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trig_addition_identities.html
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trig_addition_identities.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html data-require="math graphie math-format subhints">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Addition/subtraction trig identities</title>
<script src="../khan-exercise.js"></script>
<script>
function betterTriangle(width, height, A, B, C, a, b, c) {
var scale = 5 / Math.sqrt(width * width + height * height);
width *= scale;
height *= scale;
with ( KhanUtil.currentGraph ) {
// Leave some space for the labels
init({ range: [[-1.5, width + 1], [-1, height + 1]] });
path([ [0, 0], [width, 0], [0, height], true ]);
label( [0, height], A, "above left" );
label( [0, 0], C, "below left" );
label( [width, 0], B, "below right" );
label( [0, height/2], b, "left" );
label( [width/2, 0], a, "below" );
label( [width/2, height/2], c, "above right", {
labelDistance: 3
} );
}
}
function formatRadicalFraction(T1N, T1D, T2N, T2D, T3N, T3D, T4N, T4D, OP) {
var F1N = KhanUtil.splitRadical(Math.round(Math.pow(T1N*T2N,2)));
var F2N = KhanUtil.splitRadical(Math.round(Math.pow(T3N*T4N,2)));
var F1D = T1D*T2D;
var F2D = T3D*T4D;
var ANS_N = [];
if(F1N[1] === F2N[1]) {
ANS_N = [F1N[0] + F2N[0],F1N[1]];
} else {
ANS_N = [F1N[0], F1N[1], F2N[0], F2N[1]];
}
var min = (T1N*T2N*T3D*T4D - T3N*T4N*T1D*T2D < 0 ? "-" : "");
if(ANS_N.length < 4) {
return min + KhanUtil.fraction(ANS_N[0],F1D,true,true) +
(ANS_N[1] === 1 ? "" : "\\sqrt{"+ANS_N[1]+"}");
} else {
return KhanUtil.fraction(ANS_N[0],F1D,true,true) +
(ANS_N[1] === 1 ? "" : "\\sqrt{"+ANS_N[1]+"}")
+ OP +
KhanUtil.fraction(ANS_N[2],F2D,true,true) +
(ANS_N[3] === 1 ? "" : "\\sqrt{"+ANS_N[3]+"}");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="vars">
<var id="ADD">random() < 0.5</var>
<var id="OP">ADD ? "+" : "-"</var>
<var id="OP2">ADD ? "-" : "+"</var>
<var id="AC, BC">shuffle(randFromArray([[3,4], [6,8], [5,12],
[7, 24], [8, 15], [10, 24], [12,16]]))</var>
<var id="AB">sqrt(AC * AC + BC * BC)</var>
<var id="T_ANGLE">randFromArray(["BAC","ABC"])</var>
<var id="S_ANGLE">randFromArray([30,45,60,90,180,270])</var>
<var id="T_ANG, S_ANG">
["\\angle "+T_ANGLE, S_ANGLE+"^{\\circ}"]
</var>
<var id="OPPOSITE_NAME">
(T_ANGLE[0] + T_ANGLE[2])
</var>
<var id="OPPOSITE_VALUE">
(function(){
if (OPPOSITE_NAME === "AC"){
return AC;
}
else if (OPPOSITE_NAME === "BC"){
return BC;
}
return AB;
})()
</var>
<var id="ADJACENT_NAME">T_ANGLE.substring(1)</var>
<var id="ADJACENT_VALUE">
(function(){
if (ADJACENT_NAME === "AC"){
return AC;
}
else if (ADJACENT_NAME === "BC"){
return BC;
}
return AB;
})()
</var>
<var id="HYPOTENUSE_NAME">"AB"</var>
<var id="HYPOTENUSE_VALUE">AB</var>
</div>
<div class="problems">
<div id="sinAdd">
<div class="vars">
<!-- The first term in the sin addition expansion
T1N = Term 1 Numerator, T1D = Term 2 Denominator -->
<var id="T1N, T1D, TERM1">
[OPPOSITE_VALUE,
HYPOTENUSE_VALUE,
"\\dfrac{"+OPPOSITE_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"]
</var>
<var id="T2N, T2D, TERM2">
(function() {
switch(S_ANGLE) {
case 30:
return [Math.sqrt(3),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}"];
case 45:
return [Math.sqrt(2),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}"];
case 60:
return [1,2,"\\dfrac{1}{2}"];
case 90:
return [0,1,"0"];
case 180:
return [1,-1,"-1"];
case 270:
return [0,1,"0"];
}
})()
</var>
<var id="T3N, T3D, TERM3">
[ADJACENT_VALUE,
HYPOTENUSE_VALUE,
"\\dfrac{"+ADJACENT_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"]
</var>
<var id="T4N, T4D, TERM4">
(function() {
switch(S_ANGLE) {
case 30:
return [1,2,"\\dfrac{1}{2}"];
case 45:
return [Math.sqrt(2),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}"];
case 60:
return [Math.sqrt(3),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}"];
case 90:
return [1,1,"1"];
case 180:
return [0,1,"0"];
case 270:
return [1,-1,"-1"];
}
})()
</var>
<var id="ANS_DISPLAY">
formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP)
</var>
<var id="OPTIONS">
[formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP2),
formatRadicalFraction(T3N,T3D,T2N,T2D,T1N,T1D,T4N,T4D,OP2),
formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP),
formatRadicalFraction(T3N,T3D,T2N,T2D,T1N,T1D,T4N,T4D,OP)]
</var>
</div>
<div class="problem">
<div class="graphie">
betterTriangle(BC, AC, "A", "B", "C", BC, AC, AB);
</div>
</div>
<p class="question">
<code>\sin(<var>T_ANG</var>
<var>OP</var> <var>S_ANG</var>) = \; ?</code>
</p>
<div class="solution"><code><var>ANS_DISPLAY</var></code></div>
<ul class="choices" data-show="4">
<li data-each="OPTIONS as op"><code><var>op</var></code></li>
</ul>
<div class="hints">
<p>
We don't know what
<code><var>T_ANG</var></code> is exactly,
so we can't directly evaluate this function. We do know
what <code>\sin(<var>T_ANG</var>)</code> is,
though.
</p>
<div>
To simplify this formula to something we can use, we try
the sine addition/subtraction identity:
<code>\sin(x \pm y)
= \sin x \cdot \cos y \pm \cos x \cdot \sin y</code>
</br>In this case, we have
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>T_ANG</var>
<var>OP</var> <var>S_ANG</var>) =</code>
<br>
<code>\qquad\qquad
\sin(<var>T_ANG</var>) \cdot
\cos(<var>S_ANG</var>) <var>OP</var>
\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>) \cdot
\sin(<var>S_ANG</var>)</code></p>
</div>
<div>
Now we just need to evaluate each term.
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Opposite}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>OPPOSITE_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM1</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>S_ANG</var>) =
<var>TERM2</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Adjacent}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>ADJACENT_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM3</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>S_ANG</var>) =
<var>TERM4</var></code></p>
</div>
<div>
Putting it together, we get
<p><code>\qquad <var>TERM1</var> \cdot <var>TERM2</var>
<var>OP</var> <var>TERM3</var> \cdot <var>TERM4</var>
= <var>ANS_DISPLAY</var>
</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cosAdd">
<div class="vars">
<!-- The first term in the sin addition expansion
T1N = Term 1 Numerator, T1D = Term 2 Denominator -->
<var id="T1N, T1D, TERM1">
[ADJACENT_VALUE,
HYPOTENUSE_VALUE,
"\\dfrac{"+ADJACENT_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"]
</var>
<var id="T2N, T2D, TERM2">
(function() {
switch(S_ANGLE) {
case 30:
return [Math.sqrt(3),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}"];
case 45:
return [Math.sqrt(2),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}"];
case 60:
return [1,2,"\\dfrac{1}{2}"];
case 90:
return [0,1,"0"];
case 180:
return [1,-1,"-1"];
case 270:
return [0,1,"0"];
}
})()
</var>
<var id="T3N, T3D, TERM3">
[OPPOSITE_VALUE,
HYPOTENUSE_VALUE,
"\\dfrac{"+OPPOSITE_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"]
</var>
<var id="T4N, T4D, TERM4">
(function() {
switch(S_ANGLE) {
case 30:
return [1,2,"\\dfrac{1}{2}"];
case 45:
return [Math.sqrt(2),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}"];
case 60:
return [Math.sqrt(3),2,"\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2}"];
case 90:
return [1,1,"1"];
case 180:
return [0,1,"0"];
case 270:
return [1,-1,"-1"];
}
})()
</var>
<var id="ANS_DISPLAY">
formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP2)
</var>
<var id="OPTIONS">
[formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP2),
formatRadicalFraction(T3N,T3D,T2N,T2D,T1N,T1D,T4N,T4D,OP2),
formatRadicalFraction(T1N,T1D,T2N,T2D,T3N,T3D,T4N,T4D,OP),
formatRadicalFraction(T3N,T3D,T2N,T2D,T1N,T1D,T4N,T4D,OP)]
</var>
</div>
<div class="problem">
<div class="graphie">
betterTriangle(BC, AC, "A", "B", "C", BC, AC, AB);
</div>
</div>
<p class="question">
<code>\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>
<var>OP</var> <var>S_ANG</var>) = \; ?</code>
</p>
<div class="solution"><code><var>ANS_DISPLAY</var></code></div>
<ul class="choices" data-show="4">
<li data-each="OPTIONS as op"><code><var>op</var></code></li>
</ul>
<div class="hints">
<p>
We don't know what
<code><var>T_ANG</var></code> is exactly,
so we can't directly evaluate this function. We do know
what <code>\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>)</code> is,
though.
