@mainpage BEPS hourly version (v4.11)
The user guide for the Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange Process Simulator (BEPS) hourly version for single site (v4.11), renamed from the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator.
This model was initially developed for boreal ecosystems and has been adapted for all ecosystems over the globe. BEPS mechanistically includes the impacts of various drivers on gross primary productivity (GPP) (climate, CO2 concentration, and nitrogen deposition) and assimilates vegetation structure (LAI) data. BEPS also simulates the dynamics of carbon pools beyond GPP and uses a spin-up procedure to prescribe soil carbon pools for estimating autotrophic respiration (AR) and heterotrophic respiration (HR).
The BEPS hourly version for single site (v4.11) can be used in two ways:
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Dependency import Please copy the header file and source file into traditional IDEs (i.e. Code::block, https://www.codeblocks.org/) and directly build and run the model.
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CMake Please find the "CMakeLists.txt" file. The BEPS v4.10 model requires a minimum 3.17 CMake version and is based on the C99 standard. It is recommended to use CLion (https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/) and MingW (https://www.mingw-w64.org/) to compile and run the model.
Make sure the "input" and "output" folders have been created in the current folder of the source codes.
According to users' research interests, the parameters and code structure can be edited. Please remember to make readable comments and git version control after each edition.
Please see "Modules_variables4BEPS.docx" for detailed parameter descriptions.
Please cite the following [ARTICLES] for using the BEPS 4.11:
• Leng et al., 2024, Global datasets of hourly carbon and water fluxes simulated using a satellite-based process model with dynamic parameterizations, Earth System Science Data.
Please cite the following [ARTICLES] for using the modules in the BEPS model:
• Liu, J., Chen, J., Cihlar, J., and Park, W. M., A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs, Remote Sensing of Environment, 62, 158-175, 1997.
• Chen, J., Liu, J., Cihlar, J., and Goulden, M. L., Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications, Ecological Modelling, 124, 99-119, 1999.
• Liu, J., Chen, J., and Cihlar, J., Mapping evapotranspiration based on remote sensing: an application to Canada’s landmass, Water Resources Research, 39, 1189, doi:10.1029/2002WR001680, 2003.
• Ju, W., Chen, J. M., Black, T.A., Barr, A., Liu, J. and Chen, B., Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 140, 136-151. 2006.
• Chen, J., Mo, G., Pisek, J., Liu, J., Deng, F., Maayar, M. E., Ishizawa, M., and Chan, D., Foliage clumping index as an important vegetation structural parameter for estimating global terrestrial gross primary productivity, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26, GB1019, doi:10.1029/2010GB003996, 2012.
The BEPS model requires four input files: 1) Basic information; 2) Carbon pool data; 3) Leaf area index; 4) Meteorological data. Users can find input data examples in the 'input' folder.
- Basic information (data1 in the input data example)
long, lat, LC, CI, soiltxt, soiltemp, soilwater, snowdp [WITH TAB SPACE]
long -- the longitude of site
lat -- the latitude of site
LC -- land cover type of site 1-ENF 2-DNF 6-DBF 9-EBF 13-shrub 40-C4 plants default-others
CI -- clumping index
soiltxt -- soil texture 1-land 2-loamy sand 3-sandy loam 4-loam 5-silty loam 6-sandy clay loam 7-clay loam 8-silty clay loam 9-sandy clay 10-silty clay 11-clay default-others
soiltemp -- soil temperature
soilwater -- soil water content
snowdp -- snow depth
- Carbon pool data (data2 in the input data example)
LAI_yr, ann_NPP, ccd, cssd, csmd, cfsd, cfmd, csm, cm, cs, cp [WITH TAB SPACE]
- Leaf area index
Daily float number LAI [WITH TAB SPACE]
- Meteorological data
DOY, H, SW, TA, VPD/RH, P, WS [WITH TAB SPACE] [LINEBREAK EACH HOUR]
DOY -- day of year (1-365)
H -- hour of day (1-24)
SW -- shortwave radiation
TA -- air temperature
VPD/RH -- vapor pressure deficit OR humidity, code needs to be edited for each input in "bepsmain_pnt.c"
P -- precipitation
WS -- wind speed
References for algorithms in this model：
