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{"data":[{"id":"cfcd208495d565ef66e7dff9f98764da","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"","title":"The Smart City and its Citizens: Governance and Citizen Participation in Amsterdam Smart City","organization":[""],"authors":["Carlo Francesco Capra"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.igi-global.com/article/the-smart-city-and-its-citizens/144771","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Amsterdam"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Smart cities are associated almost exclusively with modern technology and infrastructure. However, smart cities have the possibility to enhance the involvement and contribution of citizens to urban development. This work explores the role of governance as one of the factors influencing the participation of citizens in smart cities projects. Governance characteristics play a major role in explaining different typologies of citizen participation. Through a focus on Amsterdam Smart City program as a specific case study, this research examines the characteristics of governance that are present in the overall program and within a selected sample of projects, and how they relate to different typologies of citizen participation. The analysis and comprehension of governance characteristics plays a crucial role both for a better understanding and management of citizen participation, especially in complex settings where multiple actors are interacting."},{"id":"c4ca4238a0b923820dcc509a6f75849b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Initial Conditions Matter: Social Capital and Participatory Development","organization":[""],"authors":["Lisa A. Cameron","Susan Olivia","Manisha Shah"],"paper_date":"12/15","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2708376","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":["Asia"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Billions of dollars have been spent on participatory development programs in the developing world. These programs give community members an active decision-making role. Given the emphasis on community involvement, one might expect that the effectiveness of this approach would depend on communities' pre-existing social capital stocks. Using data from a large randomised field experiment of Community-Led Total Sanitation in Indonesia, we find that villages with high initial social capital built toilets and reduced open defecation, resulting in substantial health benefits. In villages with low initial stocks of social capital, the approach was counterproductive – fewer toilets were built than in control communities and social capital suffered."},{"id":"c81e728d9d4c2f636f067f89cc14862c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Why a Nudge is Not Enough: A social identity critique of governanceby stealth","organization":[""],"authors":["Frank Mols","S. Alexander Haslam","Jolanda Jetten","Niklas K. Steffens"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6765.12073/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["Australia"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Policy makers can use four different modes of governance: ‘hierarchy’, ‘markets’, ‘networks’ and ‘persuasion’. In this article, it is argued that ‘nudging’ represents a distinct (fifth) mode of governance. The effectiveness of nudging as a means of bringing about lasting behaviour change is questioned and it is argued that evidence for its success ignores the facts that many successful nudges are not in fact nudges; that there are instances when nudges backfire; and that there may be ethical concerns associated with nudges. Instead, and in contrast to nudging, behaviour change is more likely to be enduring where it involves social identity change and norm internalisation. The article concludes by urging public policy scholars to engage with the social identity literature on ‘social influence’, and the idea that those promoting lasting behaviour change need to engage with people not as individual cognitive misers, but as members of groups whose norms they internalise and enact."},{"id":"eccbc87e4b5ce2fe28308fd9f2a7baf3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Government Data Does Not Mean Data Governance: Lessons Learned from a Public Sector Application Audit","organization":[""],"authors":["Nik Thompson","Ravi Ravindran","Salvatore Nicosia"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15000593","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy","Security"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice","Health"],"region":["Australia"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Public sector agencies routinely store large volumes of information about individuals in the community. The storage and analysis of this information benefits society, as it enables relevant agencies to make better informed decisions and to address the individual's needs more appropriately. Members of the public often assume that the authorities are well equipped to handle personal data; however, due to implementation errors and lack of data governance, this is not always the case. This paper reports on an audit conducted in Western Australia, focusing on findings in the Police Firearms Management System and the Department of Health Information System. In the case of the Police, the audit revealed numerous data protection issues leading the auditors to report that they had no confidence in the accuracy of information on the number of people licensed to possess firearms or the number of licensed firearms. Similarly alarming conclusions were drawn in the Department of Health as auditors found that they could not determine which medical staff member was responsible for clinical data entries made. The paper describes how these issues often do not arise from existing business rules or the technology itself, but a lack of sound data governance. Finally, a discussion section presents key data governance principles and best practices that may guide practitioners involved in data management. These cases highlight the very real data management concerns, and the associated recommendations provide the context to spark further interest in the applied aspects of data protection."},{"id":"a87ff679a2f3e71d9181a67b7542122c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Individiualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement","organization":[""],"authors":["Anika Gauja"],"paper_date":"12/23/2013","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-856X.12035/full?utm_content=buffer3baa6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["Australia","Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article examines the changing nature of the connection between citizens, party members and elites in the creation of party policy through the theoretical prism of individualisation. Using qualitative case studies of recent policy-making initiatives in the Australian Labor Party and the UK Labour Party, the article develops a new model of policy transferal that is not built upon the mass-party model of parliamentary politics, but rather upon organisational evolutions such as community consultations, online participation and supporters' networks. These evolutions, or reforms, typically emphasise the individuality of policy-making and accountability, promote new technologies for facilitating decision-making, and attempt to engage with a new style of politically active citizen. Each of these developments carries implications for how political parties facilitate participation, accountability and responsiveness in modern forms of representative democracy."},{"id":"e4da3b7fbbce2345d7772b0674a318d5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Does transparency matter? Evaluating the governance impacts of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Azerbaijan and Liberia","organization":[""],"authors":["Benjamin K. Sovacoola","Nathan Andrews"],"paper_date":"5/20/2015","url":"http://eiti.org/files/Sovacool%20%26%20Andrews%20%5B2015%5D%20-%20Does%20transparency%20matter%20-%20%20Evaluating%20the%20governance%20impacts%20of%20the%20Extractive%20Industries%20Transparency%20Initiative%20%28EITI%29%20in%20Azerbaijan%20and%20Liberia.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Energy"],"region":["Azerbaijan","Liberia"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has been sold by its advocates as a badly needed way to enhance access to information in the extractive industries sector and improve government accountability. It has also been lauded as enabling energy companies to demonstrate their responsibility and sustainability, enabling countries to attract more foreign investment, and enabling communities to engage in dialogue with national planners over energy issues. In this paper, we ask: does it work? Do countries adhering to EITI standards actually see selected governance metrics improve? To answer this question, this article first briefly summarizes the history of the EITI and details the hypothetical benefits espoused by its supporters. It then proceeds to “test” these benefits by qualitatively assessing the performance of EITI for the first two countries to achieve candidacy, Azerbaijan and Liberia. The paper finds that while the EITI affirms the salience of reliable information and data about the extractive industries, it is difficult to attribute governance improvements casually to the EITI. Moreover, the EITI reveals an inherent paradox about the virtues of transparency and also underscores that much of the damage from mining and hydrocarbon development is socially and economically unavoidable. \n\nDoes transparency matter? Evaluating the governance impacts of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Azerbaijan and Liberia - ResearchGate. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/276365284_Does_transparency_matter_Evaluating_the_governance_impacts_of_the_Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative_%28EITI%29_in_Azerbaijan_and_Liberia [accessed Jul 21, 2015]."},{"id":"1679091c5a880faf6fb5e6087eb1b2dc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smart cities: moving beyond urban cybernetics to tackle wicked problems","organization":[""],"authors":["Robert Goodspeed"],"paper_date":"2/13/2015","url":"http://cjres.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/79","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Brazil"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article makes three related arguments. First, that although many definitions of the smart city have been proposed, corporate promoters say a smart city uses information technology to pursue efficient systems through real-time monitoring and control. Second, this definition is not new and equivalent to the idea of urban cybernetics debated in the 1970s. Third, drawing on a discussion of Rio de Janeiro’s Operations Center, I argue that viewing urban problems as wicked problems allows for more fundamental solutions than urban cybernetics, but requires local innovation and stakeholder participation. Therefore the last section describes institutions for municipal innovation and IT-enabled collaborative planning."},{"id":"8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Teaching Open Data for Social Movements: a Research Strategy","organization":[""],"authors":["Alan Freihof Tygel","Maria Luiza Machado Campos","Celso Alexandre Souza de Alvear"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ci-journal.net/index.php/ciej/article/view/1220/1165","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Design Science","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Social Movements & Activism"],"region":["Brazil"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper describes the methodology and the research associated with the development of an open data course for social movements, in the hope that this approach can be interesting to researchers and practitioners working in the Community Informatics field. In the sections that follow we first picture the open data scene and selected social movements in Brazil (where this research was undertaken); then we present some open data education experiences, and the methodological inspirations and research ideas that led to the development of the open data course. A detailed description of the course is followed by an analysis and synthesis of its outcomes, and conclusions."},{"id":"c9f0f895fb98ab9159f51fd0297e236d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Effects of the Internet on Participation: Study of a Public Policy Referendum in Brazil","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["Paolo Spada","Jonathan Mellon","Tiago Peixoto","Fredrik M. Sjoberg"],"paper_date":"2/26/2015","url":"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/26/090224b082b5d396/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Effects0of0the0referendum0in0Brazil.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Brazil"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Does online voting mobilize citizens who otherwise would not participate? During the annual participatory budgeting vote in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil -- the world's largest -- Internet voters were asked whether they would have participated had there not been an online voting option (i-voting). The study documents an 8.2 percent increase in total turn-out with the introduction of i-voting. In support of the mobilization hypothesis, unique survey data show that i-voting is mainly used by new participants rather than just for convenience by those who were already mobilized. The study also finds that age, gender, income, education, and social media usage are significant predictors of being online-only voters. Technology appears more likely to engage people who are younger, male, of higher income and educational attainment, and more frequent social media users."},{"id":"45c48cce2e2d7fbdea1afc51c7c6ad26","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Confronting the Hype: The Use of Crisis Mapping for Community Development","organization":[""],"authors":["Ana Brandusescu","Renée E. Sieber","Sylvie Jochems"],"paper_date":"5/18/2015","url":"http://con.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/15/1354856515584320.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":["Canada"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crisis mapping has emerged as a method of connecting and empowering citizens during emergencies. This article explores the hyperbole behind crisis mapping as it extends into more long-term or ‘chronic’ community development practices. We critically examined developer issues and participant (i.e. community organization) usage within the context of local communities. We repurposed the predominant crisis mapping platform Crowdmap for three cases of community development in Canadian anglophone and francophone. Our case studies show mixed results about the actual cost of deployment, the results of disintermediation, and local context with the mapping application. Lastly, we discuss the relationship of hype, temporality, and community development as expressed in our cases."},{"id":"d3d9446802a44259755d38e6d163e820","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Developing Together: Investigating best practices for community development and public consultation","organization":[""],"authors":["Jennifer Lawrence"],"paper_date":"4/1/2014","url":"http://trentcentre.ca/documents/public/4458FinalReport.pdf?utm_content=buffer8a279&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Canada"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This investigation was undertaken in order to determine some best practices for\nplanning and conducting public consultations (PC), community engagement (CE) sessions,\nand similar activities. In partnering with the Peterborough Social Planning Council (PSPC)\nand the Peterborough County-City Health Unit (PCCHU) I have complied data on current PC\nand CE practices used by governments and large scale NGOs."},{"id":"6512bd43d9caa6e02c990b0a82652dca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Privacy and Open Government","organization":[""],"authors":["Teresa Scassa"],"paper_date":"6/18/2014","url":"http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/6/2/397/htm","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Canada"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The public-oriented goals of the open government movement promise increased transparency and accountability of governments, enhanced citizen engagement and participation, improved service delivery, economic development and the stimulation of innovation. In part, these goals are to be achieved by making more and more government information public in reusable formats and under open licences. This paper identifies three broad privacy challenges raised by open government. The first is how to balance privacy with transparency and accountability in the context of “public” personal information. The second challenge flows from the disruption of traditional approaches to privacy based on a collapse of the distinctions between public and private sector actors. The third challenge is that of the potential for open government data—even if anonymized—to contribute to the big data environment in which citizens and their activities are increasingly monitored and profiled."},{"id":"c20ad4d76fe97759aa27a0c99bff6710","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Reimagining Governance in Practice: Benchmarking British Columbia’s Citizen Engagement Efforts","organization":["The GovLab"],"authors":["Andrew Young","Christina Rogawski","Sabeel Rahman","Stefaan Verhulst"],"paper_date":"5/1/2013","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2560761","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Canada"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Over the last few years, the Government of British Columbia (Canada) has initiated a variety of practices and policies aimed at providing more legitimate and effective governance. Leveraging advances in technology, the Government of British Columbia (BC) has focused on changing the way it engages with its citizens with the goal of changing the way it seeks input and develops and implements policy. The efforts are part of a broader trend among a wide variety of democratic governments to re-imagine public service and governance. \n\nThe goal of this report is to: Outline and benchmark the current state of the BC Government’s efforts in improving transparency, citizen engagement and streamlined service delivery; Inspire BC officials how to build upon the existing foundation by pointing to worthwhile practices and policies drawn from case studies and reflections of current practitioners and thinkers in the field. \n\nFor this report, we identified two central themes to position BC’s efforts. For each theme, the report provides an account of what BC is currently doing - benchmarking it with other jurisdictions."},{"id":"c51ce410c124a10e0db5e4b97fc2af39","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.gowlings.com/KnowledgeCentre/article.asp?pubID=3916","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Government Information Sharing: Is Data Going Out of the Silos, Into the Mines?","organization":[""],"authors":["Stephanie Perrin","Jennifer Barrigar","Robert Gellman"],"paper_date":"1/1/2015","url":"http://www.oipc.ab.ca/media/389571/Report_Government_Information_Sharing_Jan2015.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Canada"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This research explores government sharing of personal information across ministries and services, or\nwith the private sector for the provision of services. The report reviews material from many sources\non government data sharing activities with a particular focus on privacy. There is no explicit or\nconsensus framework for assessing or evaluating data sharing. While data sharing goes on in\nCanada it does so under the rather antique framework of public sector laws that ill equip privacy\npractitioners to deal with data mining realities of 2014. Meanwhile, there is ongoing discussion how\nor whether privacy expectations need adjustment to reflect the new reality of “big data”."},{"id":"aab3238922bcc25a6f606eb525ffdc56","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Constitutional Conventions in the Digital Era: Lessons from Iceland and Ireland","organization":[""],"authors":["Silvia Suteu"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://iclr.bclawreview.org/files/2015/05/03_suteu.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Canada","Iceland","Ireland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Mechanisms of constitutional development have recently attracted significant attention, specifically, instances where popular involvement was central to the constitutional change. Examples include attempts by British Columbia, the Netherlands, and Ontario at electoral reform, in addition to the more sweeping reforms sought in Iceland and Ireland. Each of these countries’ attempts exemplifies varied innovative avenues to reform involving participatory and partially citizen-led processes aimed at revitalizing politics. The little legal scholarship on these developments has provided an insufficient analytical account of such novel approaches to constitution-making. This Essay seeks to build upon the current descriptive work on constitutional conventions by focusing on the cases of Iceland and Ireland. The Essay further aims to evaluate whether the means undertaken by each country translates into novelty at a more substantive level, namely, the quality of the process and legitimacy of the end product. The Essay proposes standards of direct democratic engagements that adequately fit these new developments and further identifies lessons for participatory constitution-making processes in the digital twenty-first century."},{"id":"9bf31c7ff062936a96d3c8bd1f8f2ff3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Another Tale of Two Cities: Understanding Human Activity Space Using Actively Tracked Cellphone Location Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Yang Xu","Shih-Lung Shaw","Ziliang Zhao","Ling Yin","Feng Lu","Jie Chen","Zhixiang Fang","Quingquan Li"],"paper_date":"2/9/2016","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00045608.2015.1120147","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Geospatial Services"],"region":["China"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Activity space is an important concept in geography. Recent advancements of location-aware technologies have generated many useful spatiotemporal data sets for studying human activity space for large populations. In this article, we use two actively tracked cellphone location data sets that cover a weekday to characterize people's use of space in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China. We introduce three mobility indicators (daily activity range, number of activity anchor points, and frequency of movements) to represent the major determinants of individual activity space. By applying association rules in data mining, we analyze how these indicators of an individual's activity space can be combined with each other to gain insights of mobility patterns in these two cities. We further examine spatiotemporal variations of aggregate mobility patterns in these two cities. Our results reveal some distinctive characteristics of human activity space in these two cities: (1) A high percentage of people in Shenzhen have a relatively short daily activity range, whereas people in Shanghai exhibit a variety of daily activity ranges; (2) people with more than one activity anchor point tend to travel further but less frequently in Shanghai than in Shenzhen; (3) Shenzhen shows a significant north–south contrast of activity space that reflects its urban structure; and (4) travel distance in both cities is shorter around noon than in regular work hours, and a large percentage of movements around noon are associated with individual home locations. This study indicates the benefits of analyzing actively tracked cellphone location data for gaining insights of human activity space in different cities."},{"id":"c74d97b01eae257e44aa9d5bade97baf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Online Consultation and Governance Reform in Chinese Ministries and Provinces","organization":[""],"authors":["Steven J. Balla","Yuhan Wu"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.lafollette.wisc.edu/images/publications/rule-Balla.pdf?utm_content=bufferbbbcd&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["China"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This research examines the conditions under which Chinese central government ministries and provincial governments implement online consultation, a prominent instrument of governance reform in which officials provide interested parties with opportunities to offer feedback on proposed public policies. The research assembles original data regarding the online consultation practices of more than one hundred central government ministries and provincial governments. The analysis demonstrates that online consultation practices are more developed in provincial governments than central government ministries. Across organizational contexts, online consultation is more advanced in the disclosure of proposed policies than in the circulation of feedback submitted in response to draft laws and regulations. Finally, online consultation is primarily utilized by organizations with substantial resources, as well as organizations operating in environments not characterized by fundamental political sensitivities. These results are consistent with the expectation that although online consultation increases information disclosure and public participation in government decision making, such reforms are indicative not of the end of authoritarianism but rather the resilience of the Chinese Communist Party."},{"id":"70efdf2ec9b086079795c442636b55fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Can Bottom-Up Institutional Reform Improve Service Delivery?","organization":[""],"authors":["Ezequiel Molina"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.iadb.org/en/research-and-data/publication-details,3169.html?pub_id=IDB-WP-513","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Colombia"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article makes three contributions to the literature. First, it provides new evidence of the impact of community monitoring interventions using a unique dataset from the Citizen Visible Audit (CVA) program in Colombia. In particular, this article studies the effect of social audits on citizens’ assessment of service delivery performance. The second contribution is the introduction a theoretical framework to understand the pathway of change, the necessary building blocks that are needed for social audits to be effective. Using this framework, the third contribution of this article is answering the following questions: i) under what conditions do citizens decide to monitor government activity and ii) under what conditions do governments facilitate citizen engagement and become more accountable."},{"id":"6f4922f45568161a8cdf4ad2299f6d23","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Participatory Budgeting in the Dominican Republic: Implications for Agency, Democracy and Development","organization":[""],"authors":["Vasquez Duran","Marie Claire"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/16141?utm_content=buffer95007&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":["Economics"],"region":["Dominican Republic"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This study examines participatory budgeting (PB) as an important kind of citizen participation in the Dominican Republic (DR) and the implications of this recent practice for agency, democracy, and development. PB is a process that intends to drive change with specific outcomes: through deliberative decision-making, ordinary citizens select well-being- and agency-enhancing projects that ideally lead to more local and authentic development. Together with the attainment of these tangible outcomes, valuable subjective states may also come about: people feel more in charge of their own lives, community groups become more collaborative and cooperative, and more and better democracy is fostered. Taking a step forward from previous studies that only focus on PB from an urban planning or public finance perspective, the overall objective of this study is to provide a deeper understanding and assessment of how PB works in the localities under analysis, its association with different measures of agency, the characteristics that drive its success or failure, and its general impact on the lives of individuals and communities. Drawing on normative and policy-based literatures and specifically following an agency-oriented capability approach, this study uses a mixed-methods approach to analyze interview, survey, and direct observations of PB public assemblies, and archival data with respect to the 2013 budget cycle in four DR municipalities. A regression analysis finds that participation in and awareness of PB are both significantly correlated with individuals reporting higher levels of individual and collective agency when compared to non-participants and unaware individuals. These measures of agency are contextualized to the municipal budget-planning cycle. A process tracing analysis concludes that PB is likely, under certain conditions, to increase democratic participation and deliberation. However, due to certain democratic deficits, PB in two DR municipalities does not always increase agency, group cooperative functioning, and good development. Thus, PB must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis because differences in the characteristics of each PB assembly may lead to different outcomes. It is finally argued that rather than condemning democracy because of the failures of the current PB system, we should advance PB's democracy further by improving it in various ways."},{"id":"1f0e3dad99908345f7439f8ffabdffc4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Collaborative approaches to public sector innovation: A scoping study","organization":[""],"authors":["K. Szkuta","R. Pizzicannella","D. Osimo"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596114000615","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In the last 15 years, European countries have invested considerable resources to provide e-government services. Despite of its increasing availability, its level of adoption has not been satisfying. On the other hand, over the last years, coinciding with the web 2.0 trend, the e-government services co-produced by citizens start to appear, often without the support, acknowledgement and even awareness of the government. This trend stems from a well-established tradition of offline co- production of public services, i.e. services provided by the voluntary sector, but brought to an unprecedented scale thanks to the advent of web 2.0. Still, the concept remains not well-defined and its impact is not yet well studied. The paper explores on a limited sets of cases what does it mean to collaboratively deliver online public services; what are the success factors based on the cases under study and what are the incentives for service providers (other than public administration), citizens as users and public administration. The authors propose an ostensive definition of the collaborative delivery of public services: collaborative public services are created and run by government, civil society or by private sector building on the re-use of government data or citizens data. Those services are focused on public goods delivery (e.g. health, education, public transport) and are meant to change the traditional government services by engaging in an open dialogue with public administration about the best way to deliver those services. The analysis of six case studies of innovative collaborative online public services suggests that the online collaborative public service delivery increases its quality with the users׳ growth contrary to the traditional offline service delivery. The study results indicate that the current developers interest lies in delivering complementary services to the government run services rather than substitutive services. The authors propose also the initial list of success factors, enabling conditions, and benefits for all main stakeholders (users, innovators and public administration)."},{"id":"98f13708210194c475687be6106a3b84","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open governance systems: Doing more with more","organization":[""],"authors":["Jeremy Millard"],"paper_date":"9/12/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15300034","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper tackles many of the important issues and discussions taking place in Europe and globally about the future of the public sector and how it can use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to respond innovatively and effectively to some of the acute societal challenges arising from the financial crisis as well as other deeper rooted global problems. These include inequality, poverty, corruption and migration, as well as climate change, loss of habitat and the ageing society. A conceptual framework for open governance systems enabled by ICT is proposed, drawing on evidence and examples from around the world as well as a critical appraisal of both academic and grey literature. The framework constructs a system of open assets, open services and open engagement, and this is used to move the e-government debate forward from a preoccupation with lean and small governments which ‘do more with less’ to examine the potential for open governance systems to also ‘do more with more’. This is achieved by enabling an open government and open public sector, as part of this open governance system, to ‘do more by leveraging more’ of the existing assets and resources across the whole of society, and not just within the public sector, many of which are unrealised and untapped, so in effect are ‘wasted’. The paper argues that efficiencies and productivity improvements are essential at all levels and across all actors, as is maximising both public and private value, but that they must also be seen at the societal level where trade-offs and interactions are required, and not only at the individual actor level."},{"id":"3c59dc048e8850243be8079a5c74d079","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"True Collective Intelligence? A Sketch of a Possible New Field","organization":["MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Geoff Mulgan"],"paper_date":"1/21/2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13347-013-0146-3","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Collective intelligence is much talked about but remains very underdeveloped as a field. There are small pockets in computer science and psychology and fragments in other fields, ranging from economics to biology. New networks and social media also provide a rich source of emerging evidence. However, there are surprisingly few useable theories, and many of the fashionable claims have not stood up to scrutiny. The field of analysis should be how intelligence is organised at large scale—in organisations, cities, nations and networks. The paper sets out some of the potential theoretical building blocks, suggests an experimental and research agenda, shows how it could be analysed within an organisation or business sector and points to the possible intellectual barriers to progress."},{"id":"b6d767d2f8ed5d21a44b0e5886680cb9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Urban technology analysis matrix","organization":[""],"authors":["Pablo Emilio Branchi","Carlos Fernández-Valdivielso","Ignacio Raúl Matías"],"paper_date":"","url":"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/MEQ-02-2014-0026","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Purpose\n– The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for better analyzing the utility and impact of new technologies on smart cities. The authors have designed a tool that will evaluate new technologies according to a three-pronged scoring system that considers the impact on physical space, environmental issues and city residents. The purpose of this tool is to be used by city planners as part of a strategic approach to the implementation of a smart city initiative in order to reduce unnecessary public spending and ensure the optimal allocation of city resources.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\n– The information and communication technologies that manage and transform twenty-first century cities must be reviewed, analyzing their impact on new social behaviors that shape the spaces and means of communication, developing a new methodology and setting the basis for an analysis matrix to score the different and technologies that affect a smart city environment.\n\nResearch limitations/implications\n– Traditional technological scenarios have been challenged, and smart cities have become the center of urban competitiveness. A lack of clarity has been detected in the way of describing what smart cities are, and the authors try to establish a methodology for urban policy makers to do so. As a dynamic process that affects several aspects, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed solution further.\n\nPractical implications\n– After a review of the state-of-the-art, the authors found that there are no existing systems for assessing smart city strategies regarding new, evolving technologies. The methodology attempts to design a simple tool to bring urban developers and policy makers closer to the technology and to have an instrument with which to compare different alternatives before choosing one.\n\nSocial implications\n– Helped by new technologies, citizens are the ones who have the power to define new urban scenarios. For this reason the methodology the authors propose must have citizens and their needs as the ultimate reference, considering all the social, physical and environmental effects on people before selecting a new technology for urban strategies.\n\nOriginality/value\n– This paper fulfills an identified need to study how new technologies could affect urban scenarios before being applied, developing an analysis system in the form of a matrix to be used by urban planners and policy makers to decide how best to use them."},{"id":"37693cfc748049e45d87b8c7d8b9aacd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Nudge and the Law: A European Perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["Alberto Alemanno","Anne-Lise Sibony"],"paper_date":"9/2015","url":"http://www.hartpub.co.uk/books/details.asp?isbn=9781849467322","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Behavioural sciences help refine our understanding of human decision-making. Their insights are immensely relevant for policy-making since public intervention works much better when it targets real people rather than imaginary beings assumed to be perfectly rational. Increasingly, governments around the world are keen to rely on those insights for reshaping public interventions in a wide range of policy areas such as energy, health, financial services and data protection. When policy-making meets behavioural sciences, effective and low-cost regulations can emerge in the form of default rules, smart disclosure and simplification requirements. While behaviourally-informed intervention has a huge potential for policymaking, it also attracts legitimacy and practicability concerns. Nudge and the Law takes a European perspective on those issues and explores the legal implications of the emergent phenomenon of behavioural regulation by focusing on the challenges and opportunities it may offer to EU policy-making and beyond. "},{"id":"1ff1de774005f8da13f42943881c655f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"\nBusiness Models for Open Innovation: Matching Heterogenous Open Innovation Strategies with Business Model Dimensions\n","organization":[""],"authors":["Tina Saebi","Nicolai J. Foss"],"paper_date":"9/9/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2493736","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Economy","Business"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Research on open innovation suggests that companies benefit differentially from adopting open innovation strategies; however, it is unclear why this is so. One possible explanation is that companies’ business models are not attuned to open strategies. Accordingly, we propose a contingency model of open business models by systematically linking open innovation strategies to core business model dimensions, notably the content, structure, governance of transactions. We further illustrate a continuum of open innovativeness, differentiating between four types of open business models. We contribute to the open innovation literature by specifying the conditions under which business models are conducive to the success of open innovation strategies."},{"id":"8e296a067a37563370ded05f5a3bf3ec","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Platform for Closing the Open Data Feedback Loop Based on Web2.0 Functionality","organization":[""],"authors":["Charalampos Alexopoulos","Euripidis Loukis","Yannis Charalabidis"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://microblogging.infodocs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/327-1316-1-PB-1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"One essential element of open data ecosystems concerns their development through feedback loops, discussions and dynamic supplier and user interactions. These user-centric features communicate the users’ needs to the open data community as well to the public sector bodies responsible for data publication. Addressing these needs by the corresponding public sector bodies or even by utilising the power of the community as ENGAGE supports will actually accelerate innovation. However, these elements appear barely to be part of existing open data practices. We conducted a survey which showed that most professional open data users did not know at least one open data infrastructure that enabled five specific types of discussion and feedback mechanisms. The survey showed that much can still be done to improve feedback and discussion on open data infrastructures. In this paper we discuss an open data platform which has started to contribute to filling this gap and present a usage scenario explaining the sequence of the underlined functionality. The discussed ENGAGE open data infrastructure combines functionalities to close the feedback loop and to return information to public authorities for better open data use and publication as well as establishing communication channels between stakeholders. This may effectively lead to the stimulation and facilitation of value generation from open data, as such functionality position the user at the centre of the open data publication process."},{"id":"4e732ced3463d06de0ca9a15b6153677","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Beyond just politics: A systematic literature review of online participation","organization":[""],"authors":["Christoph Lutz","Christian Pieter Hoffmann","Miriam Meckel"],"paper_date":"7/7/2014","url":"http://www.firstmonday.dk/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5260/4094","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents a systematic literature review of the current state–of–research on online participation. The review draws on four databases and is guided by the application of six topical search terms. The analysis strives to differentiate distinct forms of online participation and to identify salient discourses within each research field. We find that research on online participation is highly segregated into specific sub–discourses that reflect disciplinary boundaries. Research on online political participation and civic engagement is identified as the most prominent and extensive research field. Yet research on other forms of participation, such as cultural, business, education and health participation, provides distinct perspectives and valuable insights. We outline both field–specific and common findings and derive propositions for future research."},{"id":"02e74f10e0327ad868d138f2b4fdd6f0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizen Involvment in Local Environmental Governance: A Methodology Combining Human-Centered Design and Living Lab Approaches","organization":[""],"authors":["Sandrine Reiter","Guillaume Gronier","Philippe Valoggia"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.ejeg.com/volume12/issue2","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Nowadays, involving citizens in Local Environmental Governance (LEG) is becoming increasingly important. In order to empower the role of citizen in this context, we propose an approach that relies on the establishment of a physical and intellectual space for shared understanding and collaboration between all stakeholders impacted by an environmental problem (in our case odour emission). Based on the development of an Information Technology (IT) system allowing odour emission measurement as well as the collection of citizen feedback, a Living Lab (LL) approach is being implemented that involves citizens, public authorities, industry and environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs). According to the definition of the European commission, Living Labs are “open innovation environments in real-life settings, in which userdriven innovation is fully integrated within the co-creation process of new services, products and societal infrastructures”. Based on this definition and considering, in our case, citizens as one of the end-users of the IT system, we argue that such an approach will empower their role in local environmental governance. This article presents the method and techniques that will be used in order to set up such a Living Lab. More precisely, we focus here on the first step of this method: defining the components that will support the management of a Living Lab relying on an IT system. This step consists in the identification of the Living Lab stakeholders (citizen, industry, public authorities, NGOs, etc.), including their characteristics, fears, expectations, involvement and engagement regarding the Living Lab. To do this, 2 main approaches are being combined: A Living Lab approach that aims to involve citizens in local Environmental Governance (LEG) design. Use of Human-Centred Design (HCD), to combine IT developments and LL needs, for example Personas methodology and usability test. A Living Lab relies mainly on stakeholders’ involvement in order to build trust and establish a common goal. In this sense, sociologists’ approaches ((Akrich et al. 2006);) bring valuable information on how to mobilise different actors in order to innovate (Actor Network Theory). However, in the innovation process, these approaches are only considering human actors and do not take into account any technological aspects. However, if Living Labs are relying on human actors’ interactions it should also take into account their interactions with the IT system it is based on. In this case, HumanCentred Design (HCD) being an approach that aims to make IT systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, is to be considered as complementary to the sociologists approaches. This article, based on the work performed in the FP7 European project OMNISCIENTIS, presents the theoretical context in which this study takes place as well as the overall methodology."},{"id":"33e75ff09dd601bbe69f351039152189","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Online Participation in Higher Education Decision-making","organization":[""],"authors":["Samuel Bohman","Henrik Hansson","Pooyeh Mobini"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/247","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Survey"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article considers online participation in higher education decision-making using the MyUniversity EU project as a case study. MyUniversity was a pilot designed to provide European universities with a web-based system to empower and involve students and other members of the academic community in the Bologna Process. Thirteen universities in Spain, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Lithuania participated in trials. The study uses data collection methods from across the quantitative and qualitative spectrum: web analytics, online surveys, key performance indicators, interviews, focus groups, participant observation, document studies, and usability evaluations. The results are represented by 10 themes: project design, participation, functionality and usability, impact on decision-making, privacy and trust, institutional resistance, motivational factors, the political, economic, and sociocultural context, language barriers, and moderation and framing. The article ends with a discussion based on the results, including recommendations for future research."},{"id":"6ea9ab1baa0efb9e19094440c317e21b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Parliamentary Information Visualization as a Means for Legislative Transparency and Citizen Empowerment?","organization":[""],"authors":["Aspasia Papaloi","Dimitris Gouscos"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/222","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The objective of this article is to highlight the contribution and importance of parliamentary information visualization (PIV) with a view to legislative transparency and citizen empowerment. The constant appeal for parliamentary openness regarding information on laws and bills and accountability of elected representatives calls for transparency in parliamentary procedures and at several areas of parliamentary informatics, in order to enhance democratic control and re-establish constituents’ trust. On the other hand, the provision of easy to understand and analyze information plays a central role to the achievement of transparency. In this respect, this paper provides an overview of the characteristics and capabilities of information visualization that can contribute to delineating the institutional, but also technical possibilities and constraints of achieving legislative transparency. On the basis of this overview, it is attempted to highlight some causal relationships between parliamentary openness, legislative transparency and parliamentary information visualization, and discuss the potential and limitations of PIV not only in terms of technical solutions but also with respect to human factors and political aspects that need to be considered as further determining the success or failure of PIV efforts. In this line of thought, the concluding section of the article provides a discussion on the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats that can be identified for parliamentary information visualization, as well as on dimensions and specific checkpoints that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of PIV efforts, as regards the end objective of citizen empowerment."},{"id":"34173cb38f07f89ddbebc2ac9128303f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Revolution Delayed: The Impact Open Data on the Fight Against Corruption","organization":[""],"authors":["Lorenzo Segato"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.rissc.it/sites/default/files/images/2015%20TACOD%20REPORT.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The overall objective of this exploratory study is to provide evidence on the results achieved by Open Data, and recommendations for the European Commission and Member States’ authorities, for the implementation of effective anti-corruption strategies based on transparency and openness, to unlock the potential impact of “Open Data revolution” against Corruption.\n\nThe project has explored the legal framework and the status of implementation of Open Data policies in four EU Countries – Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, and Austria. TACOD project has searched for evidence on Open Data role on law enforcement cooperation, anti-corruption initiatives, public campaigns, and investigative journalism against corruption."},{"id":"c16a5320fa475530d9583c34fd356ef5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Smart cities: the state-of-the-art and governance challenge","organization":[""],"authors":["Mark Deakin"],"paper_date":"11/21/2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40604-014-0007-9/fulltext.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Reflecting on the governance of smart cities, the state-of-the-art this paper advances offers a critique of recent city ranking and future Internet accounts of their development. Armed with these critical insights, it goes on to explain smart cities in terms of the social networks, cultural attributes and environmental capacities, vis-a-vis, vital ecologies of the intellectual capital, wealth creation and standards of participatory governance regulating their development. The Triple Helix model which the paper advances to explain these performances in turn suggests that cities are smart when the ICTs of future Internet developments successfully embed the networks society needs for them to not only generate intellectual capital, or create wealth, but also cultivate the environmental capacity, ecology and vitality of those spaces which the direct democracy of their participatory governance open up, add value to and construct."},{"id":"6364d3f0f495b6ab9dcf8d3b5c6e0b01","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Social Network Sites as a Mode to Collect Health Data: A Systematic Review","organization":[""],"authors":["F. Alshaikh","F. Ramzan","S. Rawaf","A. Majeed"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jmir.org/2014/7/e171/","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Background: To date, health research literature has focused on social network sites (SNS) either as tools to deliver health care, to study the effect of these networks on behavior, or to analyze Web health content. Less is known about the effectiveness of these sites as a method for collecting data for health research and the means to use such powerful tools in health research.\nObjective: The objective of this study was to systematically review the available literature and explore the use of SNS as a mode of collecting data for health research. The review aims to answer four questions: Does health research employ SNS as method for collecting data? Is data quality affected by the mode of data collection? What types of participants were reached by SNS? What are the strengths and limitations of SNS?\nMethods: The literature was reviewed systematically in March 2013 by searching the databases MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO, using the Ovid and PubMed interface from 1996 to the third week of March 2013. The search results were examined by 2 reviewers, and exclusion, inclusion, and quality assessment were carried out based on a pre-set protocol.\nResults: The inclusion criteria were met by 10 studies and results were analyzed descriptively to answer the review questions. There were four main results. (1) SNS have been used as a data collection tool by health researchers; all but 1 of the included studies were cross-sectional and quantitative. (2) Data quality indicators that were reported include response rate, cost, timeliness, missing data/completion rate, and validity. However, comparison was carried out only for response rate and cost as it was unclear how other reported indicators were measured. (3) The most targeted population were females and younger people. (4) All studies stated that SNS is an effective recruitment method but that it may introduce a sampling bias.\nConclusions: SNS has a role in health research, but we need to ascertain how to use it effectively without affecting the quality of research. The field of SNS is growing rapidly, and it is necessary to take advantage of the strengths of this tool and to avoid its limitations by effective research design. This review provides an important insight for scholars who plan to conduct research using SNS."},{"id":"182be0c5cdcd5072bb1864cdee4d3d6e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Decalogue of Policy Making 2.0: Results from Analysis of Case Studies \non the Impact of ICT for Governance and Policy Modelling","organization":[""],"authors":["Sotirios Koussouris","Fenareti Lampathaki","Gianluca Misuraca","Panagiotis Kokkinakos","Dimitrios Askounis"],"paper_date":"8/30/2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-08081-9_10","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Despite the availability of a myriad of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based tools and methodologies for supporting governance and the formulation of policies, including modelling expected impacts, these have proved to be unable to cope with the dire challenges of the contemporary society. In this chapter we present the results of the analysis of a set of promising cases researched in order to understand the possible impact of what we define ‘Policy Making 2.0’, which refers to ‘a set of methodologies and technological solutions aimed at enabling better, timely and participative policy-making’. Based on the analysis of these cases we suggest a bouquet of (mostly ICT-related) practical and research recommendations that are relevant to researchers, practitioners and policy makers in order to guide the introduction and implementation of Policy Making 2.0 initiatives. We argue that this ‘decalogue’ of Policy Making 2.0 could be an operational checklist for future research and policy to further explore the potential of ICT tools for governance and policy modelling, so to make next generation policy making more ‘intelligent’ and hopefully able to solve or anticipate the societal challenges we are (and will be) confronted today and in the future."},{"id":"e369853df766fa44e1ed0ff613f563bd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"An In-Depth Analysis of Open Data Portals as an Emerging Public E-Service","organization":[""],"authors":["Martin Lnenicka"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://waset.org/Publication/an-in-depth-analysis-of-open-data-portals-as-an-emerging-public-e-service/10000736","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Governments collect and produce large amounts of data. Increasingly, governments worldwide have started to implement open data initiatives and also launch open data portals to enable the release of these data in open and reusable formats. Therefore, a large number of open data repositories, catalogues and portals have been emerging in the world. The greater availability of interoperable and linkable open government data catalyzes secondary use of such data, so they can be used for building useful applications which leverage their value, allow insight, provide access to government services, and support transparency. The efficient development of successful open data portals makes it necessary to evaluate them systematic, in order to understand them better and assess the various types of value they generate, and identify the required improvements for increasing this value. Thus, the attention of this paper is directed particularly to the field of open data portals. The main aim of this paper is to compare the selected open data portals on the national level using content analysis and propose a new evaluation framework, which further improves the quality of these portals. It also establishes a set of considerations for involving businesses and citizens to create eservices and applications that leverage on the datasets available from these portals."},{"id":"1c383cd30b7c298ab50293adfecb7b18","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Breaking Public Administrations’ Data Silos","organization":[""],"authors":["Raimondo Iemma","Federico Morando","Michele Osella"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/304","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"An open reuse of public data and tools can turn the government into a powerful ‘platform’ also involving external innovators. However, the typical information system of a public agency is not open by design. Several public administrations have started adopting technical solutions to overcome this issue, typically in the form of middleware layers operating as ‘buses’ between data centres and the outside world. Open-DAI is an open source platform designed to expose data as services, directly pulling from legacy databases of the data holder. The platform is the result of an ongoing project funded under the EU ICT PSP call 2011. We present the rationale and features of Open-DAI, also through a comparison with three other open data platforms: the Socrata Open Data portal, CKAN, and ENGAGE."},{"id":"19ca14e7ea6328a42e0eb13d585e4c22","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Policies for a Fair Re-Use of Data: Big Data and the Application of Anonymization Techniques","organization":[""],"authors":["Giuseppe D'Acquisto"],"paper_date":"9/21/2015","url":"http://www.kma.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Group_KMA/prinfws15/Policies_for_a_fair_re-use_of_data.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The legal framework on data protection in Europe sets a high standard with regard to the possible re-use of personal data. Principles like purpose limitation and data minimization challenge the emerging Big Data paradigm, where the \"value\" of data is linked to its somehow still unpredictable potential future uses. Nevertheless, the re-use of data is not impossible, once they are properly anonymized. The EU's Article 29 Working Party published in 2014 an Opinion on the application of anonymization techniques, which can be implemented to enable potential re-use of previously collected data within a framework of safeguards for individuals. The paper reviews the main elements of the Opinion, with a view to the widespread adoption of anonymization policies enabling a fair re-use of data, and gives an overview of the legal and technical aspects related to anonymization, pointing out the many misconceptions on the issue."},{"id":"a5bfc9e07964f8dddeb95fc584cd965d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Nudges to Privacy Behaviour: Exploring an Alternative Approach to Privacy Notices","organization":[""],"authors":["Shara Monteleone","Rene Van Bavel","Nuria Priego Rodriguez","Gabriele Esposito"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC96695/jrc96695.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Design Science","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The report seeks to bring behavioural research methods for privacy to the attention of EU policy-makers. It argues that changes in web interface design can be a useful policy alternative to the traditional 'privacy notice' approach. Specifically, it examines whether web interface design has effect on people's online privacy behaviour through an online experiment (n=3200) in four European countries. Results show that the presence of an anthropomorphic character leads to greater disclosure of personal information, both directly and passively; the presence of a privacy notice leads to greater direct information disclosure. Additional psychological constructs (such as subjects' awareness that they were revealing personal information) were also recorded, and a demographic analysis according to gender, age, education and country of residence carried out."},{"id":"a5771bce93e200c36f7cd9dfd0e5deaa","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Privacy, Security and Data Protection in Smart Cities: a Critical EU Law Perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["Lilian Edwards"],"paper_date":"12/15","url":"http://zenodo.org/record/34501/files/CREATe-Working-Paper-2015-11.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper, drawing on author engagement with smart city development in Glasgow as well as the results of an international conference in the area curated by the author, argues that smart cities combine the three greatest current threats to personal privacy, with which regulation has so far failed to deal effectively; the Internet of Things(IoT) or \"ubiquitous computing\"; \"Big Data\" ; and the Cloud. While these three phenomena have been examined extensively in much privacy literature (particularly the last two), both in the US and EU, the combination is under-explored. Furthermore, US legal literature and solutions (if any) are not simply transferable to the EU because of the US's lack of an omnibus data protection (DP) law. I will discuss how and if EU DP law controls possible threats to personal privacy from smart cities and suggest further research on two possible solutions: one, a mandatory holistic privacy impact assessment (PIA) exercise for smart cities: two, code solutions for flagging the need for, and consequences of, giving consent to collection of data in ambient environments."},{"id":"d67d8ab4f4c10bf22aa353e27879133c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Collective Intelligence in Law Reforms: When the Logic of the Crowds and the Logic of Policymaking Collide","organization":[""],"authors":["Tanja Aitamurto"],"paper_date":"1/4/16","url":"http://thefinnishexperiment.com/2016/01/04/collective-intelligence-in-law-reforms-when-the-logic-of-the-crowds-and-the-logic-of-policymaking-collide/","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"What causes the challenges when crowdsourcing is applied in policymaking? The difficulties are a result of a severe conflict between the logics of the crowds and the logics of policymaking. The paper “Collective Intelligence in Law Reforms: When the Logic of the Crowds and the Logic of Policymaking Collide”, published at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2016) shows how the two virtues of collective intelligence – cognitive diversity and large crowds – turn into perils in crowdsourced policymaking. "},{"id":"d645920e395fedad7bbbed0eca3fe2e0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourced Off-Road Traffic Law Experiment in Finland: Report about idea crowdsourcing and evaluation","organization":[""],"authors":["Tanja Aitamurto","Hélène Landemore","David Lee","Ashish Goel"],"paper_date":"1/2014","url":"http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Goel-Landemore-Crowdsourcing-in-democracy-Crowdsourced-Law-Reform-in-Finland.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Transportation","Law"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report describes a crowdsourced off-road traffic law-making process in Finland, namely idea crowdsourcing for law-reform and idea evaluation. The project was initiated by the Ministry of the Environment of Finland and the Committee for the Future of the Finnish Parliament.\n\nThe project tests crowdsourcing as a method for participatory and direct democracy in an online context. The project goal is to identify ways in which citizens can participate in policy-making online in a meaningful fashion. The goal is also to gather information about such processes, to create knowledge of them, and to share that knowledge for the improvement of governance. Methods for direct and participatory democracy in the recent years have raised much interest both among policy-makers and academics, yet there remains a lack of knowledge and, in particular, empirical evidence about these methods. We hope that our work will contribute to filling that gap."},{"id":"3416a75f4cea9109507cacd8e2f2aefc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing for Participatory Democracies: Efficient Elicitation of Social Choice Functions","organization":[""],"authors":["David Lee","Ashish Goel","Tanja Aitamurto","Hélène Landemore"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://pacscenter.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Goel-Landemore-Crowdsourcing-for-democracy-2014.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We present theoretical and empirical results demon- strating the usefulness of social choice functions in crowdsourcing for participatory democracies. First, we demonstrate the scalability of social choice functions by defining a natural notion of ✏-approximation, and giving algorithms which efficiently elicit such approximations for two prominent social choice functions: the Borda rule and the Condorcet winner. This result circumvents previous prohibitive lower bounds and is surprisingly strong: even if the number of ideas is as large as the number of participants, each participant will only have to make a logarithmic number of comparisons, an expo- nential improvement over the linear number of compar- isons previously needed. Second, we apply these ideas to Finland’s recent off-road traffic law reform, an ex- periment on participatory democracy in real life. This allows us to verify the scaling predicted in our theory and show that the constant involved is also not large. In addition, by collecting data on the time that users take to complete rankings of varying sizes, we observe that eliciting partial rankings can further decrease elicitation time as compared to the common method of eliciting pairwise comparisons."},{"id":"a1d0c6e83f027327d8461063f4ac58a6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data: Google Searches Predict Unemployment in Finland","organization":[""],"authors":["Joonas Tuhkuri"],"paper_date":"8/14/2014","url":"http://ideas.repec.org/p/rif/report/31.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"There are over 3 billion searches globally on Google every day. This report examines whether Google search queries can be used to predict the present and the near future unemployment rate in Finland. Predicting the present and the near future is of interest, as the official records of the state of the economy are published with a delay. To assess the information contained in Google search queries, the report compares a simple predictive model of unemployment to a model that contains a variable, Google Index, formed from Google data. In addition, cross-correlation analysis and Granger-causality tests are performed. Compared to a simple benchmark, Google search queries improve the prediction of the present by 10 % measured by mean absolute error. Moreover, predictions using search terms perform 39 % better over the benchmark for near future unemployment 3 months ahead. Google search queries also tend to improve the prediction accuracy around turning points. The results suggest that Google searches contain useful information of the present and the near future unemployment rate in Finland."},{"id":"17e62166fc8586dfa4d1bc0e1742c08b","related_content":[{"url":"http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/does-crowdsourcing-of-citizen-initiatives-affect-attitudes-towards-democracy/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Does Crowdsourcing Legislation Increase Political Legitimacy? The Case of Avoin Ministeri in Finland","organization":[""],"authors":["Henrik Serup Christensen","Maija Karjalainen","Laura Nurminen"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.80/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Finland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing legislation gives ordinary citizens, rather than political and bureaucratic elites, the chance to cooperate to come up with innovative new policies. By increasing popular involvement, representative democracies hope to restock dwindling reserves of political legitimacy. However, it is still not clear how involvement in legislative decision making affects the attitudes of the participants. It is therefore of central concern to establish whether crowdsourcing can actually help restore political legitimacy by creating more positive attitudes toward the political system. This article contributes to this research agenda by examining the developments in attitudes among the users on the Finnish website Avoin Ministeriö (“Open Ministry”) which orchestrates crowdsourcing of legislation by providing online tools for deliberating ideas for citizens' initiatives. The developments in attitudes are investigated with a two-stage survey of 421 respondents who answered questions concerning political and social attitudes, as well as political activities performed. The results suggest that while crowdsourcing legislation has so far not affected political legitimacy in a positive manner, it has the potential to do so."},{"id":"f7177163c833dff4b38fc8d2872f1ec6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Five design principles for crowdsourced policymaking: Assessing the case of crowdsourced off-road traffic law in Finland","organization":[""],"authors":["Tanja Aitamurto","Hélène Landemore"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://thefinnishexperiment.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/AitamurtoLandemore-final-revisionpdf.pdf?utm_content=buffer2a4e0&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article reports a pioneering case study of a crowdsourced law-reform process in Finland. In the crowdsourcing\nexperiment, the public was invited to contribute to the law-reform process by sharing their knowledge and ideas for\na better policy. This article introduces a normative design framework of five principles for crowdsourced\npolicymaking: inclusiveness, accountability, transparency, modularity, and synthesis. Inclusiveness, accountability,\nand transparency are overarching principles for crowdsourced policymaking. Modularity and synthesis support\nthese overarching principles and are instrumental in achieving the main goals of crowdsourced policymaking,\nnamely, an efficient search for knowledge and democratic deliberation among the participants. These principles\napply to both the design of the process and the medium that the process takes place in, i.e., the technology\nfacilitating crowdsourcing. This article analyzes the design of the crowdsourced off-road traffic law experiment in\nFinland using the five principles described above and provides a future research agenda for examining design\naspects in crowdsourced policymaking."},{"id":"6c8349cc7260ae62e3b1396831a8398f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Exploration, Extraction and ‘Rawification’. The Shaping of Transparency in the Back Rooms of Open Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Jerome Denis","Samuel Goëta"],"paper_date":"2/28/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2403069","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["France"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"With the advent of open data initiatives, raw data has been staged as a crucial element of government transparency. If the consequences of such data-driven transparency have already been discussed, we still don’t know much about its back rooms. What does it mean for an administration to open its data? Following information infrastructure studies, this communication aims to question the modes of existence of raw data in administrations. Drawing on an ethnography of open government data projects in several French administrations, it shows that data are not ready-at-hand resources. Indeed, three kinds of operations are conducted that progressively instantiate open data. The first one is exploration. Where are, and what are, the data within the institution are tough questions, the response to which entails organizational and technical inquiries. The second one is extraction. Data are encapsulated in databases and its release implies a sometimes complex disarticulation process. The third kind of operations is ‘rawification’. It consists in a series of tasks that transforms what used to be indexical professional data into raw data. To become opened, data are (re)formatted, cleaned, ungrounded. Though largely invisible, these operations foreground specific ‘frictions’ that emerge during the sociotechnical shaping of transparency, even before data publication and reuses."},{"id":"d9d4f495e875a2e075a1a4a6e1b9770f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Habermas and the Garants : Narrowing the gap between policy and practice in French organisation – citizen engagement","organization":[""],"authors":["Judy Burnside-Lawry","Carolyne Lee","Sandrine Rui"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://mams.rmit.edu.au/axlu02i2337i1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["France"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article draws on a case study of organisation–citizen engagement during railway infrastructure planning in southwest France, to examine the nature of participatory democracy, both conceptually—as elucidated by Habermas and others—and empirically, as recently practised within the framework of a model established in one democratically governed country. We analyse roles played by the state organisation responsible for building railway infrastructure; the National Commission for Public Debate; and the Garants, who oversee and facilitate the participatory process as laid down by the French law of Public Debate. We conclude by arguing that despite its normative aspects and its lack of provision for analysis of power relations, Habermas’s theory of communicative action can be used to evaluate the quality of organisation–citizen engagement, potentially providing a basis for informing actual models of democratic participation."},{"id":"67c6a1e7ce56d3d6fa748ab6d9af3fd7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Datafication and empowerment: How the open data movement re-articulates notions of democracy, participation, and journalism","organization":[""],"authors":["Stefan Baack"],"paper_date":"7/1/2015","url":"http://bds.sagepub.com/content/2/2/2053951715594634","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Germany"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article shows how activists in the open data movement re-articulate notions of democracy, participation, and journalism by applying practices and values from open source culture to the creation and use of data. Focusing on the Open Knowledge Foundation Germany and drawing from a combination of interviews and content analysis, it argues that this process leads activists to develop new rationalities around datafication that can support the agency of datafied publics. Three modulations of open source are identified: First, by regarding data as a prerequisite for generating knowledge, activists transform the sharing of source code to include the sharing of raw data. Sharing raw data should break the interpretative monopoly of governments and would allow people to make their own interpretation of data about public issues. Second, activists connect this idea to an open and flexible form of representative democracy by applying the open source model of participation to political participation. Third, activists acknowledge that intermediaries are necessary to make raw data accessible to the public. This leads them to an interest in transforming journalism to become an intermediary in this sense. At the same time, they try to act as intermediaries themselves and develop civic technologies to put their ideas into practice. The article concludes with suggesting that the practices and ideas of open data activists are relevant because they illustrate the connection between datafication and open source culture and help to understand how datafication might support the agency of publics and actors outside big government and big business."},{"id":"642e92efb79421734881b53e1e1b18b6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Opening Public Transit Data in Germany","organization":[""],"authors":["Stefan Kaufmann"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://dbis.eprints.uni-ulm.de/1054/1/Kaufmann2014.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["Germany"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open data has been recognized as a valuable resource, and public institutions have taken to publishing their data under open licenses, also in Germany. However, German public transit agencies are still reluctant to publish their schedules as open data. Also, two widely used data exchange formats used in German transit planning are proprietary, with no documentation publicly available. Through this work, one of the proprietary formats was reverse-engineered, and a transformation process into the open GTFS schedule format was developed. This process allowed a partnering transit operator to publish their schedule as open data. Also, through a survey taken with German transit authorities and operators, the prevalence of transit data exchange formats, and reservations concerning open transit data were evaluated. The survey brought a series of issues to light which serve as obstacles for opening up transit data. Addressing the issues found through this work, and partnering with open-minded transit authorities to further develop transit data publishing processes can serve as a foundation for wider adoption of publishing open transit data in Germany."},{"id":"f457c545a9ded88f18ecee47145a72c0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"One way traffic: The open data initiative project and the need for an effective demand side initiative in Ghana","organization":[""],"authors":["Frank L.K. Ohemeng","Kwaku Ofosu-Adarkwa"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15000908","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Ghana"],"type":"journal-article","tools":["Ghana Open Data Initiative"],"github":"","abstract":"In recent years the necessity for governments to develop new public values of openness and transparency, and thereby increase their citizenries' sense of inclusiveness, and their trust in and confidence about their governments, has risen to the point of urgency. The decline of trust in governments, especially in developing countries, has been unprecedented and continuous. A new paradigm that signifies a shift to citizen-driven initiatives over and above state- and market-centric ones calls for innovative thinking that requires openness in government. The need for this new synergy notwithstanding, Open Government cannot be considered truly open unless it also enhances citizen participation and engagement. The Ghana Open Data Initiative (GODI) project strives to create an open data community that will enable government (supply side) and civil society in general (demand side) to exchange data and information. We argue that the GODI is too narrowly focused on the supply side of the project, and suggest that it should generate an even platform to improve interaction between government and citizens to ensure a balance in knowledge sharing with and among all constituencies."},{"id":"c0c7c76d30bd3dcaefc96f40275bdc0a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open collaboration in the public sector: The case of social coding on GitHub","organization":[""],"authors":["Ines Mergel"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15300095","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":["GitHub"],"github":"","abstract":"Open collaboration has evolved as a new form of innovation creation in the public sector. Government organizations are using online platforms to collaborative create or contribute to public sector innovations with the help of external and internal problem solvers. Most recently the U.S. federal government has encouraged agencies to collaboratively create and share open source code on the social coding platform GitHub and allow third parties to share their changes to the code. A community of government employees is using the social coding site GitHub to share open source code for software and website development, distribution of data sets and research results, or to seek input to draft policy documents. Quantitative data extracted from GitHub's application programming interface is used to analyze the collaboration ties between contributors to government repositories and their reuse of digital products developed on GitHub by other government entities in the U.S. federal government. In addition, qualitative interviews with government contributors in this social coding environment provide insights into new forms of co-development of open source digital products in the public sector."},{"id":"2838023a778dfaecdc212708f721b788","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Rethinking Smart Cities From The Ground Up","organization":[""],"authors":["Tom Saunders","Peter Baeck"],"paper_date":"6/18/2015","url":"http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/rethinking-smart-cities-ground","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report tells the stories of cities around the world - from Beijing to Amsterdam, and from London to Jakarta - that are addressing urban challenges by using digital technologies to engage and enable citizens.\n\nKey findings\n\nMany ‘top down’ smart city ideas have failed to deliver on their promise, combining high costs and low returns.\n‘Collaborative technologies’ offer cities another way to make smarter use of resources, smarter ways of collecting data and smarter ways to make decisions.\nCollaborative technologies can also help citizens themselves shape the future of their cities.\nWe have created five recommendations for city government who want to make their cities smarter.\nAs cities bring people together to live, work and play, they amplify their ability to create wealth and ideas. But scale and density also bring acute challenges: how to move around people and things; how to provide energy; how to keep people safe.\n\n‘Smart cities’ offer sensors, ‘big data’ and advanced computing as answers to these challenges, but they have often faced criticism for being too concerned with hardware rather than with people.\n\nIn this report we argue that successful smart cities of the future will combine the best aspects of technology infrastructure while making the most of the growing potential of 'collaborative technologies', technologies that enable greater collaboration between urban communities and between citizens and city governments.\n\nHow will this work in practice? Drawing on examples from all around the world we investigate four emerging methods which are helping city governments engage and enable citizens: the collaborative economy, crowdsourcing data, collective intelligence and crowdfunding.\n\nPolicy recommendations\n\nSet up a civic innovation lab to drive innovation in collaborative technologies.\nUse open data and open platforms to mobilise collective knowledge.\nTake human behaviour as seriously as technology.\nInvest in smart people, not just smart technology.\nSpread the potential of collaborative technologies to all parts of society.\n- See more at: http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/rethinking-smart-cities-ground#sthash.sGS2Tmqa.dpuf"},{"id":"9a1158154dfa42caddbd0694a4e9bdc8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Real-time information about public transport’s position using crowdsourcing","organization":[""],"authors":["Nikos Souliotis","Anargyros Tsadimas","Mara Nikolaidou"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2645807","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["Greece"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Nowadays there is a multitude of mobile and tablet applications being developed in order to facilitate or disrupt every day tasks. Many of these are location based. A technique to serve in providing information and content is crowdsourcing. This technique is based on the public contributing information or resources giving them the opportunity to become both service providers and recipients at the same time.\n\nTaking into account the above and after observing passengers using the public transport system, we came to the conclusion that it would be useful to be able to determine which transport medium (i.e which bus line out of a number running concurrently) is nearer at any given moment. This information allows for better decision making and choice of transportation.\n\nFor this we propose the development of an application to show the position of a selected transport vehicle. The position will be calculated based on geo-tracking provided by passengers boarded on a vehicle. This will allow for real time information to the application users in order to be able to determine their optimal route."