</p>
<div>
To simplify this formula to something we can use, we try
the cosine addition/subtraction identity:
<code>\cos(x \pm y)
= \cos x \cdot \cos y \mp \sin x \cdot \sin y</code>
</br>In this case, we have
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>T_ANG</var>
<var>OP</var> <var>S_ANG</var>) =</code><br>
<code>\qquad\qquad
\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>) \cdot
\cos(<var>S_ANG</var>) <var>OP2</var>
\sin(<var>T_ANG</var>) \cdot
\sin(<var>S_ANG</var>)</code></p>
</div>
<div>
Now we just need to evaluate each term.
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Adjacent}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>ADJACENT_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM1</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>S_ANG</var>) =
<var>TERM2</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Opposite}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>OPPOSITE_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM3</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>S_ANG</var>) =
<var>TERM4</var></code></p>
</div>
<div>
Putting it together, we get
<p><code>\qquad <var>TERM1</var> \cdot <var>TERM2</var>
<var>OP2</var> <var>TERM3</var> \cdot <var>TERM4</var>
= <var>ANS_DISPLAY</var>
</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="sinDouble">
<div class="vars">
<var id="AC, BC" data-apply="replace">
shuffle(randFromArray([[3,4], [6,8], [1,3],
[2, 3], [2, 4], [3, 4]]))
</var>
<var id="AB" data-apply="replace">
formattedSquareRootOf(AC * AC + BC * BC)
</var>
<var id="HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER">
sqrt(AC * AC + BC * BC)
</var>
<var id="TERM1">
"\\dfrac{"+OPPOSITE_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"
</var>
<var id="TERM2">
"\\dfrac{"+ADJACENT_VALUE+"}{"+HYPOTENUSE_VALUE+"}"
</var>
<var id="ANS_DISPLAY">
fraction(2*OPPOSITE_VALUE*ADJACENT_VALUE,
Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2)),true,true)
</var>
<var id="ANS">
2*OPPOSITE_VALUE*ADJACENT_VALUE/
Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2))
</var>
</div>
<div class="problem">
<div class="graphie">
betterTriangle(BC, AC, "A", "B", "C", BC, AC, AB);
</div>
</div>
<p class="question">
<code>\sin(2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var>) = \; ?</code>
</p>
<div class="solution" data-forms="proper, improper">
<var>ANS</var>
</div>
<div class="hints">
<p>
We don't know what
<code><var>T_ANG</var></code> is exactly, so we can't
compute <code>2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var></code> to directly
evaluate this function. We do know what <code>\sin(<var>
T_ANG</var>)</code> and <code>\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>)</code>
are, though.
</p>
<div>
To simplify this formula to something we can use, we try
the sine double-angle identity:
<code>\sin(2x) = 2 \sin (x) \cos (x)</code>
</br>In this case, we have
<p><code>\qquad \sin(2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var>) =
2 \sin(<var>T_ANG</var>)
\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>)
</code></p>
(To cut down on the number of identities you have to
memorize, you can derive this quickly from the
angle addition identity for sine)
[<a href="#" class="show-subhint" data-subhint="sinDeriv">
Show how</a>]
<div class="subhint" id="sinDeriv">
Start with the sine angle addition identity:
<p><code>\qquad \sin(x + y) = \sin(x) \cdot \cos(y)
+ \cos(x) \cdot \sin(y)</code></p>
Now take the case where <code>x = y</code>:
<p><code>\qquad \sin(x + y) = \sin(x + x)
= \sin(x) \cdot \cos(x) + \cos(x) \cdot \sin(x)
</code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \sin(2x) = 2 \sin(x) \cos(x)</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
Now we just need to evaluate each term.
