Add Protocols for most base classes

[N-Wouda]

This PR:

• Closes Protocols for AcceptanceCriterion and WeightScheme #61.
• Adds and passes relevant tests.
• Has well-formatted code and documentation.

Notes:

• It is essential that you add a test when making code changes.
  This keeps the code coverage level up, and helps ensure the changes work as intended.
• When fixing a bug, you must add a test that would produce the bug in the master branch, and then show that it is fixed with the new code.
• New code additions must be well formatted. Changes should pass the pre-commit workflow, which you can set up locally using pre-commit.
• Docstring additions must render correctly, including escapes and LaTeX.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #150 (fac6908) into master (936cd0c) will not change coverage.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@            Coverage Diff            @@
##            master      #150   +/-   ##
=========================================
  Coverage   100.00%   100.00%           
=========================================
  Files           28        28           
  Lines          668       665    -3     
=========================================
- Hits           668       665    -3     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
alns/ALNS.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/State.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/AcceptanceCriterion.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/GreatDeluge.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/HillClimbing.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/LateAcceptanceHillClimbing.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/RandomWalk.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/RecordToRecordTravel.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/SimulatedAnnealing.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
alns/accept/WorseAccept.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 4 more

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