},{"id":"d82c8d1619ad8176d665453cfb2e55f0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A Taxonomy of Open Government Data Research Areas and Topics","organization":[""],"authors":["Yannis Charalabidis","Charalampos Alexopoulos","Euripidis Loukis"],"paper_date":"1/4/16","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10919392.2015.1124720","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Greece"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The opening of government data, in order to have both social and economic value generated from them, has attracted the attention and interest of both researchers and practitioners from various disciplines, such as information systems, management sciences, political and social sciences, and law. Despite the rapid growth of this multidisciplinary research domain, which has led to the emergence and continuous evolution of technologies and management approaches for open government data (OGD), a detailed analysis of the specific areas and topics of this research is still missing. In this paper, a detailed taxonomy of research areas and corresponding research topics of the OGD domain is presented: it includes four main research areas (ODG management & policies, infrastructures, interoperability and usage & value), which are further analysed into 35 research topics. An important advantage of this taxonomy, beyond its high level of detail, is that it has been developed through extraction and combination of relevant knowledge from three different kinds of sources: important relevant government policy documents, research literature, and experts. For each of the 35 research topics we have identified, its research literature is summarized and main research objectives and directions are highlighted. Based on the above taxonomy, an extension of the extant OGD lifecycle is advanced; also, under-researched topics that require further research are identified."},{"id":"a684eceee76fc522773286a895bc8436","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"e-Consultation Platforms: Generating or Just Recycling Ideas?","organization":[""],"authors":["Efthimios Tambouris","Anastasia Migotzidou","Konstantinos Tarabanis"],"paper_date":"8/11/2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-22500-5_4","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation","Co-Creation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Greece"],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A number of governments worldwide employ web-based e-consultation platforms to enable stakeholders commenting on draft legislation. Stakeholders’ input includes arguing in favour or against the proposed legislation as well as proposing alternative ideas. In this paper, we empirically investigate the relationship between the volume of contributions in these platforms and the amount of new ideas that are generated. This enables us to determine whether participants in such platforms keep generating new ideas or just recycle a finite number of ideas. We capitalised on argumentation models to code and analyse a large number of draft law consultations published in opengov.gr, the official e-consultation platform for draft legislation in Greece. Our results suggest that as the number of posts grows, the number of new ideas continues to increase. The results of this study improve our understanding of the dynamics of these consultations and enable us to design better platforms."},{"id":"b53b3a3d6ab90ce0268229151c9bde11","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Social Network Targeting to Maximise Population Behaviour Change: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial","organization":[""],"authors":["David A. Kim","Alison R. Hwong","Derek Stafford","D. Alex Hughes","A. James O'Malley","James H. Fowler","Nicholas A. Christakis"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)60095-2/fulltext","taxonomy":{"category":["Expert Networking","Data Analysis","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Randomized Controlled Trial"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["Honduras"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Information and behaviour can spread through interpersonal ties. By targeting influential individuals, health interventions that harness the distributive properties of social networks could be made more effective and efficient than those that do not. Our aim was to assess which targeting methods produce the greatest cascades or spillover effects and hence maximise population-level behaviour change.\n\nIn this cluster randomised trial, participants were recruited from villages of the Department of Lempira, Honduras. We blocked villages on the basis of network size, socioeconomic status, and baseline rates of water purification, for delivery of two public health interventions: chlorine for water purification and multivitamins for micronutrient deficiencies. "},{"id":"9f61408e3afb633e50cdf1b20de6f466","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A multi-source dataset of urban life in the city of Milan and the Province of Trentino","organization":[""],"authors":["Gianni Barlacchi","Maco De Nadai","Roberto Larcher","Antonio Casella","Christiana Chitic","Giovanni Torrisi","Fabrizio Antonelli","Alessandro Vespignani","Alex Pentland","Bruno Lepri"],"paper_date":"10/27/2015","url":"http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201555","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Design Science"]},"sector":["Energy","Transportation","Weather"],"region":["Italy"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The study of socio-technical systems has been revolutionized by the unprecedented amount of digital records that are constantly being produced by human activities such as accessing Internet services, using mobile devices, and consuming energy and knowledge. In this paper, we describe the richest open multi-source dataset ever released on two geographical areas. The dataset is composed of telecommunications, weather, news, social networks and electricity data from the city of Milan and the Province of Trentino. The unique multi-source composition of the dataset makes it an ideal testbed for methodologies and approaches aimed at tackling a wide range of problems including energy consumption, mobility planning, tourist and migrant flows, urban structures and interactions, event detection, urban well-being and many others."},{"id":"72b32a1f754ba1c09b3695e0cb6cde7f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Managerial Governance and Transparency in Public Sector to Improve Services for Citizens and Companies","organization":[""],"authors":["Nunzio Casalino","Peter Bednar"],"paper_date":"1/1/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2578142","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Italy"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Recent debate and associated initiatives dealing with public sector innovation have mainly aimed at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the delivery of public services and improved transparency and user friendliness. Beyond typical administrative reforms, innovation is expected to help address societal challenges such as the aging population, inclusion, health care, education, public safety, environment and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The public sector consists of a complex open system of organizations with various tasks. Therefore, decision-making can be slower than in the private sector because of large chains of command. Innovations here will often have an impact across this complex organizational structure, and thus must be supported by a robust strategy. To strengthen democracy, promote government efficiency and effectiveness, discourage wastes and misuses of government resources, public administrations have to promote a new stronger level of openness in government. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe an innovative approach for the governance of public systems and services, currently applied in the Italian public administration domain, which could be easily replicated in other countries as well. Two initiatives, to collect and provide relevant public information gathered from different and heterogeneous public organizations, to improve government processes and increase quality of services for citizens and companies, are described. The cases adopted have been validated through a Case Studies approach involving the Italian Agency for the public administration digitalization to understand new e-government scenarios within the context of governmental reforms heavily influenced by the principles of Open Government Model."},{"id":"66f041e16a60928b05a7e228a89c3799","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Assessing Social Value in Open Data Initiatives: A Framework","organization":[""],"authors":["Gianluigi Viscusi","Marco Castelli","Carlo Batini"],"paper_date":"8/19/2014","url":"http://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/6/3/498/htm","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Italy","United Kingdom","Tunisia"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open data initiatives are characterized, in several countries, by a great extension of the number of data sets made available for access by public administrations, constituencies, businesses and other actors, such as journalists, international institutions and academics, to mention a few. However, most of the open data sets rely on selection criteria, based on a technology-driven perspective, rather than a focus on the potential public and social value of data to be published. Several experiences and reports confirm this issue, such as those of the Open Data Census. However, there are also relevant best practices. The goal of this paper is to investigate the different dimensions of a framework suitable to support public administrations, as well as constituencies, in assessing and benchmarking the social value of open data initiatives. The framework is tested on three initiatives, referring to three different countries, Italy, the United Kingdom and Tunisia. The countries have been selected to provide a focus on European and Mediterranean countries, considering also the difference in legal frameworks (civic law vs. common law countries)."},{"id":"093f65e080a295f8076b1c5722a46aa2","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j07Vr1eXWmE","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Why women participate less in civic activity: Evidence from Mali ","organization":[""],"authors":["Jessica Gottlieb"],"paper_date":"8/14/2014","url":"http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Document&id=5809&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=gsdrc&utm_source=newsfeed","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Mali"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper finds that a randomly assigned civic education course in Mali widened the gender gap, when it increased civic activity among men while decreasing that among women. Qualitative evidence reveals mechanisms by which the intervention generated perverse consequences for women."},{"id":"072b030ba126b2f4b2374f342be9ed44","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Social Media and Local Governments: Theory and Practice","organization":[""],"authors":["Mehmet Zahid Sobaci"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319177212","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Social Media","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Mexico","Canada","Australia","Spain","Turkey"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Today, social media have attracted the attention of political actors and administrative institutions to inform citizens as a prerequisite of open and transparent administration, deliver public services, contact stakeholders, revitalize democracy, encourage the cross-agency cooperation, and contribute to knowledge management. In this context, the social media tools can contribute to the emergence of citizen-oriented, open, transparent and participatory public administration. Taking advantage of the opportunities offered by social media is not limited to central government. Local governments deploy internet-based innovative technologies that complement traditional methods in implementing different functions. This book focuses on the relationship between the local governments and social media, deals with the change that social media have caused in the organization, understanding of service provision, performance of local governments and in the relationships between local governments and their partners, and aims to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of the growing use of social media by local governments. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in e-government, public administration, political science, communication, information science, and social media. Government officials and public managers will also find practical use recommendations for social media in several aspects of local governance"},{"id":"7f39f8317fbdb1988ef4c628eba02591","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Budgetary participation and managerial performance: The impact of information and environmental volatility","organization":[""],"authors":["Hasan Almasi","Mohammad Reza Palizdar","Hossein Parsian"],"paper_date":"7/1/2015","url":"http://growingscience.com/beta/msl/2049-budgetary-participation-and-managerial-performance-the-impact-of-information-and-environmental-volatility.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":["Energy"],"region":["Middle East"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The present study investigates the effects of participation of managers in budgeting on their management performance in the Tehran regional electricity company. Variables of this study are participation in budgeting, performance of managers, adequacy of funding and resource allocation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust. The type of research is survey. The study population consists of all middle level managers of Tehran Regional Electricity Company who according to the approved organizational chart were 34 in 2012. The research tool is a questionnaire. Analysis of data collected is accomplished by using the SPSS and smartPLS. The results show a significant correlation between the variables of managers & apos; participation in budgeting and organizational trust, adequacy of funding and resource allocation and job satisfaction, organizational trust of managers on organizational commitment, organizational commitment and competence in the absorption of funding and optimal resource allocation and finally the competence in funding and optimal resource allocation of managers as well as job satisfaction and management performance."},{"id":"44f683a84163b3523afe57c2e008bc8c","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bHxnauWxVA","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Does Twitter Increase Perceived Police Legitimacy?","organization":[""],"authors":["Stephan G. Grimmelikhuijsen","Albert J. Meijer"],"paper_date":"4/20/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/puar.12378/epdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":["Netherlands"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media use has become increasingly popular among police forces. The literature suggests that social media use can increase perceived police legitimacy by enabling transparency and participation. Employing data from a large and representative survey of Dutch citizens (N = 4,492), this article tests whether and how social media use affects perceived legitimacy for a major social media platform, Twitter. A negligible number of citizens engage online with the police, and thus the fi ndings reveal no positive relationship between participation and perceived legitimacy. The article shows that by enhancing transparency, Twitter does increase perceived police legitimacy, albeit to a limited extent. Subsequent analysis of the mechanism shows both an affective and a cognitive path from social media use to legitimacy. Overall, the findings suggest that establishing a direct channel with citizens and using it to communicate successes does help the police strengthen their legitimacy, but only slightly and for a small group of interested citizens."},{"id":"03afdbd66e7929b125f8597834fa83a4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Data democracy increased supply of geospatial information and expanded participatory processes in the production of data","organization":[""],"authors":["Max Craglia","Lea Shanley"],"paper_date":"1/13/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17538947.2015.1008214","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence","Data Analysis","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Geospatial Services"],"region":["North America"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The global landscape in the supply, co-creation and use of geospatial data is changing very rapidly with new satellites, sensors and mobile devices reconfiguring the traditional lines of demand and supply and the number of actors involved. In this paper we chart some of these technology-led developments and then focus on the opportunities they have created for the increased participation of the public in generating and contributing information for a wide range of uses, scientific and non. Not all this information is open or geospatial, but sufficiently large portions of it are to make it one of the most significant phenomena of the last decade. In fact, we argue that while satellite and sensors have exponentially increased the volumes of geospatial information available, the participation of the public is transformative because it expands the range of participants and stakeholders in society using and producing geospatial information, with opportunities for more direct participation in science, politics and social action."},{"id":"ea5d2f1c4608232e07d3aa3d998e5135","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Gender Gaps in Civic and Political Participation in Latin America","organization":[""],"authors":["Rosario Espinal","Shanyang Zhao"],"paper_date":"2/10/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00262.x/abstract;jsessionid=DC4BEFFBE6E590F6C8324697CBB8DBD2.f02t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false&utm_content=buffer7497f&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Latin America"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article examines whether there is gender segmentation in civic participation in Latin America, and whether such segmentation is related to gender differences in political participation. Confirming the findings of other studies, this analysis indicates that there is gender segmentation in civic associational activities, and that men are more involved than women in political activities, except for voting. Among those involved in civic activities, however, women attend meetings more often than men or about equally in all types of activities under consideration, except for sports and recreational pursuits. This highlights the need to differentiate between type and intensity of civic participation and provides empirical evidence that Latin American women have strong community ties through a variety of organizations. The regression analysis shows that civic engagement has a positive effect on political participation but that the magnitude of that effect varies by gender depending on the activity."},{"id":"fc490ca45c00b1249bbe3554a4fdf6fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Government as a Platform: A Historical and Architectural Analysis","organization":[""],"authors":["Bendik Bygstad","Francis D'Silva"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ojs.bibsys.no/index.php/Nokobit/article/viewFile/262/226","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Norway"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"\rA national administration is dependent on its archives and registers, for many purposes, such as tax collection, enforcement of law, economic governance, and welfare services. Today, these services are based on large digital infrastructures, which grow organically in volume and scope. Building on a critical realist approach we investigate a particularly successful infrastructure in Norway called Altinn, and ask: what are the evolutionary mechanisms for a successful “government as a platform”?\r\n\nWe frame our study with two perspectives; a historical institutional perspective that traces the roots of Altinn back to the Middle Ages, and an architectural perspective that allows for a more detailed analysis of the consequences of digitalization and the role of platforms. We offer two insights from our study: we identify three evolutionary mechanisms of national registers, and we discuss a future scenario of government platforms as “digital commons”."},{"id":"3295c76acbf4caaed33c36b1b5fc2cb1","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowd Sourced Legislation and Politics: The Legitimacy of Constitutional Deliberation in Romania","organization":[""],"authors":["Sergiu Gherghina","Sergiu Miscoiu"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2691938","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Romania"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Constitutional reform is a tedious process that requires long periods of time, a relatively broad consensus among the political actors, and often needs popular approval. In spite of these, Romania changed its constitution once (2003) and witnessed several unsuccessful revisions. The most recent attempt, in 2013, has introduced the deliberative dimension in the form of a constitutional forum. This article investigates the legitimacy of this deliberative practice using a tri-dimensional approach: input, throughput, and output legitimacy. Our qualitative study relying on direct observation and secondary data analysis concludes that while input and throughput legitimacy were achieved to great extent, the output legitimacy was low."},{"id":"735b90b4568125ed6c3f678819b6e058","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Does Participatory Budgeting Improve Decentralized Public Service Delivery?","organization":[""],"authors":["Diether W. Beuermann","Maria Amelina"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/6699?locale-attribute=en","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Russia"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper provides the first experimental evaluation of the participatory budgeting model showing that it increased public participation in the process of public decision making, increased local tax revenues collection, channeled larger fractions of public budgets to services stated as top priorities by citizens, and increased satisfaction levels with public services. These effects, however, were found only when the model was implemented in already-mature administratively and politically decentralized local governments. The findings highlight the importance of initial conditions with respect to the decentralization context for the success of participatory governance. - See more at: http://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/6699?locale-attribute=en#sthash.CjXBEQ5C.dpuf"},{"id":"a3f390d88e4c41f2747bfa2f1b5f87db","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Does Participatory Budgeting Improve Decentralized Public Service Delivery?","organization":[""],"authors":["Diether W. Beuermann","Maria Amelina"],"paper_date":"11/1/2014","url":"http://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/6699/Does-Participatory-Budgeting-Improve-Decentralized-Public-Service-Delivery.pdf?sequence=","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Russia"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper provides the first experimental evaluation of the participatory\nbudgeting model showing that it increased public participation in the process of\npublic decision making, increased local tax revenues collection, channeled larger\nfractions of public budgets to services stated as top priorities by citizens, and\nincreased satisfaction levels with public services. These effects, however, were\nfound only when the model was implemented in already-mature administratively\nand politically decentralized local governments. The findings highlight the\nimportance of initial conditions with respect to the decentralization context for the\nsuccess of participatory governance."},{"id":"14bfa6bb14875e45bba028a21ed38046","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Viscous Open Data: The Roles of Intermediaries in an Open Data Ecosystem","organization":[""],"authors":["François van Schalkwyk","Michelle Willmers","Maurice McNaughton"],"paper_date":"10/8/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02681102.2015.1081868","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":["South Africa"],"type":"journal-article","tools":["Emerging Impacts of Open Data in Developing Countries"],"github":"","abstract":"Open data have the potential to improve the governance of universities as public institutions. In addition, open data are likely to increase the quality, efficacy and efficiency of the research and analysis of higher education systems by providing a shared empirical base for critical interrogation and reinterpretation. Drawing on research conducted by the Emerging Impacts of Open Data in Developing Countries project, and using an ecosystems approach, this research paper considers the supply, demand and use of open data as well as the roles of intermediaries in the governance of South African public higher education. It shows that government's higher education database is a closed and isolated data source in the data ecosystem; and that the open data that are made available by government is inaccessible and rarely used. In contrast, government data made available by data intermediaries in the ecosystem are being used by key stakeholders. Intermediaries are found to play several important roles in the ecosystem: (i) they increase the accessibility and utility of data; (ii) they may assume the role of a “keystone species” in a data ecosystem; and (iii) they have the potential to democratize the impacts and use of open data. The article concludes that despite poor data provision by government, the public university governance open data ecosystem has evolved because intermediaries in the ecosystem have reduced the viscosity of government data. Further increasing the fluidity of government open data will improve access and ensure the sustainability of open data supply in the ecosystem."},{"id":"7cbbc409ec990f19c78c75bd1e06f215","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Supply-Side Variants in the Supply of Open Data in University Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["François van Schalkwyk"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2591948","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":["South Africa"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents the flow of open data using the case of public university governance in South Africa. It reveals two different forms of open data supply from the same closed, government dataset. The paper argues that supply and demand should not be separated in open data research, that the shape of the open data supplied is informed by demand, and that different forms of open data supply may have varying degrees of impact and at different governance system levels."},{"id":"e2c420d928d4bf8ce0ff2ec19b371514","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.opendataresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/UCT%20A1%20Poster%20for%20Berlin%20PRINT%20%281%29.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data in the Governance of South African Higher Education","organization":[""],"authors":["François van Schalkwyk","Michelle Willmers","Laura Czerniewicz"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.opendataresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/Open%20Data%20in%20the%20Governance%20of%20South%20African%20Higher%20Education%20WEB.PDF","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":["South Africa"],"type":"research-report","tools":["Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET)"],"github":"","abstract":"The availability and accessibility of open data has the potential to increase transparency and accountability and, in turn, the potential to improve the governance of universities as public institutions. In addition, it is suggested that open data is likely to increase the quality, efficacy and efficiency of research and analysis of the national higher education system by providing a shared empirical base for critical interrogation and reinterpretation. The Centre for Higher Education Transformation (CHET) has developed an online, open data platform providing institutional-level data on South African higher education. However, other than anecdotal feedback, little is known about how the data is being used. Using CHET as a case study, this project studied the use of the CHET open data initiative by university planners as well as by higher education studies researchers. It did so by considering the supply of and demand for open data as well as the roles of intermediaries in the South African higher education governance ecosystem."},{"id":"32bb90e8976aab5298d5da10fe66f21d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Beating the news' with EMBERS: Forecasting Civil Unrest using Open Source Indicators","organization":[""],"authors":["Naren Ramakrishnan","Patrick Butler","Sathappan Muthiah","Nathan Self","Rupinder Khandpur","Parang Saraf","Wei Wang","Jose Cadena","Anil Vullikanti","Gizem Korkmaz","Chris Kuhlman","Achla Marathe","Liang Zhao","Ting Hua","Feng Chen","Chang-Tien Lu","Bert Huang","Aravind Srinivasan","Khoa Trinh","Lise Getoor","Graham Katzy Doyle","Chris Ackermann","Ilya Zavorin","Jim Ford","Kristen Summers","Youssef Fayed","Jaime Arredondo","Dipak Gupta","David Mares"],"paper_date":"2/28/2014","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.7035","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":["South America"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of EMBERS, an automated, 24x7 continuous system for forecasting civil unrest across 10 countries of Latin America using open source indicators such as tweets, news sources, blogs, economic indicators, and other data sources. Unlike retrospective studies, EMBERS has been making forecasts into the future since Nov 2012 which have been (and continue to be) evaluated by an independent T&E team (MITRE). Of note, EMBERS has successfully forecast the uptick and downtick of incidents during the June 2013 protests in Brazil. We outline the system architecture of EMBERS, individual models that leverage specific data sources, and a fusion and suppression engine that supports trading off specific evaluation criteria. EMBERS also provides an audit trail interface that enables the investigation of why specific predictions were made along with the data utilized for forecasting. Through numerous evaluations, we demonstrate the superiority of EMBERS over baserate methods and its capability to forecast significant societal happenings."},{"id":"d2ddea18f00665ce8623e36bd4e3c7c5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smart cities from scratch? a socio-technical perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["Luís Carvalho"],"paper_date":"2/13/2015","url":"http://cjres.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/43","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["South Korea","Portugal"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper argues that contemporary smart city visions based on ITs (information and tele- communication technologies) configure complex socio-technical challenges that can benefit from strategic niche management to foster two key processes: technological learning and societal embedding. Moreover, it studies the extent to which those processes started to unfold in two paradigmatic cases of smart city pilots ‘from scratch’: Songdo (South Korea) and PlanIT Valley (Portugal). The rationale and potentials of the two pilots as arenas for socio-technical experimentation and global niche formation are analysed, as well as the tensions and bottlenecks involved in nurturing socially rich innovation ecosystems and in maintaining social and political support over time."},{"id":"ad61ab143223efbc24c7d2583be69251","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Beyond the participatory process: Consequences in the interaction between civil society and local authorities","organization":[""],"authors":["Manuel Jiménez Sánchez","Patricia García Espín","José Luis Fernández Martínez"],"paper_date":"7/4/2015","url":"http://www.icpublicpolicy.org/conference/file/reponse/1434445172.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Spain"],"type":"article-draft","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This work focuses on the potential consequences of institutional participatory processes in the\ninteraction between civil society and the local government. Our aim is to offer a proposal for\nthe analysis and the operationalization of such effects in the relation of local authorities with\nthe society: do public participatory processes produce any change as they promise from a\nnormative point of view? First, we specified and cluster the potential changes (both structural\nand cultural) in the interaction and offer an analytical proposal for the analysis under three\nhypotheses (the hypothesis of the coral reef effect, the civil society empowerment and the\nshift power relations). Second, we show first (and partial) results of an ongoing research\ncarried out in three Spanish regions and based on six case-studies where, through the use of\nsemi-structured interviews with different actors, we observe actual patterns of change in the\ninteraction between civil society and local authorities."},{"id":"d09bf41544a3365a46c9077ebb5e35c3","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/view/537161/data-fusion-heralds-city-attractiveness-ranking/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Scaling of City Attractiveness for Foreign Visitors Through Big Data of Human Economic and Social Media Activity","organization":[""],"authors":["Stanislav Sobolevsky","Iva Bojic","Alexander Belyi","Izabela Sitko","Bartosz Hawelka","Juan Murillo Arias","Carlo Ratti"],"paper_date":"4/22/2015","url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.06003v1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["Spain"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Scientific studies investigating laws and regularities of human behavior are nowadays increasingly relying on the wealth of widely available digital information produced by human social activity. In this paper we leverage big data created by three different aspects of human activity (i.e., bank card transactions, geotagged photographs and tweets) in Spain for quantifying city attractiveness for the foreign visitors. An important finding of this papers is a strong superlinear scaling of city attractiveness with its population size. The observed scaling exponent stays nearly the same for different ways of defining cities and for different data sources, emphasizing the robustness of our finding. Temporal variation of the scaling exponent is also considered in order to reveal seasonal patterns in the attractiveness."},{"id":"fbd7939d674997cdb4692d34de8633c4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Internet Voting for Expatriates: The Swiss Case","organization":[""],"authors":["Micha Germann","Uwe Serdült"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/302","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Switzerland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In 2008 the first Swiss canton introduced internet voting for expatriates, thus initiating the second phase in Switzerland’s piecemeal i-voting roll-out. More cantons soon followed, and as of this writing expatriates from 12 out of the 26 cantons can vote online. This paper focuses on the second phase involving expatriates. We address three questions at the core of the internet voting research agenda. First, the popularity question: to what extent do expatriates make use of the new online channel? Second, the ‘who’ question: what is the profile of the typical expatriate i-voter? Finally, the turnout question: did the extension of internet voting to the expatriates have an effect on electoral mobilization? Our findings indicate that the online channel is very popular among expatriates, both if compared to other trials in Switzerland itself and internationally. On the other hand, known patterns regarding the profile of i-voters and the effect on mobilization seem to be also replicated in the expatriate trials. Expatriate i-voters tend to be young, male, and there is some evidence of an upper-class bias. Thus, usage of the online channel seems driven by the digital divide also among expatriates. Moreover, we find some evidence that i-voting did not affect electoral mobilization, similarly to trials involving residents."},{"id":"28dd2c7955ce926456240b2ff0100bde","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizens' Use of New Media in Authoritarian Regimes: A Case Study of Uganda","organization":[""],"authors":["Åke Grönlund","Wairagala Wakabi"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/1437/558","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Uganda"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"By subsidizing the costs of civic participation, the use of the Internet use is believed to stimulate participation but there are fears that intensive Internet use causes withdrawal from public life. This paper investigates the connection between the way individuals participate online and offline in authoritarian, low-income regimes, and the nature of eParticipation among citizens in authoritarian regimes such as Uganda. Based on personal interviews with 116 Internet users, the study found that common drivers of eParticipation, such as low cost, security and anonymity are hard to transplant into the offline world for citizens of authoritarian states such as Uganda. Perceived risks of retribution and intimidation for expressing a particular opinion or supporting a political cause mean that citizen-to-citizen participation is the predominant form but still at low levels, while citizen-to-government participation is negligible."},{"id":"35f4a8d465e6e1edc05f3d8ab658c551","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing as a tool for political participation? – the case of Ugandawatch","organization":[""],"authors":["Johan Hellström"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.ijpis.net/ojs/index.php/IJPIS/article/view/131/pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Uganda"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Uganda has democratic deficits where demand for democracy exceeds its supply. As a consequence it is argued that a segment of Ugandans might participate and honour the freedom to speak out, assemble, and associate given new opportunities outside the traditional political channels. With expanded mobile coverage and access to mobile devices and services in mind, and using the concept of open crowdsourcing, the platform UgandaWatch was launched prior to the 2011 general elections with the intention to meet the demand, to offer increased equality of political participation, and to advance efforts toward increased citizen engagement in Uganda. From a community informatics point of view, the study examined how and under what conditions access to ICT tools (mobile devices, networks, and a crowdsourcing platform) can be made usable and useful for people and communities for increased political participation in a given context. By combining the collection and analysis of quantitative (SMS-survey) and qualitative data (focus groups) through a mixed-method approach, this study answers the questions, What are the key factors that influence users’ willingness to use mobile phones and crowdsourcing platforms as a channel for political participation?, and What concerns do users have with respect to using mobile phones and crowdsourcing platforms in the participation process? The study shows that users participated because they hoped it would bring real change to Uganda’s electoral and political landscape, that it was a convenient channel to use (quick and easy) and that confidentiality was assured. The user concerns relate to costs, trust, and safety. Crowdsourcing offers an alternative channel and may substitute or supplement traditional means of political participation. It can increase participation in some groups, including among those who normally do not participate—something that increases equality of political participation in a positive direction."},{"id":"d1fe173d08e959397adf34b1d77e88d7","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.nesta.org.uk/project/collective-intelligence","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Collective Intelligence in Patient Organisations","organization":[""],"authors":["Lydia Nicholas","Stefana Broadbent"],"paper_date":"7/1/2015","url":"http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/collective-intelligence-patient-organisations","taxonomy":{"category":["Expert Networking","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report examines patient organisations’ ever more critical role as knowledge brokers in an increasingly complex, data-rich healthcare system.\nKey findings\n\nPatient organisations are important examples of collective intelligence practiced in challenging conditions with the aim of tackling complex problems.\nWith more long term conditions and multimorbidities, more data, more available options in diagnostics, treatments, and care, knowledge is becoming one of the most critical assets of patients seeking optimal care.\nPatient organisations, working as collectives, are in an excellent position to support the work of translating, assembling and analysing the information involved in healthcare.\nInnovative patient organisations are already supporting the development of peer relationships, driving ambitious research programmes, sharing skills and unlocking the energy and expertise of patients. But they need support from better tools to extend this critical work.\nUnlike many popular examples of collective intelligence such as open source software, people coming to patient organisations are not motivated by pre-existing technical skills, but by urgent personal needs. This makes them a hugely productive site of research.\n\nThe ‘thinking challenges’ patients face are enormous and complex, involving an ever-growing store of medical information, the practical and bureaucratic skills of living with a condition. Many go beyond adherence to understanding and partaking in research.\n\nThe health care system is under strain from increasing demand and resource pressure. The NHS and other healthcare networks have committed to engage and empower patients and support them in developing expertise, enabling them to take a more active role in their own care. But knowledge tools and systems that engage only with individuals tend to exacerbate existing health care divides. Health knowledge work is hard, and requires time and resources.\n\nIn this report we argue that patient organisations have a pivotal role to play in distributing the burden and benefit of knowledge work amongst participants. They need new and better tools to support their work developing connections between the many individuals and institutions of the healthcare system, driving ambitious research programmes, and facilitating peer support.\n\n- See more at: http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/collective-intelligence-patient-organisations#sthash.7pdFEQLH.dpuf"},{"id":"f033ab37c30201f73f142449d037028d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Conceptualizing Open Data ecosystems: A timeline analysis of Open Data development in the UK","organization":[""],"authors":["Maximilian Heimstädt","Fredric Saunderson","Tom Heath"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/96627","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper, we conceptualize Open Data ecosystems by analysing the major stakeholders in the UK. The conceptualization is based on a review of popular Open Data definitions and business ecosystem theories, which we applied to empirical data using a timeline analysis. Our work is informed by a combination of discourse analysis and in-depth interviews, undertaken during the summer of 2013. Drawing on the UK as a best practice example, we identify a set of structural business ecosystem properties: circular flow of resources, sustainability, demand that encourages supply, and dependence developing between suppliers, intermediaries, and users. However, significant gaps and shortcomings are found to remain. Most prominently, demand is not yet fully encouraging supply and actors have yet to experience fully mutual interdependence."},{"id":"43ec517d68b6edd3015b3edc9a11367b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Creating a national citizen engagement process for energy policy","organization":[""],"authors":["Nick Pidgeona","Christina Demski","Catherine Butler","Karen Parkhill","Alexa Spence"],"paper_date":"6/12/2014","url":"http://www.pnas.org/content/111/Supplement_4/13606.short","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Energy"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper examines some of the science communication challenges involved when designing and conducting public deliberation processes on issues of national importance. We take as our illustrative case study a recent research project investigating public values and attitudes toward future energy system change for the United Kingdom. National-level issues such as this are often particularly difficult to engage the public with because of their inherent complexity, derived from multiple interconnected elements and policy frames, extended scales of analysis, and different manifestations of uncertainty. With reference to the energy system project, we discuss ways of meeting a series of science communication challenges arising when engaging the public with national topics, including the need to articulate systems thinking and problem scale, to provide balanced information and policy framings in ways that open up spaces for reflection and deliberation, and the need for varied methods of facilitation and data synthesis that permit access to participants’ broader values. Although resource intensive, national-level deliberation is possible and can produce useful insights both for participants and for science policy."},{"id":"9778d5d219c5080b9a6a17bef029331c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing and regulatory reviews: A new way of challenging red tape in British government?","organization":[""],"authors":["Martin Lodge","Kai Wegrich"],"paper_date":"2/12/2014","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rego.12048/abstract;jsessionid=E40A7A0FAE72C9070DFCC3B5DEAC2357.f01t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Much has been said about the appeal of digital government devices to enhance consultation on rulemaking. This paper explores the most ambitious attempt by the UK central government so far to draw on “crowdsourcing” to consult and act on regulatory reform, the “Red Tape Challenge.” We find that the results of this exercise do not represent any major change to traditional challenges to consultation processes. Instead, we suggest that the extensive institutional arrangements for crowdsourcing were hardly significant in informing actual policy responses: neither the tone of the crowdsourced comments, the direction of the majority views, nor specific comments were seen to matter. Instead, it was processes within the executive that shaped the overall governmental responses to this initiative. The findings, therefore, provoke wider debates about the use of social media in rulemaking and consultation exercises."},{"id":"fe9fc289c3ff0af142b6d3bead98a923","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Police.uk and Data.police.uk: Developing Open Crime and Justice Data for the UK","organization":[""],"authors":["Amanda M Smith","Tom Heath"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jedem.org/index.php/jedem/article/view/326","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper we describe the evolution and development of the police.uk and data.police.uk sites, which publish open data about crime and justice in the UK, and make it accessible and comprehensible to the public. Police.uk has received over 64 million visits (754 million hits) since launching in January 2011. Open crime and justice data represents a key sector in the UK open data landscape, and citizens are keen to engage with the criminal justice system to become more informed about local levels of crime and other policing information. This paper sets out the policing context in the UK, discusses the journey in providing such open data, the processes involved and challenges encountered, and explores possible future developments."},{"id":"68d30a9594728bc39aa24be94b319d21","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Public Participation Organizations and Open Policy: A Constitutional Moment for British Democracy? ","organization":[""],"authors":["Helen Pallett"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://scx.sagepub.com/content/37/6/769.full.pdf+html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Science"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article builds on work in Science and Technology Studies and cognate disciplines concerning the institutionalization of public engagement and participation practices. It describes and analyses ethnographic qualitative research into one “organization of participation,” the UK government–funded Sciencewise program. Sciencewise’s interactions with broader political developments are explored, including the emergence of “open policy” as a key policy object in the UK context. The article considers what the new imaginary of openness means for institutionalized forms of public participation in science policymaking, asking whether this is illustrative of a “constitutional moment” in relations between society and science policymaking."},{"id":"3ef815416f775098fe977004015c6193","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Revolutionising Digital Public Service Delivery: A UK Government Perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["Alan W. Brown","Jerry Fishenden","Mark Thompson"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.blogs.jbs.cam.ac.uk/markthompson/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Digital-Public-Service-Delivery.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"For public sector organizations across the world, the pressures for improved efficiency during the past decades are now accompanied by an equally strong need to revolutionise service delivery to create solutions that better meet citizens’ needs; to develop channels that offer efficiency and increase inclusion to all citizens being served; and to re-invent supply chains to deliver services faster, cheaper, and more effectively. But how do government organisations ensure investment in digital transformation delivers the intended outcomes after earlier “online government” and “e-government” initiatives produced little in terms of significant, sustainable benefits? Here we focus on how digitisation, built on open standards, is transforming the public sector’s relationship with its citizens. This paper provides a perspective of digital change efforts across the UK government as an illustration of the improvements taking place more broadly in the public sector. It provides a vision for the future of our digital world, revealing the symbiotic relationship between organisational change and digitisation, and offering insights into public service delivery in the digital economy"},{"id":"93db85ed909c13838ff95ccfa94cebd9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Smart Devolution","organization":[""],"authors":["Eddie Copeland","Cameron Scott"],"paper_date":"1/15/2016","url":"http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/smart%20cities%20report.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Elected mayors should be required to set up an Office of Data Analytics comprising of small, expert teams tasked with using public and privately held data to create smarter and more productive cities. \n\nA new paper, Smart Devolution, by leading think tank Policy Exchange says that most cities have vast quantities of data that if accessed and used effectively could help improve public services, optimise transport routes, support the growth of small businesses and even prevent cycling accidents. \n\nThe report highlights how every UK city should use the additional powers they receive from Whitehall to replicate New York by employing a small team of data experts to collect and collate information from a range of sources, including councils, emergency services, voluntary organisations, mobile phone networks and payment systems.\n\nThe data teams will provide city mayors with a great opportunity to break down the silos that exist between local authorities and public sector bodies when it comes to unlocking information that could save money and improve the standard of living for the public. "},{"id":"c7e1249ffc03eb9ded908c236bd1996d","related_content":[{"url":"http://images.thegovlab.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/deck-nhs-nov-14-v2-11.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Open Data Era in Health and Social Care","organization":["The GovLab","MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Stefaan Verhulst","Beth Simone Noveck","Robyn Caplan","Kristy Brown","Claudia Paz"],"paper_date":"5/1/2014","url":"http://images.thegovlab.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/nhs-full-report.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"NHS England and The GovLab at New York University have jointly created a blueprint – The Open Data Era in Health and Social Care – to accelerate the use of open data in healthcare settings.\n\nThe blueprint suggests ways to enable a conversation about how the health and care system can maximize the impact of sharing open data through establishing priorities and clear ways of measuring benefits.\n\n"},{"id":"2a38a4a9316c49e5a833517c45d31070","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.rowmaninternational.com/books/the-populist-signal","title":"Summary and Infographics"}],"access":"Open","title":"The Populist Signal","organization":[""],"authors":["Claudia Chwalisz"],"paper_date":"6/11/2015","url":"http://www.policy-network.net/publications_detail.aspx?ID=4918","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Surveys"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The social and economic shifts of the past few decades have hardened the deeply held scepticism and distrust of ‘the establishment’. In an age of historically low party membership, party identification, voter volatility, rising abstentionism and greater individualism, mainstream parties are struggling to be representative. This book is about the turbulent political scene unfolding in Britain and across western Europe. It focuses on why large swathes of voters feel that politics does not work, how this fuels support for insurgent parties and actors, and it investigates the power of democratic innovations. \n\nDrawing on new survey data in the UK, as well as interviews and case studies, the book shows that people are concerned with the process of politics, not merely its performance, and that they have a genuine desire for greater political participation in the decision-making process. These new forms of political engagement should not feel like a threat to formal systems of government, but as much-needed additions that enrich democracy. "},{"id":"7647966b7343c29048673252e490f736","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Third Sector and Online Citizen Empowerment: the Case of mySociety","organization":["mySociety"],"authors":["Rachel Gibson","Marta Cantijoch","Silvia Galandini"],"paper_date":"11/1/2014","url":"http://www.mysociety.org/files/2014/12/manchester.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report is the culmination of a year-long study of the users of mySociety websites. The study\nwas conducted by researchers at the University of Manchester as part of an Economic and Social\nResearch Council funded grant project. The main goal of the study was to better understand how\nindividuals use and can benefit from four main mySociety sites in terms of resolving personal,\ncommunity or wider societal issues and problems. A key supporting aim was to develop a\ntransparent and replicable set of tools for measuring the impact of these sites that would help to\ndevelop a ‘best practice’ for mySociety and other ‘e-democracy’ organizations in evaluating their\nsocietal impact. The report provides a summary of the work we undertook, including a\ndescription of its wider social and academic significance and the key findings we produced. It also\npresents detailed description of how we conducted the research and the innovative combination\nof methodologies that were used to answer the central questions posed. "},{"id":"8613985ec49eb8f757ae6439e879bb2a","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.mysociety.org/2015/11/04/understanding-theyworkforyous-users-without-the-power-of-mind-reading/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"TheyWorkForYou.com: Analysis of users and usage for UK Citizens Online Democracy","organization":["mySociety"],"authors":["Tobias Escher"],"paper_date":"5/1/2011","url":"http://www.mysociety.org/files/2011/06/TheyWorkForYou_research_report-2011-Tobias-Escher1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology","Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"TheyWorkForYou.com is a website that offers rich information on both the members and the proceedings of all parliaments and assemblies in the UK with the exception of Wales but including the House of Lords. The information available includes records of voting behaviour, speeches and expenses by members of the respective parliament or assembly as well as the written proceedings such as debates or written statements. The information available varies depending on the respective parliament or assembly (see Table 1 below) with most detailed information being provided for the Westminster parliament for which debates are not only accessible in text form but also as video coverage. Users have the opportunity to annotate written proceedings or create customised newsfeeds and email alerts for the latest appearances of an individual members as well as email alerts mentioning certain keywords. Last but not least TheyWorkForYou provides a short and uniform URL to every section of parliamentary proceedings to allow easy and precise linking."},{"id":"54229abfcfa5649e7003b83dd4755294","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Urban Data Games: Creating Smart Citizens for Smart Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["Annika Wolff","Gerd Kortuem","Jose Cavero"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://oro.open.ac.uk/42603/2/UDG-Icalt-abridged.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Participation","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A bottom-up approach to smart cities places citizens in an active role of contributing, analysing and interpreting data in pursuit of tackling local urban challenges and building a more sustainable future city. This vision can only be realised if citizens have sufficient data literacy skills and experience of large, complex, messy, ever expanding data sets. Schools typically focus on teaching data handling skills using small, personally collected data sets obtained through scientific experimentation, leading to a gap between what is being taught and what will be needed as big data and analytics become more prevalent. This paper proposes an approach to teaching data literacy in the context of urban innovation tasks, using an idea of Urban Data Games. These are supported by a set of training data and resources that will be used in school trials for exploring the problems people have when dealing with large data and trialling novel approaches for teaching data literacy."},{"id":"92cc227532d17e56e07902b254dfad10","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Privacy in Public Spaces: What Expectations of Privacy Do We Have in Social Media Intelligence?","organization":[""],"authors":["Lilian Edwards","Lachlan Urquhuart"],"paper_date":"12/11/15","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2702426","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper we give a basic introduction to the transition in contemporary surveillance from top down traditional police surveillance to profiling and “pre-crime” methods. We then review in more detail the rise of open source (OSINT) and social media (SOCMINT) intelligence and its use by law enforcement and security authorities. Following this we consider what if any privacy protection is currently given in UK law to SOCMINT. Given the largely negative response to the above question, we analyse what reasonable expectations of privacy there may be for users of public social media, with reference to existing case law on art 8 of the ECHR. Two factors are in particular argued to be supportive of a reasonable expectation of privacy in open public social media communications: first, the failure of many social network users to perceive the environment where they communicate as “public”; and secondly, the impact of search engines (and other automated analytics) on traditional conceptions of structured dossiers as most problematic for state surveillance. Lastly, we conclude that existing law does not provide adequate protection for open SOCMINT and that this will be increasingly significant as more and more personal data is disclosed and collected in public without well-defined expectations of privacy."},{"id":"98dce83da57b0395e163467c9dae521b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Removing barriers for citizen participation to urban innovation","organization":[""],"authors":["Annika Wolff","Daniel Gooch","Umar Mir","Jose Cavero","Gerd Kortuem"],"paper_date":"8/13/2015","url":"http://oro.open.ac.uk/43854/","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The potential of open data as a resource for driving citizen-led urban innovation relies not only on a suitable technical infrastructure but also on the skills and knowledge of the citizens themselves. This paper describes how a smart city project in Milton Keynes, UK, is supporting multiple stages of citizen innovation, from ideation through to citizen-led smart city projects. This approach encounters challenges when engaging with citizens in identifying and implementing data-driven solutions to urban problems. The majority of citizens have little practical experience with the types of data sets that might be availa- ble, nor possess the appropriate skills for their analysis and utilisation for ad- dressing urban issues, or finding novel ways to hack their city. We go on to de- scribe the Urban Data School, which aims to offer a long-term solution to this problem by providing teaching resources around urban data sets aimed at rais- ing the standard of data literacy amongst future generations. Lesson resources that form part of the Urban Data School have been piloted in a primary and two secondary schools in Milton Keynes."},{"id":"f4b9ec30ad9f68f89b29639786cb62ef","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Inside the Nudge Unit: How small changes can make a big difference","organization":[""],"authors":["David Halpern"],"paper_date":"8/27/2015","url":"http://www.penguin.co.uk/books/1108284/inside-the-nudge-unit/9780753551387/","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Behavioural scientist Dr David Halpern heads up Number 10’s ‘Nudge Unit’, the world’s first government institution that uses behavioural economics to examine and influence human behaviour, to ‘nudge’ us into making better decisions. Seemingly small and subtle solutions have led to huge improvements across tax, healthcare, pensions, employment, crime reduction, energy conservation and economic growth."},{"id":"812b4ba287f5ee0bc9d43bbf5bbe87fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Opening access to administrative data for evaluating public servics: The case of the Justice Data Lab","organization":[""],"authors":["Fergus Lyon","Tracey Gyateng","David Prtichard","Prabhat Vaze","Ian Vickers","Nicola Webb"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://evi.sagepub.com/content/21/2/232.full.pdf+html","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":["Justice Data Lab"],"github":"","abstract":"As government administrative data sets are increasingly made available for new (non-administrative) purposes, there is a need to improve access to such resources for voluntary and community organizations, social enterprises and private businesses for statistical analysis and evaluation purposes. The Justice Data Lab set up by the Ministry of Justice in the UK presents an innovative case of how administrative data can be linked to other data held by organizations delivering public services. The establishment of a unit within a secure setting holding evaluation and statistical expertise has enabled providers of programmes aimed at reducing re-offending to obtain evidence on how the impact of their interventions differs from that of a matched comparison group. This article explores the development of the Justice Data Lab, the methodological and other challenges faced, and the experiences of user organizations. The article draws out implications for future development of Data Labs and the use of administrative data for the evaluation of public services."},{"id":"26657d5ff9020d2abefe558796b99584","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Behavioural Science, Randomized Evaluations and the Transformation of Public Policy: The Case of the UK Government","organization":[""],"authors":["Peter John"],"paper_date":"11/2/2015","url":"http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=097121094120023110096029091088076023000008008093019054002070096099087030124106006108098036006047039023098027004096097089077096012044036045000027085103068105079118010090052002095028090013094069064082028093109014099098111098127065015027125106072013101072&EXT=pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper sets out the political and organisational context for the adoption of behaviour change polices, noting how nudge ideas take their place within the standard operating procedures of bureaucracies and in the public arena of debate and advocacy. It suggests that accounts of the emergence of psychological governance need to take account of the way the diffusion of new ideas takes place in a political and public context."},{"id":"e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data Means Business","organization":[""],"authors":["Open Data Institute"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://theodi.org/open-data-means-business","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Pioneering, diverse companies are using open data to create innovative products and services that fill gaps in markets, generate income and bring wide social, environmental and economic benefits.\n\nWe have identified and analysed 270 companies that use, produce or invest in open data as part of their business, through desk research, surveys and interviews about their experiences. The open data companies we studied have an annual turnover of over £92bn, and over 500k employees between them. This shows the scale of open data’s potential value in business."},{"id":"ed3d2c21991e3bef5e069713af9fa6ca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Law is Code: A Software Engineering Approach to Analyzing the United States Code","organization":[""],"authors":["William Li","Pablo Azar","David Larochelle","Phil Hillrew Lo"],"paper_date":"9/21/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2511947","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The agglomeration of rules and regulations over time has produced a body of legal code that no single individual can fully comprehend. This complexity produces inefficiencies, makes the processes of understanding and changing the law difficult, and frustrates the fundamental principle that the law should provide fair notice to the governed. In this article, we take a quantitative, unbiased, and software-engineering approach to analyze the evolution of the United States Code from 1926 to today. Software engineers frequently face the challenge of understanding and managing large, structured collections of instructions, directives, and conditional statements, and we adapt and apply their techniques to the U.S. Code over time. Our work produces insights into the structure of the U.S. Code as a whole, its strengths and vulnerabilities, and new ways of thinking about individual laws. For example, we identify the first appearance and spread of important terms in the U.S. Code like \"whistleblower\" and \"privacy.\" We also analyze and visualize the network structure of certain substantial reforms, including the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and show how the interconnections of references can increase complexity and create the potential for unintended consequences. Our work is a timely illustration of computational approaches to law as the legal profession embraces technology for scholarship, to increase efficiency, and to improve access to justice."},{"id":"ac627ab1ccbdb62ec96e702f07f6425b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A framework for Adoption of Challenges and Prizes in US Federal Agencies: A Study of Early Adopters","organization":[""],"authors":["Claudia A. Louis"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://gradworks.umi.com/37/02/3702328.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In recent years we have witnessed a shift in the innovation landscape of organizations from closed to more open models embracing solutions from the outside. Widespread use of the internet and web 2.0 technologies have made it easier for organizations to connect with their clients, service providers, and the public at large for more collaborative problem solving and innovation. Introduction of the Open Government initiative accompanied by the America Competes Reauthorization Act signaled an unprecedented commitment by the US Federal Government to stimulating more innovation and creativity in problem solving. The policy and legislation empowered agencies to open up their problem solving space beyond their regular pool of contractors in finding solutions to the nation's most complex problems.\n\nThis is an exploratory study of the adoption of challenges as an organizational innovation in public sector organizations. The main objective is to understand and explain how, and under what conditions challenges are being used by federal agencies and departments as a tool to promote innovation. The organizational innovation literature provides the main theoretical foundation for this study, but does not directly address contextual aspects regarding the type of innovation and the type of organization. The guiding framework uses concepts drawn from three literature streams: organizational innovation, open innovation, and public sector innovation.\n\nResearch was conducted using a qualitative case study of challenge.gov. Data was collected from multiple adopting agencies using two primary sources: interviews with challenge managers and administrators and, archival data from the challenge.gov web platform. Related documentation was used to supplement and corroborate the main data. Analysis of the platform archival data revealed four types of challenges falling along a continuum of increasing innovation. The sequence of events, activities and conditions leading to adoption and implementation were represented as a challenge adoption model. Variations among components of the model resulted in three distinct agency groupings represented as a typology of enactments characterized as inertia, application, and change. Thus challenge adoption among agencies with varying missions, operations and conditions leads to varying enactment types and different levels of change."},{"id":"f899139df5e1059396431415e770c6dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A Process Model for Crowdsourcing Design: A Case Study in Citizen Science","organization":[""],"authors":["Kazjon Grace","Mary Lou Maher","Jennifer Preece","Tom Yeh","Abigale Stangle","Carol Boston"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14956-1_14","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing design has been applied in various areas of graphic design, software design, and product design. This paper draws on those experiences and research in diversity, creativity and motivation to present a process model for crowdsourcing experience design. Crowdsourcing experience design for volunteer online communities serves two purposes: to increase the motivation of participants by making them stakeholders in the success of the project, and to increase the creativity of the design by increasing the diversity of expertise beyond experts in experience design. Our process model for crowdsourcing design extends the meta-design architecture, where for online communities is designed to be iteratively re-designed by its users. We describe how our model has been deployed and adapted to a citizen science project where nature preserve visitors can participate in the design of a system called NatureNet. The major contribution of this paper is a model for crowdsourcing experience design and a case study of how we have deployed it for the design and development of NatureNet."},{"id":"38b3eff8baf56627478ec76a704e9b52","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Crowdsourcing medical expertise in near real time","organization":[""],"authors":["Max H. Sims","Jeffrey Bigham","Henry Kautz","Marc W. Halterman"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhm.2204/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Given the pace of discovery in medicine, accessing the literature to make informed decisions at the point of care has become increasingly difficult. Although the Internet creates unprecedented access to information, gaps in the medical literature and inefficient searches often leave healthcare providers' questions unanswered. Advances in social computation and human computer interactions offer a potential solution to this problem. We developed and piloted the mobile application DocCHIRP, which uses a system of point-to-multipoint push notifications designed to help providers problem solve by crowdsourcing from their peers. Over the 244-day pilot period, 85 registered users logged 1544 page views and sent 45 consult questions. The median initial first response from the crowd occurred within 19 minutes. Review of the transcripts revealed several dominant themes, including complex medical decision making and inquiries related to prescription medication use. Feedback from the post-trial survey identified potential hurdles related to medical crowdsourcing, including a reluctance to expose personal knowledge gaps and the potential risk for “distracted doctoring.” Users also suggested program modifications that could support future adoption, including changes to the mobile interface and mechanisms that could expand the crowd of participating healthcare providers.Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:451–456. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine"},{"id":"ec8956637a99787bd197eacd77acce5e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Digilantism: An Analysis of Crowdsourcing and the Boston Marathon Bombings","organization":[""],"authors":["Johnny Nhan","Laura Huey","Ryan Broll"],"paper_date":"12/6/15","url":"http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/12/06/bjc.azv118.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["National Security"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper explores the aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing incident and how members of the general public, through the online community Reddit, attempted to provide assistance to law enforcement through conducting their own parallel investigations. As we document through an analysis of user posts, Reddit members shared information about the investigation, searched for information that would identify the perpetrators and, in some cases, drew on their own expert knowledge to uncover clues concerning key aspects of the attack. Although it is the case that the Reddit cyber-sleuths’ did not ultimately solve this case, or provide significant assistance to the police investigation, their actions suggest the potential role the public could play within security networks."},{"id":"6974ce5ac660610b44d9b9fed0ff9548","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Embracing Crowdsourcing: A Strategy for State and Local Governments Approaching “Whole Community” Emergency Planning","organization":[""],"authors":["Jesse A. Sievers"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://slg.sagepub.com/content/47/1/57.short","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Over the last century, state and local governments have been challenged to keep proactive, emergency planning efforts ahead of the after-the-disaster, response efforts. After moving from decentralized to centralized planning efforts, the most recent policy has returned to the philosophy that a decentralized planning approach is the most effective way to plan for a disaster. In fact, under the Obama administration, a policy of using the “whole community” approach to emergency planning has been adopted. This approach, however, creates an obvious problem for state and local government practitioners already under pressure for funding, time, and the continuous need for higher and broader expertise—the problem of how to actually incorporate the whole community into emergency planning efforts. This article suggests one such approach, crowdsourcing, as an option for local governments. The crowdsourcer-problem-crowd-platform-solution (CPCPS) model is suggested as an initial framework for practitioners seeking a practical application and basic comprehension. The model, discussion, and additional examples in this essay provide a skeletal framework for state and local governments wishing to reach the whole community while under the constraints of time, budget, and technical expertise."},{"id":"c9e1074f5b3f9fc8ea15d152add07294","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Opening Government: Designing Open Innovation Processes to Collaborate With External Problem Solvers","organization":[""],"authors":["Ines Mergel"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/12/11/0894439314560851","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open government initiatives in the U.S. government focus on three main aspects: transparency, participation, and collaboration. Especially the collaboration mandate is relatively unexplored in the literature. In practice, government organizations recognize the need to include external problem solvers into their internal innovation creation processes. This is partly derived from a sense of urgency to improve the efficiency and quality of government service delivery. Another formal driver is the America Competes Act that instructs agencies to search for opportunities to meaningfully promote excellence in technology, education, and science. Government agencies are responding to these requirements by using open innovation (OI) approaches to invite citizens to crowdsource and peer produce solutions to public management problems. These distributed innovation processes occur at all levels of the U.S. government and it is important to understand what design elements are used to create innovative public management ideas. This article systematically reviews existing government crowdsourcing and peer production initiatives and shows that after agencies have defined their public management problem, they go through four different phases of the OI process: (1) idea generation through crowdsourcing, (2) incubation of submitted ideas with peer voting and collaborative improvements of favorite solutions, (3) validation with a proof of concept of implementation possibilities, and (4) reveal of the selected solution and the (internal) implementation of the winning idea. Participation and engagement are incentivized both with monetary and nonmonetary rewards, which lead to tangible solutions as well as intangible innovation outcomes, such as increased public awareness."},{"id":"65b9eea6e1cc6bb9f0cd2a47751a186f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A taxonomy of crowdsourcing based on task complexity","organization":[""],"authors":["Robbie T. Nakatsu","Elissa B. Grossman","Charalambos L. lacovou"],"paper_date":"10/3/2014","url":"http://jis.sagepub.com/content/40/6/823","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Although a great many different crowdsourcing approaches are available to those seeking to accomplish individual or organizational tasks, little research attention has yet been given to characterizing how those approaches might be based on task characteristics. To that end, we conducted an extensive review of the crowdsourcing landscape, including a look at what types of taxonomies are currently available. Our review found that no taxonomy explored the multidimensional nature of task complexity. This paper develops a taxonomy whose specific intent is the classification of approaches in terms of the types of tasks for which they are best suited. To develop this task-based taxonomy, we followed an iterative approach that considered over 100 well-known examples of crowdsourcing. The taxonomy considers three dimensions of task complexity: (a) task structure – is the task well-defined, or does it require a more open-ended solution; (2) task interdependence – can the task be solved by an individual, or does it require a community of problem solvers; and (3) task commitment – what level of commitment is expected from crowd members? Based on this taxonomy, we identify seven categories of crowdsourcing and discuss prototypical examples of each approach. Furnished with such an understanding, one should be able to determine which crowdsourcing approach is most suitable for a particular task situation."},{"id":"f0935e4cd5920aa6c7c996a5ee53a70f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Benchmarking open government: An open data perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["N. Veljković","S. Bogdanović-Dinić","L. Stoimenov"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X14000434","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents a benchmark proposal for the Open Government and its application from the open data perspective using data available on the U.S. government's open data portal (data.gov). The benchmark is developed over the adopted Open Government conceptual model, which describes Open Government through data openness, transparency, participation and collaboration. Resulting in two measures, that is, one known as the e-government openness index (eGovOI) and the other Maturity, the benchmark indicates the progress of government over time, the efficiency of recognizing and implementing new concepts and the willingness of the government to recognize and embrace innovative ideas."},{"id":"a97da629b098b75c294dffdc3e463904","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Big Data and Privacy: Emerging Issues","organization":[""],"authors":["D. E. O'Leary"],"paper_date":"11/5/2015","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7320921","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":["United States"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The goals of big data and privacy are fundamentally opposed to each other. Big data and knowledge discovery are aimed reducing information asymmetries between organizations and the data sources, whereas privacy is aimed at maintaining information asymmetries of data sources. A number of different definitions of privacy are used to investigate some of the tensions between different characteristics of big data and potential privacy concerns. Specifically, the author examines the consequences of unevenness in big data, digital data going from local controlled settings to uncontrolled global settings, privacy effects of reputation monitoring systems, and inferring knowledge from social media. In addition, the author briefly analyzes two other emerging sources of big data: police cameras and stingray for location information."},{"id":"a3c65c2974270fd093ee8a9bf8ae7d0b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"‘Data.gov-in-a-box’: Delimiting transparency","organization":[""],"authors":["Clare Birchall"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://est.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/02/27/1368431014555259.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Given that the Obama administration still relies on many strategies we would think of as sitting on the side of secrecy, it seems that the only lasting transparency legacy of the Obama administration will be data-driven or e-transparency as exemplified by the web interface ‘data.gov’. As the data-driven transparency model is exported and assumes an ascendant position around the globe, it is imperative that we ask what kind of publics, subjects, and indeed, politics it will produce. Open government data is not just a matter concerning accountability but is seen as a necessary component of the new ‘data economy’. To participate and benefit from this info-capitalist-democracy, the data subject is called upon to be both auditor and entrepreneur. This article explores the implications of responsibilization, outsourcing, and commodification on the contract of representational democracy and asks if there are other forms of transparency that might better resist neoliberal formations and re-politicize the public sphere."},{"id":"2723d092b63885e0d7c260cc007e8b9d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A New Source of Data for Public Health Surveillance: Facebook Likes","organization":[""],"authors":["Steven Gittelman","Victor Lange","Carol Gotway Crawford","Catherine Okoro","Eugene Lieb","Satvinder S Dhingra","Elaine Trimarchi"],"paper_date":"","url":"http://www.jmir.org/2015/4/e98/","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Background: Investigation into personal health has become focused on conditions at an increasingly local level, while response rates have declined and complicated the process of collecting data at an individual level. Simultaneously, social media data have exploded in availability and have been shown to correlate with the prevalence of certain health conditions.\n\nObjective: Facebook likes may be a source of digital data that can complement traditional public health surveillance systems and provide data at a local level. We explored the use of Facebook likes as potential predictors of health outcomes and their behavioral determinants.\n\nMethods: We performed principal components and regression analyses to examine the predictive qualities of Facebook likes with regard to mortality, diseases, and lifestyle behaviors in 214 counties across the United States and 61 of 67 counties in Florida. These results were compared with those obtainable from a demographic model. Health data were obtained from both the 2010 and 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and mortality data were obtained from the National Vital Statistics System.\nResults: Facebook likes added significant value in predicting most examined health outcomes and behaviors even when controlling for age, race, and socioeconomic status, with model fit improvements (adjusted R2) of an average of 58% across models for 13 different health-related metrics over basic sociodemographic models. Small area data were not available in sufficient abundance to test the accuracy of the model in estimating health conditions in less populated markets, but initial analysis using data from Florida showed a strong model fit for obesity data (adjusted R2=.77).\n\nConclusions: Facebook likes provide estimates for examined health outcomes and health behaviors that are comparable to those obtained from the BRFSS. Online sources may provide more reliable, timely, and cost-effective county-level data than that obtainable from traditional public health surveillance systems as well as serve as an adjunct to those systems."