) 105 kt true (A). - flaps extended (more than 40 deg) 91 kt true (A). Usable ceiling (A) : Ceiling (ft) Weight (lb) RPM Manifold True IAS Cowl flap De-icers pressure (kt) opening installed ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10000 80000 2300 Full 100 5 degrees yes throttle 9000 84000 2300 Full 102 5 degrees yes throttle Ceiling : - cruise 13400 ft, maximum 19600 ft, climb 562 ft/min (E). - 19600 ft (D). Range : 5200 miles [4500 NM] (B). Operation : - turn : - "If you had to taxi to downwind, on the turn to downwind the wind could get under the upwind wing and tip the plane until the downwind wing dug into the water. In that condition a lot of water could flow into the wing, and once there could flow through the wings and into the fuselage, dousing everyone and everything. That never happened to me but I did hear of such cases. When we faced that situation we would have several of the crew walk into the upwind wing out to the outer nacelle, to provide balance during the turn." (F). - the 314 water rudder, too small for its weight, was unsatisfactory (L). - cruise : - "One sets up the cruise at 117 mph [102 kt], until 135 mph [117 kt] as one burns off gas. They were never anywhere near the advertised max cruise of 193 mph [168 kt] : KSFO - PHNL [2080 NM] at an average speed of 126 mph [109 kt], 16 hours depending of wind" (F). - landing : - 70-75 mph [61-65 kt] (F). - the 314 had unstable skipping, which has been corrected (A-314) by moving the step aft, to increase the angle between forebody and afterbody, and reduce the suction (M). Comparison of 314 with 314A =========================== Weight limits : take-off 82500 lb (full load) (D). Engine at 1550 hp, slightly smaller propeller (A). Airspeed limits : max 167 kt, cruise 158 kt (D). Ceiling : 13400 ft (D). Range : 3500 miles [3000 NM] (B). 314 real schedule (H) ================= In 1939, France was GMT-0, and one must suppose that Ireland was GMT-1. Eastbound flights are longer because of westerly winds. Probably not direct, Lisbon - Marseille is slower. Departure Arrival Lag Westbound Eastbound Distance Leg Speed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Port Washington NY Shediac NB 1 h 4h 4h 510 NM KLGA CYQM 128 kt Shediac NB Botwood NF 0 h 3h 3h 410 NM CYQM CCP2 137 kt Botwood NF Foynes Ireland 3 h 11h30 16h30 1740 NM CCP2 EINN 151/105 kt Foynes Ireland Southampton UK 1 h 2h30 2h30 300 NM EINN EGHI 120 kt Port Washington NY Horta Azores 3 h 16h 20h 2070 NM KLGA LPHR 129/104 kt Horta Azores Lisbon Portugal 2 h 7h 7h 920 NM LPHR LPPT 131 kt Lisbon Portugal Marseille France 0 h 8h 8h 705 NM LPPT LFML 88 kt Baltimore ND Port Washington NY 0 h 1h30 1h30 160 NM KBWI KLGA 107 kt Port Washington NY Bermuda Island 1 h 5h 5h30 670 NM KLGA TXKF 134/122 kt 314A ops ======== - parking : - 700 RPM. - adjust altimeter. - align gyro with magnetic compass. - taxi : - low pitch. - turn with throttle on 1 outboard engine. - take-off : - flaps 1/3, full throttle 2400 RPM. - lift off between 80 kt (full load) and 60 kt (empty load). - long (less than 6000 ft) because of water drag. - climb : - retract flaps before 105 kt. - reduce to 37.5 inhg (throttle), 2300 RPM. - 150 kt (full), 160 kt (empty). - cruise : - economic : 102 kt at 9000 ft (full load), 117 kt at 13400 ft (empty load). - maximum : 160 kt, 2300 RPM 37.5 inhg (min pitch, min mixture). - navigation : - align gyro with magnetic compass. - listen in four course radio range of destination. - descent : - idle, max pitch. - increase mixture with decreasing altitude. - approach : flaps 1/3 below 105 kt. - landing : - align at 1500 ft, flaps 2/3 below 105 kt. - at 1000 ft, full flaps below 90 kt. - touch down behind the step, between 60 kt (empty load) and 75 kt (full load). - short because of water drag. - stop : 700 RPM, shutdown 2 or 4 engines. Installation ============ Fuel load --------- - default is maximum landing weight, 80000 lb. - for alternate load, press "= f" (saved on exit in aircraft-data). Mooring ------- - at startup, the seaplane is moved to its moorage (if any in