Add CCCL_VERSION and script for updating version

[jrhemstad]

Description

closes #646
closes #645

In attempt to add some consistency and convenience around our versioning, this PR introduces CCCL_VERSION definitions and a script for automating updating versions everywhere that it is needed.

There's an unfortunate complication caused by the fact that Thrust/CUB use MMMmmmpp whereas libcudacxx uses MMMmmmppp. I made the CCCL version use MMMmmmppp. Ideally we'd have been able to define THRUST_VERSION and CUB_VERSION as:

#define CUB_VERSION (CCCL_MAJOR_VERSION * 100000 + CCCL_MINOR_VERSION * 100 + CCCL_PATCH_VERSION)

but this causes terrible macro expansion breakages due to the fact that CUB_VERSION is used with the preprocessor concatenation token, ##, to form the versioned inline namespace. Therefore, the CUB and Thrust versions need to remain as a singular value.

• Adds <cuda/version> and CCCL_VERSION w/ associated components
• Updates libcudacxx version macros to just use CCCL_VERSION
• Adds static_asserts to ensure Thrust/CUB versions agree with CCCL_VERSION
• Adds update_version script to automate updating versions
• Replaces cmake logic that parses header files for version information and relies on the update_version script to ensure this gets updated
• Updates version to 2.3.0

Checklist

• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

[alliepiper]

@jrhemstad I forgot about this -- there is one place in CMake that encodes the version: lib/cmake/cccl/cccl-config-version.cmake does store the version since there are no CCCL headers to parse from.

[github-actions]

Successfully created backport PR for branch/2.3.x:

• [Backport branch/2.3.x] Add CCCL_VERSION and script for updating version #667

[miscco]

/backport

[github-actions]

Git push to origin failed for branch/2.3.x with exitcode 1