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Lockheed 1049 real data ======================= max takeoff : 120000 lb. max landing : 98500 lb. maximum without fuel : 93500 lb (A). Vne (never exceed) : 293 kt until 11000 ft; then - 11 kt / 2000 ft (A). Vno (normal operation) : 260 kt until 11000 ft, then - 9 kt / 2000 ft (A). Vf (takeoff flaps 60%) : 184 kt (A). Va (maneuvring) : 180 kt (A). Vlo (landing gear operation) : 165 kt (A). Vle (landing gear extension) : 165 kt (A). Vf (approach flaps 66%) : 161 kt (A). Vf (80%) : 153 kt (A). Vf (landing flaps 100%) : 148 kt (A). Engine limits ------------- takeoff (2.75 minutes) : sea level, 54.5 inhg 2900 rpm. at 4500 ft, 52.5 inhg 2900 rpm (A). maximum continuous : sea level, 48.0 inhg 2600 rpm. at 5300 ft, 46.0 inhg 2600 rpm. at 10800 ft, 47.5 inhg 2600 rpm. at 16000 ft, 46.0 inhg 2600 rpm (A). Climb rate : 1125 ft/min (F). Ceiling : 25000 ft (A). Range (max payload) : 1890 NM (E), 1049. Comparison with other 1049s =========================== Cruise : 6000 m [19700 ft] (F). Ceiling : 23200 ft (D). 25000 ft (B)(C). 8500 m [27900 ft] (F). Range (max payload) : 2510 NM (E), 1049C. Range (max fuel) : 4160 NM (B), 1049C. 3450 NM, 16.5 h maximum, 24790 l (C). 3500 NM, 14 h without reserve, 6550 US gal (D). 4760 NM (E), 1049C. The range of 1049 should be 3580 NM = 4760 x (1890 / 2510). Lockheed 1049 ops ================= - take-off : - flaps 1/4, 2900 RPM. - rotation 130 kt (full load), 120 kt (landing load) : raise slowly the nose until the gear lefts the ground (a little nose heavy). - retract gear below 165 kt. - retract flaps below 184 kt. - climb : - always above 180 kt (drag). - reduce throttle to 48 inhg, then reduce pitch to 2600 RPM (engine temperature). - reduce pitch to the lowest RPM (if not enough, reduce throttle), - decrease mixture (highest torque (G) and EGT) with altitude, otherwise engine stops. - above 12500 ft, high blower. - cruise : - 220 kt at 20000 ft, 197 kt at 25000 ft (2600 RPM). - min mixture, min pitch (with stable RPM). - descent : - below 12500 ft, low blower. - approach : - 10 NM at 1500 ft, 2600 RPM. - flaps 1/4 below 184 kt. - gear below 165 kt. - maintain 130 kt. - trim to glide path. - landing : - flaps 1/2 below 161 kt. - flaps 3/4 below 153 kt, full flaps below 148 kt. - maintain 115 kt (landing load), 110 kt (empty load). - trim to glide path. - touch down 110 kt (landing load), 105 kt (empty load). Installation ============ A mouse with 3rd (middle) button, or its emulation (left + right button), is required. Fuel load --------- - default is maximum landing weight, 98500 lb. - for alternate load, press "= f" (saved on exit in aircraft-data). Sounds ------ See Sounds/Lockheed1049-mats-sound.xml to install Constellation sounds (recommended). Known compatibility ------------------- 2016.1.1 : minimum version. Keyboard ======== Views ----- - "ctrl-E" : "E"ngineer view. - "ctrl-K" : Observer view (floating). - "ctrl-L" : Observer 2 view (floating). - "ctrl-N" : "N"avigator view. - "ctrl-O" : radi"O" view. - "shift-ctrl-V" : restore view pitch. - "shift-ctrl-X" : restore floating view. - "ctrl-Y" : Copilot view. Virtual crew ------------ - "ctrl-Q" : virtual crew. Unchanged behaviour ------------------- - "x / X" : zooms in the small fonts. Reset with "ctrl-X". Same behaviour -------------- - "S" : "S"waps between Captain and Engineer 2D panels. - "F12" : radio frequencies. Improved behaviour ------------------ - "a / A" : speeds up BOTH speed and time. Until X 10. Automatically resets to 1, when above 2000 ft/min. - "ctrl-A" : hold "A"ltitude. - "ctrl-H" : toggle autopilot (hold both "H"eading and pitch). - "ctrl-P" : toggle autopilot (hold both