Nasal/Boeing314-route.xml), keeping the tower view. To disable, see "= c". - for alternate moorages, press "= m". Sounds ------ - see Sounds/Boeing314-b17-sound.xml to install B17 sounds (recommended). - voice callouts requires Festival (festival --server in a separate shell), set /sim/sound/voices/enabled to true; to see the text of callouts, press "shift-F12" (saved on exit in aircraft-data). Known compatibility ------------------- 2016.1.1 : minimal version. Keyboard ======== Views ----- - "ctrl-D" : "D"ock view (terminal). - "ctrl-E" : "E"ngineer view. - "ctrl-K" : observer view (floating). - "ctrl-L" : boat view ("L"anding). - "ctrl-N" : "N"avigator view (floating). - "ctrl-O" : radi"O" view. - "ctrl-T" : Boat view ("T"ake off). - "ctrl-U" : celestial view (floating). - "shift-ctrl-U" : point sextant towards polaris star or southern cross. - "shift-ctrl-V" : restore view pitch. - "shift-ctrl-X" : restore floating view. - "ctrl-Y" : copilot view. Virtual crew ------------ - "ctrl-Q" : virtual crew. - "ctrl-W" : "W"ind check (voice). - "shift-F12" : show crew text. Unchanged behaviour ------------------- - "ctrl-H" : "H"eading hold. - "s" : "s"tarter until slightly below 500 RPM. When unable to start the engine, increase the throttle beforehand, or when releasing the starter. - "x / X" : zooms in the small fonts. Reset with "ctrl-X". Same behaviour -------------- - "ctrl-A" : "A"ltitude hold. - "ctrl-P" : "P"itch hold. - "S" : "S"waps between Captain and Engineer 2D panels. Improved behaviour ------------------ - "a / A" : speeds up BOTH speed and time (external view until X 10, internal view until X 20). Automatically resets to 1, when above 1000 ft/min. - "b / B" : anchor used as "b"rake (only below 15 kt). - "ctrl-S" : autothrottle (virtual copilot). - "left / : autopilot heading (knob). right" - "up / : increases / decreases pitch hold. down" - "page up / : increases / decreases copilot speed. page down" Alternate behaviour ------------------- - "=" : menu. - "left / : move floating view in width. right" - "up / : move floating view in length. down" - "page up / : move floating view in height. page down" Additional behaviour -------------------- - "q" : "q"uit speed up. - "ctrl up / : increases / decreases pitch hold (slow). ctrl down" - "ctrl up / : move floating view in length (fast). ctrl down" Mouse ===== Autopilot --------- - Heading hold and pitch hold are engaged separately. - Altitude hold and pitch hold disable each other. Four course radio range ----------------------- Four course radio range is emulated by the NDB. NDB only appeared after WWII with the VOR, when they both superseded the four course radio range (I). Ground Direction Finding ------------------------ "The radio operator held the Morse key in transmit mode a minute, while the ground operator took a bearing of the signal" (G) : - input an airport. - call the ground operator, by "= d" : range is limited to 1500 miles [1300 NM] (G)(J). - within a delay of 2 minutes, the radio returns on a paper the magnetic heading towards the airport. Starting with the Sextant ------------------------- Swap to sextant view, by pressing "ctrl-T" : - activate the yellow hotspots, by pressing "ctrl-C" : the sextant should be visible, down at the right of the seat, in stowed position. - take the sextant, by clicking one of the 2 cylindrical handles on its side. - enter the sextant view, by clicking its eyepiece. - increase field of view, by pressing "shift-X", until a notched knob is visible on the upper left. - increase the bubble size to the maximum, by clicking this notched (bubble) knob : it is normal that the bubble remains out of view. - look at the celestial pole (polaris star in northern hemisphere), by pressing "shift-ctrl-T". - click the cylindrical (altitude) knob on the upper right, to move by step of 10 degrees, until the bubble enters the eyepiece : altitude-deg (on the lower left corner) should show the local latitude, at +/- 10 degrees. See Instruments/BubbleSextant/README. Virtual copilot =============== - he aligns gyro with magnetic