<p><code>\qquad \sin(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Opposite}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>OPPOSITE_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM1</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \cos(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\dfrac{Adjacent}{Hypotenuse} =
\dfrac{<var>ADJACENT_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>} =
<var>TERM2</var></code></p>
</div>
<div>
Putting it together, we get
<p><code>\qquad 2 \cdot <var>TERM1</var>
\cdot <var>TERM2</var>
= <var>ANS_DISPLAY</var>
</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cosDouble">
<div class="vars">
<var id="AC, BC" data-apply="replace">
shuffle(randFromArray([[3,4], [6,8], [1,3],
[2, 3], [2, 4], [3, 4]]))
</var>
<var id="AB" data-apply="replace">
formattedSquareRootOf(AC * AC + BC * BC)
</var>
<var id="HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER">
sqrt(AC * AC + BC * BC)
</var>
<var id="TERM1">
"\\dfrac{"+Math.pow(ADJACENT_VALUE,2)
+"}{"+Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2))+"}"
</var>
<var id="TERM2">
"\\dfrac{"+Math.pow(OPPOSITE_VALUE,2)
+"}{"+Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2))+"}"
</var>
<var id="ANS_DISPLAY">
fraction(Math.pow(ADJACENT_VALUE,2)
-Math.pow(OPPOSITE_VALUE,2),
Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2)),true,true)
</var>
<var id="ANS">
(Math.pow(ADJACENT_VALUE,2)-Math.pow(OPPOSITE_VALUE,2))/
Math.round(Math.pow(HYPOTENUSE_NUMBER,2))
</var>
</div>
<div class="problem">
<div class="graphie">
betterTriangle(BC, AC, "A", "B", "C", BC, AC, AB);
</div>
</div>
<p class="question">
<code>\cos(2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var>) = \; ?</code>
</p>
<div class="solution" data-forms="proper, improper">
<var>ANS</var>
</div>
<div class="hints">
<p>
We don't know what
<code><var>T_ANG</var></code> is exactly, so we can't
compute <code>2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var></code> to directly
evaluate this function. We do know what <code>\sin(<var>
T_ANG</var>)</code> and <code>\cos(<var>T_ANG</var>)</code>
are, though.
</p>
<div>
To simplify this formula to something we can use, we try
the cosine double-angle identity:
<code>\cos(2x) = \cos^2 (x) - \sin^2 (x)</code>
</br>In this case, we have
<p><code>\qquad \cos(2 \cdot <var>T_ANG</var>) =
\cos^2(<var>T_ANG</var>) -
\sin^2(<var>T_ANG</var>)
</code></p>
(To cut down on the number of identities you have to
memorize, you can derive this quickly from the
angle addition identity for cosine)
[<a href="#" class="show-subhint" data-subhint="cosDeriv">
Show how</a>]
<div class="subhint" id="cosDeriv">
Start with the cosine angle addition identity:
<p><code>\qquad \cos(x + y) = \cos(x) \cdot \cos(y)
- \sin(x) \cdot \sin(y)</code></p>
Now take the case where <code>x = y</code>:
<p><code>\qquad \cos(x + y) = \cos(x + x)
= \cos(x) \cdot \cos(x) - \sin(x) \cdot \sin(x)
</code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \cos(2x) = \cos^2(x) - \sin^2(x)
</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
Now we just need to evaluate each term.
<p><code>\qquad \cos^2(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\left(\dfrac{Adj}{Hyp}\right)^2 =
\left(\dfrac{<var>ADJACENT_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>}\right)^2 =
\left(\dfrac{<var>ADJACENT_VALUE</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_VALUE</var>}\right)^2 =
<var>TERM1</var></code></p>
<p><code>\qquad \sin^2(<var>T_ANG</var>) =
\left(\dfrac{Opp}{Hyp}\right)^2 =
\left(\dfrac{<var>OPPOSITE_NAME</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_NAME</var>}\right)^2 =
\left(\dfrac{<var>OPPOSITE_VALUE</var>}
{<var>HYPOTENUSE_VALUE</var>}\right)^2 =
<var>TERM2</var></code></p>
</div>
<div>
Putting it together, we get
<p><code>\qquad <var>TERM1</var>
- <var>TERM2</var>
= <var>ANS_DISPLAY</var>
</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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