/
financial.jl
480 lines (450 loc) · 21.1 KB
/
financial.jl
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# REopt®, Copyright (c) Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. See also https://github.com/NREL/REopt.jl/blob/master/LICENSE.
"""
`Financial` is an optional REopt input with the following keys and default values:
```julia
om_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.025,
elec_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.017,
existing_boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64 = 0.015,
boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.015,
chp_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.015,
generator_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.012,
offtaker_tax_rate_fraction::Real = 0.26, # combined state and federal tax rate
offtaker_discount_rate_fraction::Real = 0.0638,
third_party_ownership::Bool = false,
owner_tax_rate_fraction::Real = 0.26, # combined state and federal tax rate
owner_discount_rate_fraction::Real = 0.0638,
analysis_years::Int = 25,
value_of_lost_load_per_kwh::Union{Array{R,1}, R} where R<:Real = 1.00, #only applies to multiple outage modeling
microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction::Real = 0.0
macrs_five_year::Array{Float64,1} = [0.2, 0.32, 0.192, 0.1152, 0.1152, 0.0576], # IRS pub 946
macrs_seven_year::Array{Float64,1} = [0.1429, 0.2449, 0.1749, 0.1249, 0.0893, 0.0892, 0.0893, 0.0446],
offgrid_other_capital_costs::Real = 0.0, # only applicable when `off_grid_flag` is true. Straight-line depreciation is applied to this capex cost, reducing taxable income.
offgrid_other_annual_costs::Real = 0.0 # only applicable when `off_grid_flag` is true. Considered tax deductible for owner. Costs are per year.
# Emissions cost inputs
CO2_cost_per_tonne::Real = 51.0,
CO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.042173,
NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing, # Default data from EASIUR based on location
SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing, # Default data from EASIUR based on location
PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing, # Default data from EASIUR based on location
NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing, # Default data from EASIUR based on location
SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing, # Default data from EASIUR based on location
PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing # Default data from EASIUR based on location
```
!!! note "Third party financing"
When `third_party_ownership` is `false` the offtaker's discount and tax percentages are used throughout the model:
```julia
if !third_party_ownership
owner_tax_rate_fraction = offtaker_tax_rate_fraction
owner_discount_rate_fraction = offtaker_discount_rate_fraction
end
```
"""
struct Financial
om_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
elec_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
existing_boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
chp_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
generator_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
offtaker_tax_rate_fraction::Float64
offtaker_discount_rate_fraction::Float64
third_party_ownership::Bool
owner_tax_rate_fraction::Float64
owner_discount_rate_fraction::Float64
analysis_years::Int
value_of_lost_load_per_kwh::Union{Array{Float64,1}, Float64}
microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction::Float64
macrs_five_year::Array{Float64,1}
macrs_seven_year::Array{Float64,1}
offgrid_other_capital_costs::Float64
offgrid_other_annual_costs::Float64
CO2_cost_per_tonne::Float64
CO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne::Float64
SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne::Float64
PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne::Float64
NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Float64
SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Float64
PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Float64
NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64
function Financial(;
off_grid_flag::Bool = false,
om_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.025,
elec_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.017,
existing_boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Float64 = 0.015,
boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.015,
chp_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.015,
generator_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.012,
offtaker_tax_rate_fraction::Real = 0.257,
offtaker_discount_rate_fraction::Real = 0.0638,
third_party_ownership::Bool = false,
owner_tax_rate_fraction::Real = 0.257,
owner_discount_rate_fraction::Real = 0.0638,
analysis_years::Int = 25,
value_of_lost_load_per_kwh::Union{Array{<:Real,1}, Real} = 1.00, #only applies to multiple outage modeling
microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction::Real = 0.0,
macrs_five_year::Array{<:Real,1} = [0.2, 0.32, 0.192, 0.1152, 0.1152, 0.0576], # IRS pub 946
macrs_seven_year::Array{<:Real,1} = [0.1429, 0.2449, 0.1749, 0.1249, 0.0893, 0.0892, 0.0893, 0.0446],
offgrid_other_capital_costs::Real = 0.0, # only applicable when `off_grid_flag` is true. Straight-line depreciation is applied to this capex cost, reducing taxable income.
offgrid_other_annual_costs::Real = 0.0, # only applicable when `off_grid_flag` is true. Considered tax deductible for owner.