compass. - he adjusts ADF to tower. - he can hold the throttle. - he is never the pilot in command. Consumption =========== Maximum speed 2300 RPM (full throttle, min pitch, min mixture), for 1 engine : - full load, > 170 kt 86 gallons/h at 9000 ft (J = 1.05). - empty load, > 160 kt 76 gallons/h at 13400 ft (J = 1.08). Cruise speed 160 kt (max pitch, min mixture), for 1 engine : - full load 2200 RPM, 74 gallons/h at 9000 ft (J = 1.02). - empty load 2300 RPM, 70 gallons/h at 13400 ft (J = 1.05). Economic speed, 110 kt (max pitch, min mixture), for 1 engine : - full load 1800 RPM, 47 gallons/h at 9000 ft (J = 0.87). - empty load 1700 RPM, 34 gallons/h at 13400 ft (J = 0.97). As the real fuel is 1 US gal = 6 lb (A), multiply by 6.6 / 6 to compare with the real consumption. All with lateral wind. Min mixture : before engine cutoff. Max/min pitch : before influence on RPM. Example ------- KSFO - PHNL, 2080 NM : - at 0h00 zulu (afternoon), takeoff at full load (5171 gallons), heading 237 deg. - average wind 270 deg 15 kt. - cruise starts at 9000 ft 102 kt indicated, +1000 ft + 5 kt every 5 h, to reach 12000 ft 117 kt before arrival. - ground station should be in range after 8 h. - after 16h30, lands in the morning with 1750 gallons, or 8 h : 130 kt average ground speed (112 kt average indicated), at 53 gallons / h. At 160 kt indicated, the cruise will last 2080 NM / 166 kt = 12.5 h. And the remaining fuel will be 5171 - 12.5 x 4 x 72 gallons/h = 1570 gallons or 5h30. JSBSim ====== - real propeller diameter (14.5 ft). - real gear ratio 16:9. - tilt at rest (sponsons). - economic speed (110 kt). - planing over step. - rebound at landing. - anchor. TO DO ===== - make 2D instruments from contemporary aircrafts. TO DO JSBSim (seaplane) ------------- - weathervaning at rest. - hull stability (waterloop) with cross wind (F). Known problems ============== - data are not saved on reinit. Known problems OSG ------------------ The following artefacts are supposed to be solved by OSG : - panels swaping too early. - instrument transparent through layer with alpha (solved by range animation). Known problems FDM ------------------ - above 2400 RPM at takeoff. Secondary problems ================== - the polaris star is barely visible; the southern cross constellation is not visible. - the meaning of instruments is ergonomic guess and historical crosscheck. Secondary problems FDM ---------------------- - negativ pitch at rest. References ========== (A) http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet (FAA certificate, TC704 - 5 february 1941, 314A). (B) http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/m314.html/ (314A) (C) http://history.nasa.gov/SP-468/app-a2.htm (314). (D) http://aeroweb.brooklyn.cuny.edu/locator/manufact/boeing/bng-314.htm/ (Differences 314 / 314A). (E) http://www.flyingclippers.com/B314.html/ (F) http://www.southernoregonwarbirds.org/fa3.html/ (Franck Varnum flew during WWII). (G) http://www.petan.net/aviation/gdf.htm (Marconi Adcock Direction Finder). (H) http://bluegrassairlines.com/bgas/clip01.htm/ (1939 PAAA schedule). (I) http://www.navfltsm.addr.com/ndb-nav-history.htm : (four course radio range). (J) http://www.panam.org/memoirs1.asp (Adcock Direction Finder). (K) http://www.pilotfriend.com/flight_training/frames2/seaplane_main_frame.htm/ (how to fly seaplanes and amphibians). http://www.seaplanes.org/library/govtpubs/AC61-21A.pdf (seaplane operations : like (K) in pdf). (L) http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1947/naca-tn-1387/ : A preliminary correlation of the behavior of water rudders on seaplanes and flying boats, F. W. S. Locke Jr., August 1947. (M) http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/digidoc/report/wr/33/NACA-WR-L-333.PDF (also known as RB-3127) : Notes on the skipping of seaplanes, John B. Parkinson, September 1943. http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/digidoc/report/wr/04/NACA-WR-W-104.PDF : An analysis of the skipping characteristics of some full-size flying boats, F. W. S. Locke Jr., January 1946. 2nd April 2016.