},{"id":"5f93f983524def3dca464469d2cf9f3e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data and Big Cities: The Promises and Limitations of Improved Measures of Urban Life","organization":[""],"authors":["Edward L. Glaeser","Scott Duke Kominers","Michael Luca","Nikhil Naik"],"paper_date":"11/23/15","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2694723","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"New, “big” data sources allow measurement of city characteristics and outcome variables higher frequencies and finer geographic scales than ever before. However, big data will not solve large urban social science questions on its own. Big data has the most value for the study of cities when it allows measurement of the previously opaque, or when it can be coupled with exogenous shocks to people or place. We describe a number of new urban data sources and illustrate how they can be used to improve the study and function of cities. We first show how Google Street View images can be used to predict income in New York City, suggesting that similar image data can be used to map wealth and poverty in previously unmeasured areas of the developing world. We then discuss how survey techniques can be improved to better measure willingness to pay for urban amenities. Finally, we explain how Internet data is being used to improve the quality of city services."},{"id":"698d51a19d8a121ce581499d7b701668","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data from the bottom up","organization":[""],"authors":["Nick Couldry","Alison Powell"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://bds.sagepub.com/content/1/2/2053951714539277.full","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This short article argues that an adequate response to the implications for governance raised by ‘Big Data’ requires much more attention to agency and reflexivity than theories of ‘algorithmic power’ have so far allowed. It develops this through two contrasting examples: the sociological study of social actors used of analytics to meet their own social ends (for example, by community organisations) and the study of actors’ attempts to build an economy of information more open to civic intervention than the existing one (for example, in the environmental sphere). The article concludes with a consideration of the broader norms that might contextualise these empirical studies, and proposes that they can be understood in terms of the notion of voice, although the practical implementation of voice as a norm means that voice must sometimes be considered via the notion of transparency."},{"id":"7f6ffaa6bb0b408017b62254211691b5","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.fiercecities.com/story/what-cities-can-learn-new-york-and-chicagos-311-systems/2015-01-27","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Can 311 Call Centers Improve Service Delivery? Lessons from New York and Chicago","organization":[""],"authors":["Jane Wiseman"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/6765?scope=123456789/1&thumbnail=true&rpp=5&page=1&group_by=none&etal=0","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper is the first of the IDB's \"Innovations in Public Service Delivery\" series, which identifies and analyzes innovative experiences of promising practices in Latin America and the Caribbean and around the world to improve the quality and delivery of public services. It presents the 311 Programs in New York City and Chicago, leading 311 centers in the United States. \"311\" is the universal toll-free number that provides citizens with a single point of entry to a wide array of information and services in major cities. In the cities studied, these centers have evolved to support new models of service delivery management. This publication provides an overview of these programs, analyzing their design and implementation, results, and impacts, and identifying their success factors. The final section consolidates the lessons learned from these experiences, highlighting what policymakers and public officials should consider when developing similar solutions. - See more at: http://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/6765?scope=123456789/1&thumbnail=true&rpp=5&page=1&group_by=none&etal=0#sthash.yyDAO9OJ.dpuf"},{"id":"73278a4a86960eeb576a8fd4c9ec6997","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizen Science for Citizen Access to Law","organization":[""],"authors":["Michael Curtotti","Wayne Weibel","Eric McCreath","Nicolas Ceynowa","Sara Frug","Tom R Bruce"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ojs.law.cornell.edu/index.php/joal/article/view/34/54","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Over 2014, the Cornell University Legal Information Institute and the Australian National University worked with users of the Cornell LII site in a citizen science project to collect over 43,000 crowdsourced assessments of the readability of legal and other sentences. Readers (“citizen scientists”) on legislative pages of the LII site were asked to rate passages from the United States Code and the Code of Federal Regulations and other texts for readability and other characteristics. They were also asked to provide information about themselves as part of the audience that uses legislation online. The overall aim of the project was to develop empirical insights into characteristics of law that may make it easy or hard to read for the audience that use it. Also, the project aimed to assess machine learning for automatically predicting readability of legal sentences at sentence level. A major focus of this paper is to report results and insights from demographic data collected during the study. Understanding the audience which reads the law is directly relevant to readability - as the relevant question is readable by whom? Who are the citizens for whom “citizen access” might be enhanced? The paper also describes methods used to rank sentences by readability, using the data provided by citizen scientists. Finally, the paper reports initial tests on the viability of machine learning as a means of predicting readability in advance. The exploratory machine learning results reported here will be extended in further work reported in a future paper. The research provides insight into who uses legal rules and how they do so. We draw conclusions as to the current readability of law, as well as the spread of readability among legal rules. The research creates a dataset of legal rules labelled for readability by human judges. As far as we are aware, this research project is the largest ever study of readability of regulatory language and the first research which has applied crowdsourcing to such an investigation."},{"id":"5fd0b37cd7dbbb00f97ba6ce92bf5add","related_content":[{"url":"http://rctom.hbs.org/submission/bostons-office-of-new-urban-mechanics-innovation-for-the-public-good/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizen-Centered Government: The Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics and the Evolution of CRM in Boston","organization":[""],"authors":["Susan P. Crawford","Dana Walters"],"paper_date":"8/7/2013","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2307158","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Over the last three years, the Boston Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics, the innovative, collaborative ethos within City Hall fostered by Mayor Menino and his current chief of staff, Mitchell Weiss, and Boston's launch of a CRM system and its associated Citizens Connect smartphone app have all attracted substantial media attention. In particular, the City of Boston's strategy to put citizen engagement and participation at the center of its efforts, implemented by Chris Osgood and Nigel Jacob as co-chairs of the Mayor's Office of New Urban Mechanics, has drawn attention to the potential power of collaboration and technology to transform citizens' connections to their government and to each other. Several global developments have combined to make Boston's collaborative efforts interesting: First, city managers around the world confront shrinking budgets and diminishing trust in the role of government; second, civic entrepreneurs and technology innovators are pressuring local governments to adopt new forms of engagement with citizens; and third, new digital tools are emerging that can help make city services both more visible and more effective. Boston's experience in pursuing partnerships that facilitate opportunities for engaging citizens may provide scalable (and disruptive) lessons for other cities.\n\nDuring the summer of 2013, in anticipation of Mayor Menino's retirement in January 2014, Prof. Susan Crawford and Project Assistant Dana Walters carried out a case study examining the ongoing evolution of the Boston Mayor's Hotline into a platform for civic engagement. We chose this CRM focus because the initial development of the system provides a concrete example of how leaders in government can connect to local partners and citizens. In the course of this research, we interviewed 21 city employees and several of their partners outside government, and gathered data about the use of the system. (Exhibit A is a list of interviewees.)\n\nWe found a traditional technology story — selection and integration of CRM software, initial performance management using that software, development of ancillary channels of communication, initial patterns of adoption and use — that reflects the commitment of Mayor Menino to personalized constituent service. We also found that that commitment, his long tenure, and the particular personalities of the people on the New Urban Mechanics team make this both a cultural story as well as a technology story. Here are the highlights: The combination of Mitchell Weiss's vision for citizen engagement, Nigel Jacob's expertise in software development and digital strategy, Chris Osgood's experience in navigating government bureaucracy, and Bill Oates's (CIO) private-sector experience has allowed this team to launch successful projects and build valuable partnerships that focus on citizen-centered innovation; Even without budgetary authority or staff, the innovation office within the Mayor's suite (the Office of New Urban Mechanics) has been able to nudge, encourage, and facilitate collaborations inside City Hall and across academic institutions, technologists, and other city governments that have been productive; As one example of the team's joint efforts and partnerships, both inside and outside City Hall, the launch of Boston's Lagan CRM system in October 2008 was followed by integration of the system into the operations of several constituent-facing service departments; The system has evolved over time to include, among other things, a mobile app for field workers in the Department of Public Works (City Worker), a smartphone app for citizens (Citizen Connect), reports that are useful for performance management, and several different channels through which citizens can interact with City Hall, while retaining its high-touch, personalized character; Although every CRM system case is assigned a case ID number, the CRM system as a whole does not automatically assign a unique identifier to citizens that would allow uniform tracking across different modes of contact (smartphone app, Web interface, phone call) or mapping of particular citizens to particular neighborhoods. Constituents who contact the system may voluntarily provide contact details (name, home address, email, and phone); Future versions of this system, and layering of CRM data over other City data (911, inspections, sensor data, social sentiment data, traffic data), could make possible much more extensive citizen collaboration, situation awareness, policy inputs, performance analysis, and co-creation of government services or policies. Although there are many channels for reporting into the CRM system — Citizens Connect, SMS, web chat, phone calls — all of the people reporting in are not connected to each other, and the lack of unique identifiers makes true \"citizen relationship management\" difficult. Customer satisfaction is also not measured by the system, as far as we can tell. Outbound calls, texting, and Twitter/social media sentiment mining might be useful tools for this assessment; Combining formal CRM requests with social sentiment information could provide useful guidance underpinning policy decisions and resource allocation. Connecting all of this information to job functions within City Hall would also clearly be productive. And if we believe that people in their communities know more about their communities than all the gifted people in City Hall, how do we enable them to help themselves solve some of their own problems? Boston City Hall has not been focused on predictive analytics or the public release of data; rather, the team's top priorities (in line with Mayor Menino's strategy) have been to improve service delivery and encourage citizen engagement; Mayor Menino's leadership style, strategic goals, and long tenure, together with the particular personalities of the members of the core team profiled in this study, have been essential to this narrative; The longterm effects on either the operation of City government or citizen engagement of the Office of New Urban Mechanics and the innovative, experimental ethos encouraged by that Office, Chief of Staff Mitchell Weiss, and CIO Bill Oates are unclear. Much will depend on the character and priorities of the new mayor.\n\n"},{"id":"2b44928ae11fb9384c4cf38708677c48","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.science20.com/news_articles/science_20_codifying_collegiality_and_an_increase_in_datasharing-145779","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Codifying Collegiality: Recent Developments in Data Sharing Policy in the Life Sciences","organization":[""],"authors":["G. Pham-Kanter","D.E. Zinner","E.G. Campbell"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0108451","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Over the last decade, there have been significant changes in data sharing policies and in the data sharing environment faced by life science researchers. Using data from a 2013 survey of over 1600 life science researchers, we analyze the effects of sharing policies of funding agencies and journals. We also examine the effects of new sharing infrastructure and tools (i.e., third party repositories and online supplements). We find that recently enacted data sharing policies and new sharing infrastructure and tools have had a sizable effect on encouraging data sharing. In particular, third party repositories and online supplements as well as data sharing requirements of funding agencies, particularly the NIH and the National Human Genome Research Institute, were perceived by scientists to have had a large effect on facilitating data sharing. In addition, we found a high degree of compliance with these new policies, although noncompliance resulted in few formal or informal sanctions. Despite the overall effectiveness of data sharing policies, some significant gaps remain: about one third of grant reviewers placed no weight on data sharing plans in their reviews, and a similar percentage ignored the requirements of material transfer agreements. These patterns suggest that although most of these new policies have been effective, there is still room for policy improvement."},{"id":"c45147dee729311ef5b5c3003946c48f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Competition-Based Innovation: The Case of the X Prize Foundation","organization":[""],"authors":["Mokter Hossain","Ilkka Kauranen"],"paper_date":"10/20/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549616","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The use of competition-based processes for the development of innovations is increasing. In parallel with the increasing use of competition-based innovation in business firms, this model of innovation is successfully being used by non-profit organizations for advancing the development of science and technology. One such non-profit organization is the X Prize Foundation, which designs and manages innovation competitions to encourage scientific and technological development. The objective of this article is to analyze the X Prize Foundation and three of the competitions it has organized in order to identify the challenges of competition-based innovation and how to overcome them."},{"id":"eb160de1de89d9058fcb0b968dbbbd68","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Parking Lot Occupancy using a Mobile Phone Application","organization":[""],"authors":["Erfan Davami","Gita Sukthankar"],"paper_date":"6/16/2014","url":"http://www.ase360.org/handle/123456789/107","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["United States"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"• Participatory sensing is a specialized form of crowdsourcing for mobile devices in which the users act as sensors to report on local environmental conditions. • This poster describes the process of prototyping a mobile phone crowdsourcing app for monitoring parking availability on a large university campus. • We present a case study of how an agent-based urban model can be used to perform a sensitivity analysis of the comparative susceptibility of different data fusion paradigms to potentially troublesome user behaviors: 1. Poor user enrollment, 2. Infrequent usage, 3. A preponderance of untrustworthy users."},{"id":"5ef059938ba799aaa845e1c2e8a762bd","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.transportationops.org/event/crowdsourcing-cyclist-and-pedestrian-activity-data-webinar","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Pedestrian and Cyclist Activity Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Amy Smith"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/PBIC_WhitePaper_Crowdsourcing.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Transportation"],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper considers how crowdsourcing applications and crowdsourced data are currently being applied, as well as potential new uses for active transportation research and planning efforts of various types.\n\nThe objectives of this white paper are to review existing crowdsourced bicycle and pedestrian data resources and crowdsourcing tools; discuss potential planning implementations of crowdsourced data for a sample of bicycle and pedestrian project types; and provide examples of how crowdsourcing is currently being used to inform decision-making. Potential issues related to crowdsourced data are also considered (e.g., quality, privacy concerns, participation rates, bias). The research presented here highlights a decreasing skepticism over the quality of volunteered, user-generated data provided by amateurs (as opposed to professionals) in light of a desire to open the lines of communication between the planning world and those affected by planning decisions, directly addressing (rather than being discouraged by) data limitations. The initiatives surrounding progressive data collection, management, and analysis are further reflected in the numerous conferences, meetups, and other events fostering collaboration between planners, developers, data scientists and others interested in applying critical thought and innovation in planning.\n\nWhile this paper reviews existing crowdsourcing techniques and their current applications in planning, the pace of technological change and rate of adoption in planning indicates that planners will continue to develop and apply innovative approaches like crowdsourcing in response to continually changing community needs. This paper focuses on examples of current uses of crowdsourced data, crowdsourcing data suggestions, and data considerations."},{"id":"07e1cd7dca89a1678042477183b7ac3f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdteaching: Supporting Teaching as Designing in Crowdsourcing Communities","organization":[""],"authors":["Mimi Recker","Min Yuan Lei Ye"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1785/3000","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The widespread availability of high-quality Web-based content offers new potential for supporting teachers as designers of curricula and classroom activities. When coupled with a participatory Web culture and infrastructure, teachers can share their creations as well as leverage from the best that their peers have to offer to support a collective intelligence or crowdsourcing community, which we dubcrowdteaching. We applied a collective intelligence framework to characterize crowdteaching in the context of a Web-based tool for teachers called the Instructional Architect (IA). The IA enables teachers to find, create, and share instructional activities (called IA projects) for their students using online learning resources. These IA projects can further be viewed, copied, or adapted by other IA users. This study examines the usage activities of two samples of teachers, and also analyzes the characteristics of a subset of their IA projects. Analyses of teacher activities suggest that they are engaging in crowdteaching processes. Teachers, on average, chose to share over half of their IA projects, and copied some directly from other IA projects. Thus, these teachers can be seen as both contributors to and consumers of crowdteaching processes. In addition, IA users preferred to view IA projects rather than to completely copy them. Finally, correlational results based on an analysis of the characteristics of IA projects suggest that several easily computed metrics (number of views, number of copies, and number of words in IA projects) can act as an indirect proxy of instructionally relevant indicators of the content of IA projects."},{"id":"da4fb5c6e93e74d3df8527599fa62642","related_content":[{"url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2617481","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Fifty Shades of Manipulation","organization":[""],"authors":["Cass R. Sunstein"],"paper_date":"2/18/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2565892","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A statement or action can be said to be manipulative if it does not sufficiently engage or appeal to people’s capacity for reflective and deliberative choice. One problem with manipulation, thus understood, is that it fails to respect people’s autonomy and is an affront to their dignity. Another problem is that if they are products of manipulation, people’s choices might fail to promote their own welfare, and might instead promote the welfare of the manipulator. To that extent, the central objection to manipulation is rooted in a version of Mill’s Harm Principle: People know what is in their best interests and should have a (manipulation-free) opportunity to make that decision. On welfarist grounds, the norm against manipulation can be seen as a kind of heuristic, one that generally works well, but that can also lead to serious errors, at least when the manipulator is both informed and genuinely interested in the welfare of the chooser. \n\nFor the legal system, a pervasive puzzle is why manipulation is rarely policed. The simplest answer is that manipulation has so many shades, and in a social order that values free markets and is committed to freedom of expression, it is exceptionally difficult to regulate manipulation as such. But as the manipulator’s motives become more self-interested or venal, and as efforts to bypass people’s deliberative capacities becomes more successful, the ethical objections to manipulation become very forceful, and the argument for a legal response is fortified. The analysis of manipulation bears on emerging first amendment issues raised by compelled speech, especially in the context of graphic health warnings. Importantly, it can also help orient the regulation of financial products, where manipulation of consumer choices is an evident but rarely explicit concern."},{"id":"4c56ff4ce4aaf9573aa5dff913df997a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Is Transparency a Recipe for Innovation?","organization":[""],"authors":["Bastiaan Heemsbergen"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://irc.queensu.ca/articles/transparency-recipe-innovation","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Innovation is a key driver in organizational sustainability, and yes, openness and transparency are a recipe for innovation. But, according to Tapscott and Williams, “when it comes to innovation, competitive advantage and organizational success, ‘openness’ is rarely the first word one would use to describe companies and other societal organizations like government agencies or medical institutions. For many, words like ‘insular,’ ‘bureaucratic,’ ‘hierarchical,’ ‘secretive’ and ‘closed’ come to mind instead.”1 And yet a few months ago, The Tesla Model S just became the world's first open-source car. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla Motor Vehicles, shared all the patents on Tesla's electric car technology, allowing anyone — including competitors — to use them without fear of litigation. Elon wrote in his post “Yesterday, there was a wall of Tesla patents in the lobby of our Palo Alto headquarters. That is no longer the case. They have been removed, in the spirit of the open source movement, for the advancement of electric vehicle technology.”2\nIn the public sector, terms such as open government, citizen sourcing, and wiki government are also akin to the notion of open innovation and transparency. As Hilgers and Ihl report, “a good example of this approach is the success of the Future Melbourne program, a Wiki and blog-based approach to shaping the future urban landscape of Australia’s second largest city. The program allowed citizens to directly edit and comment on the plans for the future development of the city. It attracted more than 30,000 individuals, who submitted hundreds of comments and suggestions (futuremelbourne.com.au). Basically, problems concerning design and creativity, future strategy and local culture, and even questions of management and service innovation can be broadcasted on such web-platforms.”3 The authors suggest that there are three dimensions to applying the concept of open innovation to the public sector: citizen ideation and innovation (tapping knowledge and creativity), collaborative administration (user generated new tasks and processes), and collaborative democracy (improve public participation in the policy process)."},{"id":"a0a080f42e6f13b3a2df133f073095dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Managing Innovation in a Crowd","organization":[""],"authors":["Daron Acemoglu","Mohamed Mostagir","Asuman E. Ozdaglar"],"paper_date":"1/17/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2382917","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing is an emerging technology where innovation and production are sourced out to the public through an open call. At the center of crowdsourcing is a resource allocation problem: there is an abundance of workers but a scarcity of high skills, and an easy task assigned to a high-skill worker is a waste of resources. This problem is complicated by the fact that the exact difficulties of innovation tasks may not be known in advance, so tasks that require high-skill labor cannot be identified and allocated ahead of time. We show that the solution to this problem takes the form of a skill hierarchy, where tasks are first attempted by low-skill labor, and high skill workers only engage with a task if less skilled workers are unable to finish it. This hierarchy can be constructed and implemented in a decentralized manner even though neither the difficulties of the tasks nor the skills of the candidate workers are known. We provide a dynamic pricing mechanism that achieves this implementation by inducing workers to self-select into different layers. The mechanism is simple: each time a task is attempted and not finished, its price (reward upon completion) goes up."},{"id":"202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Nowcasting Disaster Damage","organization":[""],"authors":["Yury Kryvasheyeu","Haohui Chena","Nick Obradovich","Esteban Moroe","Pascal Van Hentenryck","James Fowler","Manuel Cebrian"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1504/1504.06827.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Could social media data aid in disaster response and damage assessment? Countries face both an increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters due to climate change. And during such events, citizens are turning to social media platforms for disaster-related communication and information. Social media improves situational awareness, facilitates dissemination of emergency information, enables early warning systems, and helps coordinate relief efforts. Additionally, spatiotemporal distribution of disaster-related messages helps with real-time monitoring and assessment of the disaster itself. Here we present a multiscale analysis of Twitter activity before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy. We examine the online response of 50 metropolitan areas of the United States and find a strong relationship between proximity to Sandy’s path and hurricanerelated social media activity. We show that real and perceived threats – together with the physical disaster effects – are directly observable through the intensity and composition of Twitter’s message stream. We demonstrate that per-capita Twitter activity strongly correlates with the per-capita economic damage inflicted by the hurricane. Our findings suggest that massive online social networks can be used for rapid assessment (“nowcasting”) of damage caused by a large-scale disaster."},{"id":"c8ffe9a587b126f152ed3d89a146b445","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Preparing for Responsible Sharing of Clinical Trial Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Michelle M. Mello","Jeffrey K. Francer","Marc Wilenzick","Patricia Teden","Barbara E. Bierer","Mark Barnes"],"paper_date":"10/24/2013","url":"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMhle1309073","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Data from clinical trials, including participant-level data, are being shared by sponsors and investigators more widely than ever before. Some sponsors have voluntarily offered data to researchers, some journals now require authors to agree to share the data underlying the studies they publish, the Office of Science and Technology Policy has directed federal agencies to expand public access to data from federally funded projects, and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have proposed the expansion of access to data submitted in regulatory applications. Sharing participant-level data may bring exciting benefits for scientific research and public health but may also have unintended consequences. Thus, expanded data sharing must be pursued thoughtfully.\nWe provide a suggested framework for broad sharing of participant-level data from clinical trials and related technical documents. After reviewing current data-sharing initiatives, potential benefits and risks, and legal and regulatory implications, we propose potential governing principles and key features for a system of expanded access to participant-level data and evaluate several governance structures."},{"id":"3def184ad8f4755ff269862ea77393dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Smarter, Better, Faster: The Potential for Predictive Analytics and Rapid-Cycle Evaluation to Improve Program Development and Outcomes","organization":[""],"authors":["Scott Codyrew Asher"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/06/19_hamilton_policies_addressing_poverty/predictive_analytics_rapid_cycle_evaluation_cody_asher.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Public administrators have always been interested in identifying cost-effective strategies for managing their programs. As government agencies invest in data warehouses and business intelligence capabilities, it becomes feasible to employ analytic techniques used more-commonly in the private sector. Predictive analytics and rapid-cycle evaluation are analytical approaches that are used to do more than describe the current status of programs: in both the public and private sectors, these approaches provide decision makers with guidance on what to do next."},{"id":"069059b7ef840f0c74a814ec9237b6ec","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Reliability of Tweets as a Supplementary Method of Seasonal Influenza Surveillance","organization":[""],"authors":["A.A. Aslam","M.H. Tsou","B.H. Spitzberg","L. An","J.M. Gawron","D.K. Gupta","K.M. Peddecord","A.C. Nagel","C. Allen","J.A. Yang","S. Lindsay"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jmir.org/2014/11/e250/","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Background: Existing influenza surveillance in the United States is focused on the collection of data from sentinel physicians and hospitals; however, the compilation and distribution of reports are usually delayed by up to 2 weeks. With the popularity of social media growing, the Internet is a source for syndromic surveillance due to the availability of large amounts of data. In this study, tweets, or posts of 140 characters or less, from the website Twitter were collected and analyzed for their potential as surveillance for seasonal influenza.\nObjective: There were three aims: (1) to improve the correlation of tweets to sentinel-provided influenza-like illness (ILI) rates by city through filtering and a machine-learning classifier, (2) to observe correlations of tweets for emergency department ILI rates by city, and (3) to explore correlations for tweets to laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in San Diego.\nMethods: Tweets containing the keyword “flu” were collected within a 17-mile radius from 11 US cities selected for population and availability of ILI data. At the end of the collection period, 159,802 tweets were used for correlation analyses with sentinel-provided ILI and emergency department ILI rates as reported by the corresponding city or county health department. Two separate methods were used to observe correlations between tweets and ILI rates: filtering the tweets by type (non-retweets, retweets, tweets with a URL, tweets without a URL), and the use of a machine-learning classifier that determined whether a tweet was “valid”, or from a user who was likely ill with the flu.\nResults: Correlations varied by city but general trends were observed. Non-retweets and tweets without a URL had higher and more significant (P<.05) correlations than retweets and tweets with a URL. Correlations of tweets to emergency department ILI rates were higher than the correlations observed for sentinel-provided ILI for most of the cities. The machine-learning classifier yielded the highest correlations for many of the cities when using the sentinel-provided or emergency department ILI as well as the number of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases in San Diego. High correlation values (r=.93) with significance at P<.001 were observed for laboratory-confirmed influenza cases for most categories and tweets determined to be valid by the classifier.\nConclusions: Compared to tweet analyses in the previous influenza season, this study demonstrated increased accuracy in using Twitter as a supplementary surveillance tool for influenza as better filtering and classification methods yielded higher correlations for the 2013-2014 influenza season than those found for tweets in the previous influenza season, where emergency department ILI rates were better correlated to tweets than sentinel-provided ILI rates. Further investigations in the field would require expansion with regard to the location that the tweets are collected from, as well as the availability of more ILI data.\n\n"},{"id":"ec5decca5ed3d6b8079e2e7e7bacc9f2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A new model to explore non-profit social media use for advocacy and civic engagement","organization":[""],"authors":["David Chapman","Katrina Miller-Stevens","John C. Morris","Brendan O'Hallarn"],"paper_date":"10/5/2015","url":"http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5912/5002","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Social Media"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Philanthropy & Aid"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Non-profit organizations are actively using social media platforms as a way to deliver information to end users, yet little is known of the internal processes these organizations follow to implement this tool. We present a case study of one non-profit organization, Blue Star Families, Inc., that is actively engaged in advocacy and civic engagement. We offer a new model to explore non-profit organizations’ use of social media platforms by building on previous models and frameworks developed to explore the use of social media in the public, private, and non-profit sectors."},{"id":"76dc611d6ebaafc66cc0879c71b5db5c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Improving Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science as a Policy Mechanism for NA","organization":[""],"authors":["Brittany Balcom"],"paper_date":"6/18/2015","url":"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/space.2015.0017","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Citizen Science"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article examines citizen science projects, defined as “a form of open collaboration where members of the public participate in the scientific process, including identifying research questions, collecting and analyzing the data, interpreting the results, and problem solving,” as an effective and innovative tool for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) science in line with the Obama Administration's Open Government Directive. Citizen science projects allow volunteers with no technical training to participate in analysis of large sets of data that would otherwise constitute prohibitively tedious and lengthy work for research scientists. Zooniverse.com hosts a multitude of popular space-focused citizen science projects, many of which have been extraordinarily successful and have enabled new research publications and major discoveries. This article takes a multifaceted look at such projects by examining the benefits of citizen science, effective game design, and current desktop computer and mobile device usage trends. It offers suggestions of potential research topics to be studied with emerging technologies, policy considerations, and opportunities for outreach. This analysis includes an overview of other crowdsourced research methods such as distributed computing and contests. New research and data analysis of mobile phone usage, scientific curiosity, and political engagement among Zooniverse.com project participants has been conducted for this study."},{"id":"d1f491a404d6854880943e5c3cd9ca25","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Innovation Experiments: Researching Technical Advance, Knowledge Production and the Design of Supporting Institutions","organization":["MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Kevin J. Boudreau","Karim Lakhani"],"paper_date":"7/1/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2625593","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Prizes and Challenges"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper discusses several challenges in designing field experiments to better understand how organizational and institutional design shapes innovation outcomes and the production of knowledge. We proceed to describe the field experimental research program carried out by our Crowd Innovation Laboratory at Harvard University to clarify how we have attempted to address these research design challenges. This program has simultaneously solved important practical innovation problems for partner organizations, like NASA and Harvard Medical School, while contributing research advances, particularly in relation to innovation contests and tournaments."},{"id":"9b8619251a19057cff70779273e95aa6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Mining Administrative Data to Spur Urban Revitalization","organization":[""],"authors":["Ben Green","Alejandra Caro","Matthew Conway","Robert Manduca","Tom Plagge","Abby Miller"],"paper_date":"8/10/2015","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2788568","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"After decades of urban investment dominated by sprawl and outward growth, municipal governments in the United States are responsible for the upkeep of urban neighborhoods that have not received sufficient resources or maintenance in many years. One of city governments' biggest challenges is to revitalize decaying neighborhoods given only limited resources. In this paper, we apply data science techniques to administrative data to help the City of Memphis, Tennessee improve distressed neighborhoods. We develop new methods to efficiently identify homes in need of rehabilitation and to predict the impacts of potential investments on neighborhoods. Our analyses allow Memphis to design neighborhood-improvement strategies that generate greater impacts on communities. Since our work uses data that most US cities already collect, our models and methods are highly portable and inexpensive to implement. We also discuss the challenges we encountered while analyzing government data and deploying our tools, and highlight important steps to improve future data-driven efforts in urban policy."},{"id":"1afa34a7f984eeabdbb0a7d494132ee5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data: A 21st Century Asset for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises","organization":["The GovLab","MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Stefaan Verhulst","Robyn Caplan"],"paper_date":"4/1/2015","url":"http://thegovlab.org/open-data-a-21st-century-asset-for-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises/","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Business"],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The economic and social potential of open data is widely acknowledged. In particular, the business opportunities have received much attention. But for all the excitement, we still know very little about how and under what conditions open data really works.\n\nTo broaden our understanding of the use and impact of open data, the GovLab has a variety of initiatives and studies underway. Today, we share publicly our findings on how Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are leveraging open data for a variety of purposes. Our paper “Open Data: A 21st Century Asset for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises” seeks to build a portrait of the lifecycle of open data—how it is collected, stored and used. It outlines some of the most important parameters of an open data business model for SMEs.\n\nThe universe of SMEs we analyzed comprised those identified within the GovLab’s Open Data 500 project which contains data on how 500 US businesses are using open data in their day-to-day activities. It represents arguably the first systematic effort to really understand how open data can grow revenues, drive innovation, increase efficiency and create new jobs.\n\nThe paper analyzes ten aspects of open data and establishes ten principles for its effective use by SMEs. Taken together, these offer a roadmap for any SME considering greater use or adoption of open data in its business.\n\nAmong the key findings included in the paper:\n\nSMEs, which often lack access to data or sophisticated analytical tools to process large datasets, are likely to be one of the chief beneficiaries of open data.\nGovernment data is the main category of open data being used by SMEs. A number of SMEs are also using open scientific and shared corporate data.\nOpen data is used primarily to serve the Business-to-Business (B2B) markets, followed by the Business-to-Consumer (B2C) markets. A number of the companies studied serve two or three market segments simultaneously.\nOpen data is usually a free resource, but SMEs are monetizing their open-data-driven services to build viable businesses. The most common revenue models include subscription-based services, advertising, fees for products and services, freemium models, licensing fees, lead generation and philanthropic grants.\nThe most significant challenges SMEs face in using open data include those concerning data quality and consistency, insufficient financial and human resources, and issues surrounding privacy.\nThis is just a sampling of findings and observations. The paper includes a number of additional observations concerning business and revenue models, product development, customer acquisition, and other subjects of relevance to any company considering an open data strategy.\n\nThe paper was funded by the Markle Foundation and written to inform Markle’s Rework America Initiative."},{"id":"65ded5353c5ee48d0b7d48c591b8f430","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"OpenFDA: an innovative platform providing access to a wealth of FDA's publicly available data","organization":[""],"authors":["Taha A. Kass-Hout","Zhiheng Xu","Matthew Mohebbi","Hans Nelsen","Adam Baker","Jonathan Levine","Elaine Johanson","Roselie A. Bright"],"paper_date":"12/7/15","url":"http://jamia.oxfordjournals.org/content/jaminfo/early/2015/12/06/jamia.ocv153.full.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Objective: The objective of openFDA is to facilitate access and use of big important Food and Drug Administration public datasets by developers, researchers, and the public through harmonization of data across disparate FDA datasets provided via application programming interfaces (APIs). \n\nMaterials and Methods: Using cutting-edge technologies deployed on FDA’s new public cloud computing infrastructure, openFDA provides open data for easier, faster (over 300 requests per second per process), and better access to FDA datasets; open source code and documentation shared on GitHub for open community contributions of examples, apps and ideas; and infrastructure that can be adopted for other public health big data challenges.\n\nResults: Since its launch on June 2, 2014, openFDA has developed four APIs for drug and device adverse events, recall information for all FDA-regulated products, and drug labeling. There have been more than 20 million API calls (more than half from outside the United States), 6000 registered users, 20,000 connected Internet Protocol addresses, and dozens of new software (mobile or web) apps developed. A case study dem- onstrates a use of openFDA data to understand an apparent association of a drug with an adverse event.\n\nConclusion: With easier and faster access to these datasets, consumers worldwide can learn more about FDA-regulated products."},{"id":"9fc3d7152ba9336a670e36d0ed79bc43","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Why Public Sector Agencies (Sometimes) Support Participatory Democracy Programs","organization":[""],"authors":["Alon Peled"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.academia.edu/6804781/Why_Public_Sector_Agencies_Sometimes_Support_Participatory_Democracy_Programs?utm_content=buffere7037&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open Data (OD) programs have become popular. OD proponents argue that OD programs are necessary to reinvigorate participatory democracy and active citizenship. However, the debate between proponents and critics of these programs relies on anecdotal data. The paper describes a methodological innovation (dubbed “The Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE)”) to automatically capture, process, store, and analyze metadata information about the Open Data (OD) information assets published by government agencies at any level of government (e.g., federal, national, regional, municipal) worldwide. The analysis of the initial PSIE data (currently only about some datasets published by U.S. federal agencies) supports the argument that OD programs have become the playground of a small number of agencies and that many OD information assets are either incomprehensible or impossible to find. The concluding section of the paper discusses how to incentivize agencies to improve cooperation with OD programs."},{"id":"02522a2b2726fb0a03bb19f2d8d9524d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Anonymization and Risk","organization":[""],"authors":["Ira Rubinstein","Woodrow Hartzog"],"paper_date":"8/17/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2646185","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Perfect anonymization of data sets has failed. But the process of protecting data subjects in shared information remains integral to privacy practice and policy. While the deidentification debate has been vigorous and productive, there is no clear direction for policy. As a result, the law has been slow to adapt a holistic approach to protecting data subjects when data sets are released to others. Currently, the law is focused on whether an individual can be identified within a given set. We argue that the better locus of data release policy is on the process of minimizing the risk of reidentification and sensitive attribute disclosure. Process-based data release policy, which resembles the law of data security, will help us move past the limitations of focusing on whether data sets have been “anonymized.” It draws upon different tactics to protect the privacy of data subjects, including accurate deidentification rhetoric, contracts prohibiting reidentification and sensitive attribute disclosure, data enclaves, and query-based strategies to match required protections with the level of risk. By focusing on process, data release policy can better balance privacy and utility where nearly all data exchanges carry some risk."},{"id":"7f1de29e6da19d22b51c68001e7e0e54","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open Government: Missing Questions","organization":[""],"authors":["Vadym Pyrozhenko"],"paper_date":"11/19/2015","url":"http://aas.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/11/19/0095399715581624.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article places the Obama administration’s open government initiative within the context of evolution of the U.S. information society. It examines the concept of openness along the three dimensions of Daniel Bell’s social analysis of the postindustrial society: structure, polity, and culture. Four “missing questions” raise the challenge of the compatibility of public service values with the culture of openness, address the right balance between postindustrial information management practices and the capacity of public organizations to accomplish their missions, and ask to reconsider the idea that greater structural openness of public organizations will necessarily increase their democratic legitimacy."},{"id":"42a0e188f5033bc65bf8d78622277c4e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Outcome-driven open innovation at NASA","organization":[""],"authors":["Jennifer L. Gustetic","Jason Crusan","Steve Rader","Sam Ortega"],"paper_date":"11/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0265964615300072","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Prizes and Challenges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Science"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In an increasingly connected and networked world, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recognizes the value of the public as a strategic partner in addressing some of our most pressing challenges. The agency is working to more effectively harness the expertise, ingenuity, and creativity of individual members of the public by enabling, accelerating, and scaling the use of open innovation approaches including prizes, challenges, and crowdsourcing. As NASA's use of open innovation tools to solve a variety of types of problems and advance of number of outcomes continues to grow, challenge design is also becoming more sophisticated as our expertise and capacity (personnel, platforms, and partners) grows and develops. NASA has recently pivoted from talking about the benefits of challenge-driven approaches, to the outcomes these types of activities yield. Challenge design should be informed by desired outcomes that align with NASA's mission. This paper provides several case studies of NASA open innovation activities and maps the outcomes of those activities to a successful set of outcomes that challenges can help drive alongside traditional tools such as contracts, grants and partnerships."},{"id":"3988c7f88ebcb58c6ce932b957b6f332","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Using Technology, Building Democracy: Digital Campaigning and the Construction of Citizenship","organization":[""],"authors":["Jessica Baldwin-Philippi"],"paper_date":"8/12/2015","url":"http://global.oup.com/academic/product/using-technology-building-democracy-9780190231910?cc=us&lang=en&#","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Ethnography","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":["United States"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Traces the emergence and solidification of campaign strategies that reflect what it means to be a citizen in the digital era\n\nDraws on ethnographic fieldwork in a federal-level election, interviews with communications and digital media consultants, and textual analysis of campaign materials\n\nIdentifies shifting norms and emerging trends to build new theories of citizenship in contemporary democracy"},{"id":"013d407166ec4fa56eb1e1f8cbe183b9","related_content":[{"url":"http://labs.usa.gov/files/FFD_Research_Methodology_v11.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Federal Front Door: The public's front door to government services","organization":[""],"authors":[""],"paper_date":"2/2016","url":"http://labs.usa.gov/files/FFD_ResearchReport_0216.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Surveys"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Recent research has made clear what many folks have personally experienced: The federal government needs to improve how it interacts with the public. Enter the Federal Front Door, an initiative to improve public-government interactions across the board.\n\nWe’re currently exploring projects to improve the quality of experiences and interactions people have with the government. These include efforts to improve transparency in service design, promote information sharing among agencies, and increase people’s trust in the government.\n\nHere, you’ll find the most updated information on our research and progress."},{"id":"e00da03b685a0dd18fb6a08af0923de0","related_content":[{"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1111/jels.12098","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Forecasting Domestic Violence: A Machine Learning Approach to Help Inform Arraignment Decisions","organization":[""],"authors":["Richard A. Berk","Susan B. Sorenson","Geoffrey Barnes"],"paper_date":"","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jels.12098/epdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Arguably the most important decision at an arraignment is whether to release an offender until the date of his or her next scheduled court appearance. Under the Bail Reform Act of 1984, threats to public safety can be a key factor in that decision. Implicitly, a forecast of “future dangerousness” is required. In this article, we consider in particular whether usefully accurate forecasts of domestic violence can be obtained. We apply machine learning to data on over 28,000 arraignment cases from a major metropolitan area in which an offender faces domestic violence charges. One of three possible post-arraignment outcomes is forecasted within two years: (1) a domestic violence arrest associated with a physical injury, (2) a domestic violence arrest not associated with a physical injury, and (3) no arrests for domestic violence. We incorporate asymmetric costs for different kinds of forecasting errors so that very strong statistical evidence is required before an offender is forecasted to be a good risk. When an out-of-sample forecast of no post-arraignment domestic violence arrests within two years is made, it is correct about 90 percent of the time. Under current practice within the jurisdiction studied, approximately 20 percent of those released after an arraignment for domestic violence are arrested within two years for a new domestic violence offense. If magistrates used the methods we have developed and released only offenders forecasted not to be arrested for domestic violence within two years after an arraignment, as few as 10 percent might be arrested. The failure rate could be cut nearly in half. Over a typical 24-month period in the jurisdiction studied, well over 2,000 post-arraignment arrests for domestic violence perhaps could be averted."},{"id":"1385974ed5904a438616ff7bdb3f7439","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"New Tools for Collaboration: The Experience of the U.S. Intelligence Community","organization":[""],"authors":["Gregory F. Treverton"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/New%20Tools%20for%20Collaboration.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["National Security"],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The purpose of this report is to learn lessons by looking at the use of internal collaborative tools across the Intelligence Community. The initial rubric was tools, but the real focus is collaboration, for while the tools can enable, what ultimately matters are policies and practices interacting with organizational culture. It looks for good practices to emulate. The ultimate question is how and how much could, and should, collaborative tools foster integration across the Community. The focus is analysis and the analytic process, but collaborative tools can and do serve many other functions in the Intelligence Community—from improving logistics or human resources, to better connecting collection and analysis, to assisting administration and development, to facilitating, as one interlocutor put it, operational “go” decisions. Yet it is in the analytic realm that collaboration is both most visible and most rubs against traditional work processes that are not widely collaborative.\n\nThe report defines terms and discusses concepts, first exploring collaboration and coordination, then defining collaborative tools and social media, then surveying the experience of the private sector. The second section of the report uses those distinctions to sort out the blizzard of collaborative tools that have been created in the various intelligence agencies and across them. The third section outlines the state of collaboration, again both within agencies and across them. The report concludes with findings and recommendations for the Community. The recommendations amount to a continuum of possible actions in making more strategic what is and will continue to be more a bottom-up process of creating and adopting collaborative tools and practices."},{"id":"0f28b5d49b3020afeecd95b4009adf4c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Privacy as a Public Good","organization":[""],"authors":["Joshua A. T. Fairfield","Christoph Engel"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3824&context=dlj","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["User Studies"]},"sector":["Economics"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Privacy is commonly studied as a private good: my personal data is mine to protect and control, and yours is yours. This conception of privacy misses an important component of the policy problem. An individual who is careless with data exposes not only extensive information about herself, but about others as well. The negative externalities imposed on nonconsenting outsiders by such carelessness can be productively studied in terms of welfare economics. If all relevant individuals maximize private benefit, and expect all other relevant individuals to do the same, neoclassical economic theory predicts that society will achieve a suboptimal level of privacy. This prediction holds even if all individuals cherish privacy with the same intensity. As the theoretical literature would have it, the struggle for privacy is destined to become a tragedy.\n\nBut according to the experimental public-goods literature, there is hope. Like in real life, people in experiments cooperate in groups at rates well above those predicted by neoclassical theory. Groups can be aided in their struggle to produce public goods by institutions, such as communication, framing, or sanction. With these institutions, communities can manage public goods without heavy-handed government intervention. Legal scholarship has not fully engaged this problem in these terms. In this Article, we explain why privacy has aspects of a public good, and we draw lessons from both the theoretical and the empirical literature on public goods to inform the policy discourse on privacy."},{"id":"a8baa56554f96369ab93e4f3bb068c22","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Report to the President: Technology and the Future of Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology"],"paper_date":"2/2016","url":"http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_cities_report___final_3_2016.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Cities are beginning a new era of change. From 1920 to 2010 many U.S. cities “hollowed out” as suburbs grew faster than their urban cores. The trend started reversing in 2011 as Millennials and Baby Boomers looking for social connections and convenience settled in urban neighborhoods. Accompanying the resurgence of residential cities are complex and persistent urban challenges, including resilience against climate change and natural disasters. This report focuses on the technologies that shape some key infrastructures and economic activities, as opposed to those involved in delivering education, health care, or social services. As described in Chapter 2 of the report, technological advances promise to improve the environments in which people live and the services that city governments and companies offer."},{"id":"903ce9225fca3e988c2af215d4e544d3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using prizes to spur innovation and government savings","organization":[""],"authors":["Derek Khanna"],"paper_date":"11/2015","url":"http://www.rstreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/RSTREET44.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Prizes and Challenges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In myriad sectors of the U.S. economy, from military technology to medical care, the federal government serves as the single-largest spender. As such, many of the innovations, inventions and discoveries that could propel economic growth in the future also would have a direct and measurable impact on federal spending.\n\nTo offer an incentive to research and development that yields significant taxpayer savings, we propose an “innovation savings program” that would serve as an alternative to the traditional patent system. The program would reward teams or individuals who develop discoveries or technologies that produce federal budget savings. In effect, a portion of those savings would be set aside for the discoverers. To be eligible for these rewards, the researchers and inventors would not receive patents on their discoveries or processes.\n\nThis perpetual, self-funded federal prize system would be based, in part, on the successful False Claims Act and Medicare Recovery Audit programs. Payouts would be administered by an independent or executive agency, verified by the Government Accountability Office and overseen by Congress to ensure fair and effective implementation.\n\nNew technologies developed through this process would be available immediately for generic commercialization, free of royalty fees. This could encourage innovation in sectors where patents and traditional research spending have lagged, while also bringing those innovations to market more quickly and affordably. Prize systems of this type have been in operation in the United States for more than 150 years, in the form of the False Claims Act, and date back to “qui tam” actions from the 13th century, thus predating the patent system by several hundred years."},{"id":"0a09c8844ba8f0936c20bd791130d6b6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using Big Data to Understand the Human Condition: The Kavli HUMAN Project","organization":[""],"authors":["Okan Azmak","Hannah Bayerrew Caplin","Miyoung Chun","Paul Glimcher","Steven Koonin","Aristides Patrinos"],"paper_date":"9/16/2015","url":"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/big.2015.0012","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Design Science","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Environment","Health"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Until now, most large-scale studies of humans have either focused on very specific domains of inquiry or have relied on between-subjects approaches. While these previous studies have been invaluable for revealing important biological factors in cardiac health or social factors in retirement choices, no single repository contains anything like a complete record of the health, education, genetics, environmental, and lifestyle profiles of a large group of individuals at the within-subject level. This seems critical today because emerging evidence about the dynamic interplay between biology, behavior, and the environment point to a pressing need for just the kind of large-scale, long-term synoptic dataset that does not yet exist at the within-subject level. At the same time that the need for such a dataset is becoming clear, there is also growing evidence that just such a synoptic dataset may now be obtainable—at least at moderate scale—using contemporary big data approaches. To this end, we introduce the Kavli HUMAN Project (KHP), an effort to aggregate data from 2,500 New York City households in all five boroughs (roughly 10,000 individuals) whose biology and behavior will be measured using an unprecedented array of modalities over 20 years. It will also richly measure environmental conditions and events that KHP members experience using a geographic information system database of unparalleled scale, currently under construction in New York. In this manner, KHP will offer both synoptic and granular views of how human health and behavior coevolve over the life cycle and why they evolve differently for different people. In turn, we argue that this will allow for new discovery-based scientific approaches, rooted in big data analytics, to improving the health and quality of human life, particularly in urban contexts."},{"id":"2b24d495052a8ce66358eb576b8912c8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Diffusion and Evolution of 311 Citizen Service Centers in American Cities from 1996 to 2012: A Study to Identify the Catalysts for the Adoption of Citizen Engagement Technology","organization":[""],"authors":["John Christopher O'Byrne"],"paper_date":"4/21/2015","url":"http://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/52634/O_Byrne_JC_D_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This study of the diffusion and evolution of the 311 innovation in the form of citizen service centers and as a technology cluster has been designed to help identify the catalysts for the spread of government-to-citizen (G2C) technology in local government in order to better position future G2C technology for a more rapid rate of adoption. The 311 non-emergency number was first established in 1996 and had spread to 80 local governments across the United States by 2012. This dissertation examines: what factors contributed to the adoption of 311 in American local governments over 100,000 in population; how did the innovation diffuse and evolve over time; and why did some governments’ communications with citizens became more advanced than others?"},{"id":"a5e00132373a7031000fd987a3c9f87b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Immersive Policy Learning: An Interactive Course Experiment","organization":["MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance","Center for Policy Informatics"],"authors":["Tanya M. Kelley","Erik W. Johnston"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.naspaa.org/jpaemessenger/Article/VOL22-1/10_Kelley_Johnston.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation","Gamification"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Randomized Controlled Trial"]},"sector":["Policy","Education"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"An incourse experiment provided undergraduate public policy students with tangible experience in dealing with unfair, discriminatory, intrusive, and arbitrary policies and practices similar to those that legally exist in government. Students were subjected to incourse policies that gave preferential status and enhanced opportunities to some classmates while others were punished or handicapped. Each of the seemingly arbitrary conditions has parallels in U.S. legal, economic, and social systems. The experiment was designed to enhance student learning through an immersion in a simulated policy environment and to offer a personalized experience of dealing with unjust and arbitrary policies. Experimental and control group responses were analyzed with a grounded research approach. The authors found that the immersive environment led to deeper knowledge of the policy situation and an understanding of how to get involved in a policy area to effect change. This study illustrates potential applications for active learning, simulated empathy, and student empowerment."},{"id":"8d5e957f297893487bd98fa830fa6413","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Regulator of Tomorrow","organization":[""],"authors":["Shrupti Shah","Rachel Brody","Nick Olson"],"paper_date":"6/11/2015","url":"http://dupress.com/articles/US-regulatory-agencies-and-technology/","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper, we examine the challenges that regulators face in our rapidly changing world—from keeping up with technical and business model innovations and the growth in the number of suppliers of goods and services, to dealing with the increasingly digital nature of their constituents and the changing attitudes and behaviors of industries and consumers. We then identify opportunities for leaders of regulatory agencies to navigate today’s challenging landscape and prepare for the future—both in the way they make rules and the way they enforce them. In many ways, regulators can harness the very trends that have caused disruption and use them as a means to modernize regulatory practices and increase effectiveness."},{"id":"47d1e990583c9c67424d369f3414728e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Solutions for Disaster Response: Examples and Lessons for the US Government","organization":[""],"authors":["David Becker","Samuel Bendett"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705815010085/1-s2.0-S1877705815010085-main.pdf?_tid=919a3ea4-0743-11e6-81ec-00000aacb360&acdnat=1461189926_08007997023c7844b580964ba9128e75","taxonomy":{"category":[""],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing has become a quick and efficient way to solve a wide variety of problems - technical solutions, social and economic actions, fundraising and troubleshooting of numerous issues that affect both the private and the public sectors. US government is now actively using crowdsourcing to solve complex problems that previously had to be handled by a limited circle of professionals. This paper outlines several examples of how a Department of Defense project headquartered at the National Defense University is using crowdsourcing for solutions to disaster response problems."},{"id":"f2217062e9a397a1dca429e7d70bc6ca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Silo Effect: The Peril of Expertise and the Promise of Breaking Down Barriers","organization":[""],"authors":["Gillian Tett"],"paper_date":"9/2015","url":"http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-Silo-Effect/Gillian-Tett/9781451644739","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States","Switzerland","Tokyo","United Kingdom"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"From award-winning columnist and journalist Gillian Tett comes a brilliant examination of how our tendency to create functional departments—silos—hinders our work…and how some people and organizations can break those silos down to unleash innovation. - See more at: http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-Silo-Effect/Gillian-Tett/9781451644739#sthash.3pLOtW16.dpuf"},{"id":"7ef605fc8dba5425d6965fbd4c8fbe1f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Behavioral Divide: A Critique of the Differential Implementation of Behavioral Law and Economics in the US and the EU","organization":[""],"authors":["Philipp Hacker"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ercl.2015.11.issue-4/ercl-2015-0020/ercl-2015-0020.xml","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["United States","United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A behavioral divide cuts across the Atlantic. Despite the recent surge of behavioral analysis in European academia, a scrutiny of decisions by courts and regulatory agencies in the US and the EU reveals striking differences. While in the US rulings by courts and regulatory agencies progressively take insights from behavioral economics into account, EU courts and agencies still, and even increasingly, cling to the rational actor model. These inverse trends can be uncovered in the interpretation of legal concepts of human agency, ie, of those elements in a legal order which refer, implicitly or explicitly, to a model of rationality of human actors. More particularly, this paper reviews the concepts of consumers and of users, in consumer law and product liability respectively, to underscore the claim of the behavioral divide. Importantly, the divergence between EU and US private law practice calls for a normative evaluation. In the face of empirical uncertainty about the existence, direction and intensity of biases, the most attractive legal concept of human agency is a pluralistic one, assuming the simultaneous presence of boundedly and fully rational actors. In concrete applications, this paper shows that a pluralistic perspective urges a revision of the concept of the reasonable consumer, both in US and EU consumer law. Furthermore, such a view leads to the adoption of a more boundedly rational user concept in product liability. The pluralistic, yet more boundedly rational concepts thus have far-reaching consequences both for private law theory and its concomitant case law."},{"id":"a8f15eda80c50adb0e71943adc8015cf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Why participate? A policy feedback approach to political participation in Zambia","organization":[""],"authors":["Erin Accampo Hern"],"paper_date":"8/1/2015","url":"https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/41084","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Zambia"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This study examines how policy has influenced various forms of political participation in the developing democracy of Zambia. Situating the study in Zambia allows explicit examination of policy feedback outside the context of high capacity democracies."},{"id":"37a749d808e46495a8da1e5352d03cae","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A Systematic Review of Online Deliberation Research","organization":[""],"authors":["Dennis Friess","Christiane Eilders"],"paper_date":"8/19/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.95/abstract;jsessionid=EE51B1566BD45C010AB0AFFC0C672ED0.f01t03?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&utm_content=bufferbd7cb&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article takes stock of the growing field of online deliberation research. Our review of the theoretical and empirical findings is guided by a framework encompassing the three relevant components of deliberation: the institutional design that enables and fosters deliberation (institutional input: “design”), the quality of the communication process (communicative throughput: “process”), and the expected results of deliberation (productive outcome: “results”). Our findings show that scholarly attention is unevenly distributed across the different components of the framework. Most research has focused on the quality of the online discussion (process). A fair amount of research has focused on the institutional conditions fostering deliberation (design), while the outcomes of online deliberation processes (results) have mostly been neglected. This picture is repeated in terms of the causal relations between design, process, and results of deliberation: Most studies have dealt with the effects of the platform design on the degree of deliberation (design-process). Much less is known about how the process of deliberation shapes the outcomes of deliberation (process-results). Studies investigating all three aspects of deliberation and their causal links (design-process-results) are particularly rare."},{"id":"b3e3e393c77e35a4a3f3cbd1e429b5dc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Algorithmic Life: Calculative Devices in the Age of Big Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Louise Amoore","Volha Piotukh"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9781138852846","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book critically explores forms and techniques of calculation that emerge with digital computation, and their implications. The contributors demonstrate that digital calculative devices matter beyond their specific functions as they progressively shape, transform and govern all areas of our life. In particular, it addresses such questions as:\n\n-How does the drive to make sense of, and productively use, large amounts of diverse data, inform the development of new calculative devices, logics and techniques?\n-How do these devices, logics and techniques affect our capacity to decide and to act?\n-How do mundane elements of our physical and virtual existence become data to be analysed and rearranged in complex ensembles of people and things?\n-In what ways are conventional notions of public and private, individual and population, certainty and probability, rule and exception transformed and what are the consequences?\n-How does the search for ‘hidden’ connections and patterns change our understanding of social relations and associative life?\n-Do contemporary modes of calculation produce new thresholds of calculability and computability, allowing for the improbable or the merely possible to be embraced and acted upon?\n-As contemporary approaches to governing uncertain futures seek to anticipate future events, how are calculation and decision engaged anew?\n\nDrawing together different strands of cutting-edge research that is both theoretically sophisticated and empirically rich, this book makes an important contribution to several areas of scholarship, including the emerging social science field of software studies, and will be a vital resource for students and scholars alike."},{"id":"1d7f7abc18fcb43975065399b0d1e48e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Beyond behaviour change: Key issues, interdisciplinary approaches and future directions","organization":[""],"authors":["Fiona Spotswood"],"paper_date":"2/26/2016","url":"http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/B/bo23503076.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"‘Behaviour change’ has become a buzz phrase of growing importance to policymakers and researchers. There is an increasing focus on exploring the relationship between social organisation and individual action, and on intervening to influence societal outcomes like population health and climate change. Researchers continue to grapple with methodologies, intervention strategies and ideologies around ‘social change’. Multidisciplinary in approach, this important book draws together insights from a selection of the principal thinkers in fields including public health, transport, marketing, sustainability and technology. The book explores the political and historical landscape of behaviour change, and trends in academic theory, before examining new innovations in both practice and research. It will be a valuable resource for academics, policy makers, practitioners, researchers and students wanting to locate their thinking within this rapidly evolving field."},{"id":"2a79ea27c279e471f4d180b08d62b00a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Beyond the Quantified Self: Thematic exploration of a dataistic paradigm","organization":[""],"authors":["Minna Ruckenstein","Mika Pantzar"],"paper_date":"10/7/2015","url":"http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/09/22/1461444815609081.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Small Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article investigates the metaphor of the Quantified Self (QS) as it is presented in the magazine Wired (2008–2012). Four interrelated themes—transparency, optimization, feedback loop, and biohacking—are identified as formative in defining a new numerical self and promoting a dataist paradigm. Wired captures certain interests and desires with the QS metaphor, while ignoring and downplaying others, suggesting that the QS positions self-tracking devices and applications as interfaces that energize technological engagements, thereby pushing us to rethink life in a data-driven manner. The thematic analysis of the QS is treated as a schematic aid for raising critical questions about self-quantification, for instance, detecting the merging of epistemological claims, technological devices, and market-making efforts. From this perspective, another definition of the QS emerges: a knowledge system that remains flexible in its aims and can be used as a resource for epistemological inquiry and in the formation of alternative paradigms."},{"id":"1c9ac0159c94d8d0cbedc973445af2da","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD) in government: A challenge to transparency and privacy?","organization":[""],"authors":["Marijn Janssen","Jeroen van den Hoven"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15001069","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Big and Open Linked Data (BOLD) results in new opportunities and have the potential to transform government and its interactions with the public. BOLD provides the opportunity to analyze the behavior of individuals, increase control, and reduce privacy. At the same time BOLD can be used to create an open and transparent government. Transparency and privacy are considered as important societal and democratic values that are needed to inform citizens and let them participate in democratic processes. Practices in these areas are changing with the rise of BOLD. Although intuitively appealing, the concepts of transparency and privacy have many interpretations and are difficult to conceptualize, which makes it often hard to implement them. Transparency and privacy should be conceptualized as complex, non-dichotomous constructs interrelated with other factors. Only by conceptualizing these values in this way, the nature and impact of BOLD on privacy and transparency can be understood, and their levels can be balanced with security, safety, openness and other socially-desirable values."},{"id":"6c4b761a28b734fe93831e3fb400ce87","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Big Data Analysis: New Algorithms for a New Society","organization":[""],"authors":["Nathalie Japkowicz","Jerzy Stefanowski"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319269870","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This edited volume is devoted to Big Data Analysis from a Machine Learning standpoint as presented by some of the most eminent researchers in this area.\n\nIt demonstrates that Big Data Analysis opens up new research problems which were either never considered before, or were only considered within a limited range. In addition to providing methodological discussions on the principles of mining Big Data and the difference between traditional statistical data analysis and newer computing frameworks, this book presents recently developed algorithms affecting such areas as business, financial forecasting, human mobility, the Internet of Things, information networks, bioinformatics, medical systems and life science. It explores, through a number of specific examples, how the study of Big Data Analysis has evolved and how it has started and will most likely continue to affect society. While the benefits brought upon by Big Data Analysis are underlined, the book also discusses some of the warnings that have been issued concerning the potential dangers of Big Data Analysis along with its pitfalls and challenges."},{"id":"06409663226af2f3114485aa4e0a23b4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Brief survey of crowdsourcing for data mining","organization":[""],"authors":["Guo Xintong","Wang Hongzhi","Yangqiu Song","Gao Hong"],"paper_date":"12/1/2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417414003984","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing allows large-scale and flexible invocation of human input for data gathering and analysis, which introduces a new paradigm of data mining process. Traditional data mining methods often require the experts in analytic domains to annotate the data. However, it is expensive and usually takes a long time. Crowdsourcing enables the use of heterogeneous background knowledge from volunteers and distributes the annotation process to small portions of efforts from different contributions. This paper reviews the state-of-the-arts on the crowdsourcing for data mining in recent years. We first review the challenges and opportunities of data mining tasks using crowdsourcing, and summarize the framework of them. Then we highlight several exemplar works in each component of the framework, including question designing, data mining and quality control. Finally, we conclude the limitation of crowdsourcing for data mining and suggest related areas for future research."},{"id":"140f6969d5213fd0ece03148e62e461e","related_content":[{"url":"http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138119642/Infographics.pptx","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Cities in the 21st Century","organization":[""],"authors":["Oriol Nel-lo","Renata Mele"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9781138119642","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Cities in the 21st Century provides an overview of contemporary urban development. Written by more than thirty major academic specialists from different countries, it provides information on and analysis of the global network of cities, changes in urban form, environmental problems, the role of technologies and knowledge, socioeconomic developments, and finally, the challenge of urban governance."},{"id":"b73ce398c39f506af761d2277d853a92","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Citizenship, Social Media, and Big Data: Current and Future Research in the Social Sciences","organization":[""],"authors":["Homero Gil de Zúñiga"],"paper_date":"12/4/2015","url":"http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/12/03/0894439315619589.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media","Big Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This special issue of the Social Science Computer Review provides a sample of the latest strategies employing large data sets in social media and political communication research. The proliferation of information communication technologies, social media, and the Internet, alongside the ubiquity of high-performance computing and storage technologies, has ushered in the era of computational social science. However, in no way does the use of “big data” represent a standardized area of inquiry in any field. This article briefly summarizes pressing issues when employing big data for political communication research. Major challenges remain to ensure the validity and generalizability of findings. Strong theoretical arguments are still a central part of conducting meaningful research. In addition, ethical practices concerning how data are collected remain an area of open discussion. The article surveys studies that offer unique and creative ways to combine methods and introduce new tools while at the same time address some solutions to ethical questions."