refactor: refactor alter table procedure

[WenyXu]

I hereby agree to the terms of the GreptimeDB CLA.

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

close #3637

What's changed and what's your intention?

1. Fetch the table info during the execution.
2. Refactor alter table procedure
3. Add mores tests

Checklist

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR does not require documentation updates.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 97.70774% with 8 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.83%. Comparing base (50bea2f) to head (0a5f5c0).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3678      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   85.18%   84.83%   -0.35%     
==========================================
  Files         951      955       +4     
  Lines      158906   158992      +86     
==========================================
- Hits       135368   134887     -481     
- Misses      23538    24105     +567     

[WenyXu]

@MichaelScofield @fengjiachun PTAL

[fengjiachun]

LGTM