| Author: | Geoffrey Coram, Colin McAndrew, Kiran Gullapalli and Ken Kundert |
|---|---|
| Version: | 1.2.0 |
| Released: | 2020-11-13 |
Includes a resistor model that demonstrates how to properly model flicker noise in Verilog-A as described in:
G. J. Coram, C. C. McAndrew, K. K. Gullapalli, and K. S. Kundert;IEEE Transactions on CAD, vol. 39, no. 10, October 2020.
Also included are two circuits. The first is a simple test circuit for the resistor model. Here Rva is the Verilog-A model and Rref is the resistor model that is built-in to Spectre.
The second is a circuit that tests the implementation of flicker noise in the built-in BSIM4 model.
If you have a recent version of Spectre, you can simulate the circuits directly and view the results in your favorite waveform viewer.
If you have Python 3.6 or later, you can also run the simulation scripts, which re-generate the netlists, run the simulations (in Spectre), and plot the results.
To install the script dependencies, run:
pip install -r requirements
Then simply run:
./runPnoise
or:
./runBSIM
These run a simulation and plot the results. You have the -v option and the logfile (.runPnoise.log or .runBSIM.log) to help you out if you run into any problems.
You can also run a simulation of the broken resistor model:
./runPnoise --broken
You can view the signal and waveforms with:
> list-psf -f pnoise.raw/pnoise.pnoise -l > show-psf out
My rather old version of Spectre (15.1.0) generated the following results:
The above shows the flicker noise produced by Spectre's built-in resistor (RESref) and the proposed Verilog-A model (RESva). In this case the flicker noise of the built-in resistor model was implemented correctly and both agree.
Flicker noise in a resistor is a variation or a flickering in the value of the resistance over time. The variation has a 1/f power spectrum and is completely bias independent; it is not affected by the applied signal at all. You can observe the flickering by applying a DC bias voltage to the resistor. The result will be a noise in the current with a 1/f spectrum. In this circuit we instead apply a sinusoidal voltage with a frequency of 131kHz and no DC component to observe the flickering. This results in the same 1/f characteristic in the noise, but now mixed up to 131kHz as shown in the figure.
The above shows the flicker noise produced by Spectre's built-in resistor (RESref) and the traditional Verilog-A model (RESva). In this case the flicker noise of the Verilog-A model is incorrect and the two models disagree.
In this case the simulator discards the sign of the sinusoid when performing the noise calculation. As such, it appears to the resistor that the applied test signal is not a pure tone sinusoid, but rather a fully rectified sinusoid. So rather than have a single spectral component at 131kHz, it has components at each of the even harmonics of 131kHz, meaning it has components at DC, and 262kHz, 524kHz, etc. The result is that the 1/f spectrum from the flicker noise is replicated and shifted up by each harmonic, meaning that there are peaks at each of the harmonics of the rectified sine wave. The peaks are equally spaced in frequency, but they appear to be getting closer together at higher frequencies because the x-axis uses logarithmic scaling.
This problem is further illustrated in the graphs below. In this case both the built-in resistor and the broken version of the Verilog-A resistor are driven with a 1Vp sinusoid where the DC offset is swept from 1V to –1V. In the first and last graphs, the offset is 1V and –1V, so the current through the resistors never change sign. They are either always positive or always negative. In these cases, discarding of the sign is of no consequence and the noise computed for the two resistors agree. There is a peak at f = 0 because of the DC component of the modulation signal, and a peak at f = f₀, which is the drive frequency. In the results for the 0 V offset, the built-in resistor only shows a peak at f₀, the drive frequency, whereas the broken resistor shows peaks at each of the even harmonics of the drive signal because the sign of the drive signal is lost.
The above shows two different flicker noise models implemented in the built-in BSIM4 model in Spectre. fnoimod=1 was implemented correctly while fnoimod=0 was not.
A good first order model for flicker noise in MOSFETs is a bias independent variation in the threshold voltage. This variation tends to modulate the current passing through the channel. If the channel current is DC you end up with simple 1/f noise. However, if the channel current is sinusoidal, the flicker noise is up-converted to the frequency of the sinuosoid, as seen with fnoimod = 1. However, the implementation of fnoimod = 0 discards the sign of the sinusoid when doing the noise calculation, and so we again see peaks at each of the even harmonics of the test signal.