},{"id":"bd4c9ab730f5513206b999ec0d90d1fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Collective Intelligence or Group Think? Engaging Participation Patterns in World without Oil","organization":[""],"authors":["Nassim Jafari Naimi","Eric M. Meyers"],"paper_date":"3/1/2015","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2675258","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Energy","Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article presents an analysis of participation patterns in an Alternate Reality Game, World Without Oil. This game aims to bring people together in an online environment to reflect on how an oil crisis might affect their lives and communities as a way to both counter such a crisis and to build collective intelligence about responding to it. We present a series of participation profiles based on a quantitative analysis of 1554 contributions to the game narrative made by 322 players. We further qualitatively analyze a sample of these contributions. We outline the dominant themes, the majority of which engage the global oil crisis for its effects on commute options and present micro-sustainability solutions in response. We further draw on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of this space to discuss how the design of the game, specifically its framing of the problem, feedback mechanism, and absence of subject-matter expertise, counter its aim of generating collective intelligence, making it conducive to groupthink."},{"id":"82aa4b0af34c2313a562076992e50aa3","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxBfPlWuG0Q","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Confronting the Internet's Dark Side: Moral and Social Responsibility on the Free Highway","organization":[""],"authors":["Raphael Cohen-Almagor"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/e-commerce-law/confronting-internets-dark-side-moral-and-social-responsibility-free-highway?format=HB","taxonomy":{"category":["Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Internet Governance"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Terrorism, cyberbullying, child pornography, hate speech, cybercrime: along with unprecedented advancements in productivity and engagement, the Internet has ushered in a space for violent, hateful, and antisocial behavior. How do we, as individuals and as a society, protect against dangerous expressions online? Confronting the Internet's Dark Side is the first book on social responsibility on the Internet. It aims to strike a balance between the free speech principle and the responsibilities of the individual, corporation, state, and the international community. This book brings a global perspective to the analysis of some of the most troubling uses of the Internet. It urges net users, ISPs, and liberal democracies to weigh freedom and security, finding the golden mean between unlimited license and moral responsibility. This judgment is necessary to uphold the very liberal democratic values that gave rise to the Internet and that are threatened by an unbridled use of technology."},{"id":"0777d5c17d4066b82ab86dff8a46af6f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Democracy Reinvented: Participatory Budgeting and Civic Innovation in America","organization":[""],"authors":["Hollie Russon Gilman"],"paper_date":"1/26/2016","url":"http://www.brookings.edu/research/books/2015/democracy-reinvented","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Participatory Budgeting"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies","Surveys"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Democracy Reinvented is the first comprehensive academic treatment of participatory budgeting in the United States, situating it within a broader trend of civic technology and innovation. This global phenomenon, which has been called “revolutionary civics in action” by the New York Times, started in Brazil in 1989 but came to America only in 2009. Participatory budgeting empowers citizens to identify community needs, work with elected officials to craft budget proposals, and vote on how to spend public funds.\n\nDemocracy Reinvented places participatory budgeting within the larger discussion of the health of U.S. democracy and focuses on the enabling political and institutional conditions. Author and former White House policy adviser Hollie Russon Gilman presents theoretical insights, in-depth case studies, and interviews to offer a compelling alternative to the current citizen disaffection and mistrust of government. She offers policy recommendations on how to tap online tools and other technological and civic innovations to promote more inclusive governance.\n\nWhile most literature tends to focus on institutional changes without solutions, this book suggests practical ways to empower citizens to become change agents. Democracy Reinvented also includes a discussion on the challenges and opportunities that come with using digital tools to re-engage citizens in governance."},{"id":"fa7cdfad1a5aaf8370ebeda47a1ff1c3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Disclosing or obscuring? The politics of transparency in global climate governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Aarti Gupta","Michael Mason"],"paper_date":"2/16","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343515001281","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Transparency is increasingly evoked within public and private climate governance arrangements as a key means to enhance accountability and improve environmental outcomes. We review assumed links between transparency, accountability and environmental sustainability here, by identifying four rationales underpinning uptake of transparency in governance. We label these democratization, technocratization, marketization and privatization, and assess how they shape the scope and practices of climate disclosure, and to what effect. We find that all four are discernible in climate governance, yet the technocratic and privatization rationales tend to overtake the originally intended (more inclusive, and more public-good oriented) democratization and marketization rationales for transparency, particularly during institutionalization of disclosure systems. This reduces transparency's potential to enhance accountability or trigger more environmentally sustainable outcomes."},{"id":"9766527f2b5d3e95d4a733fcfb77bd7e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Flutrack.org: Open-source and linked data for epidemiology","organization":[""],"authors":["Konstantinos Chorianopoulos","Karolos Talvis"],"paper_date":"9/8/2015","url":"http://jhi.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/09/02/1460458215599822.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Epidemiology has made advances, thanks to the availability of real-time surveillance data and by leveraging the geographic analysis of incidents. There are many health information systems that visualize the symptoms of influenza-like illness on a digital map, which is suitable for end-users, but it does not afford further processing and analysis. Existing systems have emphasized the collection, analysis, and visualization of surveillance data, but they have neglected a modular and interoperable design that integrates high-resolution geo-location with real-time data. As a remedy, we have built an open-source project and we have been operating an open service that detects flu-related symptoms and shares the data in real-time with anyone who wants to built upon this system. An analysis of a small number of precisely geo-located status updates (e.g. Twitter) correlates closely with the Google Flu Trends and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention flu-positive reports. We suggest that public health information systems should embrace an open-source approach and offer linked data, in order to facilitate the development of an ecosystem of applications and services, and in order to be transparent to the general public interest."},{"id":"7e7757b1e12abcb736ab9a754ffb617a","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9WLYRgVQcI&feature=youtu.be","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Forging Trust Communities: How Technology Changes Politics","organization":[""],"authors":["Irene S. Wu"],"paper_date":"6/2015","url":"http://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/forging-trust-communities","taxonomy":{"category":["Social Media","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Bloggers in India used social media and wikis to broadcast news and bring humanitarian aid to tsunami victims in South Asia. Terrorist groups like ISIS pour out messages and recruit new members on websites. The Internet is the new public square, bringing to politics a platform on which to create community at both the grassroots and bureaucratic level. Drawing on historical and contemporary case studies from more than ten countries, Irene S. Wu’s Forging Trust Communities argues that the Internet, and the technologies that predate it, catalyze political change by creating new opportunities for cooperation. The Internet does not simply enable faster and easier communication, but makes it possible for people around the world to interact closely, reciprocate favors, and build trust. The information and ideas exchanged by members of these cooperative communities become key sources of political power akin to military might and economic strength."},{"id":"5878a7ab84fb43402106c575658472fa","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Governments and Citizens Getting to Know Each Other? Open, Closed, and Big Data in Public Management Reform","organization":[""],"authors":[""],"paper_date":"","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1944-2866.POI377/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Citizens and governments live increasingly digital lives, leaving trails of digital data that have the potential to support unprecedented levels of mutual government–citizen understanding, and in turn, vast improvements to public policies and services. Open data and open government initiatives promise to “open up” government operations to citizens. New forms of “big data” analysis can be used by government itself to understand citizens' behavior and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of policy and service delivery. In practice, however, open data emerges as a reform development directed to a range of goals, including the stimulation of economic development, and not strictly transparency or public service improvement. Meanwhile, governments have been slow to capitalize on the potential of big data, while the largest data they do collect remain “closed” and under-exploited within the confines of intelligence agencies. Drawing on interviews with civil servants and researchers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States between 2011 and 2014, this article argues that a big data approach could offer the greatest potential as a vehicle for improving mutual government–citizen understanding, thus embodying the core tenets of Digital Era Governance, argued by some authors to be the most viable public management model for the digital age (Dunleavy, Margetts, Bastow, & Tinkler, 2005, 2006; Margetts & Dunleavy, 2013)."},{"id":"006f52e9102a8d3be2fe5614f42ba989","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Handbook of Digital Politics","organization":[""],"authors":["Stephen Coleman","Deen Freelon"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-of-digital-politics?___website=us_warehouse","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence","Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Politics continues to evolve in the digital era, spurred in part by the accelerating pace of technological development. This cutting-edge Handbook includes the very latest research on the relationship between digital information, communication technologies and politics. \n\nWritten by leading scholars in the field, the chapters explore in seven parts: theories of digital politics, government and policy, collective action and civic engagement, political talk, journalism, internet governance and new frontiers in digital politics research. The contributors focus on the politics behind the implementation of digital technologies in society today.\n\nAll students in the fields of politics, media and communication studies, journalism, science and sociology will find this book to be a useful resource in their studies. Political practitioners seeking digital strategies, as well as web and other digital practitioners wanting to know more about political applications for their work will also find this book to be of interest."},{"id":"3636638817772e42b59d74cff571fbb3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"How Open Data Are Turned into Services?","organization":[""],"authors":["Muriel Foulonneau","Sébastien Martin","Slim Turki"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-04810-9_3","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Open Data movement has mainly been a data provision movement. The release of Open Data is usually motivated by (i) government transparency (citizen access to government data), (ii) the development of services by third parties for the benefit for citizens and companies (typically smart city approach), or (iii) the development of new services that stimulate the economy. The success of the Open Data movement and its return on investment should therefore be assessed among other criteria by the number and impact of the services created based on those data. In this paper, we study the development of services based on open data and means to make the data opening process more effective."},{"id":"149e9677a5989fd342ae44213df68868","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Innovating and changing the policy-cycle: Policy-makers be prepared!","organization":[""],"authors":["Marijn Janssen","Natalie Helbig"],"paper_date":"1/29/2016","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15300265","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Open Data","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Many policy-makers are struggling to understand participatory governance in the midst of technological changes. Advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) continue to have an impact on the ways that policy-makers and citizens engage with each other throughout the policy-making process. A set of developments in the areas of opening government data, advanced analytics, visualization, simulation, and gaming, and ubiquitous citizen access using mobile and personalized applications is shaping the interactions between policy-makers and citizens. Yet the impact of these developments on the policy-makers is unclear. The changing roles and need for new capabilities required from the government are analyzed in this paper using two case studies. Salient new roles for policy-makers are outlined focused on orchestrating the policy-making process. Research directions are identified including understand the behavior of users, aggregating and analyzing content from scattered resources, and the effective use of the new tools. Understanding new policy-makers roles will help to bridge the gap between the potential of tools and technologies and the organizational realities and political contexts. We argue that many examples are available that enable learning from others, in both directions, developed countries experiences are useful for developing countries and experiences from the latter are valuable for the former countries."},{"id":"a4a042cf4fd6bfb47701cbc8a1653ada","related_content":[{"url":"http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-health/2015/08/04/healthy-urbanization/","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Innovating for Healthy Urbanization","organization":["MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Roy Ahn","Thomas F. Burke","Anita M. McGahan"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9781489975966","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This powerful resource identifies wide-scale health challenges facing a rapidly urbanizing planet--including key concerns in nutrition, health status, health care, and safety--and strategies toward possible solutions. Theoretical and empirical analysis focuses on maximizing the benefits of urban living and minimizing negative outcomes across areas for improvement (health education, maternal and child health) and threats to well-being (noise pollution, drug counterfeiting). For each challenge, contributors discuss implications for health, specific practices that fuel them, and emerging ideas for solving them efficiently and effectively. Not only are these issues of immediate salience, they will become dangerously urgent in years to come."},{"id":"1ff8a7b5dc7a7d1f0ed65aaa29c04b1e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Innovation Labs: Leveraging Openness for Radical Innovation?","organization":[""],"authors":["Lidia Gryszkiewicz","Ioanna Lykourentzou","Tuukka Toivonen"],"paper_date":"1/9/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2556692","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A growing range of public, private and civic organisations, from Unicef through Nesta to Tesco, now run units known as ‘innovation labs’. The hopeful assumption they share is that labs, by building on openness among other features, can generate promising solutions to grand challenges of the future. Despite their seeming proliferation and popularisation, the underlying innovation paradigm embodied by labs has so far received scant academic attention. This is a missed opportunity, because innovation labs are potentially fruitful vehicles for leveraging openness for radical innovation. Indeed, they not only strive to span organisational, sectoral and geographical boundaries by bringing a variety of uncommon actors together to embrace radical ideas and out-of-the box thinking, but they also aim to apply the concept of openness throughout the innovation process, including the experimentation and development phases. While the phenomenon of labs clearly forms part of a broader trend towards openness, it seems to transcend traditional conceptualisations of open innovation (Chesbrough, 2006), open strategy (Whittington et al., 2011), open science (David, 1998) or open government (Janssen et al., 2012). What are innovation labs about, how do they differ from other innovation efforts and how do they embrace openness to create breakthrough innovations? This short exploratory paper is an introduction to a larger empirical study aiming to answer these questions."},{"id":"f7e6c85504ce6e82442c770f7c8606f0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust: Towards Theoretical and Methodological Integration","organization":[""],"authors":["E. Shockley","T.M.S. Neal","L.M. PytlikZillig","B.H. Bornstein"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319222608","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics","Health","Criminal Justice","Science"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This timely collection explores trust research from many angles while ably demonstrating the potential of cross-discipline collaboration to deepen our understanding of institutional trust. Citing, among other things, current breakdowns of trust in prominent institutions, the book presents a multilevel model identifying universal aspects of trust as well as domain- and context-specific variations deserving further study. Contributors analyze similarities and differences in trust across public domains from politics and policing to medicine and science, and across languages and nations. Innovative strategies for measuring and assessing trust also shed new light on this essentially human behavior."},{"id":"bf8229696f7a3bb4700cfddef19fa23f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Knowing Governance: The Epistemic Construction of Political Order","organization":[""],"authors":["Jan-Peter Voß","Richard Freeman"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137514509","taxonomy":{"category":["Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book is about the making of knowledge about governance and how it shapes political action. In a sense, doing politics has always turned on knowing governance, since political action builds on a certain understanding of what it is to act politically and how to do so effectively. Those seeking power have invariably wanted to know how collective order can be built and maintained: governing implies knowledge about the world to be governed and the resources available to do so, and about the interests and dispositions of the actors involved. What is more, while knowing governance has always been key to ruling effectively, it is at the same time a principal lever for those who seek to challenge authority. Shared knowledge is a precondition of collective action and of the imagined communities of modern politics, whether nations or social movements or issue-based constituencies."},{"id":"82161242827b703e6acf9c726942a1e4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Mind the Map: The Impact of Culture and Economic Affluence on Crowd-Mapping Behaviours","organization":[""],"authors":["Dr. Licia Capra"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2531713","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowd-mapping is a form of collaborative work that empowers citizens to collect and share geographic knowledge. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a successful example of such paradigm, where the goal of building and maintaining an accurate global map of the changing world is being accomplished by means of local contributions made by over 1.2M citizens. While OSM has been subject to many country-specific studies, the relationship between national culture and economic affluence and users' participation has been so far unexplored. In this work, we systematically study the link between them: we characterise OSM users in terms of who they are, how they contribute, during what period of time, and across what geographic areas. We find strong correlations between these characteristics and national culture factors (e.g., power distance, individualism, pace of life, self expression), and well as Gross Domestic Product per capita. Based on these findings, we discuss design issues that developers of crowd-mapping services should consider to account for cross-cultural differences."},{"id":"38af86134b65d0f10fe33d30dd76442e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Motivations for sustained participation in crowdsourcing: The role of talk in a citizen science case study","organization":[""],"authors":["Corey Brian Jackson","Carsten Østerlund","Gabriel Mugar","Katie DeVries Hassman","Kevin Crowston"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=7070006","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The paper explores the motivations of volunteers in a large crowd sourcing project and contributes to our understanding of the motivational factors that lead to deeper engagement beyond initial participation. Drawing on the theory of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) and the literature on motivation in crowd sourcing, we analyze interview and trace data from a large citizen science project. The analyses identify ways in which the technical features of the projects may serve as motivational factors leading participants towards sustained participation. The results suggest volunteers first engage in activities to support knowledge acquisition and later share knowledge with other volunteers and finally increase participation in Talk through a punctuated process of role discovery."},{"id":"96da2f590cd7246bbde0051047b0d6f7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"On the barriers for local government releasing open data","organization":[""],"authors":["Peter Conradie","Sunil Choenni"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X14000513","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Due to expected benefits such as citizen participation and innovation, the release of Public Sector Information as open data is getting increased attention on various levels of government. However, currently data release by governments is still novel and there is little experience and knowledge thus far about its benefits, costs and barriers. This is compounded by a lack of understanding about how internal processes influence data release. Our aim in this paper is to get a better understanding of these processes and how they influence data release, i.e., to find determinants for the release of public sector information. For this purpose, we conducted workshops, interviews, questionnaires, desk research and practice based cases in the education program of our university, involving six local public sector organizations. We find that the way data is stored, the way data is obtained and the way data is used by a department are crucial indicators for open data release. We conclude with the lessons learned based on our research findings. These findings are: we should take a nuanced approach towards data release, avoid releasing data for its own sake, and take small incremental steps to explore data release."},{"id":"8f85517967795eeef66c225f7883bdcb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open Government and Democracy: A Research Review","organization":[""],"authors":["Karin Hansson","Kheira Belkacem","Love Ekenberg"],"paper_date":"","url":"http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/12/03/0894439314560847.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The concept of open government, having been promoted widely in the past 5 years, has promised a broader notion than e-government, as supposed to fundamentally transform governments to become more open and participative and collaborative. Unfortunately, this has not significantly enhanced a set of fundamental problems regarding e-government. One of the problems is that the underlying democratic ideology is rarely clearly expressed. In this paper, we have therefore constructed a framework for the analysis of open government from a democratic perspective, to explore the research foundation of open government and the types of research missing. We have looked closely at the notion of democracy in peer-reviewed journals on open government from 2009 to 2013, focusing on discussions of some fundamental issues regarding democracy and the type of solutions suggested. We have found that despite seemingly good intentions and an extensive rhetoric, there is still an apparent lack of adequate tools in which public deliberation and representation are addressed in any meaningful sense. There are two main important observations herein: (i) the rhetoric in the dominant discourse supports the concept of open government formulated by the Obama administration as transparency, participation, and collaboration, but in practice, the focus is predominantly on transparency and information exchange, while ignoring fundamental democratic issues regarding participation and collaboration, and (ii) the concept of the public is inadequately considered as a homogenous entity rather than a diversified group with different interests, preferences, and abilities."},{"id":"8f53295a73878494e9bc8dd6c3c7104f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open Source Governance—A More Ambitious Cousin of Collaborative Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Ani Mateia","Sergiu Ioan Irimia"],"paper_date":"9/25/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900692.2014.907315","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open source represents a model generally known for its success in software production. The objective of this article is to establish a new strategic approach of using open source development principles for managing collaborative arrangements between citizens and public administration. The identity of open source governance is developed by highlighting how it is different from its main “competitor”—collaborative governance, and from other two popular concepts—open government and e-democracy. The other sections are designed to answer to public managers regarding why and what to adopt from this governance model for public sector services."},{"id":"045117b0e0a11a242b9765e79cbf113f","related_content":[{"url":"http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10582.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Political Turbulence: How Social Media Shape Collective Action","organization":[""],"authors":["Helen Margetts","Peter John","Scott Hale","Taha Yasseri"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10582.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"As people spend increasing proportions of their daily lives using social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, they are being invited to support myriad political causes by sharing, liking, endorsing, or downloading. Chain reactions caused by these tiny acts of participation form a growing part of collective action today, from neighborhood campaigns to global political movements. Political Turbulence reveals that, in fact, most attempts at collective action online do not succeed, but some give rise to huge mobilizations—even revolutions.\n\nDrawing on large-scale data generated from the Internet and real-world events, this book shows how mobilizations that succeed are unpredictable, unstable, and often unsustainable. To better understand this unruly new force in the political world, the authors use experiments that test how social media influence citizens deciding whether or not to participate. They show how different personality types react to social influences and identify which types of people are willing to participate at an early stage in a mobilization when there are few supporters or signals of viability. The authors argue that pluralism is the model of democracy that is emerging in the social media age—not the ordered, organized vision of early pluralists, but a chaotic, turbulent form of politics.\n\nThis book demonstrates how data science and experimentation with social data can provide a methodological toolkit for understanding, shaping, and perhaps even predicting the outcomes of this democratic turbulence."},{"id":"fc221309746013ac554571fbd180e1c8","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.predictiveanalyticsworld.com/book/audiobook.php","title":"Videos"}],"access":"Closed","title":"Predictive Analytics: The Power to Predict Who Will Click, Buy, Lie, or Die","organization":[""],"authors":["Eric Siegel"],"paper_date":"1/2016","url":"http://www.predictiveanalyticsworld.com/book/overview.php","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"An introduction for everyone. In this rich, fascinating — surprisingly accessible — introduction, leading expert Eric Siegel reveals how predictive analytics works, and how it affects everyone every day. Rather than a \"how to\" for hands-on techies, the book serves lay readers and experts alike by covering new case studies and the latest state-of-the-art techniques."},{"id":"4c5bde74a8f110656874902f07378009","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Privacy in a Digital, Networked World: Technologies, Implications and Solutions","organization":[""],"authors":["Sherali Zeadally","Mohamad Badra"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319084695","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Social Media","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health","Transportation"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This comprehensive textbook/reference presents a focused review of the state of the art in privacy research, encompassing a range of diverse topics. The first book of its kind designed specifically to cater to courses on privacy, this authoritative volume provides technical, legal, and ethical perspectives on privacy issues from a global selection of renowned experts. Features: examines privacy issues relating to databases, P2P networks, big data technologies, social networks, and digital information networks; describes the challenges of addressing privacy concerns in various areas; reviews topics of privacy in electronic health systems, smart grid technology, vehicular ad-hoc networks, mobile devices, location-based systems, and crowdsourcing platforms; investigates approaches for protecting privacy in cloud applications; discusses the regulation of personal information disclosure and the privacy of individuals; presents the tools and the evidence to better understand consumers’ privacy behaviors."},{"id":"cedebb6e872f539bef8c3f919874e9d7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Remaking Participation: Science, Environment and Emergent Publics","organization":[""],"authors":["Jason Chilvers","Matthew Kearnes"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9780415857406","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Changing relations between science and democracy – and controversies over issues such as climate change, energy transitions, genetically modified organisms and smart technologies – have led to a rapid rise in new forms of public participation and citizen engagement. While most existing approaches adopt fixed meanings of ‘participation’ and are consumed by questions of method or critiquing the possible limits of democratic engagement, this book offers new insights that rethink public engagements with science, innovation and environmental issues as diverse, emergent and in the making. Bringing together leading scholars on science and democracy, working between science and technology studies, political theory, geography, sociology and anthropology, the volume develops relational and co-productionist approaches to studying and intervening in spaces of participation. New empirical insights into the making, construction, circulation and effects of participation across cultures are illustrated through examples ranging from climate change and energy to nanotechnology and mundane technologies, from institutionalised deliberative processes to citizen-led innovation and activism, and from the global north to global south. This new way of seeing participation in science and democracy opens up alternative paths for reconfiguring and remaking participation in more experimental, reflexive, anticipatory and responsible ways."},{"id":"6cdd60ea0045eb7a6ec44c54d29ed402","related_content":[{"url":"http://he.palgrave.com/resources/sample-chapters/9781137377197_sample.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smart Cities as Democratic Ecologies","organization":[""],"authors":["Daniel Araya"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137377197","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Citizen Science"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This collection focuses on technology-driven changes in democracy and civic engagement in the design and development of the 'smart city', exploring new urban literacies and emergent social practices."},{"id":"eecca5b6365d9607ee5a9d336962c534","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.thegovlab.org/smarterstate.html","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Governing","organization":["The GovLab","MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Beth Simone Noveck"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674286054","taxonomy":{"category":["Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Government “of the people, by the people, for the people” expresses an ideal that resonates in all democracies. Yet poll after poll reveals deep distrust of institutions that seem to have left “the people” out of the governing equation. Government bureaucracies that are supposed to solve critical problems on their own are a troublesome outgrowth of the professionalization of public life in the industrial age. They are especially ill-suited to confronting today’s complex challenges.\n\nOffering a far-reaching program for innovation, Smart Citizens, Smarter State suggests that public decisionmaking could be more effective and legitimate if government were smarter—if our institutions knew how to use technology to leverage citizens’ expertise. Just as individuals use only part of their brainpower to solve most problems, governing institutions make far too little use of the skills and experience of those inside and outside of government with scientific credentials, practical skills, and ground-level street smarts. New tools—what Beth Simone Noveck calls technologies of expertise—are making it possible to match the supply of citizen expertise to the demand for it in government.\n\nDrawing on a wide range of academic disciplines and practical examples from her work as an adviser to governments on institutional innovation, Noveck explores how to create more open and collaborative institutions. In so doing, she puts forward a profound new vision for participatory democracy rooted not in the paltry act of occasional voting or the serendipity of crowdsourcing but in people’s knowledge and know-how."},{"id":"9872ed9fc22fc182d371c3e9ed316094","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smart Urbanism: Utopian vision or false dawn?","organization":[""],"authors":["Simon Marvinrés Luque-Ayala","Colin McFarlane"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9781138844230","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Smart Urbanism (SU) – the rebuilding of cities through the integration of digital technologies with buildings, neighbourhoods, networked infrastructures and people – is being represented as a unique emerging ‘solution’ to the majority of problems faced by cities today. SU discourses, enacted by technology companies, national governments and supranational agencies alike, claim a supremacy of urban digital technologies for managing and controlling infrastructures, achieving greater effectiveness in managing service demand and reducing carbon emissions, developing greater social interaction and community networks, providing new services around health and social care etc. Smart urbanism is being represented as the response to almost every facet of the contemporary urban question."},{"id":"31fefc0e570cb3860f2a6d4b38c6490d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Smarter as the New Urban Agenda: A Comprehensive View of the 21st Century City","organization":[""],"authors":["J. Ramon Gil-Garcia","Theresa A. Pardo","Taewoo Nam"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319176192","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book will provide one of the first comprehensive approaches to the study of smart city governments with theories and concepts for understanding and researching 21st century city governments innovative methodologies for the analysis and evaluation of smart city initiatives. The term “smart city” is now generally used to represent efforts that in different ways describe a comprehensive vision of a city for the present and future. A smarter city infuses information into its physical infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy, improve the quality of air and water, identify problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly from disasters, collect data to make better decisions, deploy resources effectively and share data to enable collaboration across entities and domains. These and other similar efforts are expected to make cities more intelligent in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, transparency, and sustainability, among other important aspects. Given this changing social, institutional and technology environment, it seems feasible and likeable to attain smarter cities and by extension, smarter governments: virtually integrated, networked, interconnected, responsive, and efficient. This book will help build the bridge between sound research and practice expertise in the area of smarter cities and will be of interest to researchers and students in the e-government, public administration, political science, communication, information science, administrative sciences and management, sociology, computer science, and information technology. As well as government officials and public managers who will find practical recommendations based on rigorous studies that will contain insights and guidance for the development, management, and evaluation of complex smart cities and smart government initiatives."},{"id":"9dcb88e0137649590b755372b040afad","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Social Media for Government Services","organization":[""],"authors":["Surya Nepal","Cécile Paris","Dimitrios Georgakopoulos"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319272351","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book highlights state-of-the-art research, development and implementation efforts concerning social media in government services, bringing together researchers and practitioners in a number of case studies. It elucidates a number of significant challenges associated with social media specific to government services, such as: benefits and methods of assessing; usability and suitability of tools, technologies and platforms; governance policies and frameworks; opportunities for new services; integrating social media with organisational business processes; and specific case studies. The book also highlights the range of uses and applications of social media in the government domain, at both local and federal levels. As such, it offers a valuable resource for a broad readership including academic researchers, practitioners in the IT industry, developers, and government policy- and decision-makers."},{"id":"a2557a7b2e94197ff767970b67041697","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Last Mile: Creating Social and Economic Value from Behavioral Insights","organization":[""],"authors":["Dilip Soman"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.utppublishing.com/The-Last-Mile-Creating-Social-and-Economic-Value-from-Behavioral-Insights.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Most organizations spend much of their effort on the start of the value creation process: namely, creating a strategy, developing new products or services, and analyzing the market. They pay a lot less attention to the end: the crucial “last mile” where consumers come to their website, store, or sales representatives and make a choice.\n\nIn The Last Mile, Dilip Soman shows how to use insights from behavioral science in order to close that gap. Beginning with an introduction to the last mile problem and the concept of choice architecture, the book takes a deep dive into the psychology of choice, money, and time. It explains how to construct behavioral experiments and understand the data on preferences that they provide. Finally, it provides a range of practical tools with which to overcome common last mile difficulties."},{"id":"cfecdb276f634854f3ef915e2e980c31","related_content":[{"url":"http://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/73845_Wilsdon___Chapter_1.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Metric Tide: Independent Review of the Role of Metrics in Research Assessment and Management","organization":[""],"authors":["James Wilson"],"paper_date":"2/2016","url":"http://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/the-metric-tide/book251812","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Metrics evoke a mixed reaction from the research community. A commitment to using data and evidence to inform decisions makes many of us sympathetic, even enthusiastic, about the prospect of granular, real-time analysis of our own activities. Yet we only have to look around us, at the blunt use of metrics to be reminded of the pitfalls. Metrics hold real power: they are constitutive of values, identities and livelihoods.\n\nHow to exercise that power to positive ends is the focus of this book. Using extensive evidence-gathering, analysis and consultation, the authors take a thorough look at potential uses and limitations of research metrics and indicators. They explore the use of metrics across different disciplines, assess their potential contribution to the development of research excellence and impact and consider the changing ways in which universities are using quantitative indicators in their management systems. Finally, they consider the negative or unintended effects of metrics on various aspects of research culture.\n\nIncluding an updated introduction from James Wilsdon, the book proposes a framework for responsible metrics and makes a series of targeted recommendations to show how responsible metrics can be applied in research management, by funders, and in the next cycle of the Research Excellence Framework."},{"id":"0aa1883c6411f7873cb83dacb17b0afc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The multiple meanings of open government data: Understanding different stakeholders and their perspectives","organization":[""],"authors":["Felipe Gonzalez-Zapata","Richard Heeks"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X1530006X","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Survey","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"As a field of practice and research that is fast-growing and a locus for much attention and activity, open government data (OGD) has attracted stakeholders from a variety of origins. They bring with them a variety of meanings for OGD. The purpose of this paper is to show how the different stakeholders and their different perspectives on OGD can be analyzed in a given context. Taking Chile as an OGD exemplar, stakeholder analysis is used to identify and categorize stakeholder groups in terms of their relative power and interest as either primary (in this case, politicians, public officials, public sector practitioners, international organizations) or secondary (civil society activists, funding donors, ICT providers, academics). Stakeholder groups sometimes associated with OGD but absent from significant involvement in Chile – such as private sector- and citizen-users – are also identified.\n\nFour different perspectives on open government data – bureaucratic, political, technological, and economic – are identified from a literature review. Template analysis is used to analyze text – OGD-related reports, conference presentations, and interviews in Chile – in terms of those perspectives. This shows bureaucratic and political perspectives to be more dominant than the other two, and also some presence for a politico-economic perspective not identified from the original literature review. The information value chain is used to identify a “missing middle” in current Chilean OGD perspectives: a lack of connection between a reality of data provision and an aspiration of developmental results. This pattern of perspectives can be explained by the capacities and interests of key stakeholders, with those in turn being shaped by Chile's history, politics, and institutions.\n\nOverall, stakeholder analysis and perspectives analysis are shown from this case to be workable techniques for OGD that add value by exposing the identity, power, motivations, and worldview of key actors. They provide a necessary foundation of knowledge for both researchers and practitioners who need to understand the different meanings of OGD in any particular context."},{"id":"58a2fc6ed39fd083f55d4182bf88826d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The power of crowds","organization":[""],"authors":["Pietro Michelucci","Janis L. Dickinson"],"paper_date":"1/1/2016","url":"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6268/32.summary","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Human computation, a term introduced by Luis von Ahn, refers to distributed systems that combine the strengths of humans and computers to accomplish tasks that neither can do alone. The seminal example is reCAPTCHA, a Web widget used by 100 million people a day when they transcribe distorted text into a box to prove they are human. This free cognitive labor provides users with access to Web content and keeps websites safe from spam attacks, while feeding into a massive, crowd-powered transcription engine that has digitized 13 million articles from The New York Times archives. But perhaps the best known example of human computation is Wikipedia. Despite initial concerns about accuracy, it has become the key resource for all kinds of basic information. Information science has begun to build on these early successes, demonstrating the potential to evolve human computation systems that can model and address wicked problems (those that defy traditional problem-solving methods) at the intersection of economic, environmental, and sociopolitical systems."},{"id":"bd686fd640be98efaae0091fa301e613","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Quest for Good Governance: How Societies Develop Control of Corruption","organization":[""],"authors":["Alina Mungiu-Pippidi"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative-politics/quest-good-governance-how-societies-develop-control-corruption","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Why do some societies manage to control corruption so that it manifests itself only occasionally, while other societies remain systemically corrupt? This book is about how societies reach that point when integrity becomes the norm and corruption the exception in regard to how public affairs are run and public resources are allocated. It primarily asks what lessons we have learned from historical and contemporary experiences in developing corruption control, which can aid policy-makers and civil societies in steering and expediting this process. Few states now remain without either an anticorruption agency or an Ombudsman, yet no statistical evidence can be found that they actually induce progress. Using both historical and contemporary studies and easy to understand statistics, Alina Mungiu-Pippidi looks at how to diagnose, measure and change governance so that those entrusted with power and authority manage to defend public resources."},{"id":"a597e50502f5ff68e3e25b9114205d4a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics","organization":[""],"authors":["Axel Burns","Gunn Enli","Eli Skogerboers Olof Larsson","Christian Christensen"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9781138860766","taxonomy":{"category":["Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media are now widely used for political protests, campaigns, and communication in developed and developing nations, but available research has not yet paid sufficient attention to experiences beyond the US and UK. This collection tackles this imbalance head-on, compiling cutting-edge research across six continents to provide a comprehensive, global, up-to-date review of recent political uses of social media.\n\nDrawing together empirical analyses of the use of social media by political movements and in national and regional elections and referenda, The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics presents studies ranging from Anonymous and the Arab Spring to the Greek Aganaktismenoi, and from South Korean presidential elections to the Scottish independence referendum. The book is framed by a selection of keystone theoretical contributions, evaluating and updating existing frameworks for the social media age."},{"id":"0336dcbab05b9d5ad24f4333c7658a0e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-Finding","organization":[""],"authors":["Philip Alston","Sarah Knuckey"],"paper_date":"12/21/2015","url":"http://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-transformation-of-human-rights-fact-finding-9780190239497?cc=br&lang=en&#","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Big Data","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Transformation of Human Rights Fact-Finding offers a multidisciplinary approach to the study of fact-finding with rigorous and critical analysis of the field of practice, while providing a range of accounts of what actually happens. It deepens the study and practice of human rights investigations, and fosters fact-finding as a discretely studied topic, while mapping crucial transformations in the field. The contributions to this book are the result of a major international conference organized by New York University Law School's Center for Human Rights and Global Justice. Engaging the expertise and experience of the editors and contributing authors, it offers a broad approach encompassing contemporary issues and analysis across the human rights spectrum in law, international relations, and critical theory. This book addresses the major areas of human rights fact-finding such as victim and witness issues; fact-finding for advocacy, enforcement, and litigation; the role of interdisciplinary expertise and methodologies; crowd sourcing, social media, and big data; and international guidelines for fact-finding."},{"id":"084b6fbb10729ed4da8c3d3f5a3ae7c9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The World of Indicators: The Making of Governmental Knowledge through Quantification","organization":[""],"authors":["Richard Rottenburg","Sally E. Merry","Sung-Joon Park","Johanna Mugler"],"paper_date":"1/2016","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/socio-legal-studies/world-indicators-making-governmental-knowledge-through-quantification?format=HB","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The twenty-first century has seen a further dramatic increase in the use of quantitative knowledge for governing social life after its explosion in the 1980s. Indicators and rankings play an increasing role in the way governmental and non-governmental organizations distribute attention, make decisions, and allocate scarce resources. Quantitative knowledge promises to be more objective and straightforward as well as more transparent and open for public debate than qualitative knowledge, thus producing more democratic decision-making. However, we know little about the social processes through which this knowledge is constituted nor its effects. Understanding how such numeric knowledge is produced and used is increasingly important as proliferating technologies of quantification alter modes of knowing in subtle and often unrecognized ways. This book explores the implications of the global multiplication of indicators as a specific technology of numeric knowledge production used in governance."},{"id":"85d8ce590ad8981ca2c8286f79f59954","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Urban Civics: An IoT middleware for democratizing crowdsensed data in smart societies","organization":[""],"authors":["S. Hachem","V. Issarny","V. Mallet","A. Pathak"],"paper_date":"9/16/2015","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7325081&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D7325081","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Citizen Science","Smart Cities","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"While the design of smart city ICT systems of today is still largely focused on (and therefore limited to) passive sensing, the emergence of mobile crowd-sensing calls for more active citizen engagement in not only understanding but also shaping of our societies. The Urban Civics Internet of Things (IoT) middleware enables such involvement while effectively closing several feedback loops by including citizens in the decision-making process thus leading to smarter and healthier societies. We present our initial design and planned experimental evaluation of city-scale architecture components where data assimilation, actuation and citizen engagement are key enablers toward democratization of urban data, longer-term transparency, and accountability of urban development policies. All of these are building blocks of smart cities and societies."},{"id":"0e65972dce68dad4d52d063967f0a705","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/04/07/twitter-is-surprisingly-accurate-at-predicting-unemployment/","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Using Social Media to Measure Labor Market Flows","organization":[""],"authors":["Homero Gil de Zúñiga"],"paper_date":"5/2/2014","url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w20010","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media enable promising new approaches to measuring economic activity and analyzing economic behavior at high frequency and in real time using information independent from standard survey and administrative sources. This paper uses data from Twitter to create indexes of job loss, job search, and job posting. Signals are derived by counting job-related phrases in Tweets such as \"lost my job.\" The social media indexes are constructed from the principal components of these signals. The University of Michigan Social Media Job Loss Index tracks initial claims for unemployment insurance at medium and high frequencies and predicts 15 to 20 percent of the variance of the prediction error of the consensus forecast for initial claims. The social media indexes provide real-time indicators of events such as Hurricane Sandy and the 2013 government shutdown. Comparing the job loss index with the search and posting indexes indicates that the Beveridge Curve has been shifting inward since 2011."},{"id":"84d9ee44e457ddef7f2c4f25dc8fa865","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"A Systematic Review of Open Government Data Initiatives","organization":[""],"authors":["Judie Attard","Fabrizio Orlandi","Simon Scerri","Sören Auer"],"paper_date":"10/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X1500091X","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We conduct a systematic survey with the aim of assessing open government data initiatives, that is; any attempt, by a government or otherwise, to open data that is produced by a governmental entity. We describe the open government data life-cycle and we focus our discussion on publishing and consuming processes required within open government data initiatives. We cover current approaches undertaken for such initiatives, and classify them. A number of evaluations found within related literature are discussed, and from them we extract challenges and issues that hinder open government initiatives from reaching their full potential. In a bid to overcome these challenges, we also extract guidelines for publishing data and provide an integrated overview. This will enable stakeholders to start with a firm foot in a new open government data initiative. We also identify the impacts on the stakeholders involved in such initiatives."},{"id":"3644a684f98ea8fe223c713b77189a77","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Governance Networks in the Public Sector","organization":[""],"authors":["Erik Hans Klijn","Joop Koppenjan"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9780415707015","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation","Distributed Governance","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Governance Networks in the Public Sector presents a comprehensive study of governance networks and the management of complexities in network settings. Public, private and non-profit organizations are increasingly faced with complex, wicked problems when making decisions, developing policies or delivering services in the public sector. These activities take place in networks of interdependent actors guided by diverging and sometimes conflicting perceptions and strategies. As a result these networks are dominated by cognitive, strategic and institutional complexities. Dealing with these complexities requires sophisticated forms of coordination: network governance.\n\nThis book presents the most recent theoretical and empirical insights into governance networks. It provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools to study the complexities involved in handling wicked problems in governance networks in the public sector. The book also discusses strategies and management recommendations for governments, business and third sector organisations operating in and governing networks."},{"id":"757b505cfd34c64c85ca5b5690ee5293","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Towards Decision Support for Disclosing Data: Closed or Open Data?","organization":[""],"authors":["Anneke Zuiderwijk","Marijn Janssen"],"paper_date":"8/31/2015","url":"http://content.iospress.com/articles/information-polity/ip358","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Survey","Ethnography"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The disclosure of open government data is a complex activity that may create public value yet might also encounter risks, such as the misinterpretation and misuse of data. While politicians support data release and assume that the positive value of open data will dominate, many governmental organizations are reluctant to open their data, as they are afraid of the dark side. The objective of this paper is to provide a decision-making model that assists in trade-offs between the pros and cons of open data. Data disclosure is dependent on the type of data (e.g. its sensitivity, structure and quality) and the context (e.g. organizational policies, legislation and the political influences). Based on the literature and fifteen in-depth interviews with public sector officials and data archivists, this paper identifies contextual and dataset-related variables which influence a trade-off. A decision-making model is presented capturing trade-offs, and in this way providing guidance for weighing the creation of public value and the risks. The model can be used for decision-making to open or not to open data. It is likely that the decision regarding which data should be opened or closed will shift over time."},{"id":"854d6fae5ee42911677c739ee1734486","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Quiet Power of Indicators: Measuring Governance, Corruption, and Rule of Law","organization":[""],"authors":["Sally Engle Merry","Kevin E. Davis","Benedict Kingsbury"],"paper_date":"5/2015","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/law/socio-legal-studies/quiet-power-indicators-measuring-governance-corruption-and-rule-law?format=HB#bookPeople","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Using a power-knowledge framework, this volume critically investigates how major global indicators of legal governance are produced, disseminated and used, and to what effect. Original case studies include Freedom House's Freedom in the World indicator, the Global Reporting Initiative's structure for measuring and reporting on corporate social responsibility, the World Justice Project's measurement of the rule of law, the World Bank's Doing Business index, the World Bank-supported Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Bank's Country Performance Institutional Assessment (CPIA), and the Transparency International Corruption (Perceptions) index. Also examined is the use of performance indicators by the European Union for accession countries and by the US Millennium Challenge Corporation in allocating US aid funds."},{"id":"e2c0be24560d78c5e599c2a9c9d0bbd2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Advances in Crowdsourcing","organization":[""],"authors":["Fernando J. Garrigos-Simon","Ignacio Gil-Pechuán","Sofia Estelles-Miguel"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319183404","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health","Finance"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book attempts to link some of the recent advances in crowdsourcing with advances in innovation and management. It contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it provides a global definition, insights and examples of this managerial perspective resulting in a theoretical framework. Second, it explores the relationship between crowdsourcing and technological innovation, the development of social networks and new behaviors of Internet users. Third, it explores different crowdsourcing applications in various sectors such as medicine, tourism, information and communication technology (ICT), and marketing. Fourth, it observes the ways in which crowdsourcing can improve production, finance, management and overall managerial performance."},{"id":"274ad4786c3abca69fa097b85867d9a4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Technology and the Resilience of Metropolitan Regions: Digital Technologies and the Future of Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["Michael A. Pagano"],"paper_date":"5/2015","url":"http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/78wrn6se9780252039164.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Can today's city govern well if its citizens lack modern technology? How important is access to computers for lowering unemployment? What infrastructure does a city have to build in order to attract new business? Michael A. Pagano curates engagement with such questions by public intellectuals, academics, policy analysts, and citizens. Each essay explores the impact and opportunities technology provides in government and citizenship, health care, workforce development, service delivery to citizens, and metropolitan growth. As the authors show, rapidly emerging technologies and access to such technologies shape the ways people and institutions interact in the public sphere and private marketplace. The direction of metropolitan growth and development, in turn, depends on access to appropriate technology scaled and informed by the individual, household, and community needs of the region."},{"id":"eae27d77ca20db309e056e3d2dcd7d69","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Participatory Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Stephanie L. McNulty","Brian Wampler"],"paper_date":"5/15/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0248/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Efforts to engage new actors in political decision-making through innovative participatory programs have exploded around the world in the past 25 years. This trend, called participatory governance, involves state-sanctioned institutional processes that allow citizens to exercise voice and vote in public policy decisions that produce real changes in citizens' lives. Billions of dollars are spent supporting these efforts around the world. The concept, which harks back to theorists such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, has only recently become prominent in theories about democracy. After presenting the foundational research on participatory governance, the essay notes that newer research on this issues falls into three areas: (i) the broader impact of these experiments; (ii) new forms of engagement, with a focus on representation, deliberation, and intermediation; and (iii) scaling up and diffusion. The essay concludes with a research agenda for future work on this topic."},{"id":"7eabe3a1649ffa2b3ff8c02ebfd5659f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Protecting Privacy in Data Release","organization":[""],"authors":["Giovanni Livraga"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319161082","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Privacy","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book presents a comprehensive approach to protecting sensitive information when large data collections are released by their owners. It addresses three key requirements of data privacy: the protection of data explicitly released, the protection of information not explicitly released but potentially vulnerable due to a release of other data, and the enforcement of owner-defined access restrictions to the released data. It is also the first book with a complete examination of how to enforce dynamic read and write access authorizations on released data, applicable to the emerging data outsourcing and cloud computing situations. Private companies, public organizations and final users are releasing, sharing, and disseminating their data to take reciprocal advantage of the great benefits of making their data available to others. This book weighs these benefits against the potential privacy risks. A detailed analysis of recent techniques for privacy protection in data release and case studies illustrate crucial scenarios. Protecting Privacy in Data Release targets researchers, professionals and government employees working in security and privacy. Advanced-level students in computer science and electrical engineering will also find this book useful as a secondary text or reference."},{"id":"69adc1e107f7f7d035d7baf04342e1ca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Everyone City: How ICT-Based Participation Shapes Urban Form","organization":[""],"authors":["Sara Levy","Karel Martens","Rob van der Heijden"],"paper_date":"5/21/2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-18368-8_17","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Urban Planning"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Citizen participation is a cornerstone of urban planning. One common criticism is that the process can be cumbersome and slow. However, in the face of recent advances in information and communication technologies (ICT), those problems can be easily overcome, making it possible to extend public participation to a wider sphere of urban planning matters. But what do we know of how ICT-based public participation affects urban form? What does a city shaped by social networks and other ICT-tools look like? We develop an agent-based model of urban growth to improve our understanding of these issues. Our model consists of a spatially disaggregated, micro-economic-based, real estate market model coupled with an ICT-based planning process. In the model, public participation is based on social network affiliation and preferences over the height of buildings."},{"id":"091d584fced301b442654dd8c23b3fc9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"New Technologies and Civic Engagement: New Agendas in Communication","organization":[""],"authors":["Homero Gil de Zúñiga"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9780415710497","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"First, this book pays attention to the overall impact of the Internet and people's use of digital media and new technologies to analyze civic life at large, reconceptualizing what citizenship is today. Secondly, and more specifically, participants shed light over the intersection of a number of current new agendas of research in regards to some of the most rapidly growing technological advances (i.e., new publics and citizenship), and the emergence of sprouting structures of citizenship. The volume shows the implications that new technological advances carry with respect the possibilities, patterns and mechanisms for citizen communication, citizen deliberation, public sphere and civic engagement."},{"id":"b1d10e7bafa4421218a51b1e1f1b0ba2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"An Analysis of the Map Seeking Circuit and Monte Carlo Extensions","organization":[""],"authors":["Zeynep Engin","Jeffrey Ng","Mauricio Barahona","Anil A. Bharath"],"paper_date":"2009","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4960237&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4960237","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Map Seeking Circuit (MSC) has been suggested to address the inverse problem of transformation discovery as found in signal processing, vision, inverse kinematics and many other natural tasks. According to this idea, a parallel search in the transformation space of a high dimensional problem can be decomposed into parts efficiently using the ordering property of superpositions. Deterministic formulations of the circuit have been suggested. Here, we provide a probabilistic interpretation of the architecture whereby the superpositions of the circuit are seen as a series of marginalisations over parameters of the transform. Based on this, we interpret the weights of the MSC as importance weights. The latter suggests the incorporation of Monte-Carlo approaches in the MSC, providing improved resolution of parameter estimates within resource constrained implementations. As a final contribution, we model mixed serial/parallel search strategies of biological vision to reduce the problem of collusions, a common problem in the standard MSC approach."},{"id":"6f3ef77ac0e3619e98159e9b6febf557","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Gradient Field Correlation for Keypoint Correspondence","organization":[""],"authors":["Zeynep Engin","Melvin Lim","Anil A. Bharath"],"paper_date":"2007","url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4379197&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4379197","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents an alternative approach to existing and widely used correlation metrics through the use of orientation information. The gradient field correlation method presented here utilises derivative of Gaussian (DoG) operators for estimating directional derivatives of an image for two matching applications: classical planar object detection and point correspondence matching. The experimental results confirm that a suitably normalised gradient vector field, which emphasises gradient direction information in an image, leads to better selectivity when applied to classical template matching problems. For the case of establishing point correspondences, combinations of gradient vector field metrics yield higher in lying match percentages (by RANSAC) relative to normalised cross-correlation with little extra computational cost, particularly at smaller patch sizes. It is also shown that pixel-wise field component normalisation is critical to the success of this approach."},{"id":"eb163727917cbba1eea208541a643e74","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"An Interdiscilinary Approach to Visual Pattern Detection: Biologically Plausible Pattern Localisation and Parameter Estimation on Visual Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Zeynep Engin"],"paper_date":"2010","url":"http://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details//store/gb/book/978-3-8383-4473-7/an-interdisciplinary-approach-to-visual-pattern-detection","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A key challenge of developing a generic visual pattern detection system is the handling of variability in natural images. Estimation of multiple parameters that describe the pose of objects relative to a previously captured view or model in the images typically requires a search for an optimum in a high dimensional search space. Inspired from a controversial parallel search mechanism in the recent literature, the problem is tackled through a new neural circuitry model called Monte Carlo Map Seeking Circuit (MC-MSC). This replaces the regular sampling of transformation parameters in the original Map Seeking Circuit with a probabilistic sampling approach. Another novelty of this work is the ''queuing'' approach which serialises the search by a small amount and increases the performance considerably. This serialisation approach can also be considered as a rough estimation to the ''attentional mechanisms'' known to exist in primate vision strategy."},{"id":"1534b76d325a8f591b52d302e7181331","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Open Data for Competitive Advantage: Insights from Open Data Use by Companies","organization":[""],"authors":["Anneke Zuiderwijk","Marijn Janssen","Kostas Poulis","Geerten van de Kaa"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2757411","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Politicians have high expectations for commercial open data use. Yet, companies appear to challenge the assumption that open data can be used to create competitive advantage, since any company can access open data and since open data use requires scarce resources. In this paper we examine commercial open data use for creating competitive advantage from the perspective of Resource Based Theory (RBT) and Resource Dependency Theory (RDT). Based on insights from a scenario, interviews and a survey and from RBT and RDT as a reference theory, we derive seven propositions. Our study suggests that the generation of competitive advantage with open data requires a company to have in-house capabilities and resources for open data use. The actual creation of competitive advantage might not be simple. The propositions also draw attention to the accomplishment of unique benefits for a company through the combination of internal and external resources. Recommendations for further research include testing the propositions."},{"id":"979d472a84804b9f647bc185a877a8b5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Policy Practice and Digital Science: Integrating Complex Systems, Social Simulation and Public Administration in Policy Research","organization":[""],"authors":["Marijn Janssen","Maria A. Wimmer","A. Deljoo"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319127835","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The explosive growth in data, computational power, and social media creates new opportunities for innovating the processes and solutions of Information and communications technology (ICT) based policy-making and research. To take advantage of these developments in the digital world, new approaches, concepts, instruments and methods are needed to navigate the societal and computational complexity. This requires extensive interdisciplinary knowledge of public administration, policy analyses, information systems, complex systems and computer science. This book provides the foundation for this new interdisciplinary field, in which various traditional disciplines are blending. Both policy makers, executors and those in charge of policy implementations acknowledge that ICT is becoming more important and is changing the policy-making process, resulting in a next generation policy-making based on ICT support. Web 2.0 and even Web 3.0 point to the specific applications of social networks, semantically enriched and linked data, whereas policy-making has also to do with the use of the vast amount of data, predictions and forecasts, and improving the outcomes of policy-making, which is confronted with an increasing complexity and uncertainty of the outcomes. The field of policy-making is changing and driven by developments like open data, computational methods for processing data, opining mining, simulation and visualization of rich data sets, all combined with public engagement, social media and participatory tools."},{"id":"ca46c1b9512a7a8315fa3c5a946e8265","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Civic Organization and the Digital Citizen: Communicating Engagement in a Networked Age","organization":[""],"authors":["Chris Wells"],"paper_date":"7/14/2015","url":"http://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-civic-organization-and-the-digital-citizen-9780190203627?cc=us&lang=en&#","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Social Movements & Activism"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The powerful potential of digital media to engage citizens in political actions has now crossed our news screens many times. But scholarly focus has tended to be on \"networked,\" anti-institutional forms of collective action, to the neglect of advocacy and service organizations. This book investigates the changing fortunes of the citizen-civil society relationship by exploring how social changes and innovations in communication technology are transforming the information expectations and preferences of many citizens, especially young citizens. In doing so, it is the first work to bring together theories of civic identity change with research on civic organizations. Specifically, it argues that a shift in \"information styles\" may help to explain the disjuncture felt by many young people when it comes to institutional participation and politics. The book theorizes two paradigms of information style: a dutiful style, which was rooted in the society, communication system and citizen norms of the modern era, and an actualizing style, which constitutes the set of information practices and expectations of the young citizens of late modernity for whom interactive digital media are the norm. Hypothesizing that civil society institutions have difficulty adapting to the norms and practices of the actualizing information style, two empirical studies apply the dutiful/actualizing framework to innovative content analyses of organizations' online communications-on their websites, and through Facebook. Results demonstrate that with intriguing exceptions, most major civil society organizations use digital media more in line with dutiful information norms than actualizing ones: they tend to broadcast strategic messages to an audience of receivers, rather than encouraging participation or exchange among an active set of participants. The book concludes with a discussion of the tensions inherent in bureaucratic organizations trying to adapt to an actualizing information style, and recommendations for how they may more successfully do so."},{"id":"3b8a614226a953a8cd9526fca6fe9ba5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Secrecy and Publicity in Votes and Debates","organization":[""],"authors":["Jon Elster"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/political-theory/secrecy-and-publicity-votes-and-debates?format=HB","taxonomy":{"category":["Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In the spirit of Jeremy Bentham's Political Tactics, this volume offers the first comprehensive discussion of the effects of secrecy and publicity on debates and votes in committees and assemblies. The contributors – sociologists, political scientists, historians, and legal scholars – consider the micro-technology of voting (the devil is in the detail), the historical relations between the secret ballot and universal suffrage, the use and abolition of secret voting in parliamentary decisions, and the sometimes perverse effects of the drive for greater openness and transparency in public affairs. The authors also discuss the normative questions of secret versus public voting in national elections and of optimal mixes of secrecy and publicity, as well as the opportunities for strategic behavior created by different voting systems. Together with two previous volumes on Collective Wisdom (Cambrige, 2012) and Majority Decisions (Cambridge, 2014), the book sets a new standard for interdisciplinary work on collective decision-making."},{"id":"45fbc6d3e05ebd93369ce542e8f2322d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"How Does Collaborative Governance Scale?","organization":[""],"authors":["Chris Ansell","Jacob Torfing"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/pap/2015/00000043/00000003/art00001","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Scale is an overlooked issue in the literature on interactive governance. This special issue investigates the challenges posed by the scale and scaling of network and collaborative forms of governance. Our original motivation arose from a concern about whether collaborative governance can scale up. As we learned more, our inquiry expanded to include the tensions inherent in collaboration across scales or at multiple scales and the issue of dynamically scaling collaboration to adapt to changing problems and demands. The diverse cases in this special issue explore these challenges in a range of concrete empirical domains than span the globe."},{"id":"63dc7ed1010d3c3b8269faf0ba7491d4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Using Social Media in Hotel Crisis Management: The Case of Bed Bugs","organization":[""],"authors":["Bingjie Lui","Lori Pennington-Gray","Louisa Klemmer"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JHTT-08-2014-0036","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Purpose\n– The purpose of this paper is to provide greater insights into the-state-of-the-art in crisis management and aid in better response to health-related crises, with a specific focus on the hotel industry. This study extends the tourism crisis management model to include social media, concerning the role of monitoring and responding.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\n– This study enhances the classic 4R (readiness, reduction, response and recovery) crisis management model to include social media for hotels facing a bed bug crisis and/or other health-related crises.\n\nFindings\n– This paper discusses the use of social media at different phases of managing a bed bug crisis, which include risk reduction, readiness, response and recovery. Recommendations are also provided for hotel managers to combat health-related crises that are fought out on social media.\n\nPractical implications\n– Social media has helped to bridge the communication gap between customers and hotels. Bed bug infestations are a growing health crisis, and they have obtained increasing attention on social media sites. Without managing this crisis effectively, bed bug infestation can cause economic loss and reputational damages to hotel properties, ranging from negative comments and complaints, to possible lawsuits. Thus, it is essential for hoteliers to understand the importance of social media in crisis communication, and to incorporate social media in hotels’ crisis management plans."},{"id":"e96ed478dab8595a7dbda4cbcbee168f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Transforming City Governments for Successful Smart Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319031668","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"There has been much attention paid to the idea of Smart Cities as researchers have sought to define and characterize the main aspects of the concept, including the role of creative industries in urban growth, the importance of social capital in urban development, and the role of urban sustainability. This book develops a critical view of the Smart City concept, the incentives and role of governments in promoting the development of Smart Cities and the analysis of experiences of e-government projects addressed to enhance Smart Cities. This book further analyzes the perceptions of stakeholders, such as public managers or politicians, regarding the incentives and role of governments in Smart Cities and the critical analysis of e-government projects to promote Smart Cities’ development, making the book valuable to academics, researchers, policy-makers, public managers, international organizations and technical experts in understanding the role of government to enhance Smart Cities’ projects."},{"id":"c0e190d8267e36708f955d7ab048990d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Collaborative Innovation: Developing Health Support Ecosystems","organization":[""],"authors":["Misturu Kodama"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.routledge.com/products/9781315764511","taxonomy":{"category":["Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Looking across different industries, Collaborative Innovation offers new knowledge and insights on the extraordinary value and increasing necessity of collaboration across different organizations in improving the health and lives of people. It breaks new ground with its research theme of building \"health support ecosystems,\" focusing on protecting people through collaborative innovation. This book opens up new, wide-ranging interdisciplinary academic research domains combining the humanities with science across various areas including general business administration, economics, information technology, medical informatics and drug information science."},{"id":"ec8ce6abb3e952a85b8551ba726a1227","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Cosed","title":"Data protection in a big data society. Ideas for a future regulation","organization":[""],"authors":["Alessandro Mantelero","Giuseppe Vaciago"],"paper_date":"12/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1742287615001048","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Big data society has changed the traditional forms of data analysis and created a new predictive approach to knowledge and investigation. In this light, it is necessary to consider the impact of this new paradigm on the traditional notion of data protection and its regulation.\n\nFocussing on the individual and communal dimension of data use, encompassing digital investigations, the authors outline the challenges that big data poses for individual information self-determination, reasonable suspicion and collective interests. Therefore, the article suggests some innovative proposals that may update the existing data protection legal framework and contribute to make it respondent to the present algorithmic society."},{"id":"060ad92489947d410d897474079c1477","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"“Open” disclosure of innovations, incentives and follow-on reuse: Theory on processes of cumulative innovation and a field experiment in computational biology","organization":["MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Kevin J. Boudreaua","Karim R. Lakhani"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733314001425","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Most of society's innovation systems – academic science, the patent system, open source, etc. – are “open” in the sense that they are designed to facilitate knowledge disclosure among innovators. An essential difference across innovation systems is whether disclosure is of intermediate progress and solutions or of completed innovations. We theorize and present experimental evidence linking intermediate versus final disclosure to an ‘incentives-versus-reuse’ tradeoff and to a transformation of the innovation search process. We find intermediate disclosure has the advantage of efficiently steering development towards improving existing solution approaches, but also has the effect of limiting experimentation and narrowing technological search. We discuss the comparative advantages of intermediate versus final disclosure policies in fostering innovation."