heading and "P"itch). - "ctrl-S" : autothrottle (virtual copilot). - "left / : autopilot heading (knob). right" - "up / : increases / decreases pitch hold. down" - "page up / : increases / decreases copilot speed. page down" Alternate behaviour ------------------- - "ctrl-B" : propeller reverse used as "B"rake (not yet implemented by FDM). - "=" : menu. - "left / : move floating view in width. right" - "up / : move floating view in length. down" - "page up / : move floating view in height. page down" Additional behaviour -------------------- - "ctrl-F" : surface control boost. - "f" : "f"ull cockpit (all instruments). - "q" : "q"uit speed up. - "ctrl up / : increases / decreases pitch hold (slow). ctrl down" - "ctrl up / : move floating view in length (fast). ctrl down" Mouse ===== ADF --- To update the frequency of ADF 2 : - press "XFR" on the overhead. - press "ctrl-R" to call the radio menu. When out of range, ADF needle parks at 90 degrees. Cross-feed ---------- To feed an engine with the tanks of another engine, set fully the lever at the bottom. VOR --- When out of range, VOR needle is steady (use light of deviation indicator). Virtual crew ============ Copilot ------- - can hold throttle and follow waypoints. - is never the pilot in command. Engineer -------- - swaps blower. Consumption =========== Cruise speed 2300 RPM (full throttle, min pitch, min mixture), for 1 engine : - full load, 220 kt 130 gallons/h at 20000 ft, 2450 RPM (J = 1.89). - empty load,197 kt 150 gallons/h at 25000 ft, 2450 RPM (J = 1.56). As the real fuel is 1 US gal = 6 lb (A), multiply by 6.6 / 6 to compare with the real consumption. Example ------- KJFK - EHAM , 3200 NM (via CYQM Moncton, CYQX Gander, EINN Shannon) : - at 20h50 zulu (afternoon), takeoff at full load (5954 gallons), heading 85 deg. - tail wind 270 deg 20 kt. - cruise starts at 20000 ft, +1000 ft every 2h. - after 10h15, lands in the morning with 400 gallons or 0h45 (135 gallons/h). EHAM - KJFK , 3200 NM (via EINN Shannon, CYQX Gander, CYQM Moncton) : - at 6h15 zulu (morning), takeoff at full load (5954 gallons), heading 285 deg. - head wind 270 deg 20 kt. - cruise starts at 20000 ft, +1000 ft every 2h. - after 10h, cruises CYQM with 670 gallons at 515 NM from KJFK. - after 12h, run out of fuel at 0h30 of KJFK. JSBSim ====== - real propeller diameter (15.0 ft). - real gear ratio 16:7. TO DO ===== - 3D instruments. - scale instruments on engineer panel. TO DO FDM --------- - reversed propeller : ctrl-B only animates the lights and levers. Known problems ============== - data are not saved on reinit. Known problems autopilot ------------------------ - toggle waypoint following (virtual copilot), only AFTER activation of route, or use "= a". Known problems 3.4.0 autopilot ------------------------------ - on engagement, true heading mode banks into the opposite direction. Known problems FDM ------------------ - cross feed emulation until speed-up X 3, when empty tank. Secondary problems ================== Secondary problems FDM ---------------------- - cylinder head temperature too high. References ========== (A) http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet : (FAA certificate, 6a5 - 14 may 1952). (B) http://cip.physik.uni-wuerzburg.de/~pschirus/aviation/flugzeuge/constellation.phtml : (C) http://www.hars.com.au/fleet/constellation/facts.html : (VH-EAG : 1049F, C-121C). (D) http://www.superconstellation.org/ : (N73544 : 1049F, C-121C). (E) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/general_aviation/read.main/1738757/4/ : (F) http://aviatechno.free.fr/constellation/ : (G) http://www.factorypipe.com/t_brake.php : Power is proportional to RPM and BMEP. 2nd April 2016.