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mpsaloha committed Mar 20, 2019
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## Introduction

EML 2.2.0 now provides ways to embed HTTP URI's into several EML elements, thus serving as semantic annotations of those elements.
EML 2.2.0 now provides ways to embed HTTP URI's into several EML elements, thus serving as semantic annotations of those elements. These annotations, by referencing external *knowledge graphs* (aka *controlled vocabularies* or *ontologies*), will provide for much more rigorous, expressive, and consistent interpretation of the metadata contents.

The purpose of this primer is to provide an introduction to how these semantic annotations are structured
in EML documents. It is expected that you have some familiarity with the EML schema prior to reading this document. It is important to note that our approach of using annotations structured in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) specification is based on recommendations from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) about how a Semantic Web should be constructed. If you want to read more about the W3C's RDF data model, graphs or the semantic web, there is supplemental material at the bottom of this primer.
in EML documents. It is expected that you have some familiarity with the EML schema prior to reading this document. It is important to note that our annotation approach is compatible with RDF, a specification recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for construction of the Semantic Web. If you want to read more about the W3C's RDF data model, knowledge graphs or the Semantic Web, there is supplemental material at the bottom of this primer.

A semantic annotation involves the attachment ("annotation") of semantic metadata to a resource -- which in this context would be an EML element. A semantic annotation provides a pointer (HTTP universal resource identifier; URI) that should resolve (and dereference) to useful descriptions, definitions, or relationships that the annotated resource has with other terms or resources, and do so in a computer-usable way. The "pointers" reference terms within web-accessible *knowledge graphs* (also called "ontologies"). The process of creating semantic annotations may seem tedious, but the payoff is vastly enhanced information discovery and interpretation. Semantic annotations will make it easier for others to find and reuse your data (and thus give you credit).
A semantic annotation involves the attachment ("annotation") of semantic metadata to a resource -- which in this context would be an EML element. A semantic annotation provides a pointer (HTTP uniform resource identifier; URI) that should resolve (and dereference) to useful descriptions, definitions, or relationships that the annotated resource has with other terms or resources, and do so in a computer-usable way. The "pointers" reference terms within web-accessible *knowledge graphs* (i.e. "controlled vocabularies"). The process of creating semantic annotations may seem tedious, but the payoff is vastly enhanced information discovery and interpretation. Semantic annotations will make it easier for others to find and reuse your data (and thus give you credit).

For example, if a dataset is annotated as being about "carbon dioxide flux" and another dataset is annotated as being about
"CO2 flux" the information system can recognize that these datasets are about equivalent concepts, because this equivalence can be indicated in a "computer-usable" way through the semantic annotation-- e.g. by sharing the same HTTP URI for their annotation.
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