},{"id":"bcbe3365e6ac95ea2c0343a2395834dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A micro-democratic perspective on crowd-work","organization":[""],"authors":["Karin Hansson"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://people.dsv.su.se/~khansson/papers/amicrodemocraticperspectiveoncrowdwork.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media has provided governments with new means to improve efficiency and innovation, by engaging a crowd in the gathering and development of data. These collaborative processes are also described as a way to improve democracy by enabling a more transparent and deliberative democracy where citizens participate more directly in decision processes on different levels. However, the dominant research on the e-democratic field takes a government perspective rather then a citizen perspective. Edemocracy from the perspective of the individual actor, in a global context, is less developed. In this paper I therefore develop a model for a democratic process outside the realm of the nation state, in a performative state where inequality is norm and the state is unclear and fluid. In this process eparticipation means an ICT supported method to get a diversity of opinions and perspectives rather than one single. This micro perspective on democratic participation online might be useful for development of tools for more democratic online crowds."},{"id":"115f89503138416a242f40fb7d7f338e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A New Taxonomy of Smart City Projects","organization":[""],"authors":["Guido Perbolia","Alberto De Marcoc","Francesca Perfettia","Matteo Marone"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146514001914","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Transportation","Business"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"City logistics proposes an integrated vision of freight transportation systems within urban area and it aims at the optimization of them as a whole in terms of efficiency, security, safety, viability and environmental sustainability. Recently, this perspective has been extended by the Smart City concept in order to include other aspects of city management: building, energy, environment, government, living, mobility, education, health and so on. At the best of our knowledge, a classification of Smart City Projects has not been created yet. This paper introduces such a classification, highlighting success factors and analyzing new trends in Smart City."},{"id":"13fe9d84310e77f13a6d184dbf1232f3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Addressing Global Data Sharing Challenges","organization":[""],"authors":["George C. Alter","Mary Vardigan"],"paper_date":"7/1/2015","url":"http://jre.sagepub.com/content/10/3/317.short","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This issue of the Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics highlights the ethical issues that arise when\nresearchers conducting projects in low- and middle-income countries seek to share the data they produce. Although\nsharing data is considered a best practice, the barriers to doing so are considerable and there is a need for guidance and\nexamples. To that end, the authors of this article reviewed the articles in this special issue to identify challenges common\nto the five countries and to offer some practical advice to assist researchers in navigating this “uncharted territory,” as\nsome termed it. Concerns around informed consent, data management, data dissemination, and validation of research\ncontributions were cited frequently as particularly challenging areas, so the authors focused on these four topics with the\ngoal of providing specific resources to consult as well as examples of successful projects attempting to solve many of the\nproblems raised."},{"id":"d1c38a09acc34845c6be3a127a5aacaf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Assessing the Evidence: The Effectiveness and Impact of Public Governance-Oriented Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives","organization":[""],"authors":["Brandon Brockmyer","Jonathan A. Fox"],"paper_date":"9/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2693608","taxonomy":{"category":["Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Transnational multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) – voluntary partnerships between governments, civil society, and the private sector – are an increasingly prevalent strategy for promoting government responsiveness and accountability to citizens. While most transnational MSIs involve using voluntary standards to encourage socially and environmentally responsible private sector behavior, a handful of these initiatives – the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the Construction Sector Transparency Initiative (CoST), the Open Government Partnership (OGP), the Global Initiative on Fiscal Transparency (GIFT) and the Open Contracting Partnership (OCP) – focus on information disclosure and participation in the public sector. Unlike private sector MSIs, which attempt to supplement weak government capacity to enforce basic social and environmental standards through partnerships between businesses and civil society, public sector MSIs ultimately seek to bolster public governance. But how exactly are these MSIs supposed to work? And how much has actually been achieved?\n\nThe purpose of this study is to identify and consolidate the current state of the evidence for public governance-oriented MSI effectiveness and impact. Researchers collected over 300 documents and interviewed more than two-dozen MSI stakeholders about their experiences with five public governance oriented multi-stakeholder initiatives.\n\nThis report provides a ‘snapshot’ of the evidence related to these five MSIs, and suggests that the process of leveraging transparency and participation through these initiatives for broader accountability gains remains uncertain. The report highlights the ongoing process of defining MSI success and impact, and how these initiatives intersect with other accountability actors and processes in complex ways. The study closes with key recommendations for MSI stakeholders."},{"id":"9cfdf10e8fc047a44b08ed031e1f0ed1","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Behavioral Political Economy: A Survey","organization":[""],"authors":["Jan Schnellenbach","Christian Schubert"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_4988.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Explaining individual behavior in politics should rely on the same motivational assumptions as explaining behavior in the market: That’s what Political Economy, understood as the application of economics to the study of political processes, is all about. In its standard variant, those who played the game of politics should also be considered rational and self-interested, unlike the benevolent despot of earlier models. History repeats itself with the rise of behavioral economics: Assuming cognitive biases to be present in the market, but not in politics, behavioral economists often call for government to intervene in a “benevolent” way. Recently, however, political economists have started to apply behavioral economics insights to the study of political processes, thereby re-establishing a unified methodology. This paper surveys the current state of the emerging field of “Behavioral Political Economy” and considers the scope for further research."},{"id":"705f2172834666788607efbfca35afb3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data and Visualization: Methods, Challenges and Technology Progress","organization":[""],"authors":["Lidong Wang","Guanghui Wang","Cheryl Ann Alexander"],"paper_date":"1/1/2015","url":"http://pubs.sciepub.com/dt/1/1/7/","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Big Data analytics plays a key role through reducing the data size and complexity in Big Data applications. Visualization is an important approach to helping Big Data get a complete view of data and discover data values. Big Data analytics and visualization should be integrated seamlessly so that they work best in Big Data applications. Conventional data visualization methods as well as the extension of some conventional methods to Big Data applications are introduced in this paper. The challenges of Big Data visualization are discussed. New methods, applications, and technology progress of Big Data visualization are presented."},{"id":"74db120f0a8e5646ef5a30154e9f6deb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data as Governmentality – Digital Traces, Algorithms, and the Reconfiguration of Data in International Development","organization":[""],"authors":["Mikkel Flyverbomreas Rasche"],"paper_date":"12/2/15","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2698026","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper conceptualizes how large-scale data and algorithms condition and reshape knowledge production when addressing international development challenges. The concept of governmentality and four dimensions of an analytics of government are proposed as a theoretical framework to examine how big data is constituted as an aspiration to improve the data and knowledge underpinning development efforts. Based on this framework, we argue that big data’s impact on how relevant problems are governed is enabled by (1) new techniques of visualizing development issues, (2) linking aspects of international development agendas to algorithms that synthesize large-scale data, (3) novel ways of rationalizing knowledge claims that underlie development efforts, and (4) shifts in professional and organizational identities of those concerned with producing and processing data for development. Our discussion shows that big data problematizes selected aspects of traditional ways to collect and analyze data for development (e.g. via household surveys). We also demonstrate that using big data analyses to address development challenges raises a number of questions that can deteriorate its impact."},{"id":"57aeee35c98205091e18d1140e9f38cf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data for Development: A Review of Promises and Challenges","organization":[""],"authors":["Martin Hilbert"],"paper_date":"12/13/15","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dpr.12142/full","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The article uses a conceptual framework to review empirical evidence and some 180 articles related to the opportunities and threats of Big Data Analytics for international development. The advent of Big Data delivers a cost-effective prospect for improved decision-making in critical development areas such as healthcare, economic productivity and security. At the same time, the well-known caveats of the Big Data debate, such as privacy concerns and human resource scarcity, are aggravated in developing countries by long-standing structural shortages in the areas of infrastructure, economic resources and institutions. The result is a new kind of digital divide: a divide in the use of data-based knowledge to inform intelligent decision-making. The article systematically reviews several available policy options in terms of fostering opportunities and minimising risks."},{"id":"6da9003b743b65f4c0ccd295cc484e57","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big data in the policy cycle: Policy decision making in the digital era","organization":[""],"authors":["Johann Höchtl","Peter Parycek","Ralph Schöllhammer"],"paper_date":"12/2/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10919392.2015.1125187","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Although of high relevance to political science, the interaction between technological change and political change in the era of Big Data remains somewhat of a neglected topic. Most studies focus on the concept of e-government and e-governance, and on how already existing government activities performed through the bureaucratic body of public administration could be improved by technology. This article attempts to build a bridge between the field of e-governance and theories of public administration that goes beyond the service delivery approach that dominates a large part of e-government research. Using the policy cycle as a generic model for policy processes and policy development, a new look on how policy decision making could be conducted on the basis of ICT and Big Data is presented in this article."},{"id":"9b04d152845ec0a378394003c96da594","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Changing What Counts: How Can Citizen-Generated and Civil Society Data Be Used as an Advocacy Tool to Change Official Data Collection?","organization":[""],"authors":["Jonathan Gray","Danny Lämmerhirt","Liliana Bounegru"],"paper_date":"3/2016","url":"http://civicus.org/thedatashift/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/changing-what-counts-2.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data","Citizen Science"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The information systems of public institutions play a crucial role in how we collectively look at and act in the world. They shape the way decisions are made, progress is evaluated, resources are allocated, issues are agged, debates are framed and action is taken. As a United Nations (UN) report recently put it, “Data are the lifeblood of decision-making and the raw material for accountability.”\n\nEvery information system renders certain aspects of the world visible and lets others recede into the background. Datasets highlight some things and not others. They make the world comprehensible and navigable in their own way – whether for the purposes of policy evaluation, public service delivery, administration or governance.\n\nGiven the critical role of public information systems, what happens when they leave out parts of the picture that civil society groups consider vital? What can civil society actors do to shape or in uence these systems so they can be used to advance progress around social, democratic and environmental issues?\n\nThis report looks at how citizens and civil society groups can generate data as a means to in uence institutional data collection. In the following pages, we pro le citizen-generated and civil society data projects and how they have been used as advocacy instruments to change institutional data collection – including looking at the strategies, methods, technologies and resources that have been mobilised to this end. We conclude with a series of recommendations for civil society groups, public institutions, policy-makers and funders."},{"id":"be83ab3ecd0db773eb2dc1b0a17836a1","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Cities’ Open Government Data Heart Beat","organization":[""],"authors":["Karine Nahon","Alon Peled","Jennifer Shkabatur"],"paper_date":"3/9/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2575510","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper develops and tests a theoretical model, which assesses the commitment of cities to the concept of open government data (OGD), according to three levels. Level 1, ‘Way of life,’ reflects a high commitment to OGD; Level 2, ‘On the Fence,’ represents either a low or erratic commitment to OGD; Level 3, ‘Lip Service,’ refers to either scarce or no commitment to OGD. These levels draw on four key dimensions: 1) Rhythm; 2) Span of Issues; 3) Disclosure; and 4) Feedback. We empirically examine this theoretical framework using longitudinal mixed-method analysis of the OGD behavior of 16 US cities for a period of four years, using a large novel corpus of municipal OGD metadata, as well as primary qualitative and secondary quantitative indicators. This methodology allows us to represent, for the first time, the evolving OGD commitment — or “OGD heart beat” — of cities."},{"id":"e165421110ba03099a1c0393373c5b43","related_content":[{"url":"http://case.edu/think/fall2015/secure-data.html#.Vqkcisdiwmc","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizen Science: The Law and Ethics of Public Access to Medical Big Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Sharona Hoffman"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2491054","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Access","Participation","Privacy"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Patient-related medical information is becoming increasingly available on the Internet, spurred by government open data policies and private sector data sharing initiatives. Websites such as HealthData.gov, GenBank, and PatientsLikeMe allow members of the public to access a wealth of health information. As the medical information terrain quickly changes, the legal system must not lag behind. This Article provides a base on which to build a coherent data policy. It canvasses emergent data troves and wrestles with their legal and ethical ramifications.\n\nPublicly accessible medical data have the potential to yield numerous benefits, including scientific discoveries, cost savings, the development of patient support tools, healthcare quality improvement, greater government transparency, public education, and positive changes in healthcare policy. At the same time, the availability of electronic personal health information that can be mined by any Internet user raises concerns related to privacy, discrimination, erroneous research findings, and litigation. This Article analyzes the benefits and risks of health data sharing and proposes balanced legislative, regulatory, and policy modifications to guide data disclosure and use."},{"id":"289dff07669d7a23de0ef88d2f7129e7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Collective Intelligence Meets Medical Decision-Making: The Collective Outperforms the Radiologist","organization":[""],"authors":["Max Wolf","Jens Krause","Patricia A. Carneyy Bogart","Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers"],"paper_date":"8/12/2015","url":"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134269","taxonomy":{"category":["Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"While collective intelligence (CI) is a powerful approach to increase decision accuracy, few attempts have been made to unlock its potential in medical decision-making. Here we investigated the performance of three well-known collective intelligence rules (“majority”, “quorum”, and “weighted quorum”) when applied to mammography screening. For any particular mammogram, these rules aggregate the independent assessments of multiple radiologists into a single decision (recall the patient for additional workup or not). We found that, compared to single radiologists, any of these CI-rules both increases true positives (i.e., recalls of patients with cancer) and decreases false positives (i.e., recalls of patients without cancer), thereby overcoming one of the fundamental limitations to decision accuracy that individual radiologists face. Importantly, we find that all CI-rules systematically outperform even the best-performing individual radiologist in the respective group. Our findings demonstrate that CI can be employed to improve mammography screening; similarly, CI may have the potential to improve medical decision-making in a much wider range of contexts, including many areas of diagnostic imaging and, more generally, diagnostic decisions that are based on the subjective interpretation of evidence."},{"id":"577ef1154f3240ad5b9b413aa7346a1e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowd-Sourcing Corruption: What Petrified Forests, Street Music, Bath Towels and the Taxman Can Tell Us About the Prospects for Its Future","organization":[""],"authors":["Dieter Zinnbauer"],"paper_date":"9/15/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2508606","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article seeks to map out the prospects of crowd-sourcing technologies in the area of corruption-reporting. A flurry of initiative and concomitant media hype in this area has led to exuberant hopes that the end of impunity is not such a distant possibility any more - at least not for the most blatant, ubiquitous and visible forms of administrative corruption, such as bribes and extortion payments that on average almost a quarter of citizens reported to face year in, year out in their daily lives in so many countries around the world (Transparency International 2013). \n\nOnly with hindsight will we be able to tell, if these hopes were justified. However, a closer look at an interdisciplinary body of literature on corruption and social mobilisation can help shed some interesting light on these questions and offer a fresh perspective on the potential of social media based crowd-sourcing for better governance and less corruption. So far the potential of crowd-sourcing is mainly approached from a technology-centred perspective. Where challenges are identified, pondered, and worked upon they are primarily technical and managerial in nature, ranging from issues of privacy protection and fighting off hacker attacks to challenges of data management, information validation or fundraising. \n\nIn contrast, short shrift is being paid to insights from a substantive, multi-disciplinary and growing body of literature on how corruption works, how it can be fought and more generally how observed logics of collective action and social mobilisation interact with technological affordances and condition the success of these efforts. \n\nThis imbalanced debate is not really surprising as it seems to follow the trajectory of the hype-and-bust cycle that we have seen in the public debate for a variety of other technology applications. From electronic health cards to smart government, to intelligent transport systems, all these and many other highly ambitious initiatives start with technology-centric visions of transformational impact. However, over time - with some hard lessons learnt and large sums spent - they all arrive at a more pragmatic and nuanced view on how social and economic forces shape the implementation of such technologies and require a more shrewd design approach, in order to make it more likely that potential actually translates into impact.\n\nAt a minimum, a trawl through this literature makes it possible to move beyond some of the most common-sense conjectures and develop a few more granular guesses on the future of crowd-sourcing corruption. At best, this approach may help identify some not so obvious challenges that may arise along the way and ensure that they are considered in the design process of future corruption crowd-sourcing interventions, raising their likelihood of impact and sustainable success.\n\nThe remainder of this essay is structured as follows: Section 1 introduces the concept of crowd-sourcing for good governance. It provides a very brief overview of some related initiatives in this area, alongside some of the challenges and reservations that are commonly raised in the debate. Section 2 casts the net a bit wider. It looks for interesting insight and cues in the broader social science literature on social mobilisation and corruption. Based on this, it seeks to gain a better understanding of what other more fundamental challenges may lay ahead for crowd-reporting corruption. Section 3 picks up on these anticipated challenges and presents some ideas on how to address them, both in the design, as well as in the implementation of future crowd-reporting systems, drawing both on emerging insights from impact assessments of conventional social accountability mechanisms as well as lessons learnt within Transparency International’s own global network of anti-corruption NGOs, some of which already run crowd-reporting platforms.\n\n"},{"id":"01161aaa0b6d1345dd8fe4e481144d84","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=4189#.VqkRxsdiwmc","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourced earthquake early warning","organization":[""],"authors":["Sarah E. Minson","Benjamin A. Brooks","Craig L. Glennie","Jessica R. Murray","John O. Langbein","Susan E. Owen","Thomas H. Heaton","Robert A. Iannucci","Darren L. Hauser"],"paper_date":"4/10/2015","url":"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/3/e1500036","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Earthquake early warning (EEW) can reduce harm to people and infrastructure from earthquakes and tsunamis, but it has not been implemented in most high earthquake-risk regions because of prohibitive cost. Common consumer devices such as smartphones contain low-cost versions of the sensors used in EEW. Although less accurate than scientific-grade instruments, these sensors are globally ubiquitous. Through controlled tests of consumer devices, simulation of an Mw (moment magnitude) 7 earthquake on California’s Hayward fault, and real data from the Mw 9 Tohoku-oki earthquake, we demonstrate that EEW could be achieved via crowdsourcing."},{"id":"539fd53b59e3bb12d203f45a912eeaf2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing City Government: Using Tournaments to Improve Inspection Accuracy","organization":[""],"authors":["Edward Glaeserrew Hillis","Scott Duke Kominers","Michael Luca"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://people.hbs.edu/mluca/HygienePrediction.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Prizes and Challenges","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The proliferation of big data makes it possible to better target city services like hygiene inspections, but city governments rarely have the in-house talent needed for developing prediction algorithms. Cities could hire consultants, but a cheaper alternative is to crowdsource competence by making data public and offering a reward for the best algorithm. A simple model suggests that open tournaments dominate consulting contracts when cities can tolerate risk and when there is enough labor with low opportunity costs. We also report on an inexpensive Boston-based restaurant tournament, which yielded algorithms that proved reasonably accurate when tested \"out-of-sample\" on hygiene inspections."},{"id":"ac1dd209cbcc5e5d1c6e28598e8cbbe8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Diagnosis for Patients With Undiagnosed Illnesses: An Evaluation of CrowdMed","organization":[""],"authors":["Ashley N.D. Meyer","Christopher A. Longhurst","Hardeep Singh"],"paper_date":"1/14/16","url":"http://www.jmir.org/2016/1/e12/","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Background: Despite visits to multiple physicians, many patients remain undiagnosed. A new online program, CrowdMed, aims to leverage the “wisdom of the crowd” by giving patients an opportunity to submit their cases and interact with case solvers to obtain diagnostic possibilities.\n\nObjective: To describe CrowdMed and provide an independent assessment of its impact.\n\nMethods: Patients submit their cases online to CrowdMed and case solvers sign up to help diagnose patients. Case solvers attempt to solve patients’ diagnostic dilemmas and often have an interactive online discussion with patients, including an exchange of additional diagnostic details. At the end, patients receive detailed reports containing diagnostic suggestions to discuss with their physicians and fill out surveys about their outcomes. We independently analyzed data collected from cases between May 2013 and April 2015 to determine patient and case solver characteristics and case outcomes.\n\nResults: During the study period, 397 cases were completed. These patients previously visited a median of 5 physicians, incurred a median of US $10,000 in medical expenses, spent a median of 50 hours researching their illnesses online, and had symptoms for a median of 2.6 years. During this period, 357 active case solvers participated, of which 37.9% (132/348) were male and 58.3% (208/357) worked or studied in the medical industry. About half (50.9%, 202/397) of patients were likely to recommend CrowdMed to a friend, 59.6% (233/391) reported that the process gave insights that led them closer to the correct diagnoses, 57% (52/92) reported estimated decreases in medical expenses, and 38% (29/77) reported estimated improvement in school or work productivity.\n\nConclusions: Some patients with undiagnosed illnesses reported receiving helpful guidance from crowdsourcing their diagnoses during their difficult diagnostic journeys. However, further development and use of crowdsourcing methods to facilitate diagnosis requires long-term evaluation as well as validation to account for patients’ ultimate correct diagnoses."},{"id":"555d6702c950ecb729a966504af0a635","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Dilemma","organization":[""],"authors":["Victor Naroditskiy","Nicholas R. Jennings","Pascal Van Hetenryck","Manuel Cebrian"],"paper_date":"2/22/2014","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.3548","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing offers unprecedented potential for solving tasks efficiently by tapping into the skills of large groups of people. A salient feature of crowdsourcing---its openness of entry---makes it vulnerable to malicious behavior. Such behavior took place in a number of recent popular crowdsourcing competitions. We provide game-theoretic analysis of a fundamental tradeoff between the potential for increased productivity and the possibility of being set back by malicious behavior. Our results show that in crowdsourcing competitions malicious behavior is the norm, not the anomaly---a result contrary to the conventional wisdom in the area. Counterintuitively, making the attacks more costly does not deter them but leads to a less desirable outcome. These findings have cautionary implications for the design of crowdsourcing competitions."},{"id":"335f5352088d7d9bf74191e006d8e24c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Data Science of the People, for the People, by the People: A Viewpoint on an Emerging Dichotomy","organization":[""],"authors":["Kush R. Varshney"],"paper_date":"9/28/2015","url":"http://krvarshney.github.io/pubs/Varshney_d4gx2015.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents a viewpoint on an emerging dichotomy in data science: applications in which predictions of data- driven algorithms are used to support people in making consequential decisions that can have a profound effect on other people’s lives and applications in which data-driven algorithms act autonomously in settings of low consequence and large scale. An example of the first type of application is prison sentencing and of the second type is selecting news stories to appear on a person’s web portal home page. It is argued that the two types of applications require data, al- gorithms and models with vastly different properties along several dimensions, including privacy, equitability, robust- ness, interpretability, causality, and openness. Furthermore, it is argued that the second type of application cannot al- ways be used as a surrogate to develop methods for the first type of application. To contribute to the development of methods for the first type of application, one must really be working on the first type of application."},{"id":"f340f1b1f65b6df5b5e3f94d95b11daf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Data-Driven Innovation: Big Data for Growth and Well-Being","organization":[""],"authors":["OECD"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/science-and-technology/data-driven-innovation_9789264229358-en#page1","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Today, the generation and use of huge volumes of data are redefining our “intelligence” capacity and our social and economic landscapes, spurring new industries, processes and products, and creating significant competitive advantages. In this sense, data-driven innovation (DDI) has become a key pillar of 21st-century growth, with the potential to significantly enhance productivity, resource efficiency, economic competitiveness, and social well-being.\n\nGreater access to and use of data create a wide array of impacts and policy challenges, ranging from privacy and consumer protection to open access issues and measurement concerns, across public and private health, legal and science domains. This report aims to improve the evidence base on the role of DDI for promoting growth and well-being, and provide policy guidance on how to maximise the benefits of DDI and mitigate the associated economic and societal risks."},{"id":"e4a6222cdb5b34375400904f03d8e6a5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Democratic Rulemaking","organization":[""],"authors":["John M. De Figueiredo","Edward Stiglitz"],"paper_date":"7/20/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2658283","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"To what extent is agency rulemaking democratic? This paper examines the soundness of and empirical support for the leading theories that purport to endow the administrative state with democratic legitimacy. We study the theories in light of two normative benchmarks: a \"democratic\" benchmark based on voter preferences, and a \"republican\" benchmark based on the preferences of elected representatives. We conclude that all of the proposed theories lack empirical support and many have substantial conceptual flaws; we point to directions for possible future research."},{"id":"cb70ab375662576bd1ac5aaf16b3fca4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Designing for Cities: Technology and the Urban Experience","organization":[""],"authors":["Paul McConnell","Michael Clare"],"paper_date":"1/2016","url":"http://www.oreilly.com/design/free/designing-for-cities.csp","taxonomy":{"category":["Design Thinking","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"How can today’s growing cities use technology and design to improve their infrastructure, management, and quality of life? In this O’Reilly report, Paul McConnell and Mike Clare from Intersection review how connected services and platforms are redefining how cities function, and how people interact within them.\n\nAs the world becomes more urbanized and connected, design methods can be applied to some of the most critical challenges among three major groups: citizens, civic stakeholders, and commercial interests.\n\nThis report will provide you with background, examples, and approaches for citizen-centered experiences and civic innovation projects. The authors provide examples from projects including the MTA Subway System and LinkNYC—an ambitious program to replace New York’s aging pay phone infrastructure with the world’s largest and fastest free municipal Wi-Fi network."},{"id":"9188905e74c28e489b44e954ec0b9bca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Distinguishing 'Crowded' Organizations from Groups and Communities: Is Three a Crowd?","organization":[""],"authors":[""],"paper_date":"6/4/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2446129","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In conventional wisdom on crowdsourcing, the number of people define the crowd and maximizing this number is often assumed to be the goal of any crowdsourcing exercise. However, we propose that there are structural characteristics of the crowd that might be more important than the sheer number of participants. These characteristics include (1) growth rate and its attractiveness to the members, (2) the equality among members, (3) the density within provisional boundaries, (4) the goal orientation of the crowd, and (5) the \"seriality\" of the interactions between members of the crowd. We then propose a typology that may allow managers to position their companies’ initiatives among four strategic types: crowd crystals, online communities, closed crowd, and open crowd driven innovation. We show that incumbent companies may prefer a closed and controlled access to the crowd, limiting the potential for gaining results and insights from fully open crowd-driven innovation initiatives. Consequently, we argue that the effects on industries and organizations by open crowds are still to be explored, possibly via the mechanisms of entrepreneurs exploiting open crowds as new entrants, but also for the configuration of industries such as, e.g., finance, pharmaceuticals, or even the public sector where the value created usually comes from interpretation issues and exploratory problem solving.\n\n"},{"id":"0266e33d3f546cb5436a10798e657d97","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Ebola: A Big Data Disaster: Privacy, Property, and the Law of Disaster Experimentation","organization":[""],"authors":["Sean Martin McDonald"],"paper_date":"3/2016","url":"http://cis-india.org/papers/ebola-a-big-data-disaster","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health","Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Digitizing disaster response invites the problems of digital systems into the most fragile and vulnerable environments in the world. Troublingly, it is often humanitarian organizations that lead the charge, underestimating the practical and legal implications of digitizing these systems, from data security to operational coordination to the fairness of algorithms. In addition to their own digital transformations, many humanitarian organizations actively encourage governments, charitable foundations, technology companies, and mobile networks to share data in ways that are illegal without user consent or the invocation of governmental emergency powers. The governance of emergency powers over digital systems remain poorly de ned and badly regulated, and lack the basic due process checks and balances that exist for nearly every other kind of government emergency authority. The humanitarian community knows that it does not have the technological, legal, or institutional checks necessary to fairly or fully realize the promise of digital systems. That knowledge, however, hasn’t prevented many of the world’s most important and trusted institutions from taking irresponsible, at best, and illegal, at worst, risks with some of the world’s most sensitive data."},{"id":"38db3aed920cf82ab059bfccbd02be6a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Effectively Crowdsourcing the Acquisition and Analysis of Visual Data for Disaster Response","organization":[""],"authors":["Hien To","Seon Ho Kim","Cyrus Shahabi"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://infolab.usc.edu/DocsDemos/to_ieeebigdata2015.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Design Science"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Efficient and thorough data collection and its timely analysis are critical for disaster response and recovery in order to save peoples lives during disasters. However, access to comprehensive data in disaster areas and their quick analysis to transform the data to actionable knowledge are challenging. With the popularity and pervasiveness of mobile devices, crowdsourcing data collection and analysis has emerged as an effective and scalable solution. This paper addresses the problem of crowdsourcing mobile videos for disasters by identifying two unique challenges of 1) prioritizing visual-data collection and transmission under bandwidth scarcity caused by damaged communication networks and 2) analyzing the acquired data in a timely manner. We introduce a new crowdsourcing framework for acquiring and analyzing the mobile videos utilizing fine granularity spatial metadata of videos for a rapidly changing disaster situation. We also develop an analytical model to quantify the visual awareness of a video based on its metadata and propose the visual awareness maximization problem for acquiring the most relevant data under bandwidth constraints. The collected videos are evenly distributed to off-site analysts to collectively minimize crowdsourcing efforts for analysis. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed framework."},{"id":"3cec07e9ba5f5bb252d13f5f431e4bbb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Equality of Participation Online Versus Face to Face: Condensed Analysis of the Community Forum Deliberative Methods Demonstration","organization":[""],"authors":["Eric Showers","Nathan Tindall","Todd Davies"],"paper_date":"8/4/2015","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00883","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Online deliberation may provide a more cost-effective and/or less inhibiting environment for public participation than face to face (F2F). But do online methods bias participation toward certain individuals or groups? We compare F2F versus online participation in an experiment affording within-participants and cross-modal comparisons. For English speakers required to have Internet access as a condition of participation, we find no negative effects of online modes on equality of participation (EoP) related to gender, age, or educational level. Asynchronous online discussion appears to improve EoP for gender relative to F2F. Data suggest a dampening effect of online environments on black participants, as well as amplification for whites. Synchronous online voice communication EoP is on par with F2F across individuals. But individual-level EoP is much lower in the online forum, and greater online forum participation predicts greater F2F participation for individuals. Measured rates of participation are compared to self-reported experiences, and other findings are discussed."},{"id":"621bf66ddb7c962aa0d22ac97d69b793","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment","organization":[""],"authors":["John Prpić","Araz Taeihagh","James Melton Jr."],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://ipp.oii.ox.ac.uk/2014/programme-2014/track-c-engaging-the-crowd/design-i/john-prpi%C4%87-araz-taeihagh-james-melton-jr","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Energy"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Can Crowds serve as useful allies in policy design? How do non-expert Crowds perform relative to experts in the assessment of policy measures? Does the geographic location of non-expert Crowds, with relevance to the policy context, alter the performance of non-experts Crowds in the assessment of policy measures? In this work, we investigate these questions by undertaking experiments designed to replicate expert policy assessments with non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We use a set of ninety-six climate change adaptation policy measures previously evaluated by experts in the Netherlands as our control condition to conduct experiments using two discrete sets of non-expert Crowds recruited from Virtual Labor Markets. We vary the composition of our non-expert Crowds along two conditions: participants recruited from a geographical location directly relevant to the policy context and participants recruited at-large. We discuss our research methods in detail and provide the findings of our experiments."},{"id":"077e29b11be80ab57e1a2ecabb7da330","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"From Mechanism to Virtue: Evaluating Nudge-Theory","organization":[""],"authors":["Jeroen Van der Heijden","Mark Kosters"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2620082","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Ever since Thaler and Sunstein published their influential Nudge, the book and the theory it presents have received great praise and opposition. Nudge-theory, and more particularly, nudging may be considered an additional strategy providing some novel instruments to the already rich governance toolbox. But what is its value? The current debates on Nudge-theory are often highly normative or ideologically driven and pay limited attention to more practical aspects of the theory: Whether and how is nudging evaluable as a theory and a practice? Whether there is solid evidence available of nudge success over other governance interventions? What is to be considered a nudge success at all? What data and evaluative techniques may assist in evaluating nudging beyond individual cases? The current article seeks to explore these questions.\n\n"},{"id":"6c9882bbac1c7093bd25041881277658","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Fudging Nudging: Why 'Libertarian Paternalism' is the Contradiction It Claims It's Not","organization":[""],"authors":["Heidi M. Hurd"],"paper_date":"11/10/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2688636","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this piece I argue that so-called “libertarian paternalism” is as self-contradictory as it sounds. The theory of libertarian paternalism originally advanced by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, and given further defense by Sunstein alone, is itself just a sexy ad campaign designed to nudge gullible readers into thinking that there is no conflict between libertarianism and welfare utilitarianism. But no one should lose sight of the fact that welfare utilitarianism just is welfare utilitarianism only if it sacrifices individual liberty whenever it is at odds with maximizing societal welfare. And thus no one who believes that people have rights to craft their own lives through the exercise of their own choices ought to be duped into thinking that just because paternalistic nudges are cleverly manipulative and often invisible, rather than overtly coercive, standard welfare utilitarianism can lay claim to being libertarian. \n\nAfter outlining four distinct strains of libertarian theory and sketching their mutual incompatibility with so-called “libertarian paternalism,” I go on to demonstrate at some length how the two most prevalent strains — namely, opportunity set libertarianism and motivational libertarianism — make paternalistically-motivated nudges abuses of state power. As I argue, opportunity set libertarians should recognize nudges for what they are — namely, state incursions into the sphere of liberty in which individual choice is a matter of moral right, the boundaries of which are rightly defined, in part, by permissions to do actions that do not maximize welfare. And motivational libertarians should similarly recognize nudges for what they are — namely, illicitly motivated forms of legislative intervention that insult autonomy no less than do flat bans that leave citizens with no choice but to substitute the state’s agenda for their own. As I conclude, whatever its name, a political theory that recommends to state officials the use of “nudges” as means of ensuring that citizens’ advance the state’s understanding of their own best interests is no more compatible with libertarianism than is a theory that recommends more coercive means of paternalism."},{"id":"19f3cd308f1455b3fa09a282e0d496f4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Gamification and Sustainable Consumption: Overcoming the Limitations of Persuasive Technologies","organization":[""],"authors":["Martina Z. Huber","Lorenz M. Hilty"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-232/2014_Huber_Hilty_Gamification_and_Sustainable_Consumption_AAM.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges","Gamification"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The current patterns of production and consumption in the industrialized world are not sustainable. The goods and services we consume cause resource extractions, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts that are already affecting the conditions of living on Earth. To support the transition toward sustainable consumption patterns, ICT applications that persuade consumers to change their behavior into a “green” direction have been developed in the field of Persuasive Technology (PT). Such persuasive systems, however, have been criticized for two reasons. First, they are often based on the assumption that information (e.g., information on individual energy consumption) causes behavior change, or a change in awareness and attitude that then changes behavior. Second, PT approaches assume that the designer of the system starts from objective criteria for “sustainable” behavior and is able to operationalize them in the context of the application.\r\n\nIn this chapter, we are exploring the potential of gamification to overcome the limitations of persuasive systems. Gamification, the process of using game elements in a non-game context, opens up a broader design space for ICT applications created to support sustainable consumption. In particular, a gamification-based approach may give the user more autonomy in selecting goals and relating individual action to social interaction. The idea of gamification may also help designers to view the user’s actions in a broader context and to recognize the relevance of different motivational aspects of social interaction, such as competition and cooperation. Based on this discussion we define basic requirements to be used as guidance in gamification- based motivation design for sustainable consumption."},{"id":"03c6b06952c750899bb03d998e631860","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Google Votes: Liquid Democracy Experiment on a Corporate Social Network","organization":[""],"authors":["Steve Hardt","Lia C. R. Lopes"],"paper_date":"6/5/2016","url":"http://www.tdcommons.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=dpubs_series","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper introduces Google Votes, an experiment in liquid democracy built on Google's internal corporate Google+ social network. Liquid democracy decision-making systems can scale to cover large groups by enabling voters to delegate their votes to other voters. This approach is in contrast to direct democracy systems where voters vote directly on issues, and representative democracy systems where voters elect representatives to vote on issues for them. Liquid democracy systems can provide many of the benefits of both direct and representative democracy systems with few of the weaknesses. Thus far, high implementation complexity and infrastructure costs have prevented widespread adoption. Google Votes demonstrates how the use of social-networking technology can overcome these barriers and enable practical liquid democracy systems. The case-study of Google Votes usage at Google over a 3 year timeframe is included, as well as a framework for evaluating vote visibility called the \"Golden Rule of Liquid Democracy\"."},{"id":"c24cd76e1ce41366a4bbe8a49b02a028","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Hacking the streets: 'Smart' writing in the smart city","organization":[""],"authors":["Spencer Jordan"],"paper_date":"1/2016","url":"http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5529/5192","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Citizen Science"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"As cities become more complex and their communities more dispersed, questions such as ‘where is home?’ and ‘where and how do I belong?’ are increasingly pertinent. If urban space is a system, then it can be challenged through the spatial practice of its citizens. This contestation is examined as a form of hacking, an activity McKenzie Wark defined as the abstraction of new worlds. Drawing on the outcomes of a research project, this paper argues that digitally enabled creative writing can play a fundamental role within this process, enabling the re-appropriation of the smart city by its citizens."},{"id":"c52f1bd66cc19d05628bd8bf27af3ad6","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/Health-Data-Governance-Policy-Brief.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Health Data Governance: Privacy, Monitoring and Research","organization":[""],"authors":["OECD"],"paper_date":"10/5/2015","url":"http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/health-data-governance_9789264244566-en#page1","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"All countries are investing in health data. There are however significant cross-country differences in data availability and use. Some countries stand out for their innovative practices enabling privacy-protective data use while others are falling behind with insufficient data and restrictions that limit access to and use of data, even by government itself. Countries that develop a data governance framework that enables privacy-protective data use will not only have the information needed to promote quality, efficiency and performance in their health systems, they will become a more attractive centre for medical research. After examining the current situation in OECD countries, a multi-disciplinary advisory panel of experts identified eight key data governance mechanisms to maximise benefits to patients and to societies from the collection, linkage and analysis of health data and to, at the same time, minimise risks to the privacy of patients and to the security of health data. These mechanisms include coordinated development of high-value, privacy-protective health information systems, legislation that permits privacy-protective data use, open and transparent public communication, accreditation or certification of health data processors, transparent and fair project approval processes, data de-identification and data security practices that meet legal requirements and public expectations without compromising data utility and a process to continually assess and renew the data governance framework as new data and new risks emerge."},{"id":"fe131d7f5a6b38b23cc967316c13dae2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Innovation Contests","organization":[""],"authors":["David Pérez Castrillo","David Wettstein"],"paper_date":"3/16/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2425517","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We study innovation contests with asymmetric information and identical contestants, where contestants’ efforts and innate abilities generate inventions of varying qualities. The designer offers a reward to the contestant achieving the highest quality and receives the revenue generated by the innovation. We characterize the equilibrium behavior, outcomes and payoffs for both nondiscriminatory and discriminatory (where the reward is contestant-dependent) contests. We derive conditions under which the designer obtains a larger payoff when using a discriminatory contest and describe settings where these conditions are satisfied."},{"id":"f718499c1c8cef6730f9fd03c8125cab","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Innovation spaces: transforming humanitarian practice in the United Nations","organization":[""],"authors":["Louise Bloom","Romy Faulkner"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/working-paper-series/wp107-innovation-spaces.pdf/","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Since 2009 there has been a growing interest in defining and operationalising innovation for use in the humanitarian context. The increase in scale of new crises, the urbanisation of many displaced populations, and stretched financing for humanitarian assistance are forcing international aid agencies to think and act in new ways. Along with other international humanitarian actors, several United Nations (UN) bodies are engaging with new tools and practices to bring innovation to the forefront of their work. Within these agencies, there has been a growing movement to establish ‘innovation spaces’ or ‘innovation labs’. These labs take different forms – some virtual, others physical – and each is created with its own motivations unique to the context in which it operates. Despite the variation, there is a growing trend in the UN system, and more broadly in the international humanitarian community, to create labs as a way to engage in and facilitate innovation practice. This research seeks to understand the way in which innovation labs across several UN agencies are being used to foster new ways of operating within the UN’s bureaucratic structures. We ask four key questions: What form do innovation labs in UN agencies take? What motivated their initiation? What are their aims and objectives? What impact have they had and how is the impact being measured? As innovation practice gains momentum, we reflect on the future of innovation spaces as a way to foster innovation within the UN system. We conclude with six key recommendations."},{"id":"d96409bf894217686ba124d7356686c9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Innovations in Global Governance: Towards a Distributed Internet Governance Ecosystem","organization":["The GovLab","MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Stefaan Verhulst","Beth Simone Noveck","Jillian Raines","Antony Declercq"],"paper_date":"12/23/2014","url":"http://www.cigionline.org/publications/innovations-global-governance-toward-distributed-internet-governance-ecosystem","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The growth and globalization of the Internet over the past 40 years has been nothing short of remarkable. Virtually all sectors, from development to healthcare to education to politics, have been transformed. Yet developments in how the Internet is governed have not kept pace with this rapid technological innovation. Figuring out how to evolve the Internet’s governance in ways that are effective and legitimate is essential to ensure its continued potential. Flexible and innovative decision-making mechanisms are needed in order to enable disparate governance actors to address and respond effectively as changes in the network occur. This paper seeks to address the need to develop an effective and legitimate Internet governance ecosystem by proposing a distributed yet coordinated framework that can accommodate a plurality of existing and emerging decision-making approaches. It draws on the lessons of open governance, adopting innovative techniques to facilitate coordination, information sharing, and evidence generation by and across increasingly diverse and global groups of Internet actors, and calls for creating practical tools to support such an effective, legitimate and evolving Internet governance ecosystem. Although no right answer or single model for how to manage all issues of relevance to the Internet is suggested within this paper, the proposed framework intends to allow for diverse experiments in distributed governance approaches to learn what works and what does not."},{"id":"502e4a16930e414107ee22b6198c578f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Linked Open Economy: Take Full Advantage of Economic Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Michalis N. Vafopoulos","Giorgos Vafeiadis","Gerasimos Razis","Ioannis Anagnostopoulos","Dimitris Negkas","Lefteris Galanos"],"paper_date":"2/14/2016","url":"http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=907117081025015121102022001066117072026032046009065078108123098067127127070084001025032052096126039015001119030023088004099125042057064008052100087081008119003094093046043005068086065069023078080091113001076097024028086000126104073119011095089086075118&EXT=pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Economics"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"For decades, information related to public finances was out of reach for most of the people. Gradually, public budgets and tenders are becoming openly available and global initiatives promote fiscal transparency and open product and price data. But, the poor quality of economic open data undermines their potential to answer interesting questions (e.g. efficiency of public funds and market processes). Linked Open Economy (LOE) has been developed as a top-level conceptualization that interlinks the publicly available economic open data by modelling the flows incorporated in public procurement together with the market process to address complex policy issues. LOE approach is extensively used to enrich open economic data ranging from budgets and spending to prices. Developers, professionals, public administrations and any other interested party use and customize LOE model to develop new systems, to enable information exchange between systems, to integrate data from heterogeneous sources and to publish open data related to economic activities."},{"id":"cfa0860e83a4c3a763a7e62d825349f7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Making Open Innovation Ecosystems Work: Case Studies in Healthcare","organization":[""],"authors":["Donald E. Wynn Jr.","Renee M. E. Pratt","Randy V. Bradley"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Making%20Open%20Innovation%20Ecosystems%20Work.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Prizes and Challenges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In the mist of tightening budgets, many government agencies are being asked to deliver innovative solutions to operational and strategic problems. One way to address this dilemma is to participate in open innovation. This report addresses two key components of innovation: Adopting external ideas from private firms, universities, and individuals into the agency's innovation practices; Pushing innovations developed internally to the public by reaching out to external channels."},{"id":"a4f23670e1833f3fdb077ca70bbd5d66","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Making Sense of the New Urban Science","organization":[""],"authors":["Anthony M. Townsend"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.citiesofdata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Making-Sense-of-the-New-Science-of-Cities-FINAL-2015.7.7.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We are living in the age of cities. It is an urgent time, and an uncertain one. Never before have human beings built so much with such haste. Yet we understand so little about how our urban world grows — and sometimes — declines.\r\n\nTo meet this challenge, the world’s universities have set out to plug this knowledge gap, and establish a new science of cities. This report is an initial attempt to understand the collective scope and impact of this movement. What does this new science seek to achieve? Who are its practitioners? What questions are they pursuing? What methods do they use? What are they learning? How might their discoveries shape our shared urban destiny?"},{"id":"b1a59b315fc9a3002ce38bbe070ec3f5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"New Frontiers in Social Innovation Research","organization":[""],"authors":["Alex Nicholls","Julie Simon","Madeleine Gabriel"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/884/bok%253A978-1-137-50680-1.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-50680-1&token2=exp=1459287040~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F884%2Fbok%25253A978-1-137-50680-1.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbook%252F10.1007%252F978-1-137-50680-1*~hmac=63d56c4098d8700d93e9f8216b4c6055e9b27ba26c45e373f60cc847e12ca82f","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Interest in social innovation continues to rise, from governments setting up social innovation ‘labs’ to large corporations developing social innovation strategies. Yet theory lags behind practice, and this hampers our ability to understand social innovation and make the most of its potential. This collection brings together work by leading social innovation researchers globally, exploring the practice and process of researching social innovation, its nature and effects. Combining theoretical chapters and empirical studies, it shows how social innovation is blurring traditional boundaries between the market, the state and civil society, thereby developing new forms of services, relationships and collaborations. It takes a critical perspective, analyzing potential downsides of social innovation that often remain unexplored or are glossed over, yet concludes with a powerful vision of the potential for social innovation to transform society. It aims to be a valuable resource for students and researchers, as well as policymakers and others supporting and leading social innovation"},{"id":"36660e59856b4de58a219bcf4e27eba3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"On Researching Data and Communication","organization":[""],"authors":["Andrew Schrock"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.academia.edu/20414405/On_Researching_Data_and_Communication","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We are awash in predictions about our data-driven future. Enthusiasts believe it will offer new ways to research behavior. Critics worry it will enable powerful regimes of institutional control. Both visions, although polar opposites, tend to downplay the importance of communication. As a result, the role of communication in human-centered data science has rarely been considered. This article fills this gap by outlining three perspectives on data that foreground communication. First, I briefly review the common social scientific perspective: “communication as data.” Next, I elaborate on two less explored perspectives. A “data as communication” perspective captures how data imperfectly carry meanings and guide action. “Communication around data” describes communication in organizational and institutional data cultures. I conclude that communication offers nuanced perspectives to inform human-centered data science. Researchers should embrace a robust agenda, particularly when researching the relationship between data and power."},{"id":"8c19f571e251e61cb8dd3612f26d5ecf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data as Open Educational Resources: Case studies of emerging practice","organization":[""],"authors":["Javiera Atenas","Leo Havemann"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://education.okfn.org/files/2015/11/Book-Open-Data-as-Open-Educational-Resources1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This collection presents the stories of our contributors’ experiences and insights, in order to demonstrate the enormous potential for openly-licensed and accessible datasets (Open Data) to be used as Open Educational Resources (OER). Open Data is an umbrella term describing openly-licensed, interoperable, and reusable datasets which have been created and made available to the public by national or local governments, academic researchers, or other organisations. These datasets can be accessed, used and shared without restrictions other than attribution of the intellectual property of their creators1.While there are various de nitions of OER, these are generally understood as openly-licensed digital resources that can be used in teaching and learning2."},{"id":"d6baf65e0b240ce177cf70da146c8dc8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data as Universal Service. New perspectives in the Information Profession","organization":[""],"authors":["L. Fernando Ramos Simón","Rosario Arquero Avilés","Iuliana Botezan","Félix del Valle Gastaminza","Silvia Cobo Serrano"],"paper_date":"8/25/2014","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814040397","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Internet provides a global information flow, which improves living conditions in poor countries as well as in rich countries. Owing to its abundance and quality, public information (meteorological, geographic, transport information. and also the content managed in libraries, archives and museums) is an incentive for change, becoming invaluable and accessible to all citizens. However, it is clear that Open Data plays a significant role and provides a business service in the digital economy. Nevertheless, it is unknown how this amount of public data may be introduced as universal service to make it available to all citizens in matters of education, health, culture . In fact, a function or role which has traditionally been assumed by libraries. In addition, information professionals will have to acquire new skills that enable them to assume a new role in the information management: data management (Open Data) and content management (Open Content). Thus, this study analyzes new roles, which will be assumed by new information professionals such as metadata, interoperability, access licenses, information search and retrieval tools and applications for data queries."},{"id":"e56954b4f6347e897f954495eab16a88","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Overcoming Barriers to Data Sharing in Public Health: A Global Perspective ","organization":[""],"authors":["Jussi Sane","Michael Edelstein"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/overcoming-barriers-data-sharing-public-health-global-perspective","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Transparency","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The interaction between barriers to data sharing in public health is complex, and single solutions to single barriers are unlikely to be successful. Political, economic and legal obstacles will be the most challenging to overcome.\n\nPublic health data sharing occurs extensively as a collection of subregional and regional surveillance networks. These existing networks have often arisen as a consequence of a specific local public health crisis, and should be integrated into any global framework.\n\nData sharing in public health is successful when a perceived need is addressed, and the social, political and cultural context is taken into account.\n\nA global data sharing legal framework is unlikely to be successful. A global data governance or ethical framework, supplemented by local memoranda of understanding that take into account the local context, is more likely to succeed.\n\nThe International Health Regulations (IHR) should be considered as an infrastructure for data sharing. However, their lack of enforcement mechanism, lack of minimum data sets, lack of capacity assessment mechanism, and potential impact on trade and travel following data sharing need to be addressed.\n\nOptimal data sharing does not equate with open access for public health data.\n"},{"id":"f7664060cc52bc6f3d620bcedc94a4b6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Private Provision of Public Goods via Crowdfunding","organization":[""],"authors":["Robert Chovanculiak","Marek Hudik"],"paper_date":"2/6/2016","url":"http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=947007004017109104097083123080089095051048070010086053068068081121124026126105093107029048119010012112117108099006094077120092006027045011092091098112067026028088077038058055083125120028028006026089119009015071115098092116095113024096087101107065116001&EXT=pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Private provision of public goods is typically associated with three main problems: (1) high organization costs, (2) the assurance problem, and (3) the free-rider problem. We argue that technologies which enable crowdfunding (the method of funding projects by raising small amounts of money from a large number of people via the internet), have made the overall conditions for private provision of public goods more favorable: these technologies lowered the organization costs and enabled to employ more efficient mechanisms which reduce the assurance and free-rider problems. It follows that if the reason for government provision of public goods is higher efficiency as suggested by the standard theory, then with the emergence of crowdfunding we should observe a decline of the government role in this area."},{"id":"eda80a3d5b344bc40f3bc04f65b7a357","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Public Participation in Selected Civilizations: Problems and Potentials","organization":[""],"authors":["Sulaimon Adigun Muse","Sagie Narsiah"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSSA/JSSA-06-0-000-15-Web/JSSA-06-3-000-15-Abst-PDF/JSSA-06-3-415-15-174-Muse-S-A/JSSA-06-3-415-174-Muse-S-A-Tx%5B12%5D.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Public participation is not a recent phenomenon. It has spanned centuries, cultures and civilizations. The aim of this paper is to present a historical overview of public participation in some selected civilizations across the globe. The conceptual basis of the paper is premised on participatory democracy. It will adopt an analytical and historical approach. Scholars have recognized that public participation remains a relevant concept globally. The concept is not unproblematic, but there is enormous potential for substantive democratization of the public sphere. Hence, one of the key recommendations of the paper is that the potentials of public participation have to be fully explored and exploited."},{"id":"8f121ce07d74717e0b1f21d122e04521","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/development/public-private-partnerships-for-statistics-lessons-learned-future-steps_5jm3nqp1g8wf-en#page1","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Public-Private Partnerships for Statistics: Lessons Learned, Future Steps","organization":[""],"authors":["Nicholas Robin","Thilo Klein","Johannes Jütting"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5jm3nqp1g8wf.pdf?expires=1457284035&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=D0F28E98C1E3567F927A46CACDB8C7AA","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Collaboratives","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Non-official sources of data, big data in particular, are currently attracting enormous interest in the world of official statistics. An impressive body of work focuses on how different types of big data (telecom data, social media, sensors and geospatial data, etc.) can be used to fill specific data gaps, especially with regard to the post-2015 agenda and the associated technology challenges. This paper focuses on different aspects of big data, but ones that are of crucial importance: what are the perspectives of the commercial operations and national statistical offices that respectively produce and might use this data; and which incentives, business models and protocols are needed to leverage non-official data sources within the official statistics community?"},{"id":"06138bc5af6023646ede0e1f7c1eac75","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Push, Pull, and Spill: A Transdisciplinary Case Study in Municipal Open Government","organization":[""],"authors":["Jan Whittington","Ryan Calo","Mike Simon","Jesse Woo","Meg Young","Peter Schmiedeskamp"],"paper_date":"7/24/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2636074","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Cities hold considerable information, including details about the daily lives of residents and employees, maps of critical infrastructure, and records of the officials’ internal deliberations. Cities are beginning to realize that this data has economic and other value: If done wisely, the responsible release of city information can also release greater efficiency and innovation in the public and private sector. New services are cropping up that leverage open city data to great effect. \n\nMeanwhile, activist groups and individual residents are placing increasing pressure on state and local government to be more transparent and accountable, even as others sound an alarm over the privacy issues that inevitably attend greater data promiscuity. This takes the form of political pressure to release more information, as well as increased requests for information under the many public records acts across the country. \n\nThe result of these forces is that cities are beginning to open their data as never before. It turns out there is surprisingly little research to date into the important and growing area of municipal open data. This article is among the first sustained, cross-disciplinary assessments of an open municipal government system. We are a team of researchers in law, computer science, information science, and urban studies. We have worked hand-in-hand with the City of Seattle, Washington for the better part of a year to understand its current procedures from each disciplinary perspective. Based on this empirical work, we generate a set of recommendations to help the city manage risk latent in opening its data.\n\n"},{"id":"39059724f73a9969845dfe4146c5660e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Quantifying crowd size with mobile phone and Twitter data","organization":[""],"authors":["Federico Botta","Helen Susannah Moat","Tobias Preis"],"paper_date":"5/27/2015","url":"http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royopensci/2/5/150162.full.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Being able to infer the number of people in a specific area is of extreme importance for the avoidance of crowd disasters and to facilitate emergency evacuations. Here, using a football stadium and an airport as case studies, we present evidence of a strong relationship between the number of people in restricted areas and activity recorded by mobile phone providers and the online service Twitter. Our findings suggest that data generated through our interactions with mobile phone networks and the Internet may allow us to gain valuable measurements of the current state of society."},{"id":"7f100b7b36092fb9b06dfb4fac360931","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Quizz: Targeted Crowdsourcing with a Billion (Potential) Users","organization":[""],"authors":["P. G. Ipeirotis","E. Gabrilovich"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://research.google.com/pubs/pub42022.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We describe Quizz, a gamified crowdsourcing system that simultaneously assesses the knowledge of users and acquires new knowledge from them. Quizz operates by asking users to complete short quizzes on specific topics; as a user answers the quiz questions, Quizz estimates the user's competence. To acquire new knowledge, Quizz also incorporates questions for which we do not have a known answer; the answers given by competent users provide useful signals for selecting the correct answers for these questions. Quizz actively tries to identify knowledgeable users on the Internet by running advertising campaigns, effectively leveraging the targeting capabilities of existing, publicly available, ad placement services. Quizz quantifies the contributions of the users using information theory and sends feedback to the advertising system about each user. The feedback allows the ad targeting mechanism to further optimize ad placement. Our experiments, which involve over ten thousand users, confirm that we can crowdsource knowledge curation for niche and specialized topics, as the advertising network can automatically identify users with the desired expertise and interest in the given topic. We present controlled experiments that examine the effect of various incentive mechanisms, highlighting the need for having short-term rewards as goals, which incentivize the users to contribute. Finally, our cost-quality analysis indicates that the cost of our approach is below that of hiring workers through paid-crowdsourcing platforms, while offering the additional advantage of giving access to billions of potential users all over the planet, and being able to reach users with specialized expertise that is not typically available through existing labor marketplaces."},{"id":"7a614fd06c325499f1680b9896beedeb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Statactivism: Forms of Action between Disclosure and Affirmation","organization":[""],"authors":["Isabelle Bruno","Emmanual Didier","Tommaso Vitale"],"paper_date":"7/16/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2466882","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Social Movements & Activism"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article introduces the special issue on statactivism, a particular form of action within the repertoire used by contemporary social movements: the mobilization of statistics. Traditionally, statistics has been used by the worker movement within the class conflicts. But in the current configuration of state restructuring, new accumulation regimes, and changes in work organization in capitalists societies, the activist use of statistics is moving. This first article seeks to show the use of statistics and quantification in contentious performances connected with state restructuring, main transformations of the varieties of capitalisms, and changes in work organization regimes. The double role of statistics in representing as well as criticizing reality is considered. After showing how important statistical tools are in producing a shared reading of reality, we will discuss the two main dimensions of statactivism – disclosure and affirmation. In other words, we will see the role of stat-activists in denouncing a certain state of reality, and then the efforts to use statistics in creating equivalency among disparate conditions and in cementing emerging social categories. Finally, we present the main contributions of the various research papers in this special issue regarding the use of statistics as a form of action within a larger repertoire of contentious action. Six empirical papers focus on statactivism against the penal machinery in the early 1970s (Grégory Salle), on the mobilisation on the price index in Guadalupe in 2009 (Boris Samuel), and in Argentina in 2007 (Celia Lury and Ana Gross), on the mobilisations of experts to consolidate a link between working conditions and health issues (Marion Gilles), on the production of activity data for disability policy in France (Pierre-Yves Baudot), and on the use of statistics in social mobilizations for gender equality (Eugenia De Rosa). Alain Desrosières wrote the last paper, coping with mobilizations proposing innovations in the way of measuring inflation, unemployment, poverty, GDP, and climate change. This special issue is dedicated to him, in order to honor his everlasting intellectual legacy."},{"id":"4734ba6f3de83d861c3176a6273cac6d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Structuring Big Data to Facilitate Democratic Participation in International Law","organization":[""],"authors":["Roslyn Fulle"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2346188","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This is an interdisciplinary article focusing on the interplay between information and communication technology (ICT) and international law (IL). Its purpose is to open up a dialogue between ICT and IL practitioners that focuses on the ways in which ICT can enhance equitable participation in international legal structures, particularly through capturing the possibilities associated with big data. This depends on the ability of individuals to access big data, for it to be structured in a manner that makes it accessible and for the individual to be able to take action based on it."},{"id":"d947bf06a885db0d477d707121934ff8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Sustainable Value of Open Government Data: Uncovering the Generative Mechanisms of Open Data through a Mixed Methods Approach","organization":[""],"authors":["Thorhildur Jetzek"],"paper_date":"9/9/2015","url":"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281621017_Sustainable_Value_of_Open_Government_Data_Uncovering_the_Generative_Mechanisms_of_Open_Data_through_a_Mixed_Methods_Approach","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The impact of the digital revolution on our societies can be compared to the ripples caused by a stone thrown in water: spreading outwards and affecting a larger and larger part of our lives with every year that passes. One of the many effects of this revolution is the emergence of an already unprecedented amount of digital data that is accumulating exponentially. Moreover, a central affordance of digitization is the ability to distribute, share and collaborate, and we have thus seen an “open theme” gaining currency in recent years.\n\nThese trends are reflected in the explosion of Open Data Initiatives (ODIs) around the world. However, while hundreds of national and local governments have established open data portals, there is a general feeling that these ODIs have not yet lived up to their true potential. This feeling is not without good reason; the recent Open Data Barometer report highlights that strong evidence on the impacts of open government data is almost universally lacking (Davies, 2013). This lack of evidence is disconcerting for government organizations that have already expended money on opening data, and might even result in the termination of some ODIs. This lack of evidence also raises some relevant questions regarding the nature of value generation in the context of free data and sharing of information over networks. Do we have the right methods, the right intellectual tools, to understand and reflect the value that is generated in such ecosystems?"},{"id":"63923f49e5241343aa7acb6a06a751e7","related_content":[{"url":"http://csreports.aspeninstitute.org/Roundtable-on-Information-Technology/2015/report","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The City As Platform: How Digital Networks Are Changing Urban Life and Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["David Bollier"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://csreports.aspeninstitute.org/documents/CityAsPlatform.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The report of the 2015 Aspen Institute Roundtable on Information Technology is a series of chapters that looks at a new blend of urban planning, economic development and source innovation that are creating truly smart networked cities."},{"id":"db8e1af0cb3aca1ae2d0018624204529","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Effect of Government Responsiveness on Future Political Participation","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["Fredrik M. Sjoberg","Jonathan Mellon","Tiago Peixoto"],"paper_date":"2/26/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2570898&utm_content=buffer8587b&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"What effect does government responsiveness have on political participation? Since the 1940s political scientists have used attitudinal measures of perceived efficacy to explain participation. More recent work has focused on underlying genetic factors that condition citizen engagement. We develop a ‘Calculus of Participation’ that incorporates objective efficacy – the extent to which an individual’s participation actually has an impact – and test the model against behavioral data from FixMyStreet.com (n=399,364). We find that a successful first experience using FixMyStreet.com (e.g., reporting a pothole and having it fixed) is associated with a 54 percent increase in the probability of an individual submit-ting a second report. We also show that the experience of government responsiveness to the first report submitted has predictive power over all future report submissions. The findings highlight the importance of government responsiveness for fostering an active citizenry, while demonstrating the value of incidentally collected data to examine participatory behavior at the individual level."},{"id":"20f07591c6fcb220ffe637cda29bb3f6","related_content":[{"url":"http://gijn.org/2015/01/21/how-well-do-online-freedom-of-information-tools-actually-work/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The impact of online Freedom of Information tools: What is the evidence? Part 2. Practitioner Study","organization":["mySociety"],"authors":["Savita Bailur","Tom Longley"],"paper_date":"11/1/2014","url":"http://www.mysociety.org/files/2014/11/FOI-Impact_Part-2-Practitioner-Study-06.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology","Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The aim of this report is to ask the question “in what circumstances, if any, can the FOI [Freedom\nof information] tools mySociety builds be shown to have measurable impacts on the ability of\ncitizens to exert power over underperforming institutions?”. It is the second of three documents,\nthe first being a literature review of published literature on Freedom of Information (including both\ntechnical and non-technical issues), and is followed by a synthesis piece outlining ‘critical success\nfactors’, including recommendations for mySociety and future implementers of FOI filer sites.