# Emissions cost inputs
CO2_cost_per_tonne::Real = 51.0,
CO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Real = 0.042173,
NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction::Union{Nothing,Real} = nothing,
# fields from other models needed for validation
latitude::Real, # Passed from Site
longitude::Real, # Passed from Site
include_health_in_objective::Bool = false # Passed from Settings
)
if off_grid_flag && !(microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction == 0.0)
@warn "microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction is not applied when `off_grid_flag` is true. Setting microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction to 0.0."
microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction = 0.0
end
if !off_grid_flag && (offgrid_other_capital_costs != 0.0 || offgrid_other_annual_costs != 0.0)
@warn "offgrid_other_capital_costs and offgrid_other_annual_costs are only applied when `off_grid_flag` is true. Setting these inputs to 0.0 for this grid-connected analysis."
offgrid_other_capital_costs = 0.0
offgrid_other_annual_costs = 0.0
end
if !third_party_ownership
owner_tax_rate_fraction = offtaker_tax_rate_fraction
owner_discount_rate_fraction = offtaker_discount_rate_fraction
end
grid_costs = off_grid_flag ? nothing : easiur_costs(latitude, longitude, "grid")
onsite_costs = easiur_costs(latitude, longitude, "onsite")
escalation_rates = easiur_escalation_rates(latitude, longitude, om_cost_escalation_rate_fraction)
missing_health_inputs = false
# use EASIUR data for missing grid costs
missing_health_inputs = isnothing(grid_costs) && !off_grid_flag ? true : missing_health_inputs
if isnothing(NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne)
NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(grid_costs) ? 0.0 : grid_costs["NOx"]
end
if isnothing(SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne)
SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(grid_costs) ? 0.0 : grid_costs["SO2"]
end
if isnothing(PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne)
PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(grid_costs) ? 0.0 : grid_costs["PM25"]
end
# use EASIUR data for missing fuelburn costs
missing_health_inputs = isnothing(onsite_costs) ? true : missing_health_inputs
if isnothing(NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne)
NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(onsite_costs) ? 0.0 : onsite_costs["NOx"]
end
if isnothing(SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne)
SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(onsite_costs) ? 0.0 : onsite_costs["SO2"]
end
if isnothing(PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne)
PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne = isnothing(onsite_costs) ? 0.0 : onsite_costs["PM25"]
end
# use EASIUR data for missing escalation rates
missing_health_inputs = isnothing(escalation_rates) ? true : missing_health_inputs
if isnothing(NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction)
NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction = isnothing(escalation_rates) ? 0.0 : escalation_rates["NOx"]
end
if isnothing(SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction)
SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction = isnothing(escalation_rates) ? 0.0 : escalation_rates["SO2"]
end
if isnothing(PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction)
PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction = isnothing(escalation_rates) ? 0.0 : escalation_rates["PM25"]
end
if missing_health_inputs && include_health_in_objective
throw(@error("To include health costs in the objective function, you must either enter custom emissions costs and escalation rates or a site location within the CAMx grid."))
end
return new(
om_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
elec_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
existing_boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
boiler_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
chp_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
generator_fuel_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
offtaker_tax_rate_fraction,
offtaker_discount_rate_fraction,
third_party_ownership,
owner_tax_rate_fraction,
owner_discount_rate_fraction,
analysis_years,
value_of_lost_load_per_kwh,
microgrid_upgrade_cost_fraction,
macrs_five_year,
macrs_seven_year,
offgrid_other_capital_costs,
offgrid_other_annual_costs,
CO2_cost_per_tonne,
CO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
NOx_grid_cost_per_tonne,
SO2_grid_cost_per_tonne,
PM25_grid_cost_per_tonne,
NOx_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne,
SO2_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne,
PM25_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne,
NOx_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
SO2_cost_escalation_rate_fraction,
PM25_cost_escalation_rate_fraction
)
end
end
function easiur_costs(latitude::Real, longitude::Real, grid_or_onsite::String)
# Assumption: grid emissions occur at site at 150m above ground
# and on-site fuelburn emissions occur at site at 0m above ground
if grid_or_onsite=="grid"
type = "p150"
elseif grid_or_onsite=="onsite"
type = "area"
else
@warn "Error in easiur_costs: grid_or_onsite must equal either 'grid' or 'onsite'"
return nothing
end
EASIUR_data = nothing
try
EASIUR_data = get_EASIUR2005(type, pop_year=2020, income_year=2020, dollar_year=2010)
catch e
@warn "Could not look up EASIUR health costs from point ($latitude,$longitude). {$e}"
return nothing
end
# convert lon, lat to CAMx grid (x, y), specify datum. default is NAD83
# Note: x, y returned from g2l follows the CAMx grid convention.
# x and y start from 1, not zero. (x) ranges (1, ..., 148) and (y) ranges (1, ..., 112)
coords = g2l(longitude, latitude, datum="NAD83")
x = Int(round(coords[1]))
y = Int(round(coords[2]))
# Convert from 2010$ to 2020$ (source: https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/2010?amount=100)
USD_2010_to_2020 = 1.246
try
costs_per_tonne = Dict(
"NOx" => EASIUR_data["NOX_Annual"][x, y] .* USD_2010_to_2020,
"SO2" => EASIUR_data["SO2_Annual"][x, y] .* USD_2010_to_2020,
"PM25" => EASIUR_data["PEC_Annual"][x, y] .* USD_2010_to_2020
)
return costs_per_tonne
catch
@warn "Could not look up EASIUR health costs from point ($latitude,$longitude). Location is likely invalid or outside the CAMx grid."
