Add Base.get_extension to docs/API (#50860)

The documentation of `Pkg.jl` is instructing
developers to rely on the existence of this function, and there doesn't
seem to be any alternative which is a part of the API that developers
can use instead on to guarantee forward compatibility for the same
behavior.

`Base.get_extension` is [referred to
explicitly](https://pkgdocs.julialang.org/v1.9/creating-packages/#Backwards-compatibility)
in the `Pkg.jl` docs to conditionally use package extensions vs
`Requires.jl`.

The `Pkg.jl` docs suggest
```julia
if !isdefined(Base, :get_extension)
  include("../ext/PlottingContourExt.jl")
end
```
to transition from "normal dependency to extension," which will break
and automatically load the extension in future versions should
`Base.get_extension` go away.

`Base.get_extension` is the only way (that I know of) to directly access
the module associated with a package extension, which can be a useful
utility as well.

(cherry picked from commit d1759bc)

doc/src/base/base.md

@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ Base.locate_package
 Base.require
 Base.compilecache
 Base.isprecompiled
+Base.get_extension
 ```
 
 ## Internals