\nAround 98 countries have implemented FOI laws, with many others in the process of implementing\nlegislation\n and over 30 are known to have established FOI request sites, either official or those set\nup by CSOs [Civil Society Organisations] such as mySociety. "},{"id":"07cdfd23373b17c6b337251c22b7ea57","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Impact of Open Government on Innovation: Does Government Transparency Drive Innovation?","organization":[""],"authors":["Anjelika Deogirikar"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/709375","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This study adds to the body of research on open government by empirically measuring the association of government transparency and innovation. The study uses Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) as a proxy measure of government transparency. It assumes that an increase in government transparency increases applied innovation activity, which is measured as the number of annual patents by country residents. The study also tests whether the association is different for countries participating in the Open Government Partnership (OGP), a voluntary multi-stakeholder international collaboration of 63 countries who have committed to make their governments more transparent. The analysis uses fixed effects regression on panel data from 1996 to 2011 for 95 countries, including 54 OGP members. Although the empirical results do not support the hypothesis that transparency and innovation are positively correlated for countries participating in the OGP, this finding contributes to the literature on open government by making an initial attempt to quantify the association of transparency and innovation. Additional future research demonstrating a positive relationship between transparency and innovation could help to justify implementation of open government policies and participation in the Open Government Partnership."},{"id":"d395771085aab05244a4fb8fd91bf4ee","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/governance/observatory-public-sector-innovation/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Innovation Imperative in the Public Sector: Setting an Agenda for Action","organization":[""],"authors":["OECD"],"paper_date":"8/19/2015","url":"http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/governance/the-innovation-imperative-in-the-public-sector_9789264236561-en#page1","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The public sector has to become more innovative if it is to tackle today’s complex challenges and meet society’s changing expectations. But becoming truly innovative requires deep and broad changes to organisational culture and operations. Drawing on evidence emerging from the OECD Observatory of Public Sector Innovation’s collection of innovative practices from around the world, this report looks at how to create a government where innovation is encouraged and nurtured."},{"id":"92c8c96e4c37100777c7190b76d28233","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Promise and Perils of Open Medical Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Sharona Hoffman"],"paper_date":"1/20/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hast.529/epdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Not long ago I visited the Personal Genome Project's website. The PGP describes its mission as “creating public genome, health, and trait data.” In the “Participant Profiles” section, I found several entries that disclosed the names of individuals along with their date of birth, sex, weight, height, blood type, race, health conditions, medications, allergies, medical procedures, and more. Other profiles did not feature names but provided all of the other details. I had no special access to this information. It is available to absolutely anyone with Internet access. The PGP is part of a trend known as “open data.” Many government and private entities have launched initiatives to compile very large data resources (also known as “big data”) and to make them available to the public. President Obama himself has endorsed open data by issuing a May 2013 executive order directing that, to the extent permitted by law, the federal government must release its data to the public in forms that make it easy to locate, access, and use."},{"id":"e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Spectrum of Control: A Social Theory of the Smart City","organization":[""],"authors":["Jathan Sadowski","Frank A. Pasquale III"],"paper_date":"8/31/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2653860","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"There is a certain allure to the idea that cities allow a person to both feel at home and like a stranger in the same place. That one can know the streets and shops, avenues and alleys, while also going days without being recognized. But as elites fill cities with “smart” technologies — turning them into platforms for the “Internet of Things” (IoT): sensors and computation embedded within physical objects that then connect, communicate, and/or transmit information with or between each other through the Internet — there is little escape from a seamless web of surveillance and power. This paper will outline a social theory of the “smart city” by developing our Deleuzian concept of the “spectrum of control.” We present two illustrative examples: biometric surveillance as a form of monitoring, and automated policing as a particularly brutal and exacting form of manipulation. We conclude by offering normative guidelines for governance of the pervasive surveillance and control mechanisms that constitute an emerging critical infrastructure of the “smart city.”\n\n"},{"id":"6a9aeddfc689c1d0e3b9ccc3ab651bc5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Tools to Innovate: Data Analytics, Risk Management, and Shared Services","organization":[""],"authors":["Dan Chenok","Michael J. Keegan","Douglas W. Webster","Thomas H. Stanton","Young Hoon Kwak","Julia Keleher","Eric Zeemering","Daryl Delabbio"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Tools%20to%20Innovate.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Today, governments have access to a variety of tools to successfully implement agency programs. For example, Data Analytics—especially of financial data—can be used to better inform decision making by ensuring agencies have the information they need at the point of time that it can be most effective. In addition, governments at all levels can more effectively address risks using new Risk Management approaches. And finally, Shared Services can not only save money, but also stimulate innovation, improve decisionmaking, and increase the quality of services expected by citizens.\n\nThe IBM Center has published a variety of reports related to these topics and accordingly, we have brought key findings on these topics together in the compilation that follows. We welcome your thoughts on these issues, and look forward to a continued dialogue with government leaders and stakeholders on actions to help agencies achieve their mission effectively and efficiently."},{"id":"0f49c89d1e7298bb9930789c8ed59d48","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Toward Metrics for Re(imagining) Governance: The Promise and Challenge of Evaluating Innovations in How We Govern","organization":["The GovLab"],"authors":["Aleise Barnett","David Dembo","Stefaan Verhulst"],"paper_date":"4/18/2013","url":"http://thegovlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/GovLabMetrics.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This GovLab Working Paper is an attempt to describe the promise and challenge of evaluating new practices of\nproblem solving in governance, specifically citizen-engagement interventions. The purpose is to inform those innovators\nwho are eager to develop a deeper insight into what works for the key steps, opportunities and challenges\ninvolved when assessing impact. In addition, the paper aims to develop a foundation for further interdisciplinary\nresearch and debate.\nThis paper summarizes the recent lessons learned in the field of evaluation and examines how new methods could\nhelp assess the impacts of participatory governance and emerging social technologies used in governance. This\nwork is not meant to be a comprehensive review of current approaches to evaluating new governance initiatives\nbut is intended to frame the issues involved, and suggest where work needs to be done to develop better assessments.\nWe are also providing an annotated and open bibliography for further reading, inviting others to expand\nupon it. "},{"id":"46ba9f2a6976570b0353203ec4474217","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Towards Timely Public Health Decisions to Tackle Seasonal Diseases With Open Government Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Vandana Srivastava","Biplav Srivastava"],"paper_date":"6/18/2014","url":"http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW14/paper/view/8728/8221","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Improving public health is a major responsibility of any government, and is of major interest to citizens and scientific communities around the world. Here, one sees two extremes. On one hand, tremendous progress has been made in recent years in the understanding of causes, spread and remedies of common and regularly occurring diseases like Dengue, Malaria and Japanese Encephalistis (JE). On the other hand, public agencies treat these diseases in an ad hoc manner without learning from the experiences of previous years. Specifically, they would get alerted once reported cases have already arisen substantially in the known disease season, reactively initiate a few actions and then document the disease impact (cases, deaths) for that period, only to forget this learning in the next season. However, they miss the opportunity to reduce preventable deaths and sickness, and their corresponding economic impact, which scientific progress could have enabled. The gap is universal but very prominent in developing countries like India.\n\n \n\nIn this paper, we show that if public agencies provide historical disease impact information openly, it can be analyzed with statistical and machine learning techniques, correlated with best emerging practices in disease control, and simulated in a setting to optimize social benefits to provide timely guidance for new disease seasons and regions. We illustrate using open data for mosquito-borne communicable diseases; published results in public health on efficacy of Dengue control methods and apply it on a simulated typical city for maximal benefits with available resources. The exercise helps us further suggest strategies for new regions that may be anywhere in the world, how data could be better recorded by city agencies and what prevention methods should medical community focus on for wider impact."},{"id":"0e01938fc48a2cfb5f2217fbfb00722d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Transparency in Search of a Theory","organization":[""],"authors":["Mark Fenster"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://est.sagepub.com/content/18/2/150.full.pdf+html","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Transparency’s importance as an administrative norm seems self-evident. Prevailing ideals of political theory stipulate that the more visible government is, the more democratic, accountable, and legitimate it appears. The disclosure of state information consistently disappoints, however: there is never enough of it, while it often seems not to produce a truer democracy, a more accountable state, better policies, and a more contented populace. This gap between theory and practice suggests that the theoretical assumptions that provide the basis for transparency are wrong. This article argues that transparency is best understood as a theory of communication that excessively simplifies and thus is blind to the complexities of the contemporary state, government information, and the public. Taking them fully into account, the article argues, should lead us to question the state’s ability to control information, which in turn should make us question not only the improbability of the state making itself visible, but also the improbability of the state keeping itself secret."},{"id":"16a5cdae362b8d27a1d8f8c7b78b4330","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using Crowds for Evaluation Tasks: Validity by Numbers vs. Validity by Expertise","organization":[""],"authors":["Christoph Hienerth","Frederik Riar"],"paper_date":"8/11/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2478620","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Expert Networking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Developing and commercializing novel ideas is central to innovation processes. As the outcome of such ideas cannot fully be foreseen, the evaluation of them is crucial. With the rise of the internet and ICT, more and new kinds of evaluations are done by crowds. This raises the question whether individuals in crowds possess necessary capabilities to evaluate and whether their outcomes are valid. As empirical insights are not yet available, this paper deals with the examination of evaluation processes and general evaluation components, the discussion of underlying characteristics and mechanism of these components affecting evaluation outcomes (i.e. evaluation validity). We further investigate differences between firm- and crowd-based evaluation using different cases of applications, and develop a theoretical framework towards evaluation validity, i.e. validity by numbers vs. the validity by expertise. The identified factors that influence the validity of evaluations are: (1) the number of evaluation tasks, (2) complexity, (3) expertise, (4) costs, and (5) time to outcome. For each of these factors, hypotheses are developed based on theoretical arguments. We conclude with implications, proposing a model of evaluation validity."},{"id":"918317b57931b6b7a7d29490fe5ec9f9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Visualizing signatures of human activity in cities across the globe","organization":[""],"authors":["Dániel Kondor","Pierrick Thebault","Sebastian Grauwin","István Gódor","Simon Moritz","Stanislav Sobolevsky","Carlo Ratti"],"paper_date":"9/1/2015","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.00459","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The availability of big data on human activity is currently changing the way we look at our surroundings. With the high penetration of mobile phones, nearly everyone is already carrying a high-precision sensor providing an opportunity to monitor and analyze the dynamics of human movement on unprecedented scales. In this article, we present a technique and visualization tool which uses aggregated activity measures of mobile networks to gain information about human activity shaping the structure of the cities. Based on ten months of mobile network data, activity patterns can be compared through time and space to unravel the \"city's pulse\" as seen through the specific signatures of different locations. Furthermore, the tool allows classifying the neighborhoods into functional clusters based on the timeline of human activity, providing valuable insights on the actual land use patterns within the city. This way, the approach and the tool provide new ways of looking at the city structure from historical perspective and potentially also in real-time based on dynamic up-to-date records of human behavior. The online tool presents results for four global cities: New York, London, Hong Kong and Los Angeles."},{"id":"48aedb8880cab8c45637abc7493ecddd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"When to Punish, When to Persuade and When to Reward: Strengthening Responsive Regulation with the Regulatory Diamond","organization":[""],"authors":["Jonathan Kolieb"],"paper_date":"11/19/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2698498","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Originally published over two decades ago, ‘responsive regulation’ and its associated regulatory pyramid have become touchstones in the contemporary study and practice of regulation. Influential ideas and theories about regulation and governance have been developed in the intervening years, yet responsive regulation’s simple pyramidal model continues to resonate with policy-makers and scholars alike. This article seeks to advance the vision and utility of responsive regulation, by responding to several key drawbacks of the original design and by offering an update to the pyramidal model of regulation that lies at the centre of the theory. It argues for a ‘regulatory diamond’ as a strengthened, renewed model for responsive regulation. Rooted within the responsive regulation literature, the regulatory diamond integrates into the one schema both ‘compliance regulation' and ‘aspirational regulation’, thereby offering a more cohesive representation of the broad conception of regulation that underpins responsive regulation theory, and the limited but vital role of law within it."},{"id":"839ab46820b524afda05122893c2fe8e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Who Are You Calling Irrational?","organization":[""],"authors":["Aneil Kovvali"],"paper_date":"7/11/2015","url":"http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=234103074096007115120127114026118117007063081059035051122026119022074104105003127081041018096039040035032004118027125096071073107034025084050093017064016119001029019023049012020082066000072126066007087064005072008069094090083091119064108127118024097092&EXT=pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Cass Sunstein is the leading advocate of \"nudges\" – small policy interventions that yield major impacts because of behavioral quirks in the way that people process information. Such interventions form the core of Sunstein’s philosophy of \"libertarian paternalism,\" which seeks to improve on individuals’ decisions while preserving their freedom to choose. In \"Why Nudge?\", Sunstein forcefully defends libertarian paternalism against John Stuart Mill’s famous Harm Principle, which holds that government should only coerce a person when it is acting to prevent harm to others. Sunstein urges that unlike more coercive measures, nudges respect subjects’ goals, even as they reshape their choices. Using an analogy to voting paradoxes, this review shows that reconciling multiple, inconsistent goals is a fundamentally challenging problem; the challenge leaves even deliberative individuals vulnerable to manipulation through nudges. The fact of inconsistent goals means that government regulators who deploy nudges select and impose their own objectives, instead of merely advancing the goals of the regulated. The analogy also highlights that multimember legislative bodies are subject to many of the same quirks as individuals, raising questions about the government’s ability to improve on individuals’ choices."},{"id":"f90f2aca5c640289d0a29417bcb63a37","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.jorgdesign.net/article/view/9729/17464","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Will Organization Design Be Affected By Big Data?","organization":[""],"authors":["Giles Slinger","Rupert Morrison"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.jorgdesign.net/article/view/9729/17103","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Computing power and analytical methods allow us to create, collate, and analyze more data than ever before. When datasets are unusually large in volume, velocity, and variety, they are referred to as “big data.” Some observers have suggested that in order to cope with big data (a) organizational structures will need to change and (b) the processes used to design organizations will be different. In this article, we differentiate big data from relatively slow-moving, linked people data. We argue that big data will change organizational structures as organizations pursue the opportunities presented by big data. The processes by which organizations are designed, however, will be relatively unaffected by big data. Instead, organization design processes will be more affected by the complex links found in people data."},{"id":"9c838d2e45b2ad1094d42f4ef36764f6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Quantified Community and Neighborhood Labs: A Framework for Computational Urban Planning and Civic Technology Innovation","organization":[""],"authors":["Constantine E. Kontokosta"],"paper_date":"9/1/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2659896_code1645634.pdf?abstractid=2659896&mirid=1&type=2","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper presents the conceptual framework and justification for a “Quantified Community” (QC) and a networked experimental environment of neighborhood labs. The QC is a fully instrumented urban neighborhood that uses an integrated, expandable, and participatory sensor network to support the measurement, integration, and analysis of neighborhood conditions, social interactions and behavior, and sustainability metrics to support public decision-making. Through a diverse range of sensor and automation technologies -- combined with existing data generated through administrative records, surveys, social media, and mobile sensors -- information on human, physical, and environmental elements can be processed in real-time to better understand the interaction and effects of the built environment on human well-being and outcomes. The goal is to create an “informatics overlay” that can be incorporated into future urban development and planning that supports the benchmarking and evaluation of neighborhood conditions, provides a test-bed for measuring the impact of new technologies and policies, and responds to the changing needs and preferences of the local community."},{"id":"1700002963a49da13542e0726b7bb758","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Behavioural Approaches: How Nudges Lead to More Intelligent Policy Design","organization":[""],"authors":["Peter John"],"paper_date":"8/14/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2604377","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper reviews the use of behavioural ideas to improve public policy. There needs to be a behavioural take on decision-making itself so that policies are designed in more effective ways. it recounts the beginnings of behavioural sciences as currently conceived and then setting out the massive expansion of interest that has come about since that time. It reports on how such ideas have had a large impact on governments at all levels across the world, but also noting how decision-making itself has been influenced by more policy-relevant ideas. The paper discusses the paradox that the very decision-makers themselves are subject to the same biases as the objects of behavioural economics, which might imply limitations in the choices of such interventions. Here the text of the chapter reengages with the classics of decision-making theory. The chapter notes how behavioural sciences need not depend on a top down approach but can incorporate citizen voice. The paper reviews how citizens and other groups can use behavioural cues to alter the behaviour of policy-makers in socially beneficial ways. The paper discusses how behaviourally informed measures could be integrated within the policy making process in ways that advance the effective use of evidence and nudge decision to make better policies."},{"id":"53c3bce66e43be4f209556518c2fcb54","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Navigating the Health Data Ecosystem: The \"Six C's\": Understanding the Health Data Terrain in the Era of Precision Medicine","organization":[""],"authors":["O'Reilly Media"],"paper_date":"5/2015","url":"http://www.oreilly.com/data/free/navigating-health-data-ecosystem.csp?imm_mid=0d28ad&cmp=em-data-na-na-newsltr_20150527","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Data-driven technologies are now being adopted, developed, funded, and deployed throughout the health care market at an unprecedented scale. But, as this O'Reilly report reveals, health care innovation contains more hurdles and requires more finesse than many tech startups expect. By paying attention to the lessons from the report's findings, innovation teams can better anticipate what they'll face, and plan accordingly."},{"id":"6883966fd8f918a4aa29be29d2c386fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Tracking Employment Shocks Using Mobile Phone Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Jameson L. Toole","Yu-Ru Lin","Erich Muehlegger","Daniel Shoag","Marta C. Gonzalez","David Lazer"],"paper_date":"5/26/2015","url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1505.06791v1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Can data from mobile phones be used to observe economic shocks and their consequences at multiple scales? Here we present novel methods to detect mass layoffs, identify individuals affected by them, and predict changes in aggregate unemployment rates using call detail records (CDRs) from mobile phones. Using the closure of a large manufacturing plant as a case study, we first describe a structural break model to correctly detect the date of a mass layoff and estimate its size. We then use a Bayesian classification model to identify affected individuals by observing changes in calling behavior following the plant's closure. For these affected individuals, we observe significant declines in social behavior and mobility following job loss. Using the features identified at the micro level, we show that the same changes in these calling behaviors, aggregated at the regional level, can improve forecasts of macro unemployment rates. These methods and results highlight promise of new data resources to measure micro economic behavior and improve estimates of critical economic indicators."},{"id":"49182f81e6a13cf5eaa496d51fea6406","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Governing Methods: Policy Innovation Labs, Design and Data Science in the Digital Governance of Education","organization":[""],"authors":["Ben Williamson"],"paper_date":"5/27/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220620.2015.1038693","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation","Design Thinking","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Network Analysis"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Policy innovation labs are emerging knowledge actors and technical experts in the governing of education. The article offers a historical and conceptual account of the organisational form of the policy innovation lab. Policy innovation labs are characterised by specific methods and techniques of design, data science, and digitisation in public services such as education. The second half of the article details how labs promote the use of digital data analysis, evidence-based evaluation and ‘design-for-policy’ techniques as methods for the governing of education. In particular, they promote the ‘computational thinking’ associated with computer programming as a capacity required by a ‘reluctant state’ that is increasingly concerned to delegate its responsibilities to digitally enabled citizens with the ‘designerly’ capacities and technical expertise to ‘code’ solutions to public and social problems. Policy innovation labs are experimental laboratories trialling new methods within education for administering and governing the future of the state itself."},{"id":"d296c101daa88a51f6ca8cfc1ac79b50","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Digital Social Innovation: Interim Report","organization":[""],"authors":["Francesca Bria","Esteve Almirall","Peter Baeck","Harry Halpin","Jon Kingsbury","Frank Kresin","Sacha van Tongeren","Julian Tait","Kelly Armstrong","Jo Casebourne","Sophie Reynolds","Sacha van Tongeren","Ning Xu"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://content.digitalsocial.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/DSI-report_final_19.05.2014.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence","Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This research aims to explore the potential of the network e ect of the Internet (activity i.e. the service becomes more powerful when more people use it), emphasizing the characteristics of digital tools that can e ectively empower citizens and civic innovators. e challenge is to exploit the collaborative power of networks (networks of people, of knowledge, and connected things) to harness the collective intelligence\nof communities in order to tackle big social challenges. ere is great potential to exploit digital network e ects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value. But much of this potential isn’t yet being realized. Indeed, the “network e ect” of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximize social good."},{"id":"9fd81843ad7f202f26c1a174c7357585","related_content":[{"url":"http://odimpact.org/explore.html","title":"Additional Resources"}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data Impact: When Demand and Supply Meet – Key Findings of the Open Data Impact Case Studies","organization":["The GovLab","MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance"],"authors":["Stefaan Verhulst","Andrew Young"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://odimpact.org/key-findings.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Recent years have witnessed considerable enthusiasm over open data. Several studies have documented its potential to spur economic innovation and social transformation, and to usher in fresh forms of political and government accountability. Yet for all the enthusiasm, we know little about how open data actually works, and what forms of impact it is really having.\n\nThis report seeks to remedy that informational shortcoming. Supported by Omidyar Network, the GovLab has conducted 19 detailed case studies of open data projects around the world. The case studies were selected for their sectoral and geographic representativeness. They were built in part from secondary sources (“desk research”), but also from a number of first-hand interviews with important players and key stakeholders. They are presented at length, in narrative format, on an online repository, Open Data’s Impact (odimpact.org). In this paper, we consider some overarching lessons that can be learned from the case studies and assemble them within an analytical framework that can help us better understand what works, and what doesn’t, when it comes to open data."},{"id":"26e359e83860db1d11b6acca57d8ea88","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Architecting Transparency Back to the Roots – and Forward to the Future?","organization":[""],"authors":["Dieter Zinnbauer"],"paper_date":"6/10/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2616655","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Where to go next in research and practice on information disclosure and institutional transparency? Where to learn and draw inspiration from? How about if we go back to the roots and embrace an original, material notion of transparency as the quality of a substance or element to be see-through? How about, if we then explore how the deliberate use and assemblage of such physical transparency strategies in architecture and design connects to - or could productively connect to - the institutional, political notions of transparency that we are concerned with in our area of institutional or political transparency? Or put more simply and zooming in on one core aspect of the conversation: what have the arrival of glass and its siblings done for democracy and what can we still hope they will do for open, transparent governance now and in the future?"},{"id":"ef0d3930a7b6c95bd2b32ed45989c61f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Civic Open Data at a Crossroads: Dominant Models and Current Challenges","organization":[""],"authors":["Renee E. Sieber","Peter A. Johnson"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15000611","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"As open data becomes more widely provided by government, it is important to ask questions about the future possibilities and forms that government open data may take. We present four models of open data as they relate to changing relations between citizens and government. These models include; a status quo ‘data over the wall’ form of government data publishing, a form of ‘code exchange’, with government acting as an open data activist, open data as a civic issue tracker, and participatory open data. These models represent multiple end points that can be currently viewed from the unfolding landscape of government open data. We position open data at a crossroads, with significant concerns of the conflicting motivations driving open data, the shifting role of government as a service provider, and the fragile nature of open data within the government space. We emphasize that the future of open data will be driven by the negotiation of the ethical-economic tension that exists between provisioning governments, citizens, and private sector data users."},{"id":"94f6d7e04a4d452035300f18b984988c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Modernizing Informed Consent: Expanding the Boundaries of Materiality","organization":[""],"authors":["Nadia N. Sawicki"],"paper_date":"5/26/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2610766","taxonomy":{"category":["Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Informed consent law’s emphasis on the disclosure of purely medical information – such as diagnosis, prognosis, and the risks and benefits of various treatment alternatives – does not accurately reflect modern understandings of how patients make medical decisions. Existing common law disclosure duties fail to capture a variety of non-medical factors relevant to patients, including information about the physician’s personal characteristics; the cost of treatment; the social implications of various health care interventions; and the legal consequences associated with diagnosis and treatment. Although there is a wealth of literature analyzing the merits of such disclosures in a few narrow contexts, there is little broader discussion and no consensus about whether there the doctrine of informed consent should be expanded to include information that may be relevant to patients but falls outside the traditional scope of medical materiality. This article seeks to fill that gap. \n\nI offer a normative argument for expanding the scope of informed consent disclosure to include non-medical information that is within the physician’s knowledge and expertise, where the information would be material to the reasonable patient and its disclosure does not violate public policy. This proposal would result in a set of disclosure requirements quite different from the ones set by modern common law and legislation. In many ways, the range of required disclosures may become broader, particularly with respect to physician-specific information about qualifications, health status, and financial conflicts of interests. However, some disclosures that are currently required by statute (or have been proposed by commentators) would fall outside the scope of informed consent – most notably, information about support resources available in the abortion context; about the social, ethical, and legal implications of treatment; and about health care costs."},{"id":"34ed066df378efacc9b924ec161e7639","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Social Innovation Lab Guide","organization":[""],"authors":["Frances Westley","Sam Laban","Cheryl Rose","Katharine McGowan","Kirsten Robinson","Ola Tjornbo","Mark Tovey"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-social-innovation-and-resilience/sites/ca.waterloo-institute-for-social-innovation-and-resilience/files/uploads/files/10_silabguide_final.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation","Design Thinking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Social Innovation Lab emphasizes not only imagining high potential interventions but also gaining system sight, redefining problems, and identifying opportunities in the broader context with the potential to tip systems in positive directions. It is a three-step process of developing, testing and instigating innovation strategies. It requires the right starting conditions, an investment in research and skilled facilitators. It also makes use of computer modeling to proto-typing interventions in complex systems. Like other processes for convening multi-stakeholder groups working on complex challenges, it is best suited to the early stages of making change.\n\nThis guide is offered as a resource to peers, colleagues, practitioners, leaders from all sectors, and concerned citizens - all who have and/or will participate in change-making processes. One hope for this work is that these ideas on Social Innovation and these recommendations for new practice will result in greater sense of agency for those who work on what often seems like impossible aspirations for a different, better world. Probably our greatest hope is that these ideas help to transform the impossible into the possible."},{"id":"577bcc914f9e55d5e4e4f82f9f00e7d4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Trust Imperative: A Framework for Ethical Data Use","organization":[""],"authors":["Susan Etlinger","Jessica Groopman"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://go.pardot.com/l/69102/2015-07-12/pxysr","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy","Security"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The way organizations use data use is affecting consumer trust, and that trust affects not just a brand’s reputation, but its business performance as well. As a result, chief executives who wish to sustain the trust of their customers and constituents must take a hard look at how their organizations collect and use customer data, and the effect of those practices on customer relationships, reputation, risk and revenue.\n\nThis report by Altimeter Group analyst Susan Etlinger lays out key drivers and principles for ethical data use. It discusses emerging best practices, and—most importantly—a pragmatic framework that organizations can use to earn—and build—the trust of customers and consumers. This framework lists the questions that need to be asked at each stage of collecting and analyzing data, helping brands earn the trust of their customers, and safeguarding against both legal and ethical transgressions."},{"id":"11b9842e0a271ff252c1903e7132cd68","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Understanding the Smart City Domain: A Literature Review","organization":[""],"authors":["Leonidas G. Anthopoulos"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://eadic.teilar.gr/publications/14/formattedChapterAnthopoulos.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Literature Review"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Smart Cities appeared in literature in late ‘90s and various approaches have been developed so far. Until today, smart city does not describe a city with particular attributes but it is used to describe different cases in urban spaces: web portals that virtualize cities or city guides; knowledge bases that address local needs; agglomerations with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure that attract business relocation; metropolitan-wide ICT infrastructures that deliver e-services to the citizens; ubiquitous environments; and recently ICT infrastructure for ecological use. Researchers, practicians, businessmen and policy makers consider smart city from different perspectives and most of them agree on a model that measures urban economy, mobility, environment, living, people and governance. On the other hand, ICT and construction industries stress to capitalize smart city and a new market seems to be generated in this domain. This chapter aims to perform a literature review, discover and classify the particular schools of thought, universities and research centres as well as companies that deal with smart city domain and discover alternative approaches, models, architecture and frameworks with this regard."},{"id":"37bc2f75bf1bcfe8450a1a41c200364c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Data, Human Rights & Human Security","organization":[""],"authors":["Mark Latonero","Zachary Gold"],"paper_date":"6/22/2015","url":"http://www.datasociety.net/pubs/dhr/Data-HumanRights-primer2015.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In today’s global digital ecosystem, mobile phone cameras can document and distribute images of physical violence. Drones and satellites can assess disasters from afar. Big data collected from social media can provide real-time awareness about political protests. Yet practitioners, researchers, and policymakers face unique challenges and opportunities when assessing technological benefit, risk, and harm. How can these technologies be used responsibly to assist those in need, prevent abuse, and protect people from harm?"},{"id":"496e05e1aea0a9c4655800e8a7b9ea28","related_content":[{"url":"http://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2015/01/20/wikipedia-or-encyclopaedia-britannica-which-has-more-bias/#6925d6fc1ccf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Do Experts or Collective Intelligence Write with More Bias? Evidence from Encyclopaedia Britannica and Wikipedia","organization":[""],"authors":["Shane Greenstein","Feng Zhu"],"paper_date":"10/10/2014","url":"http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/do-experts-or-collective-intelligence-write-with-more-bias-evidence-from-encyclopdia-britannica-and-wikipedia","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Which source of information contains greater bias and slant—text written by an expert or that\nconstructed via collective intelligence? Do the costs of acquiring, storing, displaying and revising\ninformation shape those differences? We evaluate these questions empirically by examining slanted\nand biased phrases in content on US political issues from two sources—Encyclopædia Britannica\nand Wikipedia. Our overall slant measure is less (more) than zero when an article leans towards\nDemocrat (Republican) viewpoints, while bias is the absolute value of the slant. Using a matched\nsample of pairs of articles from Britannica and Wikipedia, we show that, overall, Wikipedia articles\nare more slanted towards Democrat than Britannica articles, as well as more biased. Slanted\nWikipedia articles tend to become less biased than Britannica articles on the same topic as they\nbecome substantially revised, and the bias on a per word basis hardly differs between the sources.\nThese results have implications for the segregation of readers in online sources and the allocation of\neditorial resources in online sources using collective intelligence."},{"id":"b2eb7349035754953b57a32e2841bda5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Does Enclave Deliberation Polarize Opinions?","organization":[""],"authors":["Kimmo Grönlund","Kaisa Herne","Maija Setälä"],"paper_date":"2/8/2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-015-9304-x/fulltext.html?utm_content=buffer57ef6&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"When like-minded people discuss with each other, i.e. engage in ‘enclave deliberation’, their opinions tend to become more extreme. This is called group polarization. A population-based experiment with a pre-test post-test design was conducted to analyze whether the norms and procedures of deliberation interfere with the mechanisms of group polarization. Based on a survey, people with either permissive or restrictive attitudes toward immigration were first identified and then invited to the experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to like-minded and mixed small-n groups. Each like-minded group consisted of only permissive or restrictive participants, whereas each mixed group consisted of four permissive and four restrictive participants. The like-minded treatment represents enclave deliberation, and the mixed treatment a ‘standard’ deliberative mini-public design. The main finding of our experiment is that people with anti-immigrant attitudes become more tolerant even when they deliberate in like-minded groups. Moreover, similar learning curves are observed in both treatments. Based on the results, we conclude that deliberative norms can alleviate the negative consequences of discussion in like-minded groups."},{"id":"8e98d81f8217304975ccb23337bb5761","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Examining the Determinants of Police Department Transparency: The View of Police Executives","organization":[""],"authors":["Joshua Chanin","Salvador Espinosa"],"paper_date":"2/6/2015","url":"http://cjp.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/07/18/0887403415596039.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Survey"]},"sector":["Public Safety"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Scholars know relatively little about why law enforcement agencies choose to share information with the public. Empirical research has shown that departments often do so to satisfy an external demand, whether in the form of a statute requiring information to be collected and disseminated, the presence of a consent decree, or some other similar pressure. There is also evidence that transparency is the product of a unique constellation of factors within agencies that lead certain departments to share more information than others. But this line of inquiry is underdeveloped, and questions remain about the both the nature and degree to which these external and internal factors matter. The current research focuses on the role of the police executive in generating the agency’s response to transparency demands, with a particular focus on that generated by civilian oversight agencies, and the role that top leadership plays in establishing an organizational culture that values openness and transparency. To address these issues we draw on the results of a series of Q-sorting exercises and the insights gleaned from several semi-structured interviews with municipal police chiefs and county sheriffs. Preliminary results suggest that the vision and goals of police \nexecutives is critical to his or her department’s online transparency."},{"id":"a8c88a0055f636e4a163a5e3d16adab7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Gatekeepers: How Procurement Personnel Guard Against Hybrid Accountability","organization":[""],"authors":["Daniel E. Bromberg"],"paper_date":"7/26/2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11115-015-0325-z?utm_content=bufferf4721&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Freedom of Information","Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Though much attention has been given to the relationship between contractor and vendor in regard to governmental accountability, little attention has been paid to the internal struggles that surface in regard to accountability in the procurement process. These informal horizontal relationships often circumvent vertical accountability controls most often thought to ensure equitable vendor selection. Similarly, though much attention has been paid to political influence in contracting, hierarchal organizational structures, and measures of performance, the contract officer-program manager relation has not been explored. Specifically, the informal tension that often forms between the program manager and contract officer has not been examined in regard to such accountability. This paper examines the relationship between the program officer and the contract officer in order to describe how hybrid public administration can affect the contracting process."},{"id":"eddea82ad2755b24c4e168c5fc2ebd40","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Mapping collective behavior in the big-data era ","organization":[""],"authors":["Pantelis P. Analytis","Mehdi Moussaïd","Florian Artinger","Juliane E Kämmer","Gerd Gigerenzer"],"paper_date":"2/1/2014","url":"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/260398407_Big_data_needs_an_analysis_of_decision_processes","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The behavioral sciences have flourished by studying how traditional and/or rational behavior has been governed throughout most of human history by relatively well-informed individual and social learning. In the online age, however, social phenomena can occur with unprecedented scale and unpredictability, and individuals have access to social connections never before possible. Similarly, behavioral scientists now have access to“big data”sets–those from Twitter and Facebook, for example–that did not exist a few years ago. Studies of human dynamics based on these data sets are novel and exciting but, if not placed in context, can foster the misconception that mass-scale online behavior is all we need to understand, for example, how humans make decisions. To overcome that misconception, we draw on the field of discrete-choice theory to create a multiscale comparative “map” that, like a principal-components representation, captures the essence of decision making along two axes: (1) an east–west dimension that represents the degree to which an agent makes a decision independently versus one that is socially influenced, and(2) a north–south dimension that represents the degree to which there is transparency in the payoffs and risks associated with the decisions agents make. We divide the map into quadrants, each of which features a signature behavioral pattern. When taken together, the map and its signatures provide an easily understood empirical framework for evaluating how modern collective behavior may be changing in the digital age, including whether behavior is becoming more individualistic, as people seek outexactly what they want, or more social, as people become more inextricably linked, even“herdlike,” in their decision making.We believe the map will lead to many new testable hypotheses concerning human behavior as well as to similar applications throughout the social sciences."},{"id":"06eb61b839a0cefee4967c67ccb099dc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Medical Wikis Dedicated to Clinical Practice: A Systematic Review","organization":[""],"authors":["Alexandre Brulet","Guy Llorca","Laurent Letrilliart"],"paper_date":"2/1/2015","url":"http://www.jmir.org/2015/2/e48/","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Background: Wikis may give clinician communities the opportunity to build knowledge relevant to their practice. The only previous study reviewing a set of health-related wikis, without specification of purpose or audience, globally showed a poor reliability.\nObjective: Our aim was to review medical wiki websites dedicated to clinical practices.\nMethods: We used Google in ten languages, PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, and Web of Science to identify websites. The review included wiki sites, accessible and operating, having a topic relevant for clinical medicine, targeting physicians or medical students. Wikis were described according to their purposes, platform, management, information framework, contributions, content, and activity. Purposes were classified as “encyclopedic” or “non-encyclopedic”. The information framework quality was assessed based on the Health On the Net (HONcode) principles for collaborative websites, with additional criteria related to users’ transparency and editorial policy. From a sample of five articles per wikis, we assessed the readability using the Flesch test and compared articles according to the wikis’ main purpose. Annual editorial activities were estimated using the Google engine.\nResults: Among 25 wikis included, 11 aimed at building an encyclopedia, five a textbook, three lessons, two oncology protocols, one a single article, and three at reporting clinical cases. Sixteen wikis were specialized with specific themes or disciplines. Fifteen wikis were using MediaWiki software as-is, three were hosted by online wiki farms, and seven were purpose-built. Except for one MediaWiki-based site, only purpose-built platforms managed detailed user disclosures. The owners were ten organizations, six individuals, four private companies, two universities, two scientific societies, and one unknown. Among 21 open communities, 10 required users’ credentials to give editing rights. The median information framework quality score was 6 out of 16 (range 0-15). Beyond this score, only one wiki had standardized peer-reviews. Physicians contributed to 22 wikis, medical learners to nine, and lay persons to four. Among 116 sampled articles, those from encyclopedic wikis had more videos, pictures, and external resources, whereas others had more posology details and better readability. The median creation year was 2007 (1997-2011), the median number of content pages was 620.5 (3-98,039), the median of revisions per article was 17.7 (3.6-180.5) and 0.015 of talk pages per article (0-0.42). Five wikis were particularly active, whereas six were declining. Two wikis have been discontinued after the completion of the study.\nConclusions: The 25 medical wikis we studied present various limitations in their format, management, and collaborative features. Professional medical wikis may be improved by using clinical cases, developing more detailed transparency and editorial policies, and involving postgraduate and continuing medical education learners."},{"id":"9dfcd5e558dfa04aaf37f137a1d9d3e5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Online Political Participation: A Study of Youth Usage of New Media ","organization":[""],"authors":["Ali Salman","Suhana Saad"],"paper_date":"8/1/2015","url":"http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/7264","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Internet is considered a huge development in human civilization. It is literally considered as a practical key or essential to human development and social advancement causing massive innovation in the world. Over the years, the advent of new media has permeated most aspects of our lives, especially that of the young generation. It is against this background that this paper aims to analyse the present use of the new media by youth to gauge their usage in relation to political participation. This study is a country wide survey covering Peninsula and East Malaysia. For sampling purposes the country is divided into six zones. A survey research using questionnaire as instrument was used to obtain data. Prior to the actual survey, a pilot study was first conducted. Some 1182 respondents age between 18 and 25 were randomly sampled from the six zones and selection of samples was based on ethnic ratio. The data was analysed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS 20.0 From the results, majority of the respondents, 89% are social media users having a social media account. A discouraging trend with regard to participation is the very low level of giving comments on general societal issues ranging from social issues, the environment to politics. The youth are more inclined to using the new media for entertainment and social networking. It is time to use the new media to engage with community leaders and politicians and comment on issues related to political issues. "},{"id":"950a4152c2b4aa3ad78bdd6b366cc179","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data, Privacy, and Fair Information Principles: Towards a Balancing Framework","organization":[""],"authors":["Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius","Mireille Van Eechoud","Jonathan Gray"],"paper_date":"11/24/15","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2695005","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open data are held to contribute to a wide variety of social and political goals, including strengthening transparency, public participation and democratic accountability, promoting economic growth and innovation, and enabling greater public sector efficiency and cost savings. However, releasing government data that contain personal information may threaten privacy and related rights and interests. In this paper we ask how these privacy interests can be respected, without unduly hampering benefits from disclosing public sector information. We propose a balancing framework to help public authorities address this question in different contexts. The framework takes into account different levels of privacy risks for different types of data. It also separates decisions about access and re-use, and highlights a range of different disclosure routes. A circumstance catalogue lists factors that might be considered when assessing whether, under which conditions, and how a dataset can be released. While open data remains an important route for the publication of government information, we conclude that it is not the only route, and there must be clear and robust public interest arguments in order to justify the disclosure of personal information as open data."},{"id":"158f3069a435b314a80bdcb024f8e422","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Participatory Environmental Valuation: A Comparative Analysis of Four Case Studies","organization":[""],"authors":["Leslie Carnoye","Rita Lopes"],"paper_date":"7/23/2015","url":"http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/8/9823/htm?utm_content=buffer8b704&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The valuation of multiple ecosystem services requires the design of valuation processes able to integrate different dimensions of value and to cope with complexity. Following the “value-articulating institution” framework, we note that three core problems arise: the cognitive, normative and composition problems. Combining valuation methods, such as contingent valuation and multicriteria analysis, with participatory and deliberative techniques is increasingly promoted as a means to address those fundamental problems. However, the quality and legitimacy of the valuation process then becomes dependent on how participation is framed. We note that numerous issues need to be taken into account, such as the roles assumed by participants, the differences in contribution among participants, the level of participatory impact and the level of democratization of the decision-making process. This paper proposes a detailed qualitative analysis of four case studies, each of them having implemented a specific valuation method in a participatory process. We analyze how those cases were handled in each of the dimensions considered and offer our conclusions about the added values and remaining challenges related to participatory environmental valuation."},{"id":"758874998f5bd0c393da094e1967a72b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Policy makers’ perceptions on the transformational effect of Web 2.0 technologies on public services delivery","organization":[""],"authors":["Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar"],"paper_date":"8/12/2015","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10660-015-9196-1","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The growing participation in social networking sites is altering the nature of social relations and changing the nature of political and public dialogue. This paper contributes to the current debate on Web 2.0 technologies and their implications for local governance, identifying the perceptions of policy makers on the use of Web 2.0 in providing public services and on the changing roles that could arise from the resulting interaction between local governments and their stakeholders. The results obtained suggest that policy makers are willing to implement Web 2.0 technologies in providing public services, but preferably under the Bureaucratic model framework, thus retaining a leading role in this implementation. The learning curve of local governments in the use of Web 2.0 technologies is a factor that could influence policy makers’ perceptions. In this respect, many research gaps are identified and further study of the question is recommended."},{"id":"ad13a2a07ca4b7642959dc0c4c740ab6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Score Another One for the Internet? The Role of the Networked Public Sphere in the U.S. Net Neutrality Policy Debate\"","organization":[""],"authors":["Robert Faris","Hal Roberts","Bruce Etling","Dalia Othman","Yochai Benkler"],"paper_date":"2/1/2015","url":"http://prodnet.www.neca.org/publicationsdocs/wwpdf/21015harvard.pdf?utm_content=buffer82284&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper we study the public debate over net neutrality in the United States from January through\nNovember 2014. We compiled, mapped, and analyzed over 16,000 stories published on net neutrality,\naugmented by data from Twitter, bit.ly, and Google Trends. Using a mixed-methods approach that\ncombines link analysis with qualitative content analysis, we describe the evolution of the debate over time\nand assess the role, reach, and influence of different media sources and advocacy groups in setting the\nagenda, framing the debate, and mobilizing collective action. We conclude that a diverse set of actors\nworking in conjunction through the networked public sphere played a central, arguably decisive, role in\nturning around the Federal Communications Commission policy on net neutrality."},{"id":"3fe94a002317b5f9259f82690aeea4cd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review","organization":[""],"authors":["Marko M. Skoric","Qinfeng Zhu","Debbie Goh","Natalie Pang"],"paper_date":"11/26/15","url":"http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/11/24/1461444815616221.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This meta-analytic study reviews empirical research published from 2007 to 2013 with an aim of providing robust conclusions about the relationship between social media use and citizen engagement. It includes 22 studies that used self-reported measures of social media use and participation, with a total of 116 relationships/effects. The results suggest that social media use generally has a positive relationship with engagement and its three sub-categories, that is, social capital, civic engagement, and political participation. More specifically, we find small-to-medium size positive relationships between expressive, informational, and relational uses of social media and the above indicators of citizen engagement. For identity- and entertainment-oriented uses of social media, our analyses find little evidence supporting their relationship with citizen engagement."},{"id":"5b8add2a5d98b1a652ea7fd72d942dac","related_content":[{"url":"http://openknowledge.umd.edu/citizen-science-survey-results-published/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Surveying the citizen science landscape","organization":[""],"authors":["Andrea Wiggins","Kevin Crowston"],"paper_date":"1/1/2015","url":"http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5520/4194","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Survey"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Citizen science has seen enormous growth in recent years, in part due to the influence of the Internet, and a corresponding growth in interest. However, the few stand-out examples that have received attention from media and researchers are not representative of the diversity of the field as a whole, and therefore may not be the best models for those seeking to study or start a citizen science project. In this work, we present the results of a survey of citizen science project leaders, identifying sub-groups of project types according to a variety of features related to project design and management, including funding sources, goals, participant activities, data quality processes, and social interaction. These combined features highlight the diversity of citizen science, providing an overview of the breadth of the phenomenon and laying a foundation for comparison between citizen science projects and to other online communities."},{"id":"432aca3a1e345e339f35a30c8f65edce","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing","organization":[""],"authors":["John Prpić","Araz Taeihagh","James Melton"],"paper_date":"8/19/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.102/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature."},{"id":"8d3bba7425e7c98c50f52ca1b52d3735","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber?","organization":[""],"authors":["Pablo Barberá","John T. Jost","Jonathan Nagler","Joshua A. Tucker","Richard Bonneau"],"paper_date":"8/21/2015","url":"http://pss.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/08/21/0956797615594620.abstract?utm_content=buffer59bd3&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We estimated ideological preferences of 3.8 million Twitter users and, using a data set of nearly 150 million tweets concerning 12 political and nonpolitical issues, explored whether online communication resembles an “echo chamber” (as a result of selective exposure and ideological segregation) or a “national conversation.” We observed that information was exchanged primarily among individuals with similar ideological preferences in the case of political issues (e.g., 2012 presidential election, 2013 government shutdown) but not many other current events (e.g., 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, 2014 Super Bowl). Discussion of the Newtown shootings in 2012 reflected a dynamic process, beginning as a national conversation before transforming into a polarized exchange. With respect to both political and nonpolitical issues, liberals were more likely than conservatives to engage in cross-ideological dissemination; this is an important asymmetry with respect to the structure of communication that is consistent with psychological theory and research bearing on ideological differences in epistemic, existential, and relational motivation. Overall, we conclude that previous work may have overestimated the degree of ideological segregation in social-media usage."},{"id":"320722549d1751cf3f247855f937b982","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"What Is Citizen Science? – A Scientometric Meta-Analysis","organization":[""],"authors":["Christopher Kullenberg","Dick Dasperowski"],"paper_date":"1/14/2016","url":"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147152","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Citizen Science"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Context: The concept of citizen science (CS) is currently referred to by many actors inside and outside science and research. Several descriptions of this purportedly new approach of science are often heard in connection with large datasets and the possibilities of mobilizing crowds outside science to assists with observations and classifications. However, other accounts refer to CS as a way of democratizing science, aiding concerned communities in creating data to influence policy and as a way of promoting political decision processes involving environment and health.\n\nObjective: In this study we analyse two datasets (N = 1935, N = 633) retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) with the aim of giving a scientometric description of what the concept of CS entails. We account for its development over time, and what strands of research that has adopted CS and give an assessment of what scientific output has been achieved in CS-related projects. To attain this, scientometric methods have been combined with qualitative approaches to render more precise search terms.\n\nResults: Results indicate that there are three main focal points of CS. The largest is composed of research on biology, conservation and ecology, and utilizes CS mainly as a methodology of collecting and classifying data. A second strand of research has emerged through geographic information research, where citizens participate in the collection of geographic data. Thirdly, there is a line of research relating to the social sciences and epidemiology, which studies and facilitates public participation in relation to environmental issues and health. In terms of scientific output, the largest body of articles are to be found in biology and conservation research. In absolute numbers, the amount of publications generated by CS is low (N = 1935), but over the past decade a new and very productive line of CS based on digital platforms has emerged for the collection and classification of data."},{"id":"caf1a3dfb505ffed0d024130f58c5cfa","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"When Does ICT-Enabled Citizen Voice Lead to Government Responsiveness?","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["Tiago Peixoto","Jonathan Fox"],"paper_date":"1/1/2016","url":"http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23650/WDR16-BP-When-Does-ICT-Enabled-Citizen-Voice-Peixoto-Fox.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper reviews evidence on the use of 23 information and communication technology (ICT) platforms\n to project citizen voice to improve public service delivery. This meta-analysis focuses on empirical studies\n of initiatives in the global South, highlighting both citizen uptake (‘yelp’) and the degree to which public\n service providers respond to expressions of citizen voice (‘teeth’). The conceptual framework further distinguishes\n between two trajectories for ICT-enabled citizen voice: Upwards accountability occurs when users\n provide feedback directly to decision-makers in real time, allowing policy-makers and program managers\n to identify and address service delivery problems – but at their discretion. Downwards accountability, in\n contrast, occurs either through real time user feedback or less immediate forms of collective civic action\n that publicly call on service providers to become more accountable and depends less exclusively on decision-\n makers’ discretion about whether or not to act on the information provided. This distinction between\n the ways in which ICT platforms mediate the relationship between citizens and service providers allows for\n a precise analytical focus on how different dimensions of such platforms contribute to public sector responsiveness.\n These cases suggest that while ICT platforms have been relevant in increasing policymakers’\n and senior managers’ capacity to respond, most of them have yet to influence their willingness to do so.\n"},{"id":"5737c6ec2e0716f3d8a7a5c4e0de0d9a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"When Talk Trumps Text:The Democratizing Effects of Deliberation during Constitution-Making, 1974-2011","organization":[""],"authors":["Todd A. Eisenstadt","A. Carl LeVan","Tofigh Mabou"],"paper_date":"8/1/2015","url":"http://www.researchgate.net/publication/270509933_When_Talk_Trumps_Text_How_Deliberation_on_New_Constitutions_Democratizes_More_Than_Mere_Citizen_Participation_-_by_Eisenstadt_LeVan_Maboudi","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Under what circumstances do new constitutions promote democracy? Between 1974 and 2011,\nthe level of democracy increased in 62 countries following the adoption of a new constitution,\nbut decreased or stayed the same in 70 others. Using data covering all 138 new constitutions in\n118 countries during that period, we explain this divergence through empirical tests showing\nthat overall increased participation during the process of making the constitution positively\nimpacts post-promulgation levels of democracy. Then, after disaggregating constitution making\ninto three stages (drafting, debating, and ratification) we find compelling evidence through\nrobust statistical tests that the degree of citizen participation in the drafting stage has a much\ngreater impact on the resulting regime. This lends support to some core principles of\n“deliberative” theories of democracy. We conclude that constitutional reformers should focus\nmore on generating public “buy in” at the front end of the constitution-making process, rather\nthan concentrating on ratification and referendums at the “back end” that are unlikely to correct\nfor an “original sin” of limited citizen deliberation during drafting."},{"id":"bc6dc48b743dc5d013b1abaebd2faed2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Who Benefits From Civic Technology?","organization":["mySociety"],"authors":["Rebecca Rumbul"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.mysociety.org/research/who-benefits-from-civic-technology/","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This research seeks to begin at the beginning, asking the most basic questions about who actually uses civic technology and why. Gathering data from civic technology groups from around the world, it shows the variations in usage of civic tech across four core countries (US, UK, Kenya and South Africa), and records the attitudes of users towards the platforms they are using."},{"id":"f2fc990265c712c49d51a18a32b39f0c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Who you are/where you live: do neighbourhood characteristics explain co-production?","organization":[""],"authors":["Peter Thijssen","Wouter Van Dooren"],"paper_date":"9/3/2015","url":"http://ras.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/08/06/0020852315570554.abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Co-production establishes an interactive relationship between citizens and public service providers. Successful co-production hence requires the engagement of citizens. Typically, individual characteristics such as age, gender, and income are used to explain why citizens co-produce. In contrast, neighbourhood-level variables receive less attention. Nevertheless, the co-production literature, as well as social capital and urban planning theory, provides good arguments why neighbourhood variables may be relevant. In this study, we examine the administrative records of citizen-initiated contacts in a reporting programme for problems in the public domain. This co-production programme is located in the district of Deurne in the city of Antwerp, Belgium. A multilevel analysis is used to simultaneously assess the impact of neighbourhood characteristics and individual variables. While the individual variables usually found to explain co-production are present in our case, we also find that neighbourhood characteristics significantly explain co-production. Thus, our findings suggest that participation in co-production activities is determined not only by who you are, but also by where you live."},{"id":"89f0fd5c927d466d6ec9a21b9ac34ffa","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Peacekeeping 4.0: Harnessing the Potential of Big Data, Social Media, and Cyber Technologies","organization":[""],"authors":["John Karlsrud"],"paper_date":"11/06/2013","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-37481-4_9","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Since the Cold War, peacekeeping has evolved from first-generation peacekeeping that focused on monitoring peace agreements, to third-generation multidimensional peacekeeping operations tasked with rebuilding states and their institutions during and after conflict. However, peacekeeping today is lagging behind the changes marking our time. Big Data, including social media, and the many actors in the field may provide peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations with information and tools to enable them to respond better, faster and more effectively, saving lives and building states. These tools are already well known in the areas of humanitarian action, social activism, and development. Also the United Nations, through the Global Pulse initiative, has begun to discover the potential of “Big Data for Development,” which may in time help prevent violent conflict. However, less has been done in the area of peacekeeping. UN member states should push for change so that the world organization and other multilateral actors can get their act together, mounting a fourth generation of peacekeeping operations that can utilize the potentials of Big Data, social media and modern technology—“Peacekeeping 4.0.” The chapter details some of the initiatives that can be harnessed and further developed, and offers policy recommendations for member states, the UN Security Council, and UN peacekeeping at UN headquarters and at field levels."},{"id":"a666587afda6e89aec274a3657558a27","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"New Technology and the Prevention of Violence and Conflict","organization":[""],"authors":["Francesco Mancini","Marie O'Reilly"],"paper_date":"04/2013","url":"http://www.stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.cp/","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Amid unprecedented growth in access to information communication technologies (ICTs), particularly in the developing world, how can international actors, governments, and civil society organizations leverage ICTs and the data they generate to more effectively prevent violence and conflict? New research shows that there is huge potential for innovative technologies to inform conflict prevention efforts, particularly when technology is used to help information flow horizontally between citizens and when it is integrated into existing civil society initiatives.1 However, new technologies are not a panacea for preventing and reducing violence and conflict. In fact, failure to consider the possible knock-on effects of applying a specific technology can lead to fatal outcomes in violent settings. In addition, employing new technologies for conflict prevention can produce very different results depending on the context in which they are applied and whether or not those using the technology take that context into account. This is particularly true in light of the dramatic changes underway in the landscapes of violence and conflict on a global level. As such, instead of focusing on supply-driven technical fixes, those undertaking prevention initiatives should let the context inform what kind of technology is needed and what kind of approach will work best"},{"id":"b83aac23b9528732c23cc7352950e880","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using Data Sharing to Improve Coordination in Peacebuilding","organization":[""],"authors":["Andrew Robertson","Steve Olson"],"paper_date":"12/01/2012","url":"http://www.usip.org/publications/using-data-sharing-improve-coordination-in-peacebuilding","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Open Data","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Effective data sharing between peacebuilders can improve coordination of peacebuilding interventions in conflict zones. To support such coordination, however, data sharing must occur between organizations with widely differing goals and methods. Despite this, all participants in an intervention must have positive incentives to adopt such technologies. To engage government and non-government actors in data sharing, such systems must recognize the social dimensions of the data sharing problem, provide tools to build and maintain trust between actors, support on-going interaction to sustain that trust as in recent civilian-military policy discussions, and be strongly aligned with user needs. Elmer Roman, Oversight Executive in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, and Melanie Greenberg, the President and CEO of Alliance for Peacebuilding, convened a group of experts in information and communications technology (ICT) and in peacebuilding. Experts in peacebuilding, information technology, and interagency coordination met to discuss the principal technological, ethical and organizational challenges faced by peacebuilders in working cooperatively to build peace. Participants also provided feedback on UNITY, a software platform developed by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to share project data related to humanitarian and peacebuilding activities. Co-published by the U.S. Institute of Peace and the National Academy of Engineering, this summary provides a synopsis of the workshop’s discussion. It is intended to help policy makers understand the issues associated with using data sharing for more effective coordination among actors in conflict zones."},{"id":"cd00692c3bfe59267d5ecfac5310286c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A world that counts: Mobilising the data revolution for sustainable development","organization":[""],"authors":["Data Revolution Group"],"paper_date":"11/2014","url":"http://www.undatarevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/A-World-That-Counts.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Secretary-General’s Independent Expert Advisory Group on a Data Revolution for Sustainable Development (IEAG) met the Secretary-General today to hand over their culminating report A World That Counts: Mobilising The Data Revolution for Sustainable Development."},{"id":"6faa8040da20ef399b63a72d0e4ab575","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Guidance for Incorporating Big Data into Humanitarian Operations","organization":[""],"authors":["Katie Whipkey","Andrej Verity"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://digitalhumanitarians.com/sites/default/files/resource-field_media/IncorporatingBigDataintoHumanitarianOps-2015.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Humanitarian organisations should begin the process now of understanding what big data is, what its analysis can yield answers to, and how and when to use it. This document has been created to provide a broad overview of big data usage in humanitarian organisations and general guidance on how organisations can incorporate it into operations. It describes big data and its role within the humanitarian sector, offers a categorisation of the large variety of big data types, highlights benefits and risks of incorporating big data into response, identifies policy and ethical considerations for the organisation, and provides example materials organisations can use when starting the process of in-corporating big data. The goal is to create dialogue and generate structure in the conversation among decision makers, data scientists, and volunteers and technical communities."},{"id":"fe73f687e5bc5280214e0486b273a5f9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The limits of crisis data: analytical and ethical challenges of using social and mobile data to understand disasters","organization":[""],"authors":["Kate Crawford","Megan Finn"],"paper_date":"11/01/2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10708-014-9597-z","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Social Media","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media platforms and mobile phone data are commonly mined to produce accounts of how people are responding in the aftermath of crisis events. Yet social and mobile datasets have limitations that, if not sufficiently understood and accounted for, can produce specific kinds of analytical and ethical oversights. In this paper, we analyze some of the problems that emerge from the reliance on particular forms of crisis data, and we suggest ways forward through a deeper engagement with ethical frameworks and a more critical questioning of what crisis data actually represents. In particular, the use of Twitter data and crowdsourced text messages during crisis events such as Hurricane Sandy and the Haiti Earthquake raised questions about the ways in which crisis data act as a system of knowledge. We analyze these events from ontological, epistemological, and ethical perspectives and assess the challenges of data collection, analysis and deployment. While privacy concerns are often dismissed when data is scraped from public-facing platforms such as Twitter, we suggest that the kinds of personal information shared during a crisis—often as a way to find assistance and support—present ongoing risks. We argue for a deeper integration of critical data studies into crisis research, and for researchers to acknowledge their role in shaping norms of privacy and consent in data use."},{"id":"6da37dd3139aa4d9aa55b8d237ec5d4a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Making design safe for citizens: A hidden history of humanitarian experimentation","organization":[""],"authors":["Katja Lindskov Jacobsen"],"paper_date":"02/18/2010","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13621020903466399","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimenation"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":["Afghanistan","Pakistan"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Humanitarianism has long been thought of as the promotion of human welfare. In the context of peace and war, humanitarianism refers to the delivery of safety and protection to vulnerable populations. But humanitarianism has another history – one that cannot be understood apart from a history of experimentation, including experimental colonial and postcolonial endeavours in foreign territories and on foreign bodies to test new technologies and to make them safe for use by more valued citizens often located in metropolitan states. In this article, I explore how the United Nations High Commission for Refugees' (UNHRC) repatriation of Afghan refugees from Pakistan between 2002 and 2007 constitutes a case of humanitarian experimentation because of how the UNHCR deployed iris recognition technology to control the flow of refugees across the Afghan/Pakistan border. I argue that the UNHCR's use of iris recognition technology not only served to detect ‘deserving’ refugees, correct refugee movements, and innovate a manageable refugee. It also cultivated technological failures, corrected the technology's performance and linked local refugee databases to international biometric databases, all of which potentially introduced new insecurities into this border region and beyond. The effect of humanitarian experimentation in this case was to render the safety of refugees subordinate to the production of apparently safe technologies, so much so that refugees subjected to humanitarian experimentation in the world's dangerous ‘wild zones’ delivered ‘safety’ (by delivering presumably safer technologies) to citizens in the world's relatively secure ‘tame zones’ – not the other way around. In this way, the UNHCR's use of iris recognition technology made design safe for some citizens, but not for others."},{"id":"c042f4db68f23406c6cecf84a7ebb0fe","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Cosed","title":"The humanitarian cyberspace: shrinking space or an expanding frontier?","organization":[""],"authors":["Kristin Bergtora Sandvik"],"paper_date":"11/27/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01436597.2015.1043992","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Security"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In an effort to contribute to a more critical understanding of the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in humanitarian action, this article explores the topography of the ‘humanitarian cyberspace’ – a composite of ‘cyberspace’ and ‘humanitarian space’ – as it has emerged since the mid-1990s. The goals are to offer some observations about the conditions of the humanitarian cyberspace and to reflect on the relationship between the persistent features of humanitarian action and new developments brought on by ICT. The prism through which the role of ICT in humanitarian action is explored is that of the ‘shrinking humanitarian space’."},{"id":"310dcbbf4cce62f762a2aaa148d556bd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Humanitarian technology: a critical research agenda","organization":[""],"authors":["Kristin Bergtora Sandvik","Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert","John Karlsrud","Mareile Kaufmann"],"paper_date":"12/03/2014","url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=79ADC2A95DCD5CB4518BB854F3496060.journals?aid=9904633&fileId=S1816383114000344","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"New technology may offer many opportunities for humanitarian action, but it also presents a number of challenges. Currently, most of the critical analysis of these potential challenges takes place in the blogosphere, on tweets and on listservs. There is a strong need for more scholarly engagement on the subject. This article offers an agenda for critical inquiry into the emergent field of humanitarian technology as applied to a broadly defined context of crises, encompassing both natural disasters and conflict zones, by identifying what technology does to the humanitarian enterprise, and by reflecting on the key challenges that emerge."},{"id":"2f2b265625d76a6704b08093c652fd79","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"World Disasters Report: Focus on technology and the future of humanitarian action","organization":[""],"authors":["Patrick Vinck"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/134658/WDR%202013%20complete.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In 2012, fewer people were reported to have died or been affected as a result of disasters than any other year during the previous decade, according to figures presented in this report. While these numbers are positive news, they also reflect the absence of major events like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008 or the 2010 Haiti earthquake. We have learned from these major disasters. At the same time we must continue to improve and innovate to make disaster preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery more effective and accountable. With these objectives in mind, this year’s World Disasters Report focuses on the rapid spread of technologies, especially information and communication technologies, which is changing humanitarian action and humanitarians, too."