return nothing
end
end
function easiur_escalation_rates(latitude::Real, longitude::Real, inflation::Real)
EASIUR_150m_yr2020 = nothing
EASIUR_150m_yr2024 = nothing
try
EASIUR_150m_yr2020 = get_EASIUR2005("p150", pop_year=2020, income_year=2020, dollar_year=2010)
EASIUR_150m_yr2024 = get_EASIUR2005("p150", pop_year=2024, income_year=2024, dollar_year=2010)
catch e
@warn "Could not look up EASIUR health cost escalation rates from point ($latitude,$longitude). {$e}"
return nothing
end
# convert lon, lat to CAMx grid (x, y), specify datum. default is NAD83
coords = g2l(longitude, latitude, datum="NAD83")
x = Int(round(coords[1]))
y = Int(round(coords[2]))
try
# nominal compound annual growth rate (real + inflation)
escalation_rates = Dict(
"NOx" => ((EASIUR_150m_yr2024["NOX_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1]/EASIUR_150m_yr2020["NOX_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1])^(1/4)-1) + inflation,
"SO2" => ((EASIUR_150m_yr2024["SO2_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1]/EASIUR_150m_yr2020["SO2_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1])^(1/4)-1) + inflation,
"PM25" => ((EASIUR_150m_yr2024["PEC_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1]/EASIUR_150m_yr2020["PEC_Annual"][x - 1, y - 1])^(1/4)-1) + inflation
)
return escalation_rates
catch
@warn "Could not look up EASIUR health cost escalation rates from point ($latitude,$longitude). Location is likely invalid or outside the CAMx grid"
return nothing
end
end
"""
Adapted to Julia from example Python code for EASIUR found at https://barney.ce.cmu.edu/~jinhyok/apsca/#getting
"""
"""
get_EASIUR2005(
stack::String, # area, p150, or p300
pop_year::Int64=2005, # population year
income_year::Int64=2005, # income level (1990 to 2024)
dollar_year::Int64=2010 # dollar year (1980 to 2010)
)
Returns EASIUR for a given `stack` height in a dict, or nothing if arguments are invalid.
"""
function get_EASIUR2005(stack::String; pop_year::Int64=2005, income_year::Int64=2005, dollar_year::Int64=2010)
EASIUR_data_lib = joinpath(@__DIR__,"..","..","data","emissions","EASIUR_Data")
# Income Growth Adjustment factors from BenMAP
MorIncomeGrowthAdj = Dict(
1990 => 1.000000,
1991 => 0.992025,
1992 => 0.998182,
1993 => 1.003087,
1994 => 1.012843,
1995 => 1.016989,
1996 => 1.024362,
1997 => 1.034171,
1998 => 1.038842,
1999 => 1.042804,
2000 => 1.038542,
2001 => 1.043834,
2002 => 1.049992,
2003 => 1.056232,
2004 => 1.062572,
2005 => 1.068587,
2006 => 1.074681,
2007 => 1.080843,
2008 => 1.087068,
2009 => 1.093349,
2010 => 1.099688,
2011 => 1.111515,
2012 => 1.122895,
2013 => 1.133857,
2014 => 1.144425,
2015 => 1.154627,
2016 => 1.164482,
2017 => 1.174010,
2018 => 1.183233,
2019 => 1.192168,
2020 => 1.200834,
2021 => 1.209226,
2022 => 1.217341,
2023 => 1.225191,
2024 => 1.232790,
)
# GDP deflator from BenMAP
GDP_deflator = Dict(
1980 => 0.478513,
1981 => 0.527875,
1982 => 0.560395,
1983 => 0.578397,
1984 => 0.603368,
1985 => 0.624855,
1986 => 0.636469,
1987 => 0.659698,
1988 => 0.686992,
1989 => 0.720093,
1990 => 0.759001,
1991 => 0.790941,
1992 => 0.814750,
1993 => 0.839141,
1994 => 0.860627,
1995 => 0.885017,
1996 => 0.911150,
1997 => 0.932056,
1998 => 0.946574,
1999 => 0.967480,
2000 => 1.000000,
2001 => 1.028455,
2002 => 1.044715,
2003 => 1.068525,
2004 => 1.096980,
2005 => 1.134146,
2006 => 1.170732,
2007 => 1.204077,
2008 => 1.250308,
2009 => 1.245860,
2010 => 1.266295,
)
if !(stack in ["area", "p150", "p300"])
throw(@error("stack should be one of 'area', 'p150', 'p300'"))
return nothing
end
fn_2005 = joinpath(EASIUR_data_lib,"sc_8.6MVSL_$(stack)_pop2005.hdf5")