Chen, B. Z., Chen, J. M., & Ju, W. M. (2007). Remote sensing-based ecosystem-atmosphere simulation scheme (EASS) - Model formulation and test with multiple-year data. Ecological Modelling, 209(2-4), 277-300. doi:DOI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.06.032
Chen, B., Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Croft, H., Gonsamo, A., He, L., & Luo, X. (2016). Assessment of foliage clumping effects on evapotranspiration estimates in forested ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 216, 82-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.09.017
Chen, J. M., Ju, W., Ciais, P. et al. Vegetation structural change since 1981 significantly enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink. Nat Commun 10, 4259 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12257-8 (for daily version)
Chen, J. M., Mo, G., Pisek, J., Liu, J., Deng, F., Ishizawa, M., & Chan, D. (2012). Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26. doi:Artn Gb1019 Doi 10.1029/2010gb003996
Chen, J. M., Liu, J., Cihlar, J., & Goulden, M. L. (1999). Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications. Ecological Modelling, 124(2-3), 99-119. doi:Doi 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00156-8
Gonsamo, A., Chen, J. M., Kurz, W. A., Price, D. T., Liu, J., Boisvenue, C., Hember, R. A., Wu, C., and Chang, K., New assessment of net primary productivity of Canada's landmass, Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 1-15, doi:10.1002/2013JG002388, 2013.
He, L.; Wang, R.; Mostovoy, G.; Liu, J.; Chen, J.M.; Shang, J.; Liu, J.; McNairn, H.; Powers, J. Crop Biomass Mapping Based on Ecosystem Modeling at Regional Scale Using High Resolution Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040806
He, L., et al. (2019). "Diverse photosynthetic capacity of global ecosystems mapped by satellite chlorophyll fluorescence measurements." Remote Sensing of Environment 232: 111344.
He, L.; Mostovoy, G. Cotton Yield Estimate Using Sentinel-2 Data and an Ecosystem Model over the Southern US. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 2000.
He, L. M., Chen, J. M., Gonsamo, A., Luo, X. Z., Wang, R., Liu, Y., & Liu, R. G. (2018). Changes in the Shadow: The Shifting Role of Shaded Leaves in Global Carbon and Water Cycles Under Climate Change. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10), 5052-5061.
He, L. M., Chen, J. M., Croft, H., Gonsamo, A., Luo, X. Z., Liu, J. N., . . . Liu, Y. (2017). Nitrogen Availability Dampens the Positive Impacts of CO2 Fertilization on Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon and Water Cycles. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(22), 11590-11600. doi:10.1002/2017gl075981
He, L., Chen, J. M., Liu, J., Bélair, S., & Luo, X. (2017). Assessment of SMAP soil moisture for global simulation of gross primary production. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 122, doi:10.1002/2016JG003603. doi:10.1002/2016JG003603
He, L., Chen, J. M., Liu, J., Mo, G., Bélair, S., Zheng, T., . . . Barr, A. G. (2014). Optimization of water uptake and photosynthetic parameters in an ecosystem model using tower flux data. Ecological Modelling, 294(0), 94-104. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.09.019
Ju, W., Chen, J. M., Black, T. A., Barr, A. G., Liu, J., & Chen, B. (2006). Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 140(1-4), 136-151. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008
Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., & Park, W. M. (1997). A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs. Remote Sensing of Environment, 62(2), 158-175.
Liu, J., Chen, J., Cihlar, J., and Chen, W., Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 27,735-27-754, 1999.
Luo, X. Z., Chen, J. M., Liu, J. E., Black, T. A., Croft, H., Staebler, R., . . . McCaughey, H. (2018). Comparison of Big-Leaf, Two-Big-Leaf, and Two-Leaf Upscaling Schemes for Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Coupled Carbon-Water Modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 123(1), 207-225.
Luo, X, Croft, H, Chen, JM, He, L, Keenan, TF. Improved estimates of global terrestrial photosynthesis using information on leaf chlorophyll content. Glob Change Biol. 2019; 25: 2499– 2514. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14624
Luo, X., Keenan, T.F. Global evidence for the acclimation of ecosystem photosynthesis to light. Nat Ecol Evol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1258-7
Compiled into doxygen format by Jiye Leng @UofT
Jun., 2023