},{"id":"f9b902fc3289af4dd08de5d1de54f68f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"From Governmental Open Data Toward Governmental Open Innovation (GOI)","organization":[""],"authors":["Daniele Archibugi","Andrea Filippetti"],"paper_date":"7/3/2015","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118739044.ch24/summary","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Today, governments release governmental data that were previously hidden to the public. This democratization of governmental open data (OD) aims to increase transparency but also fuels innovation. Indeed, the release of governmental OD is a global trend, which has evolved into governmental open innovation (GOI). In GOI, governmental actors purposively manage the knowledge flows that span organizational boundaries and reveal innovation-related knowledge to the public with the aim to spur innovation for a higher economic and social welfare at regional, national, or global scale. GOI subsumes different revealing strategies, namely governmental OD, problem, and solution revealing. This chapter introduces the concept of GOI that has evolved from global OD efforts. It present a historical analysis of the emergence of GOI in four different continents, namely, Europe (UK and Denmark), North America (United States and Mexico), Australia, and China to highlight the emergence of GOI at a global scale."},{"id":"6855456e2fe46a9d49d3d3af4f57443d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Digital Government Evolution: From Transformation to Contextualization","organization":[""],"authors":["Tomasz Janowski"],"paper_date":"7/2015","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15000775","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Digital Government landscape is continuously changing to reflect how governments are trying to find innovative digital solutions to social, economic, political and other pressures, and how they transform themselves in the process. Understanding and predicting such changes is important for policymakers, government executives, researchers and all those who prepare, make, implement or evaluate Digital Government decisions. This article argues that the concept of Digital Government evolves toward more complexity and greater contextualization and specialization, similar to evolution-like processes that lead to changes in cultures and societies. To this end, the article presents a four-stage Digital Government Evolution Model comprising Digitization (Technology in Government), Transformation (Electronic Government), Engagement (Electronic Governance) and Contextualization (Policy-Driven Electronic Governance) stages; provides some evidence in support of this model drawing upon the study of the Digital Government literature published in Government Information Quarterly between 1992 and 2014; and presents a Digital Government Stage Analysis Framework to explain the evolution. As the article consolidates a representative body of the Digital Government literature, it could be also used for defining and integrating future research in the area."},{"id":"357a6fdf7642bf815a88822c447d9dc4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Crowdsourcing: A Survey of Applications","organization":[""],"authors":["Jayshri Namdeorao Ganthade","Sunil R. Gupta"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJKBCS/article/view/3151","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":["Mechanical Turk"],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing, itself a multidisciplinary field, can be well-served by incorporating theories and methods from affective computing. We present a various applications which are based on crowdsourcing. The direction of research on principles and methods can enable to solve a general problem via human computation systems. Crowdsourcing is nothing but an act of outsourcing tasks to a large group of people through an open request via the Internet. It has become popular among social scientists as a source to recruit research participants from the general public for studies. Crowdsourcing is introduced as the new online distributed problem solving model in which networked people collaborate to complete a task and produce the result. However, the idea of crowdsourcing is not new, and can be traced back to Charles Darwin. Darwin was interested in studying the universality of facial expressions in conveying emotions. For this, it required large amount of database and for this he had to consider a global population to get more general conclusions.\n\nThis paper provides an introduction to crowdsourcing, guidelines for using crowdsourcing, and its applications in various fields. Finally, this article proposes conclusion which is based upon applications of crowdsourcing."},{"id":"819f46e52c25763a55cc642422644317","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"How Our Days Became Numbered: Risk and the Rise of the Statistical Individual","organization":[""],"authors":["Dan Bouk"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo20298894.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["United States"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"How Our Days Became Numbered tells a story of corporate culture remaking American culture--a story of intellectuals and professionals in and around insurance companies who reimagined Americans' lives through numbers and taught ordinary Americans to do the same. Making individuals statistical did not happen easily. Legislative battles raged over the propriety of discriminating by race or of smoothing away the effects of capitalism's fluctuations on individuals. Meanwhile, debates within companies set doctors against actuaries and agents, resulting in elaborate, secretive systems of surveillance and calculation.\n\nDan Bouk reveals how, in a little over half a century, insurers laid the groundwork for the much-quantified, risk-infused world that we live in today. To understand how the financial world shapes modern bodies, how risk assessments can perpetuate inequalities of race or sex, and how the quantification and claims of risk on each of us continue to grow, we must take seriously the history of those who view our lives as a series of probabilities to be managed."},{"id":"04025959b191f8f9de3f924f0940515f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Deliberation and Development: Rethinking the Role of Voice and Collective Action in Unequal Societies","organization":[""],"authors":["Patrick Heller","Vijayendra Rao"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22167/9781464805011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Deliberation is the process by which a group of people, each with equal voice, can - via a process of discussion and debate - reach an agreement. \r \r This book attempts to do two things. First, it rethinks the role of deliberation in development and shows that it has potential well beyond a narrow focus on participatory projects. Deliberation, if properly instituted, has the potential to have a transformative effect on many if not all aspects of development, and especially in addressing problems of collective action, coordination, and entrenched inequality. This has broad implications both at the global and local level. \r \r Second, the book demonstrates that taking deliberation seriously calls for a different approach to both research and policy design and requires a much greater emphasis on the processes by which decisions are made, rather than an exclusive focus on the outcomes. Deliberation and Development contributes to a broader literature to understand the role of communicative processes in development."},{"id":"40008b9a5380fcacce3976bf7c08af5b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Rethinking big data in digital humanitarianism: practices, epistemologies, and social relations","organization":[""],"authors":["Ryan Burns"],"paper_date":"09/09/2014","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10708-014-9599-x","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Spatial technologies and the organizations around them, such as the Standby Task Force and Ushahidi, are increasingly changing the ways crises and emergencies are addressed. Within digital humanitarianism, Big Data has featured strongly in recent efforts to improve digital humanitarian work. This shift toward social media and other Big Data sources has entailed unexamined assumptions about technological progress, social change, and the kinds of knowledge captured by data. These assumptions stand in tension with critical geographic scholarship, and in particular critical GIS research. In this paper I borrow from critical research on technologies to engage three important new facets of Big Data emerging from an interrogation of digital humanitarianism. I argue first that within digital humanitarianism, Big Data should be understood as a new set of practices, in addition to its usual conception as data and analytics technologies. Second, I argue that Big Data constitutes a distinct epistemology that obscures many forms of knowledge in crises and emergencies and produces a limited understanding of how a crisis is unfolding. Third, I argue that Big Data is constitutive of a social relation in which both the formal humanitarian sector and “victims” of crises are in need of the services and labor that can be provided by digital humanitarians."},{"id":"3dd48ab31d016ffcbf3314df2b3cb9ce","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Digital humanitarians: how big data is changing the face of humanitarian response","organization":[""],"authors":["Patrick Meier"],"paper_date":"01/24/2015","url":"http://www.amazon.com/Digital-Humanitarians-Changing-Humanitarian-Response/dp/1482248395","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The overflow of information generated during disasters can be as paralyzing to humanitarian response as the lack of information. Making sense of this information--Big Data--is proving an impossible challenge for traditional humanitarian organizations, which is precisely why they're turning to Digital Humanitarians. This new humanitarians mobilize online to make sense of vast volumes of data--social media and text messages; satellite and aerial imagery--in direct support of relief efforts worldwide. How? They craft ingenious crowdsourcing solutions with trail-blazing insights from artificial intelligence. This book charts the spectacular rise of Digital Humanitarians, highlighting how their humanity coupled with innovative Big Data solutions is changing humanitarian relief for forever."},{"id":"58238e9ae2dd305d79c2ebc8c1883422","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Enabling Humanitarian Use of Mobile Phone Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye","Jake Kendall","Cameron F. Kerry"],"paper_date":"11/12/2014","url":"http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/11/12-enabling-humanitarian-use-mobile-phone-data","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health","Crisis Response"],"region":["Africa"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The prevalence of mobile communication in the developing world is ever increasing, with now 89 active subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. With this access comes the potential for unprecedented insights into individuals and societies, such as migration patterns, economic transactions, and even importation routes of infectious diseases like Ebola. However, the absence of a common framework for sharing mobile phone data in privacy-conscientious ways and an uncertain regulatory landscape has made difficult scientists' utilization of this powerful data. In the latest paper in our Issues in Technology Innovation series, Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye, Jake Kendall, and Cameron F. Kerry explore important case studies that have uncovered valuable insights into understanding the spread of infectious diseases as well as strategies into micro-target outreach and driving update of health-seeking behavior. The authors argue for a more nuanced approach in protecting privacy related to mobile data, building a case for special exceptions made where data may be used for significant public good or to avoid serious harm to people."},{"id":"3ad7c2ebb96fcba7cda0cf54a2e802f5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing geographic information for disaster response: a research frontier","organization":[""],"authors":["Michael F. Goodchilda","J. Alan Glennona"],"paper_date":"04/15/2010","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17538941003759255","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Geospacial Services","Crisis Response"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Geographic data and tools are essential in all aspects of emergency management: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Geographic information created by amateur citizens, often known as volunteered geographic information, has recently provided an interesting alternative to traditional authoritative information from mapping agencies and corporations, and several recent papers have provided the beginnings of a literature on the more fundamental issues raised by this new source. Data quality is a major concern, since volunteered information is asserted and carries none of the assurances that lead to trust in officially created data. During emergencies time is the essence, and the risks associated with volunteered information are often outweighed by the benefits of its use. An example is discussed using the four wildfires that impacted the Santa Barbara area in 2007–2009, and lessons are drawn"},{"id":"b3967a0e938dc2a6340e258630febd5a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Aiding Surveillance: An exploration of how development and humanitarian aid initiatives are enabling surveillance in developing countries","organization":[""],"authors":["Gus Hosein","Carly Nyst"],"paper_date":"10/2013","url":"https://www.privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/Aiding%20Surveillance.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Human Rights","Development"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Information technology transfer is increasingly a crucial element of development and humanitarian aid initiatives. Social protection programmes are incorporating digitised Management Information Systems and electronic transfers, registration and electoral systems are deploying biometric technologies, the proliferation of mobile phones is facilitating access to increased amounts of data, and technologies are being transferred to support security and rule of law efforts. Many of these programmes and technologies involve the surveillance of individuals, groups, and entire populations. The collection and use of personal information in these development and aid initiatives is without precedent, and subject to few legal safeguards. In this report we show that as development and humanitarian donors and agencies rush to adopt new technologies that facilitate surveillance, they may be creating and supporting systems that pose serious threats to individuals’ human rights, particularly their right to privacy."},{"id":"d81f9c1be2e08964bf9f24b15f0e4900","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Politics of Humanitarian Technology: Good Intentions, Unintended Consequences and Insecurity","organization":[""],"authors":["Katja Lindskov Jacobsen"],"paper_date":"06/05/2015","url":"http://www.amazon.com/Politics-Humanitarian-Technology-Intentions-Consequences-ebook/dp/B00YY63OJA","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book offers a detailed exploration of three examples of humanitarian uses of new technology, employing key theoretical insights from Foucault. We are currently seeing a humanitarian turn to new digital technologies, such as biometrics, remote sensing, and surveillance drones. However, such humanitarian uses of new technology have not always produced beneficial results for those at the receiving end and have sometimes exposed the subjects of assistance to additional risks and insecurities. Engaging with key insights from the work of Foucault combined with selected concepts from the Science and Technology Studies literature, this book produces an analytical framework that opens up the analysis to details of power and control at the level of materiality that are often ignored in liberal histories of war and modernity. Whereas Foucault details the design of prisons, factories, schools, etc., this book is original in its use of his work, in that it uses these key insights about the details of power embedded in material design, but shifts the attention to the technologies and attending forms of power that have been experimented with in the three humanitarian endeavours presented in the book. In doing so, the book provides new information about aspects of liberal humanitarianism that contemporary critical analyses have largely neglected."},{"id":"13f9896df61279c928f19721878fac41","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the United States Institute of Peace: Roundtable on Technology, Science, and Peacebuilding","organization":[""],"authors":["Andrew Robertson","Steve Olson"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18349/sensing-and-shaping-emerging-conflicts-report-of-a-joint-workshop?utm_medium=etmail&utm_source=The+National+Academies+Press&utm_campaign=NAP+mail+new+06.25.13&utm_content=Downloader&utm_term=selectTopics","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Human Rights"],"region":["United States"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"On October 11, 2012, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) held a workshop in Washington, DC, to identify \"major opportunities and impediments to providing better real-time information to actors directly involved in situations that could lead to deadly violence.\" The workshop brought together experts in technology, experts in peacebuilding, and people who have worked at the intersections of those two fields on the applications of technology in conflict settings, to consider uses of technology to sense emerging and ongoing conflicts and provide information and analyses that can be used to prevent violent and deadly conflict. Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the United States Institute of Peace: Roundtable on Technology, Science, and Peacebuildingsummarizes the workshop."},{"id":"c5ff2543b53f4cc0ad3819a36752467b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Data hubris? Humanitarian information systems and the mirage of technology","organization":[""],"authors":["Róisín Reada","Bertrand Taithea","Roger Mac Gintya"],"paper_date":"02/29/2016","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2015.1136208","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Surveys","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article looks at the promise of technology to revolutionise humanitarian action, especially in terms of the gathering and use of data. With many heralding a ‘data revolution’, the opportunities and enthusiasm for using social media and SMS data in crisis response are on the rise. The article constructs an analytical framework in order to scrutinise the three main claims made on behalf of technologically advanced humanitarian information systems: that they can access data more accurately, more quickly, and alter power relations in emancipatory ways. It does so in relation to two aspects of digital humanitarianism: visual technology and crisis mapping, and big data. The article is partly informed by a historical perspective, but also by interview and other material that suggests some of the claims made on behalf of technology are exaggerated. In particular, we argue that the enthusiasm for the data is vastly outstripped by the capacity to meaningfully analyse it. We conclude by scoping the implications of the future technological evolution of humanitarianism, in particular by examining how technology contributes to what Duffield terms ‘post-modern humanitarianism’."},{"id":"01386bd6d8e091c2ab4c7c7de644d37b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Ebola: A Big Data Disaster","organization":[""],"authors":["Sean McDonald"],"paper_date":"03/01/2016","url":"http://cis-india.org/papers/ebola-a-big-data-disaster","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Health"],"region":["Africa"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This study titled “Ebola: A Big Data Disaster” by Sean Martin McDonald, undertaken with support from the Open Society Foundation, Ford Foundation, and Media Democracy Fund, explores the use of Big Data in the form of Call Detail Record (CDR) data in humanitarian crisis. It discusses the challenges of digital humanitarian coordination in health emergencies like the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, and the marked tension in the debate around experimentation with humanitarian technologies and the impact on privacy. McDonald’s research focuses on the two primary legal and human rights frameworks, privacy and property, to question the impact of unregulated use of CDR’s on human rights. It also highlights how the diffusion of data science to the realm of international development constitutes a genuine opportunity to bring powerful new tools to fight crisis and emergencies."},{"id":"0bb4aec1710521c12ee76289d9440817","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Digital Inequality and Second-Order Disasters: Social Media in the Typhoon Haiyan Recovery","organization":[""],"authors":["Mirca Madianou"],"paper_date":"09/20/2015","url":"http://sms.sagepub.com/content/1/2/2056305115603386.short","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Social Media"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":["Phillipines"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article investigates the intersection of digital and social inequality in the context of disaster recovery. In doing so, the article responds to the optimism present in recent claims about “humanitarian technology” which refers to the empowering uses and applications of interactive technologies by disaster-affected people. Drawing on a long-term ethnography with affected communities recovering from Typhoon Haiyan that hit the Philippines in 2013 triggering a massive humanitarian response, the article offers a grounded assessment of the role of social media in disaster recovery. In particular, the article focuses on whether any positive consequences associated with digital media use are equally spread among better off and socially marginalized participants. The analysis reveals sharp digital inequalities which map onto existing social inequalities. While some of our already better-off participants have access to a rich media landscape which they are able to navigate often reaping significant benefits, low-income participants are trapped in a delayed recovery with diminished social media opportunities. The fact that some participants are using social media to recover at a rapid pace while others are languishing behind represents a deepening of social inequalities. In this sense, digital inequality can amplify social inequalities leading to a potential “second-order disaster.” This refers to humanly perpetuated disasters that can even surpass the effects of the natural disaster."},{"id":"9de6d14fff9806d4bcd1ef555be766cd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Mapping the Risk-Utility Landscape of Mobile Data for Sustainable Development & Humanitarian Action","organization":[""],"authors":["UN Global Pulse"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/mobile-data-privacy","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Privacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Human Rights","Transportation"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The goal of this project was to determine how insights from mobile data might be used to maximum effect in support of policy planning and crisis response with minimal risk to privacy. The project aimed to determine the impact that aggregating mobile data to protect privacy has upon the utility of the data for (i) transportation planning and (ii) pandemic control and prevention. Utility of each data set was evaluated by surveying transportation experts and epidemiologists; re-identification risk for each data set was also assessed. Risk of re-identification was subsequently considered together with data utility to determine which level of aggregation is the minimum required to adequately protectindividual privacy while preserving its value for policy planning and crisis response. Results of the analysis indicate that the relationship between privacy risk and utility is complex and is highly dependent on the context and purpose of use. Nevertheless, there is a risk of reidentification in applying mobile data for public good, and a better understanding is needed of the critical thresholds for acceptable risk. This project lays the groundwork for development of evidence-based data standards and policy frameworks to ensure proportionality between the risk of harm resulting from misuse of mobile data and the risk of harm resulting from a failure to use it."},{"id":"efe937780e95574250dabe07151bdc23","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Connecting Grassroots to Government for Disaster Management: Workshop Summary","organization":[""],"authors":["Ryan Burns","Lea A. Shanley"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/165813847/Connecting-Grassroots-to-Government-for-Disaster-Management-Workshop-Summary","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The growing availability and use of social media and other mass collaboration technologies present new opportunities and challenges for disaster management. Platforms now exist that permit collection of data from broad constituencies and rapid communication with endangered communities, but this new interface between the informality of “the crowd” and the formality of policy frameworks raises important questions. These questions pertain to best practices, ways to integrate crowdsourced data with more traditional sources of data, and the identification of tools and approaches that should be leveraged in particular contexts. Groups engaging with these tools to support disaster response are often from disconnected industries and institutions, compounding the challenges. The “Connecting Grassroots to Government for Disaster Management” workshop was held to identify, assess, and address these opportunities and challenges. The workshop brought together the formal disaster response community, technology developers, digital volunteers, academic researchers, and the private sector. This report documents the conversations that emerged in this workshop, with particular attention to confirmed or disputed presuppositions, priority research opportunities, and the formal response community’s needs and capabilities."},{"id":"371bce7dc83817b7893bcdeed13799b5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Privacy, Transparency and Trust in a Digital World","organization":[""],"authors":["Ben Mason"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"https://issuu.com/betterplacelab/docs/mozilla-report-final-150119120932-c/1","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Web is here to stay – yet it still divides opinion. There are optimists, like the Mozilla community and like the betterplace lab team, that believe the Internet can be a powerful force for good in our society – by making information and services available to all, by letting citizens speak, be heard, and hold the powerful to account. But this is not the full picture. Throughout the Internet’s relatively short history, we have had to contend with a series of menaces threatening to shackle or undermine this public resource. At one time we were suffocating under an avalanche of spam emails and pop-ups. Today we’re asking how we can protect individuals’ privacy when every click may be monitored by data mining corporations and state surveillance agents. This report is both a contribution to this nascent discussion, and it shows the current state of knowledge of, and current opinions of, groups which will be absolutely key participants."},{"id":"138bb0696595b338afbab333c555292a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Health Big Data in the Commercial Context","organization":[""],"authors":["Center for Democracy & Technology"],"paper_date":"04/21/2015","url":"https://cdt.org/insight/health-big-data-in-the-commercial-context/","taxonomy":{"category":["Big Data","Data Governance","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Privacy"],"methodology":["Surveys","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"To explore the privacy implications of health big data, and to develop concrete proposals for how to resolve privacy issues and at the same time reap the benefits of big data techniques, CDT has undertaken a series of consultations with stakeholders and experts. We examined three scenarios: (1) clinical and administrative data generated by health care providers and payers; (2) health data contributed by consumers using the Internet and other consumer-facing technologies; and (3) health data collected by federal, state, and local governments. In this paper, we focus on the second of these scenarios: health data collected by non-HIPAA-covered entities through consumer-facing technologies. This includes mobile apps, wearable devices, personal health record platforms, social networks, and any other consumer-facing entities outside of the HIPAA framework that collect or share health data relating to individuals. We refer to these as consumer-facing entities, and we refer to their products and services as consumer products. We look both at big data uses by those entities, and at their disclosures of data to third parties for research and other analytic purposes."},{"id":"8dd48d6a2e2cad213179a3992c0be53c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Risk-based Approach to Privacy: Improving Effectiveness in Practice","organization":[""],"authors":["The Centre for Information Policy Leadership"],"paper_date":"06/19/2014","url":"https://www.informationpolicycentre.com/files/Uploads/Documents/Centre/A_Risk-based_Approach_to_Privacy_Improving_Effectiveness_in_Practice.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Governance"],"objective":["Privacy","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law","Criminal Justice"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In January 2014, the Centre for Information Policy Leadership (the Centre) launched a multiyear project on the risk-based approach to privacy: The Privacy Risk Framework Project. This project elaborates on the Centre’s earlier project on organisational accountability, particularly in seeking to develop the analytical framework and tools needed to implement certain key aspects of accountability. Specifically, the goals of this project are set forth in the following Project Vision Statement: Principle-based data privacy laws often leave room for interpretation, leaving it both to organisations to make appropriate decisions on how to implement these principles and to regulators on how to interpret and enforce the law. The Privacy Risk Framework Project aims to bridge the gap between high-level privacy principles on one hand, and compliance on the ground on the other, by developing a methodology for organisations to apply, calibrate and implement abstract privacy obligations based on the actual risks and benefits of the proposed data processing. While certain types of risk assessments are already an integral part of accountable organisations’ privacy management programs, they require further development. This project seeks to build consensus on what is meant by privacy risks to individuals (and society) and to create a practical framework to identify, prioritise and mitigate such risks so that principle-based privacy obligations can be implemented appropriately and effectively. On March 20, 2014, the Centre held a workshop in Paris during which more than 50 privacy experts, industry representatives and regulators discussed their experiences and views with respect to the risk-based approach to privacy, the privacy risk framework and methodology, as well as goals and next steps in this project. This paper, titled “A Risk-based Approach to Privacy: Improving Effectiveness in Practice”, is a developed version of the earlier discussion paper distributed to the participants of the workshop. It incorporates feedback from the Paris workshop and input received in subsequent consultations with Centre members and project participants."},{"id":"82cec96096d4281b7c95cd7e74623496","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Mobile Privacy Disclosures: Building Trust Through Transparency: A Federal Trade Commission Staff Report","organization":[""],"authors":["US Federal Trade Commission"],"paper_date":"2/2013","url":"https://www.ftc.gov/reports/mobile-privacy-disclosures-building-trust-through-transparency-federal-trade-commission","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Governance"],"objective":["Privacy","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United States"],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC” or “Commission”) has worked on privacy issues for more than forty years, and in 2000 began considering the privacy implications raised by consumers’ growing use of mobile devices. Most recently, in May 2012, the FTC hosted a mobile privacy panel discussion that focused on transparency: With so many players collecting and using consumer data, who should provide privacy information to consumers? Given the limited screen space of mobile devices, how can this information be conveyed? Based on the Commission’s prior work in this area, the panel discussions, and the written submissions, this report offers several suggestions for the major participants in the mobile ecosystem as they work to improve mobile privacy disclosures."},{"id":"6c524f9d5d7027454a783c841250ba71","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Politics and Ethics of CDR Analytics","organization":[""],"authors":["Emmanuel Letouzé","Patrick Vinck"],"paper_date":"12/10/2014","url":"http://static1.squarespace.com/static/531a2b4be4b009ca7e474c05/t/54b97f82e4b0ff9569874fe9/1421442946517/WhitePaperCDRsEthicFrameworkDec10-2014Draft-2.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Governance","Big Data"],"objective":["Privacy","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Development","Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper is part of Data-Pop Alliance’s ‘White Papers Series’. It originated in discussions between members of the ‘D4D team’ involved in the first Orange D4D challenge in the summer of 2013—including representatives of Orange France Telecom Group, World Economic Forum USA, Université Catholique de Louvain, MIT, UN Global Pulse, GSMA, and the authors of this paper. Its completion benefited from financial support from the World Bank Leadership, Learning and innovation group, which is gratefully acknowledged."},{"id":"fb7b9ffa5462084c5f4e7e85a093e6d7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data and Due Process: Toward a Framework to Redress Predictive Privacy Harms","organization":[""],"authors":["Kate Crawford","Jason Schultz"],"paper_date":"10/01/2013","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2325784&download=yes","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Conceptual Framework"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The rise of “big data” analytics in the private sector poses new challenges for privacy advocates. Unlike previous computational models that exploit personally identifiable information (PII) directly, such as behavioral targeting, big data has exploded the definition of PII to make many more sources of data personally identifiable. By analyzing primarily metadata, such as a set of predictive or aggregated findings without displaying or distributing the originating data, big data approaches often operate outside of current privacy protections (Rubinstein 2013; Tene and Polonetsky 2012), effectively marginalizing regulatory schema. Big data presents substantial privacy concerns – risks of bias or discrimination based on the inappropriate generation of personal data – a risk we call “predictive privacy harm.” Predictive analysis and categorization can pose a genuine threat to individuals, especially when it is performed without their knowledge or consent. While not necessarily a harm that falls within the conventional “invasion of privacy” boundaries, such harms still center on an individual’s relationship with data about her. Big data approaches need not rely on having a person’s PII directly: a combination of techniques from social network analysis, interpreting online behaviors and predictive modeling can create a detailed, intimate picture with a high degree of accuracy. Furthermore, harms can still result when such techniques are done poorly, rendering an inaccurate picture that nonetheless is used to impact on a person’s life and livelihood. In considering how to respond to evolving big data practices, we began by examining the existing rights that individuals have to see and review records pertaining to them in areas such as health and credit information. But it is clear that these existing systems are inadequate to meet current big data challenges. Fair Information Privacy Practices and other notice-and-choice regimes fail to protect against predictive privacy risks in part because individuals are rarely aware of how their individual data is being used to their detriment, what determinations are being made about them, and because at various points in big data processes, the relationship between predictive privacy harms and originating PII may be complicated by multiple technical processes and the involvement of third parties. Thus, past privacy regulations and rights are ill equipped to face current and future big data challenges. We propose a new approach to mitigating predictive privacy harms – that of a right to procedural data due process. In the Anglo-American legal tradition, procedural due process prohibits the government from depriving an individual’s rights to life, liberty, or property without affording her access to certain basic procedural components of the adjudication process – including the rights to review and contest the evidence at issue, the right to appeal any adverse decision, the right to know the allegations presented and be heard on the issues they raise. Procedural due process also serves as an enforcer of separation of powers, prohibiting those who write laws from also adjudicating them. While some current privacy regimes offer nominal due process-like mechanisms in relation to closely defined types of data, these rarely include all of the necessary components to guarantee fair outcomes and arguably do not apply to many kinds of big data systems (Terry 2012). A more rigorous framework is needed, particularly given the inherent analytical assumptions and methodological biases built into many big data systems (boyd and Crawford 2012). Building on previous thinking about due process for public administrative computer systems (Steinbock 2005; Citron 2010), we argue that individuals who are privately and often secretly “judged” by big data should have similar rights to those judged by the courts with respect to how their personal data has been used in such adjudications. Using procedural due process principles, we analogize a system of regulation that would provide such rights against private big data actors."},{"id":"aa942ab2bfa6ebda4840e7360ce6e7ef","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Accountability: Data Governance for the Evolving Digital Marketplace","organization":[""],"authors":["The Centre for Information Policy Leadership"],"paper_date":"2011","url":"http://www.huntonfiles.com/files/webupload/CIPL_Centre_Accountability_Data_Governance_Paper_2011.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Data Governance"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Accountability"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":[""],"type":"white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"For the past three years, the Centre for Information Policy Leadership at Hunton & Williams LLP has served as secretariat for the Accountability Project. The Accountability Project is the work of an international group of experts that includes representatives of privacy enforcement agencies from Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region; civil society; academia and business. Its mission is to consider how an accountabilitybased system of data protection might be designed. The inquiry originally focused on cross-border data transfers, but expanded to address how to apply accountability to improve compliance with privacy requirements and to enable more flexible information management. This paper reflects the discussions and findings of the Accountability Project, and is intended solely to serve as a report of the work of that initiative"},{"id":"c058f544c737782deacefa532d9add4c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Do Mobile Phone Surveys Work in Poor Countries?","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["Benjamin Leo","Robert Morello","Jonathan Mellon","Tiago Peixoto","Stephen T. Davenport"],"paper_date":"4/7/2015","url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=ZPqxDokAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=ZPqxDokAAAAJ:M05iB0D1s5AC","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":["Afghanistan","Ethiopia","Mozambique","Zimbabwe"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this project, we analyzed whether mobile phone-based surveys are a feasible and cost-effective approach for gathering statistically representative information in four low-income countries (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe). Speci cally, we focused on three primary research questions. First, can the mobile phone survey platform reach a nationally representative sample? Second, to what extent does linguistic fractionalization affect the ability to produce\ra representative sample? Third, how effectively does monetary compensation impact survey completion patterns?"},{"id":"e7b24b112a44fdd9ee93bdf998c6ca0e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Evaluating Digital Citizen Engagement : A Practical Guide","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["World Bank Group"],"paper_date":"2/25/2015","url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23752/deef-book.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Brazil","Uganda","Cameroon","Kenya"],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"With growing demand for transparency, accountability and citizen participation in\r policy making and service provision, engagement between citizens and their governments,\r as well as with donors and the private sector that deliver government\r services, is increasingly important. Increased use of technology brings both opportunities\r and challenges to citizen engagement processes, including opportunities\r for collecting, analyzing and evaluating data about these processes. This guide provides\r practical steps to assess the extent to which digital tools have contributed to\r citizen engagement and the help to understand the impact that the introduction of\r technology has had on the engagement processes. With examples and lessons from case studies from Brazil, Uganda, Cameroon and\r Kenya, the guide provides practical tools and guidelines for use in evaluating the\r expanding field of digital citizen engagement."},{"id":"52720e003547c70561bf5e03b95aa99f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Uncertain Relationship between Open Data and Accountability: A Response to Yu and Robinson's' The New Ambiguity of Open Government'","organization":["World Bank Digital Engagement Evaluation Team"],"authors":["Tiago Peixoto"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://www.uclalawreview.org/the-uncertain-relationship-between-open-data-and-accountability-a-response-to-yu-and-robinsons-the-new-ambiguity-of-open-government/","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Accountability"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"By looking at the nature of data that may be disclosed by governments, Harlan Yu and David Robinson provide an analytical framework that evinces the ambiguities underlying the term “open government data\". While agreeing with their core analysis, I contend that the authors ignore the enabling conditions under which transparency may lead to accountability, notably the publicity and political agency conditions. I argue that the authors also overlook the role of participatory mechanisms as an essential element in unlocking the potential for open data to produce better governmental decisions and policies. Finally, I conduct an empirical analysis of the publicity and political agency conditions in countries that have launched open data efforts, highlighting the challenges associated with open data as a path to accountability."},{"id":"c3e878e27f52e2a57ace4d9a76fd9acf","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourced Deliberation: The Case of the Law on Off-Road Traffic in Finland","organization":[""],"authors":["Tanja Aitamurto","Hélène Landemore"],"paper_date":"4/27/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.115/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Crowdlaw"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Finland"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article examines the emergence of democratic deliberation in a crowdsourced law reform process. The empirical context of the study is a crowdsourced legislative reform in Finland, initiated by the Finnish government. The findings suggest that online exchanges in the crowdsourced process qualify as democratic deliberation according to the classical definition. We introduce the term “crowdsourced deliberation” to mean an open, asynchronous, depersonalized, and distributed kind of online deliberation occurring among self-selected participants in the context of an attempt by government or another organization to open up the policymaking or lawmaking process. The article helps to characterize the nature of crowdsourced policymaking and to understand its possibilities as a practice for implementing open government principles. We aim to make a contribution to the literature on crowdsourcing in policymaking, participatory and deliberative democracy and, specifically, the newly emerging subfield in deliberative democracy that focuses on “deliberative systems.”"},{"id":"00411460f7c92d2124a67ea0f4cb5f85","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Beyond the Digital Divide: Towards a Situated Approach to Open Data","organization":[""],"authors":["L. Bezuidenhout","B. Rappert","A. Kelly","S. Leonelli"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/21288","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Access","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":["Africa"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Poor provision of information and communication technologies in low/middle-income\n countries represents a concern for promoting Open Data. This is often framed as a “digital\n divide” and addressed through initiatives that increase the availability of information and\n communication technologies to researchers based in low-resourced environments, as well as\n the amount of resources freely accessible online, including data themselves. Using empirical\n data from a qualitative study of lab-based research in Africa we highlight the limitations of\n such framing and emphasize the range of additional factors necessary to effectively utilize\n data available online. We adopt the ‘Capabilities Approach’ proposed by Sen to highlight the\n distinction between simply making resources available, and doing so while fostering\n researchers’ ability to use them. This provides an alternative orientation that highlights the\n persistence of deep inequalities within the seemingly egalitarian-inspired Open Data\n landscape. The extent and manner of future data sharing, we propose, will hinge on the\n ability to respond to the heterogeneity of research environments"},{"id":"bac9162b47c56fc8a4d2a519803d51b3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Citizens Breaking Out of Filter Bubbles: Urban Screens as Civic Media","organization":[""],"authors":["Marcus Foth","Martin Tomitsch","Laura Forlano","Matthias Hank Haeusler","Christine Satchell"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://eprints.qut.edu.au/95129/","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Politics"],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media platforms risk polarising public opinions by employing proprietary algorithms that produce filter bubbles and echo chambers. As a result, the ability of citizens and communities to engage in robust debate in the public sphere is diminished. In response, this paper highlights the capacity of urban interfaces, such as pervasive displays, to counteract this trend by exposing citizens to the socio-cultural diversity of the city. Engagement with different ideas, networks and communities is crucial to both innovation and the functioning of democracy. We discuss examples of urban interfaces designed to play a key role in fostering this engagement. Based on an analysis of works empirically-grounded in field observations and design research, we call for a theoretical framework that positions pervasive displays and other urban interfaces as civic media. We argue that when designed for more than wayfinding, advertisement or television broadcasts, urban screens as civic media can rectify some of the pitfalls of social media by allowing the polarised user to break out of their filter bubble and embrace the cultural diversity and richness of the city."},{"id":"9be40cee5b0eee1462c82c6964087ff9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Supply and Demand of Open Data in Mexico: A Diagnostic Report on the Government's New Open Data Portal","organization":[""],"authors":["Juan Ortiz Freuler"],"paper_date":"9/2015","url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/274622757/Supply-and-Demand-of-Data-Through-Mexico-s-Open-Data-Portal","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Mexico"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Following a promising and already well established trend, in February 2014 the Office of the President of Mexico launched its open data portal (datos.gob.mx). This diagnostic – carried out between July and September of 2015 – is designed to brief international donors and stakeholders such as members of the Open Government Partnership Steering Committee, provides the reader with contextual information to understand the state of supply and demand for open data from the portal, and the specific challenges the Mexican government is facing in its quest to implement the policy.\n\nThe insights offered through data proessing and interviews with key stakeholders indicate the need to promote: i) A sense of ownership of datos.gob.mx by the user community, but particularly by the officials in charge of implementing the policy within each government unit; ii) The development of tools and mechanisms to increase the quality of the data provided through the portal; and iii) Civic hacking of the portal to promote innovation, and a sense of appropriation that would increase the policy's long-term resilience to partisan and leadership change."},{"id":"5ef698cd9fe650923ea331c15af3b160","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Political Economy Framework for the Urban Data Revolution","organization":[""],"authors":["Ben Edwards","Solomon Greene","G. Thomas Kingsley"],"paper_date":"4/2016","url":"http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2016.04.26%20Political%20Economy%20of%20the%20Urban%20Data%20Revolution_FINAL.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"With cities growing rapidly throughout much of the developing world, the global development community increasingly recognizes the need to build the capacities of local leaders to analyze and apply data to improve urban policymaking and service delivery. Civil society leaders, development advocates, and local governments are calling for an “urban data revolution” to accompany the new UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a revolution that would provide city leaders new tools and resources for data-driven governance. The need for improved data and analytic capacity in rapidly growing cities is clear, as is the exponential increase in the volume and types of data available for policymaking. However, the institutional arrangements that will allow city leaders to use data effectively remain incompletely theorized and poorly articulated.\n\n\rThis paper begins to fill that gap with a political economy framework that introduces three new concepts: permission, incentive, and institutionalization. We argue that without addressing the permission constraints and competing incentives that local government officials face in using data, investments in improved data collection at the local level will fail to achieve smarter urban policies. Granting permission and aligning incentives are also necessary to institutionalize data-driven governance at the local level and create a culture of evidence-based decisionmaking that outlives individual political administrations. Lastly, we suggest how the SDGs could support a truly transformative urban data revolution in which city leaders are empowered and incentivized to use data to drive decisionmaking for sustainable development."},{"id":"05049e90fa4f5039a8cadc6acbb4b2cc","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing Global Governance: Sustainable Development Goals, Civil Society, and the Pursuit of Democratic Legitimacy","organization":[""],"authors":["Joshua C. Gellers"],"paper_date":"4/21/2016","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-016-9322-0","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":["MY World"],"github":"","abstract":"To what extent can crowdsourcing help members of civil society overcome the democratic deficit in global environmental governance? In this paper, I evaluate the utility of crowdsourcing as a tool for participatory agenda-setting in the realm of post-2015 sustainable development policy. In particular, I analyze the descriptive representativeness (e.g., the degree to which participation mirrors the demographic attributes of non-state actors comprising global civil society) of participants in two United Nations orchestrated crowdsourcing processes—the MY World survey and e-discussions regarding environmental sustainability. I find that there exists a perceptible demographic imbalance among contributors to the MY World survey and considerable dissonance between the characteristics of participants in the e-discussions and those whose voices were included in the resulting summary report. The results suggest that although crowdsourcing may present an attractive technological approach to expand participation in global governance, ultimately the representativeness of that participation and the legitimacy of policy outputs depend on the manner in which contributions are solicited and filtered by international institutions."},{"id":"cf004fdc76fa1a4f25f62e0eb5261ca3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Regulatory Transformations: An Introduction","organization":[""],"authors":["Bettina Lange","Fiona Haines"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2777223","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Regulation is no longer the prerogative of either states or markets. Increasingly citizens in association with businesses catalyse regulation which marks the rise of a social sphere in regulation. Around the world, in San Francisco, Melbourne, Munich and Mexico City, citizens have sought to transform how and to what end economic transactions are conducted. For instance, 'carrot mob' initiatives use positive economic incentives, not provided by a state legal system, but by a collective of civil society actors in order to change business behaviour. In contrast to 'negative' consumer boycotts, 'carrot mob' events use 'buycotts'. They harness competition between businesses as the lever for changing how and for what purpose business transactions are conducted. Through new social media 'carrot mobs' mobilize groups of citizens to purchase goods at a particular time in a specific shop. The business that promises to spend the greatest percentage of its takings on, for instance, environmental improvements, such as switching to a supplier of renewable energy, will be selected for an organized shopping spree and financially benefit from the extra income it receives from the 'carrot mob' event. 'Carrot mob' campaigns chime with other fundamental challenges to conventional economic activity, such as the shared use of consumer goods through citizens collective consumption which questions traditional conceptions of private property."},{"id":"0c74b7f78409a4022a2c4c5a5ca3ee19","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Civic Technologies as Tools for Change: Is Balance Between Online and Offline Actions a Necessary Condition for Achiveing Social Change through Civic Innovation?","organization":[""],"authors":["Fondo Acelerador de Innovaciones Cívicas"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://appcivico.net/civi14/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Lessons-Learned-Paper-fv-11_01_2016-ENG2-.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Latin America"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The civic technology ecosystem in Latin America is constantly evolving, and the AVINA Foundation-Omidyar Network Civic Innovation Accelerator Fund has proven to be a catalyst for powerful experiences of technological innovation for social change in the region. However, there remains the challenge to determine the real impact created by civic applications. This gives rise to the following question: what are the necessary conditions for civic applications to be a key instrument to reduce the gap between governments and citizens, and thus improve people’s living standards?\n\nThe learnings from the three years since the inception of the Civic Innovation Accelerator Fund, born from an alliance between AVINA Foundation and Omidyar Network, contribute to answering the question regarding the impact and importance of both online (direct platform use) and offline (indirect platform use) actions. Within the framework of an evaluation of the projects supported by the Fund in Latin America, a set of actions were systematized to help balance offline and online actions in civic technology projects, and thus consolidate its role as a tool for social change and increase its potential for impact among citizens."},{"id":"d709f38ef758b5066ef31b18039b8ce5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Global Governance and ICTs: Exploring Online Governance Networks around Gender and Media ","organization":[""],"authors":["Claudia Padovani","Elena Pavan"],"paper_date":"5/2/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/glob.12119/full","taxonomy":{"category":["Distributed Governance","Collective Intelligence"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Communications"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this article, we address transformations in global governance brought about by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Focusing on the specific domain of ‘gender-oriented communication governance’, we investigate online interactions among different kinds of actors active in promoting gender equity in and through the media. By tracing and analysing online issue networks, we investigate which actors are capable of influencing the framing of issues and of structuring discursive practices. From the analysis, different forms of power emerge, reflecting diverse modes of engaging in online interactions, where actors can operate as network ‘programmers’, ‘mobilizers’, or ‘switchers’. Our case study suggests that, often, old ways of conceiving actors' interactions accompany the implementation of new communication tools, while the availability of a pervasive networked infrastructure does not automatically translate into meaningful interactions among all relevant actors in a specific domain."},{"id":"41f1f19176d383480afa65d325c06ed0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The New Power Politics: Networks and Transnational Security Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Deborah Avant","Oliver Westerwinter"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-new-power-politics-9780190604509?cc=us&lang=en&#","taxonomy":{"category":["Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Quantitative Analysis","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["National Security"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Traditional analyses of global security cannot explain the degree to which there is \"governance\" of important security issues -- from combatting piracy to curtailing nuclear proliferation to reducing the contributions of extractive industries to violence and conflict. They are even less able to explain why contemporary governance schemes involve the various actors and take the many forms they do. \n\nJuxtaposing the insights of scholars writing about new modes of governance with the logic of network theory, The New Power Politics offers a framework for understanding contemporary security governance and its variation. The framework rests on a fresh view of power and how it works in global politics. Though power is integral to governance, it is something that emerges from, and depends on, relationships. Thus, power is dynamic; it is something that governors must continually cultivate with a wide range of consequential global players, and how a governor uses power in one situation can have consequences for her future relationships, and thus, future power. \n\nUnderstanding this new power politics is crucial for explaining and shaping the future of global security politics. This stellar group of scholars analyzes both the networking strategies of would-be governors and their impacts on the effectiveness of governance and whether it reflects broad or narrow concerns on a wide range of contemporary governance issues."},{"id":"24b16fede9a67c9251d3e7c7161c83ac","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Design Principles for Engaging and Retaining Virtual Citizen Scientists","organization":["Center for Policy Informatics"],"authors":["Dara M. Wald","Justin Longo","A. R. Dobell"],"paper_date":"4/25/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12627/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Citizen Science","Design Thinking"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Citizen science initiatives encourage volunteer participants to collect and interpret data and contribute to formal scientific projects. The growth of virtual citizen science (VCS), facilitated through websites and mobile applications since the mid-2000s, has been driven by a combination of software innovations and mobile technologies, growing scientific data flows without commensurate increases in resources to handle them, and the desire of internet-connected participants to contribute to collective outputs. However, the increasing availability of internet-based activities requires individual VCS projects to compete for the attention of volunteers and promote their long-term retention. We examined program and platform design principles that might allow VCS initiatives to compete more effectively for volunteers, increase productivity of project participants, and retain contributors over time. We surveyed key personnel engaged in managing a sample of VCS projects to identify the principles and practices they pursued for these purposes and led a team in a heuristic evaluation of volunteer engagement, website or application usability, and participant retention. We received 40 completed survey responses (33% response rate) and completed a heuristic evaluation of 20 VCS program sites. The majority of the VCS programs focused on scientific outcomes, whereas the educational and social benefits of program participation, variables that are consistently ranked as important for volunteer engagement and retention, were incidental. Evaluators indicated usability, across most of the VCS program sites, was higher and less variable than the ratings for participant engagement and retention. In the context of growing competition for the attention of internet volunteers, increased attention to the motivations of virtual citizen scientists may help VCS programs sustain the necessary engagement and retention of their volunteers."},{"id":"ffd52f3c7e12435a724a8f30fddadd9c","related_content":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displaySuppMaterial?cupCode=1&type=4&jid=PSR&volumeId=108&issueId=03&aid=9327413&sessionId=CC69E58744D741A07ED364A13603DA95.journals","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"\"I wld like u WMP to extend electricity 2 our village\": On Information Technology and Interest Articulation","organization":[""],"authors":["Guy Grossman","Macartan Humphreys","Gabriella Sacramone-Lutz"],"paper_date":"8/2014","url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FPSR%2FPSR108_03%2FS0003055414000331a.pdf&code=217f5c3bd941bed57005a5003ed21b36","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Uganda"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"How does access to information communication technology (ICT) affect who gets heard and what gets communicated to politicians? On the one hand, ICT can lower communication costs for poorer constituents; on the other, technological channels may be used disproportionately more by the already well connected. To assess the flattening effects of ICTs, we presented a representative sample of constituents in Uganda with an opportunity to send a text message to their representatives at one of three randomly assigned prices. Critically, and contrary to concerns that technological innovations benefit the privileged, we find evidence that ICT can lead to significant flattening: a greater share of marginalized populations use this channel compared to existing political communication channels. Price plays a more complex role. Subsidizing the full cost of messaging increases uptake by over 40%. Surprisingly however, subsidy-induced increases in uptake do not yield further flattening since free channels are not used at higher rates by more marginalized constituents."},{"id":"ad972f10e0800b49d76fed33a21f6698","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Guide for Making Innovation Offices Work","organization":[""],"authors":["Rachel Burstein","Alissa Black"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/A%20Guide%20for%20Making%20Innovation%20Offices%20Work.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Surveys","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In the last five years, a growing number of local, state, and federal government entities have created innovation offices and appointed chief innovation officers to:\r\n-Encourage an ethos of innovation\n-Pursue specific projects\n-Augment the work of existing departments\r\n\nThese innovation offices represent a potentially powerful pathway toward a responsive, adaptive, and efficient 21st century government To date, there has been no systematic study of this trend, although there are several partial lists of government innovation offices categorized by mission or approach As more government entities consider innovation offices, a systematic treatment of existing offices is needed This report attempts to fill that void by looking at the following: their missions, structural models, the factors that go into creating and sustaining an effective office, possible ways of evaluating the effectiveness of innovation offices, and success factors \r"},{"id":"f61d6947467ccd3aa5af24db320235dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Briefing bulletin: The science of delivering results: past, present, and future","organization":["Centre for Public Impact"],"authors":["Centre for Public Impact","Delivery Associates"],"paper_date":"4/16/2016","url":"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/funct-cpi-wordpress/assets/uploads/2016/04/Deliverology-briefing-bulletin.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Governments exist to deliver results for their citizens but when most political leaders arrive in office, they find that delivering results is the hardest part of the job. Here, the Centre for Public Impact and Delivery Associates explain how government leaders around the world have come to understand this challenge better – and to develop a solution."},{"id":"142949df56ea8ae0be8b5306971900a4","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Briefing bulletin: Design for policy and public services","organization":["Centre for Public Impact"],"authors":["Centre for Public Impact"],"paper_date":"2/8/2016","url":"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/funct-cpi-wordpress/assets/uploads/2016/02/Briefing-Bulletin-design-for-policy-and-public-services.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Design Thinking"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The hunt continues for better services and systems that put citizens first – but ‘design’ can help. A new way of constructing policy based primarily on an individual's needs, aspirations and behaviours, it is helping governments achieve better citizen outcomes. Find out how design is delivering change, insight and impact."},{"id":"d34ab169b70c9dcd35e62896010cd9ff","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Briefing bulletin: behavioural insights","organization":["Centre for Public Impact"],"authors":["Centre for Public Impact"],"paper_date":"9/1/2015","url":"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/funct-cpi-wordpress/assets/uploads/2015/09/Behavioural-Insights_Final_Online.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Governments are increasingly recognising that better policies can be achieved by accounting more accurately for how humans actually behave, as well as understanding why they behave in this way. Find how policymakers are applying insights from the sciences to strengthen citizen outcomes."},{"id":"8bf1211fd4b7b94528899de0a43b9fb3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"MOOCs and Crowdsourcing: Massive Courses and Massive Resources","organization":[""],"authors":["John Prpić","James Melton","Araz Taeihagh","Terry Anderson"],"paper_date":"12/2015","url":"http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6143/5170","taxonomy":{"category":["Collective Intelligence","Co-Creation","Design Thinking"],"objective":["Access","Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Education"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Premised upon the observation that MOOC and crowdsourcing phenomena share several important characteristics, including IT mediation, large-scale human participation, and varying levels of openness to participants, this work systematizes a comparison of MOOC and crowdsourcing phenomena along these salient dimensions. In doing so, we learn that both domains share further common traits, including similarities in IT structures, knowledge generating capabilities, presence of intermediary service providers, and techniques designed to attract and maintain participant activity. Stemming directly from this analysis, we discuss new directions for future research in both fields and draw out actionable implications for practitioners and researchers in both domains."},{"id":"a02ffd91ece5e7efeb46db8f10a74059","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing","organization":[""],"authors":["John Prpić","Araz Taeihagh","James Melton"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://ipp.oii.ox.ac.uk/sites/ipp/files/documents/IPP2014_Taeihagh%20(2).pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"What is the state of the literature in respect to Crowdsourcing for policy making? This work attempts to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating the extant research investigating Crowdsourcing for policy, within the broader Crowdsourcing literature. To do so, the work first extends the Crowdsourcing literature by introducing, defining, explaining, and using seven universal characteristics of all general Crowdsourcing techniques, to vividly draw-out the relative trade-offs of each mode of Crowdsourcing. From this beginning, the work systematically and explicitly weds the three types of Crowdsourcing to the stages of the Policy cycle as a method of situating the extant literature spanning both domains. Thereafter, we discuss the trends, highlighting the research gaps, and outline the overlaps in the research on Crowdsourcing for policy, stemming from our analysis."},{"id":"bca82e41ee7b0833588399b1fcd177c7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle","organization":[""],"authors":["John Prpić","Araz Taeihagh","James Melton"],"paper_date":"2/18/2014","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2398191","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Crowdsourcing is beginning to be used for policymaking. The “wisdom of crowds” [Surowiecki 2005], and crowdsourcing [Brabham 2008], are seen as new avenues that can shape all kinds of policy, from transportation policy [Nash 2009] to urban planning [Seltzer and Mahmoudi 2013], to climate policy. In general, many have high expectations for positive outcomes with crowdsourcing, and based on both anecdotal and empirical evidence, some of these expectations seem justified [Majchrzak and Malhotra 2013]. Yet, to our knowledge, research has yet to emerge that unpacks the different forms of crowdsourcing in light of each stage of the well-established policy cycle. This work addresses this research gap, and in doing so brings increased nuance to the application of crowdsourcing techniques for policymaking."},{"id":"00ec53c4682d36f5c4359f4ae7bd7ba1","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Public Domain and Democracy in the Digital Age","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Patricia Mindus","Nils Säfström"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/etikk_i_praksis/issue/view/236","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law","Internet Governance"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The papers collected in this special issue were originally presented at the international conference Public Domain and Democracy in the Digital Age held in Uppsala, Sweden, on 18-19 September 2014. The conference was recorded, and each talk with the follow-up debate can be viewed at http://media.medfarm.uu.se/play/kanal/226. The event was co-organized by the Philosophy Department at Uppsala University (Patricia Mindus) and the Swedish Law and Informatics Research Institute at Stockholm University’s Faculty of Law (Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg), and sponsored by KUSKO at Uppsala University’s Faculty of History and Philosophy, the Edvard Cassel Foundation at Stockholm University’s Faculty of Law, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. A selection of the videos was picked up by the Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company (UR), which is part of the Swedish public service broadcasting group, and televised on 12 April 2015 in slightly edited versions (available at http://ur.se/Produkter/188532).\n"},{"id":"4f6ffe13a5d75b2d6a3923922b3922e5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"EU Citizenship: Twenty Years On","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Patricia Mindus"],"paper_date":"2014","url":"http://www.germanlawjournal.com/volume-15-no-05/","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The Maastricht Treaty (the “Treaty”) first introduced the status of EU citizenship. The twentieth anniversary of the signing of the Treaty, marked in 2013, was declared the European Year of the Citizen. Union citizenship has been understood as the world’s first post-national citizenship, although it is still complementary to national citizenships. EU citizens enjoy rights that have been expanded, modified, and reinterpreted in light of the EU integration process. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has been a driving force in this process. This twentieth anniversary has provided the occasio for this special issue. Indeed, much has happened over the last two decades. The Maastricht Treaty entered into force on the heels of German reunification, and afterwards, a series of EU treaties followed: The Amsterdam Treaty, the Nice Charter of Fundamental Rights, the aborted constitutionalization process and the Rome Treaty in 2004, and the Treaty of Lisbon. The Euro took over former national currencies in 2002; the enlargement process led to today’s twenty-eight Member States. But the ratio of this special issue is based on other events as linked to the 2008 financial crisis, bailouts, the fiscal compact, and similar measures. In a nutshell, the timeliness of this volume is linked to the current financial disarray. Since prognosis presupposes diagnosis, no further words are necessary as to the importance of this task. It is (almost) self-evident that before taking action and preparing for the future, one needs to address the very first question: Nosce te ipsum or know thyself. Union citizens need to take a step back and ask what they need to be and who they want to become."},{"id":"beed13602b9b0e6ecb5b568ff5058f07","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Citizenship and Arbitrary Law-Making: On the Quaintness of Non-national Disenfranchisement","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Patricia Mindus"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.fupress.net/index.php/smp/article/view/18287/16968","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law","Immigration"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The paper explores forms of arbitrariness in relation to citizenship and migration policies. Non-national disenfranchisement follows from certain migration policies, and these may be cast as an arbitrary form of domination, that may undermine political legitimacy. Political exclusion is the vertex of a chain of other forms of exclusion: the denizenship of the politically powerless is particularly bothersome because liberal-democratic systems lack incentives to promote their rights. We have singled out the specificity and quaintness of the argumentative strategy employed to sustain non-national disenfranchisement. It differs from other argumentations in favour of disenfranchisement because it is not framed in derogatory terms and shifts the burden of proof from the state over to the individual."},{"id":"0584ce565c824b7b7f50282d9a19945b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"NoC Internet Governance Case Studies Series: Multistakeholder Governance and Nodal Authority – Understanding Internet Exchange Points","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Ben Wagner","Patricia Mindus"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"https://cihr.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Wagner_Mindus_IXPs_NoC1.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Distributed Governance"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Internet Governance"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This case study considers Internet exchange points (IXPs) as an example of governance processes in action. Internet exchange points are the points of connection between different Internet networks, which enable different networks to exchange traffic at a shared facility without cost to either party through a process known as “peering”. Three different IXP governance models representing large and influential IXPs are compared: the DE-CIX in Frankfurt, CAIX in Cairo, and KIXP in Nairobi. DE-CIX, the largest IXP in the world, is a subsidiary of the German Internet trade association eco, and is thus “owned” by the Internet industry in Germany. Though well functioning, this has meant that key stakeholder groups such as civil society, and the academic and technical communities are excluded from participating in discussions over policy decisions. In contrast, the Cairo Internet Exchange Point (CAIX) is run by a public authority, the Egyptian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Though it is governed by a broad set of stakeholders including private sector, government, and civil society representatives, its decision-making processes are somewhat opaque. Lastly, KIXP was founded by a Kenyan network engineer and is governed by a local trade association. While set up with multistakeholder coordination under the leadership of the private sector, its day- to-day operations and governance fall under private sector control. By tracing out the plurality of models used for IXP governance and comparing the processes of developing peering relationships, this case provides unique lessons for the governance process, particularly surrounding trade-offs between inclusiveness and effectiveness."},{"id":"dc912a253d1e9ba40e2c597ed2376640","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Labels as nudges? An experimental study of car eco-labels","organization":["Open Evidence"],"authors":["Francesco Bogliacino","Cristiano Codagnone","Giuseppe Alessandro Veltri","Francisco Lupiáñez-Villanueva","George Gaskell","Andriy Ivchenko"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/col/000178/014330.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":["Energy"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article presents the results of a laboratory experiment and an online multi-country experiment testing the effect of motor vehicle eco-labels on consumers. The laboratory study featured a discrete choice task and questions on comprehension, while the ten countries online experiment included measures of willingness to pay and comprehension. Labels focusing on fuel economy or running costs are better understood, and influence choice about money-related eco-friendly behaviour. We suggest that this effect comes through mental accounting of fuel economy. In the absence of a cost saving frame, we do not find a similar effect of information on CO2 emissions and eco-friendliness. Labels do not perform as well as promotional materials. Being embedded into a setting, which is designed to capture the attention, the latter are more effective. We found also that large and expensive cars tend to be undervalued once fuel economy is highlighted."},{"id":"39461a19e9eddfb385ea76b26521ea48","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"An analysis of the role and impact of industry participation in framework programmes","organization":["Open Evidence"],"authors":["European Commission","Directorate-General for Research and Innovation"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/an-analysis-of-the-role-and-impact-of-industry-participation-in-the-framework-programmes-pbKI0416320/","taxonomy":{"category":["Co-Creation"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Case Studies","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The study analyses industry participation in FP6 and FP7, based on an extensive literature review, the analysis of CORDA data corroborated by a counterfactual evaluation, interviews with participants, case studies and feedback from an expert workshop. The results show that industry participation has increased with respect to previous programmes, for both large companies and SMEs, with a particular concentration on high-tech sectors. The key factors for participation, as well as the reasons behind the different levels in different themes, appear to be more related to the strategic alignment of the programme and companies’ priorities, than to operational issues such as administrative burden, success rates and participation costs. The study then presents the impact of FP on innovation, in terms of direct, indirect and behavioural additionality, and the related barriers, mainly related to the lack of flexibility during the project implementation. In terms of job creation, based on a counterfactual impact evaluation the results show that FP helped to create on average 2 new jobs per each company. Finally, conclusions and policy recommendations are presented, taking into account the innovations introduced by H2020"},{"id":"8efb100a295c0c690931222ff4467bb8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Future of WOrk in the 'Sharing Economy'. Market Efficiency and Equitable Opportunities or Unfair Precarisation?","organization":["Open Evidence"],"authors":["Cristiano Codagnone","Fabienne Abadie","Federico Biagi"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC101280","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Economy"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":["Amazon Mechanical Turk","Upwork"],"github":"","abstract":"This critical and scoping review essay analyses digital labour markets where labour-intensive services are traded by matching requesters (employers and/or consumers) and providers (workers). It focuses on digital labour markets which allow the remote delivery of electronically transmittable services (i.e. Amazon Mechanical Turk, Upwork, Freelancers, etc.) and those where the matching and administration processes are digital but the delivery of the services is physical and requires direct interaction. The former broad type is called Online Labour Markets (OLMs) and is potentially global. The latter broad type is termed Mobile Labour Markets (MLMs) and is by definition localised. The essay defines and conceptualises these markets proposing a typology which proves to be empirically valid and heuristically useful. It describes their functioning and the socio-demographic profiles of the participants, reviews their economic and social effects, discusses the possible policy implications, and concludes with a research agenda to support European level policy making. It alternates the discussion of ‘hard’ findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies with analysis of ‘softer’ issues such as rhetorical discourses and media ‘hyped’ accounts. This triangulation is inspired by, and a tribute to, the enduring legacy of the work of Albert O. Hirschman and his view that ideas and rhetoric can become endogenous engines of social change, reforms, and policies. This essay tries to disentangle the rhetoric with available empirical evidence in order to enable a more rational debate at least in the discussion of policies, if not in the public arena. To do so, an in depth analysis of 39 platforms was undertaken together with a formal review of 70 scientific sources. These two main sources have been integrated with: a) an exploration of 100 media accounts (business press, newspapers, magazines, and blogs); b) 50 reports and surveys produced by ‘interested parties’ (industrial associations, platforms own reports and public relation materials, think tanks with a clear political orientation, NGOs, trade unions, etc.); and c) about 200 indirectly relevant scientific contributions and policy reports (used as sources to contextualise and integrate the above sources, and to derive theoretical and interpretative insights). While the evidence is limited and inconclusive with respect to various dimensions, the findings of this essay show, among other things, that: a) individuals engage in these activities primarily for money, for a large segment of them this work is their primary source of income, and most are under-employed and self-employed and fewer are unemployed and inactive; b) matching frictions and hiring inefficiencies are widespread and even the OLMs are far from being globalised online meritocracies; c) a behavioural approach to big data exploration should be further applied because there is emerging evidence of heuristic and biases contributing to hiring inefficiencies."},{"id":"d9fc5b73a8d78fad3d6dffe419384e70","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Mo' Data, Mo' Problems? Personal Data Mining and the Challenge to the Data Mnimization Principle","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Liane Colonna"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/Colonna-Mo-Data-Mo-Problems.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Small Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper is about how the concept of personal data mining, a term used to explain the individual use of dynamic data processing techniques to find hidden patterns and trends in large amounts of personal data, challenges the concept of data minimization. It is an attempt to demonstrate that fair information principles like data minimization, while providing a useful starting point for data protection laws, must give way to more nuanced legal rules and models. It stresses that a shift of paradigms from the current paternalistic approach to handling personal towards an empowered-user approach is needed in order to better protect privacy in light of recent advancements in technology."