ret_map = JLD.load(fn_2005)
if pop_year != 2005
fn_growth = joinpath(EASIUR_data_lib,"sc_growth_rate_pop2005_pop2040_$(stack).hdf5")
map_rate = JLD.load(fn_growth)
for (k,v) in map_rate
setindex!(ret_map, ret_map[k] .* (v.^(pop_year - 2005)), k)
end
end
if income_year != 2005
try
adj = get(MorIncomeGrowthAdj, income_year, nothing) / get(MorIncomeGrowthAdj, 2005, nothing)
for (k, v) in ret_map
setindex!(ret_map, v .* adj, k)
end
catch
throw(@error("income year is $(income_year) but must be between 1990 to 2024"))
return nothing
end
end
if dollar_year != 2010
try
adj = get(GDP_deflator, dollar_year, nothing) / get(GDP_deflator, 2010, nothing)
for (k, v) in ret_map
setindex!(ret_map, v .* adj, k)
end
catch e
throw(@error("Dollar year must be between 1980 to 2010"))
return nothing
end
end
return ret_map
end
"""
l2g(x::Real, y::Real, inverse::Bool=false, datum::String="NAD83")
Convert LCP (x, y) in CAMx 148x112 grid to Geodetic (lon, lat)
"""
function l2g(x::Real, y::Real; inverse::Bool=false, datum::String="NAD83")
x = Float64(x)
y = Float64(y)
LCP_US = ArchGDAL.importPROJ4("+proj=lcc +no_defs +a=6370000.0 +b=6370000.0 +lon_0=97w +lat_0=40n +lat_1=33n +lat_2=45n +x_0=2736000.0 +y_0=2088000.0 +to_wgs=0,0,0 +units=m")
if datum == "NAD83"
datum = ArchGDAL.importEPSG(4269)
elseif datum == "WGS84"
datum = ArchGDAL.importEPSG(4326)
end
if inverse
point = ArchGDAL.createpoint(y, x)
ArchGDAL.createcoordtrans(datum, LCP_US) do transform
ArchGDAL.transform!(point, transform)
end
point = ArchGDAL.createpoint(ArchGDAL.gety(point, 0) / 36000.0 + 1, ArchGDAL.getx(point, 0) / 36000.0 + 1)
else
point = ArchGDAL.createpoint((y-1)*36e3, (x-1)*36e3)
ArchGDAL.createcoordtrans(LCP_US, datum) do transform
ArchGDAL.transform!(point, transform)
end
end
return [ArchGDAL.getx(point, 0) ArchGDAL.gety(point, 0)]
end
"""
g2l(lon::Real, lat::Real, datum::String="NAD83")
Convert Geodetic (lon, lat) to LCP (x, y) in CAMx 148x112 grid
"""
function g2l(lon::Real, lat::Real; datum::String="NAD83")
return l2g(lon, lat, inverse=true, datum=datum)
end
"""
easiur_data(; latitude::Real, longitude::Real, inflation::Real)
This function gets NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 costs (for grid and on-site emissions) and cost escalation rates from the EASIUR dataset.
This function is used for the /easiur_costs endpoint in the REopt API, in particular
for the webtool to display health emissions cost/escalation defaults before running REopt,
but is also generally an external way to access EASIUR data without running REopt.
"""
function easiur_data(; latitude::Real, longitude::Real, inflation::Real)
grid_costs = easiur_costs(latitude, longitude, "grid")
if isnothing(grid_costs)
return Dict{String, Any}(
"error"=>
"Could not look up EASIUR health cost data from point ($latitude,$longitude).
Location is likely invalid or outside the CAMx grid."
)
end
onsite_costs = easiur_costs(latitude, longitude, "onsite")
escalation = easiur_escalation_rates(latitude, longitude, inflation)
response_dict = Dict{String, Any}(
"units_costs" => "US dollars per metric ton",
"description_costs" => "Health costs of emissions from the grid and on-site fuel burn, as reported by the EASIUR model.",
"units_escalation" => "nominal annual fraction",
"description_escalation" => "Annual nominal escalation rate of public health costs of emissions.",
)
for ekey in ["NOx", "SO2", "PM25"]
response_dict[ekey*"_grid_cost_per_tonne"] = grid_costs[ekey]
response_dict[ekey*"_onsite_fuelburn_cost_per_tonne"] = onsite_costs[ekey]
response_dict[ekey*"_cost_escalation_rate_fraction"] = escalation[ekey]
end
return response_dict
end