fix #30741, fix #31082, stack overflow in type intersection

[JeffBezanson]

No description provided.

[mortenpi]

I can verify that it fixes the example @jagot posted in #30741 (comment)

[vtjnash]

IIUC, this PR is partly falsifiable with the following counter-example. Do you remember the context of this PR? The commit notes seem to contain very little information beyond fixes ###

julia> T = Tuple{Union{Type{T}, Type{S}}, Union{Val{T}, Val{S}}, Union{Val{T}, S}} where T<:Val{A} where A where S<:Val
Tuple{Union{Type{T}, Type{S}}, Union{Val{T}, Val{S}}, Union{Val{T}, S}} where {S<:Val, A, T<:Val{A}}

julia> S = Tuple{Type{T}, T, Val{T}} where T<:(Val{S} where S<:Val)
Tuple{Type{T}, T, Val{T}} where T<:(Val{S} where S<:Val)

julia> typeintersect(S,T)
Union{}

julia> Tuple{Type{Val{Val{Int}}}, Val{Val{Int}}, Val{Val{Val{Int}}}} <: S
true

julia> Tuple{Type{Val{Val{Int}}}, Val{Val{Int}}, Val{Val{Val{Int}}}} <: T
true