},{"id":"c86a7ee3d8ef0b551ed58e354a836f2b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"IT and Legislative Development","organization":["Swedish Law and Informatics Institute"],"authors":["Peter Wahlgren"],"paper_date":"2010","url":"http://www.scandinavianlaw.se/pdf/47-27.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Legislation is presently under strain. Technical progress, internationalisation and the growth of legal information alter the presuppositions at what seems to be an ever accelerating pace.\r\n\nThese developments do not merely affect the issues to be regulated. This process also challenges the concept of legislation as such. It is in several ways apparent that traditional means of solving legal problems are becoming less efficient, and that alternative solutions ought to be considered.\r\n\nThis article focuses on the latter. More precisely, the objective is to discuss whether there exist methods, or ways of approach, which may support law-making in a complicated technical environment characterised by a fast pace of change. The discussion is tentative; the ambition is merely to make an inventory of possible ways ahead."},{"id":"a01a0380ca3c61428c26a231f0e49a09","related_content":[{"url":"https://digitalcommonslab.fbk.eu/sites/digitalcommonslab.fbk.eu/files/foss4g-eu15_pasiconsonninapolitano.pdf","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Community Data & Official Public Data in Flood Risk Management: A Comparison Based on InaSAFE","organization":["Digital Commons Lab"],"authors":["Riccardo Pasi","Cristian Consonni","Maurizio Napolitano"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"https://digitalcommonslab.fbk.eu/sites/digitalcommonslab.fbk.eu/files/opencommunitydata_officialpublicdata_in_flood_risk_management_comparison_based_on_inasafe.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":["Italy"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":["OpenStreetMap"],"github":"","abstract":"In the paper we study the application of Volunteer Geographic Information to disaster risk management in the novel scope of risk assessment. We compare flood risk assessment profiles produced using data collected by OpenStreetMap (OSM) against official geodata produced by local governments in two cities of Veneto, Italy. We have found that OSM data present several advantages and have a great potential for improvement, suggesting that OSM should be integrated in future risk assessment processes."},{"id":"5a4b25aaed25c2ee1b74de72dc03c14e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"A Preliminary Process and Criteria for Evaluating Open Standards","organization":["Open Data for Development"],"authors":["Michael Roberts"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://od4d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Open-Standards-Study.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"\rThe Open Data for Development Programme facilitates strengthening coordination amongst open data initiatives to ensure they benefit citizens in developing countries. This includes improving the quantity and quality of open data supplied by governments, statistical offices, international development organizations and other relevant sources.\r\n\nThis report, supported by the Open Data for Development Programme, builds on that effort to define a preliminary process and criteria for evaluation of open standards for potential application and adoption by the International Open Data Charter Secretariat."},{"id":"f73b76ce8949fe29bf2a537cfa420e8f","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Researching the Emerging Impacts of Open Data","organization":["Open Data for Development"],"authors":["Tim Davies","Fernando Perini","José M. Alonso"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"http://od4d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Researching-the-emerging-impacts-of-open-data.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This working paper presents initial literature review and research design work carried out from June 2012 to March 2013 in order to inform the development of the Exploring the Emerging Impacts of Open Data in Developing Countries programme. The programme, funded by IDRC and managed by the World Wide Web Foundation, will carry out research over 2013 - 2014. This framework will be refined based on the results and debates emerging from the project."},{"id":"70c639df5e30bdee440e4cdf599fec2b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"How Innovation Agencies Work: International Lessons to Inspire and Inform National Strategies","organization":[""],"authors":["Alex Glennie","Kirsten Bound"],"paper_date":"5/26/2016","url":"http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/how_innovation_agencies_work.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Governments around the world are looking for ways to nurture innovative businesses, as a way of solving some of their most urgent economic and societal challenges. Many seek to do this by setting up national innovation agencies: institutions that provide financial and other support to catalyse or drive private sector innovation. Yet we still know relatively little about the range of approaches that these agencies take, what programmes and instruments are likely to work best in a given context, and how to assess their long-term impact.\n\nWe have been investigating these questions by studying a diverse group selection of innovation agencies in ten different countries. Our aim has been to improve understanding of the range of existing institutional models and to learn more about their design, evolution and effectiveness. In doing so, we have developed a broad framework to help policymakers think about the set of choices and options they face in the design and management of an innovation agency.\n\nThis report is the most comprehensive comparative study of innovation agencies that we know of to date. However, we are keen to develop this analysis through further collaboration with policymakers and experts around the world. Please do get in touch with comments and suggestions."},{"id":"28f0b864598a1291557bed248a998d4e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Smart Crowds in Smart Cities: Real Life, City Scale Deployments of a Smartphone Based Participatory Crowd Management Platform","organization":[""],"authors":["Tobias Franke","Paul Lukowicz","Ulf Blanke"],"paper_date":"12/22/2015","url":"http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/668/art%253A10.1186%252Fs13174-015-0040-6.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fjisajournal.springeropen.com%2Farticle%2F10.1186%2Fs13174-015-0040-6&token2=exp=1464966707~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F668%2Fart%25253A10.1186%25252Fs13174-015-0040-6.pdf*~hmac=62976956acac2bcb3ffc9753b9b827df48365130e2477303f940657b86e07e21","taxonomy":{"category":["Smart Cities","Data Analysis","Citizen Science","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Design Science"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Europe"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"We describe a platform for smart, city-wide crowd management based on participatory mobile phone sensing and location/situation specific information delivery. The platform supports quick and flexible deployments of end-to-end applications for specific events or spaces that include four key functionalities: (1) Mobile phone based delivery of event/space specific information to the users, (2) participatory sensor data collection (from app users) and flexible analysis, (3) location and situation specific message multicast instructing people in different areas to act differently in case of an emergency and (4) post mortem event analysis. This paper describes the requirements that were derived through a series of test deployments, the system architecture, the implementation and the experiences made during real life, large scale deployments. Thus, until today it has been deployed at 14 events in three European countries (UK, Netherlands, Switzerland) and was used by well over 100,000 people."},{"id":"1543843a4723ed2ab08e18053ae6dc5b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Case Studies of Government Use of Big Data in Latin America: Brazil and Mexico","organization":[""],"authors":["Roberto da Mota Ueti","Daniela Fernandez Espinosa","Laura Rafferty","Patrick C. K. Hung"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-30146-4_9","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Brazil","Mexico"],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Big Data is changing our world with masses of information stored in huge servers spread across the planet. This new technology is changing not only companies but governments as well. Mexico and Brazil, two of the most influential countries in Latin America, are entering a new era and as a result, facing challenges in all aspects of public policy. Using Big Data, the Brazilian Government is trying to decrease spending and use public money better by grouping public information with stored information on citizens in public services. With new reforms in education, finances and telecommunications, the Mexican Government is taking on a bigger role in efforts to channel the country’s economic policy into an improvement of the quality of life of their habitants. It is known that technology is an important part for sub-developed countries, who are trying to make a difference in certain contexts such as reducing inequality or regulating the good usage of economic resources. The good use of Big Data, a new technology that is in charge of managing a big quantity of information, can be crucial for the Mexican Government to reach the goals that have been set in the past under Peña Nieto’s administration. This article focuses on how the Brazilian and Mexican Governments are managing the emerging technologies of Big Data and how it includes them in social and industrial projects to enhance the growth of their economies. The article also discusses the benefits of these uses of Big Data and the possible problems that occur related to security and privacy of information."},{"id":"f8c1f23d6a8d8d7904fc0ea8e066b3bb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data: Big Power Shifts?","organization":[""],"authors":["Lena Ulbricht","Maximilian von Grafenstein"],"paper_date":"3/31/2016","url":"http://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/big-data-big-power-shifts","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Facing general conceptions of the power effects of big data, this thematic edition is interested in studies that scrutinise big data and power in concrete fields of application. It brings together scholars from different disciplines who analyse the fields agriculture, education, border control and consumer policy. As will be made explicit in the following, each of the articles tells us something about firstly, what big data is and how it relates to power. They secondly also shed light on how we should shape “the big data society” and what research questions need to be answered to be able to do so."},{"id":"e46de7e1bcaaced9a54f1e9d0d2f800d","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Nudging – Possibilities, Limitations and Applications in European Law and Economics","organization":[""],"authors":["Klaus Mathis","Avishalom Tor"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319295602?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Law","Economy"],"region":["Europe"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This anthology provides an in-depth analysis and discusses the issues surrounding nudging and its use in legislation, regulation, and policy making more generally. The 17 essays in this anthology provide startling insights into the multifaceted debate surrounding the use of nudges in European Law and Economics."},{"id":"b7b16ecf8ca53723593894116071700c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Reining in the Big Promise of Big Data: Transparency, Inequality, and New Regulatory Frontiers","organization":[""],"authors":["Philipp Hacker","Bilyana Petkova"],"paper_date":"5/2/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773527","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The growing differentiation of services based on Big Data harbors the potential for both greater societal inequality and for greater equality. Anti-discrimination law and transparency alone, however, cannot do the job of curbing Big Data’s negative externalities while fostering its positive effects.\n\nTo rein in Big Data’s potential, we adapt regulatory strategies from behavioral economics, contracts and criminal law theory. Four instruments stand out: First, active choice may be mandated between data collecting services (paid by data) and data free services (paid by money). Our suggestion provides concrete estimates for the price range of a data free option, sheds new light on the monetization of data collecting services, and proposes an “inverse predatory pricing” instrument to limit excessive pricing of the data free option. Second, we propose using the doctrine of unconscionability to prevent contracts that unreasonably favor data collecting companies. Third, we suggest democratizing data collection by regular user surveys and data compliance officers partially elected by users. Finally, we trace back new Big Data personalization techniques to the old Hartian precept of treating like cases alike and different cases – differently. If it is true that a speeding ticket over $50 is less of a disutility for a millionaire than for a welfare recipient, the income and wealth-responsive fines powered by Big Data that we suggest offer a glimpse into the future of the mitigation of economic and legal inequality by personalized law. Throughout these different strategies, we show how salience of data collection can be coupled with attempts to prevent discrimination against and exploitation of users. Finally, we discuss all four proposals in the context of different test cases: social media, student education software and credit and cell phone markets. \n\nMany more examples could and should be discussed. In the face of increasing unease about the asymmetry of power between Big Data collectors and dispersed users, about differential legal treatment, and about the unprecedented dimensions of economic inequality, this paper proposes a new regulatory framework and research agenda to put the powerful engine of Big Data to the benefit of both the individual and societies adhering to basic notions of equality and non-discrimination."},{"id":"352fe25daf686bdb4edca223c921acea","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"The Small World Initiative: An Innovative Crowdsourcing Platform for Antibiotics","organization":[""],"authors":["Ana Maria Barral","Huda Makhluf","Nichole A. Broderick","Erika L. Kurt"],"paper_date":"4/2016","url":"http://www.fasebj.org/content/30/1_Supplement/665.13.short","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":["Small World Initiative"],"github":"","abstract":"The Small World Initiative™ (SWI) is an innovative program that encourages students to pursue careers in science and sets forth a unique platform to crowdsource new antibiotics. It centers around an introductory biology course through which students perform original hands-on field and laboratory research in the hunt for new antibiotics. Through a series of student-driven experiments, students collect soil samples, isolate diverse bacteria, test their bacteria against clinically-relevant microorganisms, and characterize those showing inhibitory activity. This is particularly relevant since over two thirds of antibiotics originate from soil bacteria or fungi. SWI’s approach also provides a platform to crowdsource antibiotic discovery by tapping into the intellectual power of many people concurrently addressing a global challenge and advances promising candidates into the drug development pipeline. This unique class approach harnesses the power of active learning to achieve both educational and scientific goals.\n\nFormulated in 2012 at Yale University by Jo Handelsman, the current Associate Director of Science at the White House, the course is now in 109 institutions in 32 states, Puerto Rico, and nine countries. We will present course data on enrollment and curriculum integration as well as highlight implementation at National University. We will discuss our preliminary student evaluation results, which show the compelling impact of the program in comparison to traditional introductory courses. Ultimately, the mission of the program is to provide an evidence-based approach to teaching introductory biology concepts in the context of a real-world problem. This approach has been shown to be particularly impactful on underrepresented STEM talent pools, including women and minorities."},{"id":"18d8042386b79e2c279fd162df0205c8","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Doing Good with Data: Alternative Practices, Elephants in Rooms","organization":[""],"authors":["Helen Kennedy"],"paper_date":"5/15/2016","url":"http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-35398-6_8","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book-chapter","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Kennedy considers whether social media (and other) data mining can be used in ways that make a positive contribution to social life by focusing on two fields in which actors might think of themselves as ‘doing good with data’: (1) academic social media data mining and (2) data activism, such as open data initiatives, data art and data visualisation, campaigns for better data legislation and movements which seek to evade dataveillance. These groups seek to implement data-related arrangements which enable citizens and publics. Kennedy outlines some of the criticisms that have been levelled at academic and activist data initiatives and argues that, while there are ways in which they can both be considered problematic, they are not only problematic: they also serve to open up spaces for alternative and better uses of (social media) data mining."},{"id":"816b112c6105b3ebd537828a39af4818","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data for Public Policy: The Quadruple Helix","organization":[""],"authors":["Julia Lane"],"paper_date":"5/10/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pam.21921/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"All politics is local; “Big Data” now mean that policy analysis can increasingly be local. Modern empirical policy should be grounded in data provided by a network of city/university data centers. Public policy schools should partner with scholars in the emerging field of data science to train the next generation of policy researchers in the thoughtful use of the new types of data; the apparent secular decline in the applications to public policy schools is coincident with the emergence of data science as a field of study in its own right. The role of national statistical agencies should be fundamentally rethought—and reformulated to one of four necessary strands in the data infrastructure; that of providing benchmarks, confidentiality protections, and national statistics."},{"id":"69cb3ea317a32c4e6143e665fdb20b14","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Flooding Through the Lens of Mobile Phone Activity","organization":[""],"authors":["David Pastor-Escuredo","Alfredo Morales-Guzmán","Yolanda Torres-Fernández","Jean-Martin Bauer","Amit Wadhwa","Carlos Castro-Correa","Liudmyla Romanoff","Jong Gun Lee","Alex Rutherford","Vanessa Frias-Martinez","Nuria Oliver","Enrique Frias-Martinez","Miguel Luengo-Oroz"],"paper_date":"11/24/2014","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.6574","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Collaboratives","Big Data","Design Thinking","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Comparative Analysis","Network Analysis","Qualitative Analysis","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Development","Environment"],"region":["Mexico"],"type":"conference-proceedings-white-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Natural disasters affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Emergency response efforts depend upon the availability of timely information, such as information concerning the movements of affected populations. The analysis of aggregated and anonymized Call Detail Records (CDR) captured from the mobile phone infrastructure provides new possibilities to characterize human behavior during critical events. In this work, we investigate the viability of using CDR data combined with other sources of information to characterize the floods that occurred in Tabasco, Mexico in 2009. An impact map has been reconstructed using Landsat-7 images to identify the floods. Within this frame, the underlying communication activity signals in the CDR data have been analyzed and compared against rainfall levels extracted from data of the NASA-TRMM project. The variations in the number of active phones connected to each cell tower reveal abnormal activity patterns in the most affected locations during and after the floods that could be used as signatures of the floods - both in terms of infrastructure impact assessment and population information awareness. The representativeness of the analysis has been assessed using census data and civil protection records. While a more extensive validation is required, these early results suggest high potential in using cell tower activity information to improve early warning and emergency management mechanisms."},{"id":"bbf94b34eb32268ada57a3be5062fe7d","related_content":[{"url":"http://enginesofchange.omidyar.com/","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Engines of Change: What Civic Tech Can Learn From Social Movements","organization":[""],"authors":["Stacy Donohue"],"paper_date":"6/8/2016","url":"https://www.omidyar.com/sites/default/files/file_archive/Pdfs/Engines%2520of%2520Change%2520-%2520Final.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Movements are engines of change in society that enable citizens to create new and better paths to engage with government and to seek recourse on issues that matter to millions of people. At rst glance, civic tech doesn’t appear to be a movement in the purest sense of the term, but on closer inspection, it does share some fundamental characteristics. Like a movement, civic tech is mission driven, is focused on making change that bene ts the public, and in most cases enables better public input into decision making.\n\n\rWe believe that better understanding the essential components of movements, and observing the ways in which civic tech does nor does not behave like one, can yield insights on how we as a civic tech community can collectively drive the sector forward."},{"id":"4f4adcbf8c6f66dcfc8a3282ac2bf10a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Digital Government: Overcoming the Systemic Failure of Transformation: Digital Transformation through Policy Design with ICT-Enhanced Instruments","organization":[""],"authors":["Paul Waller","Vishanth Weerakkody"],"paper_date":"6/2016","url":"http://dspace.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/12732/1/Fulltext.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"working-paper","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Digital technology undoubtedly has huge potential to contribute to the functions of government and public administration, but so far the building of information portals and putting transactions on government web sites have not realised the great expectations for it in terms of “transforming government”. This Working Paper explores why the ambitions for transformational e-government (however it has been labelled) over the last 20 years have not been realised. It provides a critical analysis to offer a diagnosis of the problem and its causes. In the hope of a better future, it develops a structured frame of reference for making sense of how information and communications technologies (ICT), in all their forms, really fit within the world of government and public administration.\r\n\nTo actually achieve a transformation of government through the use of digital technologies, governments will require a complete reversal of the current way of looking at the challenge. Instead of viewing the problem from the point of view of the internet, they must start with the political process of policy design. In particular, they must look at how technology can change the range and characteristics of policy instruments — the tools that governments choose from to intervene in the economy, society and environment to make change, such as taxes, benefits, licences, information campaigns and more tangible things like public services and infrastructure. These are the practical results of government, and only when technology changes those can we say it has transformed government."},{"id":"bbcbff5c1f1ded46c25d28119a85c6c2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Customers, Users or Citizens? Inclusion, Spatial Data and Governance in the Smart City","organization":[""],"authors":["Linnet Taylor","Christine Richter","Shazade Jameson","Carmen Perez de Pulgar"],"paper_date":"6/9/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2792565","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Surveys","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report discusses the use and governance of spatial data in Amsterdam's smart city projects. How much does spatial data tell the city about its people, and how is that likely to change in the next decade? The project focuses especially on those who may be marginalised or challenged by increasing visibility due to the use of big data in the future smart city: various groups were interviewed including immigrants, children, sex workers, opt-outs of smart technologies, and technology developers. They were asked how they felt about their personal 'data-sphere', the level of data-awareness and the kind of consultation they would like to see as citizens of a smart city, and how they felt about increasing interaction between the city and private-sector partners around digital data. The report presents a social roadmap for the datafied city's future, and addresses the question of how the city can build an inclusive and responsive spatial data governance infrastructure."},{"id":"8cb22bdd0b7ba1ab13d742e22eed8da2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Code and the City","organization":[""],"authors":["Rob Kitchin","Sung-Yueh Perng"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://www.routledge.com/Code-and-the-City/Kitchin-Perng/p/book/9781138922112","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Software has become essential to the functioning of cities. It is deeply embedded into the systems and infrastructure of the built environment and is entrenched in the management and governance of urban societies. Software-enabled technologies and services enhance the ways in which we understand and plan cities. It even has an effect on how we manage urban services and utilities.\n\nCode and the City explores the extent and depth of the ways in which software mediates how people work, consume, communication, travel and play. The reach of these systems is set to become even more pervasive through efforts to create smart cities: cities that employ ICTs to underpin and drive their economy and governance. Yet, despite the roll-out of software-enabled systems across all aspects of city life, the relationship between code and the city has barely been explored from a critical social science perspective. This collection of essays seeks to fill that gap, and offers an interdisciplinary examination of the relationship between software and contemporary urbanism."},{"id":"f4f6dce2f3a0f9dada0c2b5b66452017","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"New Development: Leveraging 'Big Data' Analytics in the Public Sector","organization":[""],"authors":["Pandula Gamage"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540962.2016.1194087","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This article examines the opportunities presented by effectively harnessing big data in the public sector context. The article is exploratory and reviews both academic- and practitioner–oriented literature related to big data developments. The findings suggest that big data will have an impact on the future role of public sector organizations in functional areas. However, the author also reveals that there are challenges to be addressed by governments in adopting big data applications. To realize the benefits of big data, policy-makers need to: invest in research; create incentives for private and public sector entities to share data; and set up programmes to develop appropriate skills."},{"id":"0d0fd7c6e093f7b804fa0150b875b868","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Revealing Clutural Ecosystem Services through Instagram Images: The Potential of Social Media Volunteered Geographic Information for Green Infrastructure Planning and Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Paulina Guerrero","Maja Steen Møller","Anton Stahl Olafsson","Bernhard Snizek"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/urbanplanning/article/view/609","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Science","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"With the prevalence of smartphones, new ways of engaging citizens and stakeholders in urban planning and governance are emerging. The technologies in smartphones allow citizens to act as sensors of their environment, producing and sharing rich spatial data useful for new types of collaborative governance set-ups. Data derived from Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can support accessible, transparent, democratic, inclusive, and locally-based governance situations of interest to planners, citizens, politicians, and scientists. However, there are still uncertainties about how to actually conduct this in practice. This study explores how social media VGI can be used to document spatial tendencies regarding citizens’ uses and perceptions of urban nature with relevance for urban green space governance. Via the hashtag #sharingcph, created by the City of Copenhagen in 2014, VGI data consisting of geo-referenced images were collected from Instagram, categorised according to their content and analysed according to their spatial distribution patterns. The results show specific spatial distributions of the images and main hotspots. Many possibilities and much potential of using VGI for generating, sharing, visualising and communicating knowledge about citizens’ spatial uses and preferences exist, but as a tool to support scientific and democratic interaction, VGI data is challenged by practical, technical and ethical concerns. More research is needed in order to better understand the usefulness and application of this rich data source to governance."},{"id":"a96b65a721e561e1e3de768ac819ffbb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using Innovation and Technology to Improve City Services","organization":[""],"authors":["Sherri R. Greenberg"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Using%20Innovation%20and%20Technology%20to%20Improve%20City%20Services.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis","Open Data","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this report, Professor Greenberg examines a dozen cities across the United States that have award-winning reputations for using innovation and technology to improve the services they provide to their residents. She explores a variety of success factors associated with effective service delivery at the local level, including:\n-The policies, platforms, and applications that cities use for different purposes, such as public engagement, streamlining the issuance of permits, and emergency response\n-How cities can successfully partner with third parties, such as nonprofits, foundations, universities, and private businesses to improve service delivery using technology\n-The types of business cases that can be presented to mayors and city councils to support various changes proposed by innovators in city government"},{"id":"1068c6e4c8051cfd4e9ea8072e3189e2","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Civic Media: Technology, Design, Practice","organization":[""],"authors":["Eric Gordon","Paul Mihailidis"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/civic-media","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Countless people around the world harness the affordances of digital media to enable democratic participation, coordinate disaster relief, campaign for policy change, and strengthen local advocacy groups. The world watched as activists used social media to organize protests during the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street, and Hong Kong’s Umbrella Revolution. Many governmental and community organizations changed their mission and function as they adopted new digital tools and practices. This book examines the use of “civic media”—the technologies, designs, and practices that support connection through common purpose in civic, political, and social life. Scholars from a range of disciplines and practitioners from a variety of organizations offer analyses and case studies that explore the theory and practice of civic media.\n\nThe contributors set out the conceptual context for the intersection of civic and media; examine the pressure to innovate and the sustainability of innovation; explore play as a template for resistance; look at civic education; discuss media-enabled activism in communities; and consider methods and funding for civic media research. The case studies that round out each section range from a “debt resistance” movement to government service delivery ratings to the “It Gets Better” campaign aimed at combating suicide among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth. The book offers a valuable interdisciplinary dialogue on the challenges and opportunities of the increasingly influential space of civic media."},{"id":"17d63b1625c816c22647a73e1482372b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Combatting Police Discrimination in the Age of Big Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Sharad Goel","Maya Perelman","Ravi Shroff","David Alan Sklansky"],"paper_date":"5/31/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2787101","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Criminal Justice"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The exponential growth of available information about routine police activities offers new opportunities to improve the fairness and effectiveness of police practices. We illustrate the point by showing how a particular kind of calculation made possible by modern, large-scale datasets — determining the likelihood that stopping and frisking a particular pedestrian will result in the discovery of contraband or other evidence of criminal activity — could be used to reduce the racially disparate impact of pedestrian searches and to increase their effectiveness. For tools of this kind to achieve their full potential in improving policing, though, the legal system will need to adapt. One important change would be to understand police tactics such as investigatory stops of pedestrians or motorists as programs, not as isolated occurrences. Beyond that, the judiciary will need to grow more comfortable with statistical proof of discriminatory policing, and the police will need to be more receptive to the assistance that algorithms can provide in reducing bias."},{"id":"b9228e0962a78b84f3d5d92f4faa000b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Enhancing Public Innovation by Transforming Public Governance","organization":[""],"authors":["Jacob Torfing","Peter Triantafillou"],"paper_date":"7/2016","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/management/entrepreneurship-and-innovation/enhancing-public-innovation-transforming-public-governance?format=HB","taxonomy":{"category":["Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Rising and changing citizen expectations, dire fiscal constraints, unfulfilled political aspirations, high professional ambitions, and a growing number of stubborn societal problems have generated an increasing demand for innovation of public policies and services. Drawing on the latest research, this book examines how current systems of public governance can be transformed in order to enhance public innovation. It scrutinizes the need for new roles and public sector reforms, and analyzes how the gradual transition towards New Public Governance can stimulate the exploration and exploitation of new and bold ideas in the public sector. It argues that the key to public innovation lies in combining and balancing elements from Classic Public Administration, New Public Management and New Public Governance, and theorizes how it can be enhanced by multi-actor collaboration for the benefit of public officials, private stakeholders, citizens, and society at large."},{"id":"0deb1c54814305ca9ad266f53bc82511","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Big Crisis Data: Social Media in Disasters and Time-Critical Situations","organization":[""],"authors":["Carlos Castillo"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-and-society/big-crisis-data-social-media-disasters-and-time-critical-situations?format=HB","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Social Media"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Social media is an invaluable source of time-critical information during a crisis. However, emergency response and humanitarian relief organizations that would like to use this information struggle with an avalanche of social media messages that exceeds human capacity to process. Emergency managers, decision makers, and affected communities can make sense of social media through a combination of machine computation and human compassion - expressed by thousands of digital volunteers who publish, process, and summarize potentially life-saving information. This book brings together computational methods from many disciplines: natural language processing, semantic technologies, data mining, machine learning, network analysis, human-computer interaction, and information visualization, focusing on methods that are commonly used for processing social media messages under time-critical constraints, and offering more than 500 references to in-depth information."},{"id":"66808e327dc79d135ba18e051673d906","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Values of Public Library in Promoting an Open Government Environment ","organization":[""],"authors":["Djoko Sigit Sayogo","Shaohui Wang","Sri Budi Cantika Yuli"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2912199","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Participation","Access"],"methodology":["Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Public participation has been less than ideal in many government-implemented ICT initiatives. Extant studies highlight the importance of public libraries as an intermediary between citizens and government. This study evaluates the role of public libraries as mediating the relationship between citizens and government in support of an open government environment. Using data from a national survey of \"Library and Technology Use\" conducted by PEW Internet in 2015, we test whether a citizen's perception of public values provided by public libraries influence the likelihood of the citizen's engagement within open-government environment contexts. The results signify a significant relationship between certain public values provided by public libraries with the propensity of citizens engaging government in an online environment. Our findings further indicate that varying public values generate different results in regard to the way citizens are stimulated to use public libraries to engage with government online. These findings imply that programs designed and developed to take into account a variety of values are more likely to effectively induce citizen engagement in an open government environment through the mediation of public libraries."},{"id":"42e7aaa88b48137a16a1acd04ed91125","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Perils of Experimentation","organization":[""],"authors":["Michael A. Livermore"],"paper_date":"5/1/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2778823","taxonomy":{"category":["Labs and Experimentation","Institutional Innovation"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"More than eighty years after Justice Brandeis coined the phrase “laboratories of democracy,” the concept of policy experimentation retains its currency as a leading justification for decentralized governance. This Article examines the downsides of experimentation, and in particular the potential for decentralization to lead to the production of information that exacerbates public choice failures. Standard accounts of experimentation and policy learning focus on information concerning the social welfare effects of alternative polices. But learning can also occur along a political dimension as information about ideological preferences, campaign techniques, and electoral incentives is revealed. Both types of information can be put to use in the policy arena by a host of individual and institutional actors that have a wide range of motives, from public-spirited concern for the general welfare to a desire to maximize personal financial returns. In this complex environment, there is no guarantee that the information that is generated by experimentation will lead to social benefits. This Article applies this insight to prior models of federalism developed in the legal and political science literatures to show that decentralization can lead to the over-production of socially harmful information. As a consequence, policy makers undertaking a decentralization calculation should seek a level of decentralization that best balances the costs and benefits of information production. To illustrate the legal and policy implications of the arguments developed here, this Article examines two contemporary environmental rulemakings of substantial political, legal, and economic significance: a rule to define the jurisdictional reach of the Clean Water Act; and a rule to limit greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity generating sector."},{"id":"8fe0093bb30d6f8c31474bd0764e6ac0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Big Data Quality: a Roadmap for Open Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Paolo Ciancarini","Francesco Poggi","Daniel Russo"],"paper_date":"6/1/2016","url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303513220_Big_Data_Quality_A_Roadmap_for_Open_Data","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data","Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Italy"],"type":"conference-proceedings","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open Data (OD) is one of the most discussed issue ofBig Data which raised the joint interest of public institutions,citizens and private companies since 2009. In addition totransparency in public administrations, another key objectiveof these initiatives is to allow the development of innovativeservices for solving real world problems, creating value in somepositive and constructive way. However, the massive amountof freely available data has not yet brought the expectedeffects: as of today, there is no application that has exploitedthe potential provided by large and distributed informationsources in a non-trivial way, nor any service has substantiallychanged for the better the lives of people. The era of a newgeneration applications based on open data is far to come.In this context, we observe that OD quality is one of themajor threats to achieving the goals of the OD movement. Thestarting point of this study is the quality of the OD released bythe five Constitutional offices of Italy. W3C standards aboutOD are widely known accepted in Italy by the Italian DigitalAgency (AgID). According to the most recent Italian Laws thePublic Administration may release OD according to the AgIDstandards. Our exploratory study aims to assess the qualityof such releases and the real implementations of OD. Theoutcome suggests the need of a drastic improvement in ODquality. Finally we highlight some key quality principles forOD, and propose a roadmap for further research."},{"id":"41ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Screening for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Using Signals from Web Search Logs: Feasibility Study and Results","organization":[""],"authors":["John Paparrizos","Ryen W. White","Eric Horvitz"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://jop.ascopubs.org/content/early/2016/06/02/JOP.2015.010504.full","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Introduction: People’s online activities can yield clues about their emerging health conditions. We performed an intensive study to explore the feasibility of using anonymized Web query logs to screen for the emergence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The methods used statistical analyses of large-scale anonymized search logs considering the symptom queries from millions of people, with the potential application of warning individual searchers about the value of seeking attention from health care professionals.\n\nMethods: We identified searchers in logs of online search activity who issued special queries that are suggestive of a recent diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We then went back many months before these landmark queries were made, to examine patterns of symptoms, which were expressed as searches about concerning symptoms. We built statistical classifiers that predicted the future appearance of the landmark queries based on patterns of signals seen in search logs.\n\nResults: We found that signals about patterns of queries in search logs can predict the future appearance of queries that are highly suggestive of a diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We showed specifically that we can identify 5% to 15% of cases, while preserving extremely low false-positive rates (0.00001 to 0.0001).\n\nConclusion: Signals in search logs show the possibilities of predicting a forthcoming diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from combinations of subtle temporal signals revealed in the queries of searchers."},{"id":"d1f255a373a3cef72e03aa9d980c7eca","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Budget Data: Mapping the Landscape","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Jonathan Gray"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/OpenBudgetData.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report offers an unprecedented empirical mapping and analysis of the emerging issue of open budget data, which has appeared as ideals from the open data movement have begun to gain traction amongst advocates and practitioners of financial transparency. It is based on an \"issue mapping\" study utilising digital tools and methods pioneered at the University of Amsterdam, accompanied by an extensive review of existing literature from both researchers and practitioners. "},{"id":"7eacb532570ff6858afd2723755ff790","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Technology for Transparent and Accountable Public Finance (TTAPF)","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Lucy Chambers","Velichka Dimitrova","Rufus Pollock"],"paper_date":"2012","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/Technology%20for%20Transparent%20and%20Accountable%20Public%20Finance%20(TTAPF).pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Data Analysis","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Participatory Budgeting"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report provides examples of projects around the world that are using technology (web, mobile or otherwise) to further aims of fiscal transparency. We focused on projects which:\n-Publish more or better data related to fiscal processes (aid, revenues, budgets, audits, etc.),\n-Help understand this data through the creation of better visualisation and ata analysis tools,\n-Educate citizens about fiscal processes, and assist civil society organisations in promoting accountable governance,\n-Facilitate direct participation in fiscal matters through participatory budgeting, citizen auditing, etc.,\n-Provide policymakers with complete and reliable data relevant to their work, enabling them to make better decisions."},{"id":"b6f0479ae87d244975439c6124592772","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Joined-Up Data: Building Blocks for Common Standards","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Neil Ashton"],"paper_date":"2013","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/CommonStandards.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Open Contracting"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This scoping study is a first step in the Joined-Up Data process. It suggests possible terms for the conversation around building blocks, highlights first steps that initiatives can take towards collaboration, and identifies questions to be addressed in future studies. The study explores the standardised disclosure requirements of five multi-stakeholder transparency initiatives (International Aid Transparency Initiative, Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative, Construction Sector Transparency Initiative, Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency, and Open Contracting) in search of potential areas for collaboration. It outlines the governance processes underlying the creation of these requirements to make clear where this collaborative development can take place."},{"id":"e0c641195b27425bb056ac56f8953d24","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Beyond Access: Open Government Data & the Right to (Re)use Public Information","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":[""],"paper_date":"2011","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/Beyond%20Access.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report reviewes the achievements of and challenges facing the access to information and open government data movements in making government information more accessible. It reviews the nature, strategies and composition of the two movements, and analyses the current legal and technical obstacles to achieving full government transparency."},{"id":"f85454e8279be180185cac7d243c5eb3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Changing What Counts: How Can Citizen-Generated and Civil Society Data Be Used as an Advocacy Tool to Change Official Data Collection?","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Jonathan Gray","Danny Lämmerhirt","Liliana Bounegru"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/changing-what-counts.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Data Analysis","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This report looks at how citizens and civil society groups can generate data as a means to influence institutional data collection. In the following pages, we profile citizen-generated and civil society data projects and how they have been used as advocacy instruments to change institutional data collection – including looking at the strategies, methods, technologies and resources that have been mobilised to this end. We conclude with a series of recommendations for civil society groups, public institutions, policy-makers and funders."},{"id":"faa9afea49ef2ff029a833cccc778fd0","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Why Open Software Matters for Government & Civic Tech [and how to support it]","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Rufus Pollock"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/open-source-software-government-and-civic-tech.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Does free/open source software matter for government and civic tech? Matter in the sense that it should have a deep and strategic role in government IT and policy rather than just being a \"nice to have\" or something \"we use when we can\"?\n\nThe answer is yes, open source software matters for government and civic tech – and, conversely, government matters for open source. This report shows how and why, covering: \n-Why open software is especially important for government and civic tech\n-Why open software needs special support and treatment by government\n-What specific actions can be taken to provide this support for open software"},{"id":"3c7781a36bcd6cf08c11a970fbe0e2a6","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Where Does Europe's Money Go? A Guide to EU Budget Data Sources","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Elisabeth Druel","Pierre Chrzanowski"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"https://github.com/okfn/research/blob/master/research/WhereDoesEuropesMoneyGo.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This guide aims to help civil society organisations (CSOs), journalists and others to navigate the vast landscape of documents and datasets about the EU's fiscal affairs. In doing so, our objective is to support more evidence-based journalism and advocacy, and – in the longer term – to contribute towards the transparency, public understanding and democratic accountability of EU public finances."},{"id":"25b2822c2f5a3230abfadd476e8b04c9","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"From Smart City to Open City: Lessons from Jakarta Smart City","organization":[""],"authors":["Dinita Andriana Putri","Marahani Karlina CH","Jimmy Tanaya"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://cipg.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CIPG-Lessons-from-Jakarta-Smart-City_2016_fin.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Indonesia"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In 2011, Indonesia started its Open Government journey when along with seven other countries it initiated Open Government Partnership. Following the global declaration, Indonesia launched the Open Government Indonesia (OGI) in January 2012 with the aim to introduce open government reforms, including open data. This initiative is supported by Law No. 14/2008 on Freedom of Information. Despite its early stage, the implementation of Open Government in Indonesia has shown promising developments, with three action plans enacted in the last four years. In the Southeast Asian region, Indonesia could be considered a pioneer in implementing the open data initiative at national as well as sub-national levels. In some cases, the open data initiative at sub-national level has even surpassed the progress at the national level. Jakarta, for example, became the first city to have its own gubernatorial bylaw on data and system management, which requires the city administration and agencies to open its public data, thus leading to the birth of open data initiatives in the city. The city also have Jakarta Smart City that connect sub-districts officials with the citizen. Jakarta Smart City is an initiative that promote openness of the government through public service delivery. This paper aims to take a closer look on the dynamics of citizens-generated data in Jakarta and how Jakarta smart city program contributes to the implementation of open data."},{"id":"6ecbdd6ec859d284dc13885a37ce8d81","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Open Data and Its Usability: An Empirical View from the Citizen's Perspective","organization":[""],"authors":["Vishanth Weerakkody","Zahir Irani","Kawal Kapoor","Uthayasankar Sivarajah","Yogesh K. Dwivedi"],"paper_date":"7/23/2016","url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10796-016-9679-1","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Outside Innovation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Quantitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Government legislation and calls for greater levels of oversight and transparency are leading public bodies to publish their raw datasets online. Policy makers and elected officials anticipate that the accessibility of open data through online Government portals for citizens will enable public engagement in policy making through increased levels of fact based content elicited from open data. The usability and benefits of such open data are being argued as contributing positively towards public sector reforms, which are under extreme pressures driven by extended periods of austerity. However, there is very limited scholarly studies that have attempted to empirically evaluate the performance of government open data websites and the acceptance and use of these data from a citizen perspective. Given this research void, an adjusted diffusion of innovation model based on Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory (DOI) is proposed and used in this paper to empirically determine the predictors influencing the use of public sector open data. A good understanding of these predictors affecting the acceptance and use of open data will likely assist policy makers and public administrations in determining the policy instruments that can increase the acceptance and use of open data through an active promotion campaign to engage-contribute-use."},{"id":"18997733ec258a9fcaf239cc55d53363","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Soft Data and Public Policy: Can Social Media Offer Alternatives to Official Statistics in Urban Policymaking?","organization":[""],"authors":["Marta Severo","Amel Feredj","Alberto Romele"],"paper_date":"7/19/2016","url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.127/abstract","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Social Media","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies","Surveys","Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In recent years, decision makers have reported difficulties in the use of official statistics in public policy: excessively long publication delays, insufficient coverage of topics of interest, and the top-down process of data creation. The deluge of data available online represents a potential answer to these problems, with social media data in particular as a possible alternative to traditional data. In this article, we propose a definition of “Soft Data” to indicate data that are freely available on the Internet, and that are not controlled by a public administration but rather by public or private actors. The term Soft Data is not intended to replace those of “Big Data” and “Open Data,” but rather to highlight specific properties and research methods required to convert them into information of interest for decision makers. The analysis is based on a case study of Twitter data for urban policymaking carried out for a European research program aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of European cohesion policy. The article explores methodological issues and the possible impact of “Soft Data” on public policy, reporting on semistructured interviews carried out with nine European policymakers."},{"id":"8d7d8ee069cb0cbbf816bbb65d56947e","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Resistance of Public Personnel to Open Government: A Cognitive Theory View of Implementation Barriers Towards Open Government Data","organization":[""],"authors":["Bernd W. Wirtz","Robert Piehler","Marc-Julian Thomas","Peter Daiser"],"paper_date":"11/5/2015","url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2015.1103889?journalCode=rpxm20","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open government has become an important topic in democratically developed societies. Its key aims are to increase transparency, citizen trust and public participation. Against this background, the article focuses on perceived barriers opposing the introduction of open government data. On the basis of cognitive theory and a literature review, the essential factors that impede public servants in implementing open government data are conceptualized and summarized in a model. The perceived risk-based attitude of public servants is identified as the main barrier. Other significant obstacles include perceived legal barriers, perceived hierarchical structuring of authorities, perceived bureaucratic decision-making culture and perceived organizational transparency."},{"id":"75fc093c0ee742f6dddaa13fff98f104","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Fine-Grained Dengue Forecasting Using Telephone Triage Services","organization":[""],"authors":["Nabeel Abdur Rehman","Shankar Kalyanaraman","Talal Ahmad","Fahad Pervaiz","Umar Saif","Lakshminarayanan Subramanian"],"paper_date":"7/8/2016","url":"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/7/e1501215","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Statistical Modeling","Design Science"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":["Pakistan"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Thousands of lives are lost every year in developing countries for failing to detect epidemics early because of the lack of real-time disease surveillance data. We present results from a large-scale deployment of a telephone triage service as a basis for dengue forecasting in Pakistan. Our system uses statistical analysis of dengue-related phone calls to accurately forecast suspected dengue cases 2 to 3 weeks ahead of time at a subcity level (correlation of up to 0.93). Our system has been operational at scale in Pakistan for the past 3 years and has received more than 300,000 phone calls. The predictions from our system are widely disseminated to public health officials and form a critical part of active government strategies for dengue containment. Our work is the first to demonstrate, with significant empirical evidence, that an accurate, location-specific disease forecasting system can be built using analysis of call volume data from a public health hotline."},{"id":"f74909ace68e51891440e4da0b65a70c","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Human Smart Cities: Rethinking the Interplay between Design and Planning","organization":[""],"authors":["Grazia Concilio","Francesca Rizzo"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319330228?wt_mc=ThirdParty.SpringerLink.3.EPR653.About_eBook","taxonomy":{"category":["Design Thinking","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Within the most recent discussion on smart cities and the way this vision is affecting urban changes and dynamics, this book explores the interplay between planning and design both at the level of the design and planning domains’ theories and practices.\n\nUrban transformation is widely recognized as a complex phenomenon, rich in uncertainty. It is the unpredictable consequence of complex interplay between urban forces (both top-down or bottom-up), urban resources (spatial, social, economic and infrastructural as well as political or cognitive) and transformation opportunities (endogenous or exogenous).\n\nThe recent attention to Urban Living Lab and Smart City initiatives is disclosinga promising bridge between the micro-scale environments, with the dynamics of such forces and resources, and the urban governance mechanisms. This bridge is represented by those urban collaborative environments, where processes of smart service co-design take place through dialogic interaction with and among citizens within a situated and cultural-specific frame."},{"id":"66368270ffd51418ec58bd793f2d9b1b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Inside Government: The Role of Policy Actorws in Shaping E-Democracy in the UK","organization":[""],"authors":["Mary Houston"],"paper_date":"6/2016","url":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397642/1/M%20Houston%20E-democracy%20%20thesis%20post%20viva%20FINAL.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Surveys","Qualitative Analysis"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom"],"type":"thesisdissertation","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The thesis focuses on the emergence of e-democracy in the UK between 1999 and 2013. It examines the part that policy actors have played in shaping the agenda. Emphasis is placed on how e-democracy is understood by those charged with developing initiatives and implementing government policy on e-democracy. Previous research on e-democracy has focused largely on the impact of Web technologies on political systems and/or on how, why and to what degree, citizens participate. Less attention is paid to what happens inside government, in how policy actors’ conceive public engagement in the policy process. Their perceptions and shared understandings are crucial to the commissioning, implementation, or deflection of participatory opportunities. This thesis is concerned with exploring how policy actors experience, interpret and negotiate e-democracy policy and practices and their perceptions of citizen involvement in the policy process. Competing discourses shape institutional expectations of e-democracy in the UK. The research examines how policy actors draw upon wider discourses such as the modernisation of government and the emphasis on transparency. It analyses understandings of technologies in government and the effects of relational interactions and linkages in policy and practice."},{"id":"248e844336797ec98478f85e7626de4a","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Can Mobile Usage Predict Illiteracy in a Developing Country?","organization":[""],"authors":["Pål Sundsøy"],"paper_date":"7/5/2016","url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01337","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Statistial Modeling"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":["Asia"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The present study provides the first evidence that illiteracy can be reliably predicted from standard mobile phone logs. By deriving a broad set of mobile phone indicators reflecting users financial, social and mobility patterns we show how supervised machine learning can be used to predict individual illiteracy in an Asian developing country, externally validated against a large-scale survey. On average the model performs 10 times better than random guessing with a 70% accuracy. Further we show how individual illiteracy can be aggregated and mapped geographically at cell tower resolution. Geographical mapping of illiteracy is crucial to know where the illiterate people are, and where to put in resources. In underdeveloped countries such mappings are often based on out-dated household surveys with low spatial and temporal resolution. One in five people worldwide struggle with illiteracy, and it is estimated that illiteracy costs the global economy more than 1 trillion dollars each year. These results potentially enable costeffective, questionnaire-free investigation of illiteracy-related questions on an unprecedented scale"},{"id":"019d385eb67632a7e958e23f24bd07d7","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Crowdsourcing Biomedial Research: Leveraging Communities as Innovation Engines","organization":[""],"authors":["Julio Saez-Rodriguez","James C. Costello","Stephen H. Friend","Michael R. Kellen","Lara Mangravite","Pablo Meyer","Thea Norman","Gustavo Stolovitsky"],"paper_date":"7/15/2016","url":"http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v17/n8/full/nrg.2016.69.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Data Analysis"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Health"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The generation of large-scale biomedical data is creating unprecedented opportunities for basic and translational science. Typically, the data producers perform initial analyses, but it is very likely that the most informative methods may reside with other groups. Crowdsourcing the analysis of complex and massive data has emerged as a framework to find robust methodologies. When the crowdsourcing is done in the form of collaborative scientific competitions, known as Challenges, the validation of the methods is inherently addressed. Challenges also encourage open innovation, create collaborative communities to solve diverse and important biomedical problems, and foster the creation and dissemination of well-curated data repositories."},{"id":"a49e9411d64ff53eccfdd09ad10a15b3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Enablers for Smart Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni","Fuyuki Ishikawa","Laurent Hérault","Hideyuki Tokuda"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-184821958X.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Smart cities are a new vision for urban development. They integrate information and communication technology infrastructures – in the domains of artificial intelligence, distributed and cloud computing, and sensor networks – into a city, to facilitate quality of life for its citizens and sustainable growth. This book explores various concepts for the development of these new technologies (including agent-oriented programming, broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based networked applications, open data and open platforms), and how they can provide smart services and enablers in a range of public domains.\n\nThe most significant research, both established and emerging, is brought together to enable academics and practitioners to investigate the possibilities of smart cities, and to generate the knowledge and solutions required to develop and maintain them."},{"id":"ddb30680a691d157187ee1cf9e896d03","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Smart Cities – International Case Studies","organization":[""],"authors":["Inter-American Development Bank"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/emerging-and-sustainable-cities/international-case-studies-of-smart-cities,20271.html","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["Korea","Colombia","United States","Brazil","Spain","Singapore","Israel"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"A Smart City is one that places people at the center of development, incorporates Information and Communication Technologies into urban management, and uses these elements as tools to stimulate the design of an effective government that includes collaborative planning and citizen participation. By promoting integrated and sustainable development, Smart Cities become more innovative, competitive, attractive, and resilient, thus improving lives. Case Studies include:\n-Tel Aviv, Israel\n-Namyangju, Republic of Korea\n-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil\n-Pangyo, Republic of Korea\n-Songdo, Republic of Korea\n-Anyang, Republic of Korea\n-Singapore, Republic of Singapore\n-Orlanda, United States of America\n-Santander, Spain\n-Medeillin, Colombia"},{"id":"2421fcb1263b9530df88f7f002e78ea5","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Visual Rulemaking","organization":[""],"authors":["Elizabeth G. Porter","Kathryn A. Watts"],"paper_date":"6/21/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2799334","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Law"],"region":["United States"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Federal rulemaking has traditionally been understood as a text-bound, technocratic process. However, as this Article is the first to uncover, rulemaking stakeholders — including agencies, the President and members of the public — are now deploying politically tinged visuals to push their agendas at every stage of high-stakes, often virulently controversial, rulemakings. Rarely do these visual contributions appear in the official rulemaking record, which remains defined by dense text, lengthy cost-benefit analyses, and expert reports. Perhaps as a result, scholars have overlooked the phenomenon we identify here: the emergence of a visual rulemaking universe that is splashing images, GIFs, and videos across social media channels. While this new universe, which we call “visual rulemaking,” might appear to be wholly distinct from the textual rulemaking universe on which administrative law has long focused, the two are not in fact distinct. Visual politics are seeping into the technocracy.\n\nThis Article argues that visual rulemaking is a good thing. It furthers fundamental regulatory values, including transparency and political accountability. It may also facilitate participation by more diverse stakeholders — not merely regulatory insiders who are well-equipped to navigate dense text. Yet we recognize that visual rulemaking poses risks. Visual appeals may undermine the expert-driven foundation of the regulatory state, and some uses may threaten or outright violate key legal doctrines, including the Administrative Procedure Act and longstanding prohibitions on agency lobbying and propaganda. Nonetheless, we conclude that administrative law theory and doctrine ultimately can and should welcome this robust new visual rulemaking culture."},{"id":"fccb60fb512d13df5083790d64c4d5dd","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Mapping and Comparing Responsible Data Approaches","organization":["The GovLab","Centre for Innovation"],"authors":["Jos Berens","Ulrich Mans","Stefaan Verhulst"],"paper_date":"7/2016","url":"http://www.thegovlab.org/static/files/publications/ocha.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Open Data","Data Collaboratives"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Comparative Analysis"]},"sector":["Crisis Response","Development","Human Rights"],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Recent years have witnessed something of a sea-change in the way humanitarian organizations consider and use data. Growing awareness of the potential of data has led to new enthusiasm and new, innovative applications that seek to respond to and mitigate crises in fresh ways. At the same time, it has become apparent that the potential benefits are accompanied by risks. A new framework is needed that can help balance the benefits and risks, and that can aid humanitarian organizations and others (e.g., policymakers) develop a more responsible approach to data collection and use in their efforts to combat natural and man-made crises around the world. \n\n“Mapping and Comparing Responsible Data Approaches”, attempts to guide the first steps toward such a framework by learning from current approaches and principles. It is the outcome of a joint research project commissioned by UNOCHA and conducted in collaboration between the GovLab at NYU and Leiden University. In an effort to better understand the landscape, we have considered existing data use policies and principles from 17 organizations. These include 7 UN agencies, 7 International Organizations, 2 government agencies and 1 research institute. Our study of these organizations’ policies allowed us to extract a number of key takeaways that, together, amount to something like a roadmap for responsible data use for any humanitarian organization considering using data in new ways."},{"id":"1651cf0d2f737d7adeab84d339dbabd3","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Building a Democracy Machine: Toward an Integrated and Empowered Form of Civic Engagement","organization":[""],"authors":["John Gastil"],"paper_date":"6/2016","url":"http://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/democracy_machine.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Civic Technology"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Dozens—and possibly hundreds—of online platforms have been built in the past decade to facilitate speci c forms of civic engagement. Unconnected to each other, let alone an integrated system easy for citizens to use, these platforms cannot begin to realize their full potential. The author proposes a massive collaborative project to build an integrated platform called, tongue squarely in cheek, “The Democracy Machine.” The Machine draws on public energy and ideas, mixing those into concrete policy advice, in uencing government decision making, and creating a feedback loop that helps of cials and citizens track progress together as they continuously turn the pol- icymaking crank. This online system could help to harmonize civic leaders, vocal and marginalized citizens, and government. Democracy’s need for ongoing public consul- tation would fuel the Machine, which would, in turn, generate the empowered delib- eration and public legitimacy that government needs to make tough policy decisions."},{"id":"eed5af6add95a9a6f1252739b1ad8c24","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"OpenData.Innovation: An International Journey to Discover Innovative Uses of Open Government Data","organization":["Open Knowledge International"],"authors":["Mor Rubinstein","Josh Cowls","Corinne Cath"],"paper_date":"2015","url":"http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/opendata.innovation_working_paper_0.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom","Chile","Argentina","Uruguay","Israel","Denmark"],"type":"research-report","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This paper by Mor Rubinstein (Open Knowledge International) and Josh Cowls and Corinne Cath (Oxford Internet Institute) explores the methods and motivations behind innovative uses of open government data in five specific country contexts - Chile, Argentine, Uruguay, Israel, and Denmark; and considers how the insights it uncovers might be adopted in a UK context."},{"id":"a8abb4bb284b5b27aa7cb790dc20f80b","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Privacy Concerns in Smart Cities","organization":[""],"authors":["Liesbet van Zoonen"],"paper_date":"7/1/2016","url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X16300818","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Smart Cities"],"objective":["Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"In this paper a framework is constructed to hypothesize if and how smart city technologies and urban big data produce privacy concerns among the people in these cities (as inhabitants, workers, visitors, and otherwise). The framework is built on the basis of two recurring dimensions in research about people's concerns about privacy: one dimensions represents that people perceive particular data as more personal and sensitive than others, the other dimension represents that people's privacy concerns differ according to the purpose for which data is collected, with the contrast between service and surveillance purposes most paramount. These two dimensions produce a 2 × 2 framework that hypothesizes which technologies and data-applications in smart cities are likely to raise people's privacy concerns, distinguishing between raising hardly any concern (impersonal data, service purpose), to raising controversy (personal data, surveillance purpose). Specific examples from the city of Rotterdam are used to further explore and illustrate the academic and practical usefulness of the framework. It is argued that the general hypothesis of the framework offers clear directions for further empirical research and theory building about privacy concerns in smart cities, and that it provides a sensitizing instrument for local governments to identify the absence, presence, or emergence of privacy concerns among their citizens."},{"id":"15d4e891d784977cacbfcbb00c48f133","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Intermediation in Open Development: A Knowledge Stewardship Approach","organization":[""],"authors":["Katherine M. A. Reilly","Juan P. Alperin"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.gmj.uottawa.ca/1601/v9i1_reilly%20and%20alperin.pdf","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":["Development"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Open Development (OD) is a subset of ICT4D that studies the potential of IT- enabled openness to support social change among poor or marginalized populations. Early OD work examined the potential of IT-enabled openness to decentralize power and enable public engagement by disintermediating knowledge production and dissemination. However, in practice, intermediaries have emerged to facilitate open data and related knowledge production activities in development processes. We identify five models of intermediation in OD work: decentralized, arterial, ecosystem, bridging, and communities of practice and examine the implications of each for stewardship of open processes. We conclude that studying OD through these five forms of intermediation is a productive way of understanding whether and how different patterns of knowledge stewardship influence development outcomes. We also offer suggestions for future research that can improve our understanding of how to sustain openness, facilitate public engagement, and ensure that intermediation contributes to open development."},{"id":"c203d8a151612acf12457e4d67635a95","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Crowdsourcing Privacy Policy Analysis: Potential, Challenges and Best Practices","organization":[""],"authors":["Florian Schaub","Travis D. Breaux","Norman Sadeh"],"paper_date":"6/24/2016","url":"http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/itit.ahead-of-print/itit-2016-0009/itit-2016-0009.xml","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing"],"objective":["Effectiveness","Participation","Privacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Privacy policies are supposed to provide transparency about a service's data practices and help consumers make informed choices about which services to entrust with their personal information. In practice, those privacy policies are typically long and complex documents that are largely ignored by consumers. Even for regulators and data protection authorities privacy policies are difficult to assess at scale. Crowdsourcing offers the potential to scale the analysis of privacy policies with microtasks, for instance by assessing how specific data practices are addressed in privacy policies or extracting information about data practices of interest, which can then facilitate further analysis or be provided to users in more effective notice formats. Crowdsourcing the analysis of complex privacy policy documents to non-expert crowdworkers poses particular challenges. We discuss best practices, lessons learned and research challenges for crowdsourcing privacy policy analysis."},{"id":"13f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Big Data Challenges: Society, Security, Innovation and Ethics","organization":[""],"authors":["A. Bunnik","A. Cawley","M. Mulqueen","A. Zwitter"],"paper_date":"2016","url":"http://www.palgrave.com/de/book/9781349948840","taxonomy":{"category":["Data Analysis","Big Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework"]},"sector":[""],"region":[""],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"This book brings together an impressive range of academic and intelligence professional perspectives to interrogate the social, ethical and security upheavals in a world increasingly driven by data. Written in a clear and accessible style, it offers fresh insights to the deep reaching implications of Big Data for communication, privacy and organisational decision-making. It seeks to demystify developments around Big Data before evaluating their current and likely future implications for areas as diverse as corporate innovation, law enforcement, data science, journalism, and food security. The contributors call for a rethinking of the legal, ethical and philosophical frameworks that inform the responsibilities and behaviours of state, corporate, institutional and individual actors in a more networked, data-centric society. In doing so, the book addresses the real world risks, opportunities and potentialities of Big Data."},{"id":"550a141f12de6341fba65b0ad0433500","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"Using Behavioral Science to Combat Climate Change","organization":[""],"authors":["Cass Sunstein","Lucia Reisch"],"paper_date":"6/16/2016","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2796786","taxonomy":{"category":["Behavioral Science and Nudges"],"objective":["Effectiveness"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Surveys"]},"sector":["Environment"],"region":[""],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Careful attention to choice architecture promises to open up new possibilities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions – possibilities that go well beyond, and that may supplement or complement, the standard tools of economic incentives, mandates, and bans. How, for example, do consumers choose between climate-friendly products or services and alternatives that are potentially damaging to the climate but less expensive? The answer may well depend on the default rule. Indeed, climate-friendly default rules may well be a more effective tool for altering outcomes than large economic incentives. The underlying reasons include the power of suggestion; inertia and procrastination; and loss aversion. If well-chosen, climate-friendly defaults are likely to have large effects in reducing the economic and environmental harms associated with various products and activities. In deciding whether to establish climate-friendly defaults, choice architects (subject to legal constraints) should consider both consumer welfare and a wide range of other costs and benefits. Sometimes that assessment will argue strongly in favor of climate-friendly defaults, particularly when both economic and environmental considerations point in their direction. Notably, surveys in the United States and Europe show that majorities in many nations are in favor of climate-friendly defaults."},{"id":"67f7fb873eaf29526a11a9b7ac33bfac","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Open","title":"The Politics of Mapping Platforms: Participatory Radiation Mapping after the Fukushima Daiichi Disaster","organization":[""],"authors":["Jean-Christophe Plantin"],"paper_date":"8/1/2015","url":"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2797115","taxonomy":{"category":["Citizen Engagement and Crowdsourcing","Open Data"],"objective":["Legitimacy","Participation"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":["Crisis Response"],"region":["Japan"],"type":"journal-article","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"The release of the Google Maps API in 2005 spurred a trend of mapping mashups, adding cartography to online participatory culture. This article will present how the affordances of these “platforms” give shape to the online participation of concerned citizens willing to access information during an environmental crisis. Based on the analysis of the radiation mashups created after the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011, this article will highlight two types of online participation. First, participation as data extraction, where concerned actors either monitored data using Geiger counters or extracted and republished data from official websites. Second, participation as data aggregation, where maps were used to display and compare radiation measurements from official or crowdsourced venues. The conclusion will highlight the necessity to study how online platforms assign a place and temporality to online participation."},{"id":"1a5b1e4daae265b790965a275b53ae50","related_content":[{"url":"","title":""}],"access":"Closed","title":"Transparency and the Open Society: Practical Lessons for Effective Policy","organization":[""],"authors":["Roger Taylor","Tim Kelsey"],"paper_date":"6/20/2016","url":"http://policypress.co.uk/transparency-and-the-open-society","taxonomy":{"category":["Open Data","Freedom of Information"],"objective":["Legitimacy"],"methodology":["Conceptual Framework","Case Studies"]},"sector":[""],"region":["United Kingdom","India","Tanzania","United States"],"type":"book","tools":[""],"github":"","abstract":"Greater transparency is increasingly seen as the answer to a wide range of social issues by governments, NGOs and businesses around the world. However, evidence of its impact is mixed. Using case studies from around the world including India, Tanzania, the UK and US, Transparency and the open society surveys the adoption of transparency globally, providing an essential framework for assessing its likely performance as a policy and the steps that can be taken to make it more effective. It addresses the role of transparency in the context of growing use by governments and businesses of surveillance and database driven decision making. The book is written for anyone involved in the use of transparency whether campaigning from outside or working inside government or business to develop policies. - See more at: http://policypress.co.uk/transparency-and-the-open-society#sthash.qv6Xsfzl.dpuf"}]}