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enum.c
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enum.c
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/**********************************************************************
enum.c -
$Author$
created at: Fri Oct 1 15:15:19 JST 1993
Copyright (C) 1993-2007 Yukihiro Matsumoto
**********************************************************************/
#include "id.h"
#include "internal.h"
#include "internal/compar.h"
#include "internal/enum.h"
#include "internal/hash.h"
#include "internal/imemo.h"
#include "internal/numeric.h"
#include "internal/object.h"
#include "internal/proc.h"
#include "internal/rational.h"
#include "internal/re.h"
#include "ruby/util.h"
#include "ruby_assert.h"
#include "symbol.h"
VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
static ID id_next;
static ID id__alone;
static ID id__separator;
static ID id_chunk_categorize;
static ID id_chunk_enumerable;
static ID id_sliceafter_enum;
static ID id_sliceafter_pat;
static ID id_sliceafter_pred;
static ID id_slicebefore_enumerable;
static ID id_slicebefore_sep_pat;
static ID id_slicebefore_sep_pred;
static ID id_slicewhen_enum;
static ID id_slicewhen_inverted;
static ID id_slicewhen_pred;
#define id_div idDiv
#define id_each idEach
#define id_eqq idEqq
#define id_cmp idCmp
#define id_lshift idLTLT
#define id_call idCall
#define id_size idSize
VALUE
rb_enum_values_pack(int argc, const VALUE *argv)
{
if (argc == 0) return Qnil;
if (argc == 1) return argv[0];
return rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
}
#define ENUM_WANT_SVALUE() do { \
i = rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv); \
} while (0)
static VALUE
enum_yield(int argc, VALUE ary)
{
if (argc > 1)
return rb_yield_force_blockarg(ary);
if (argc == 1)
return rb_yield(ary);
return rb_yield_values2(0, 0);
}
static VALUE
enum_yield_array(VALUE ary)
{
long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
if (len > 1)
return rb_yield_force_blockarg(ary);
if (len == 1)
return rb_yield(RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0));
return rb_yield_values2(0, 0);
}
static VALUE
grep_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, &i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
rb_ary_push(memo->v2, i);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
grep_regexp_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
VALUE converted_element, match;
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
/* In case element can't be converted to a Symbol or String: not a match (don't raise) */
converted_element = SYMBOL_P(i) ? i : rb_check_string_type(i);
match = NIL_P(converted_element) ? Qfalse : rb_reg_match_p(memo->v1, i, 0);
if (match == memo->u3.value) {
rb_ary_push(memo->v2, i);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
grep_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (RTEST(rb_funcallv(memo->v1, id_eqq, 1, &i)) == RTEST(memo->u3.value)) {
rb_ary_push(memo->v2, enum_yield(argc, i));
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
enum_grep0(VALUE obj, VALUE pat, VALUE test)
{
VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_NEW(pat, ary, test);
rb_block_call_func_t fn;
if (rb_block_given_p()) {
fn = grep_iter_i;
}
else if (RB_TYPE_P(pat, T_REGEXP) &&
LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(pat), idEqq))) {
fn = grep_regexp_i;
}
else {
fn = grep_i;
}
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, fn, (VALUE)memo);
return ary;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* grep(pattern) -> array
* grep(pattern) {|element| ... } -> array
*
* Returns an array of objects based elements of +self+ that match the given pattern.
*
* With no block given, returns an array containing each element
* for which <tt>pattern === element</tt> is +true+:
*
* a = ['foo', 'bar', 'car', 'moo']
* a.grep(/ar/) # => ["bar", "car"]
* (1..10).grep(3..8) # => [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
* ['a', 'b', 0, 1].grep(Integer) # => [0, 1]
*
* With a block given,
* calls the block with each matching element and returns an array containing each
* object returned by the block:
*
* a = ['foo', 'bar', 'car', 'moo']
* a.grep(/ar/) {|element| element.upcase } # => ["BAR", "CAR"]
*
* Related: #grep_v.
*/
static VALUE
enum_grep(VALUE obj, VALUE pat)
{
return enum_grep0(obj, pat, Qtrue);
}
/*
* call-seq:
* grep_v(pattern) -> array
* grep_v(pattern) {|element| ... } -> array
*
* Returns an array of objects based on elements of +self+
* that <em>don't</em> match the given pattern.
*
* With no block given, returns an array containing each element
* for which <tt>pattern === element</tt> is +false+:
*
* a = ['foo', 'bar', 'car', 'moo']
* a.grep_v(/ar/) # => ["foo", "moo"]
* (1..10).grep_v(3..8) # => [1, 2, 9, 10]
* ['a', 'b', 0, 1].grep_v(Integer) # => ["a", "b"]
*
* With a block given,
* calls the block with each non-matching element and returns an array containing each
* object returned by the block:
*
* a = ['foo', 'bar', 'car', 'moo']
* a.grep_v(/ar/) {|element| element.upcase } # => ["FOO", "MOO"]
*
* Related: #grep.
*/
static VALUE
enum_grep_v(VALUE obj, VALUE pat)
{
return enum_grep0(obj, pat, Qfalse);
}
#define COUNT_BIGNUM IMEMO_FL_USER0
#define MEMO_V3_SET(m, v) RB_OBJ_WRITE((m), &(m)->u3.value, (v))
static void
imemo_count_up(struct MEMO *memo)
{
if (memo->flags & COUNT_BIGNUM) {
MEMO_V3_SET(memo, rb_int_succ(memo->u3.value));
}
else if (++memo->u3.cnt == 0) {
/* overflow */
unsigned long buf[2] = {0, 1};
MEMO_V3_SET(memo, rb_big_unpack(buf, 2));
memo->flags |= COUNT_BIGNUM;
}
}
static VALUE
imemo_count_value(struct MEMO *memo)
{
if (memo->flags & COUNT_BIGNUM) {
return memo->u3.value;
}
else {
return ULONG2NUM(memo->u3.cnt);
}
}
static VALUE
count_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (rb_equal(i, memo->v1)) {
imemo_count_up(memo);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
count_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
if (RTEST(rb_yield_values2(argc, argv))) {
imemo_count_up(memo);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
count_all_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
imemo_count_up(memo);
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* count -> integer
* count(object) -> integer
* count {|element| ... } -> integer
*
* Returns the count of elements, based on an argument or block criterion, if given.
*
* With no argument and no block given, returns the number of elements:
*
* [0, 1, 2].count # => 3
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.count # => 3
*
* With argument +object+ given,
* returns the number of elements that are <tt>==</tt> to +object+:
*
* [0, 1, 2, 1].count(1) # => 2
*
* With a block given, calls the block with each element
* and returns the number of elements for which the block returns a truthy value:
*
* [0, 1, 2, 3].count {|element| element < 2} # => 2
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.count {|key, value| value < 2} # => 2
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_count(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
VALUE item = Qnil;
struct MEMO *memo;
rb_block_call_func *func;
if (argc == 0) {
if (rb_block_given_p()) {
func = count_iter_i;
}
else {
func = count_all_i;
}
}
else {
rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &item);
if (rb_block_given_p()) {
rb_warn("given block not used");
}
func = count_i;
}
memo = MEMO_NEW(item, 0, 0);
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
return imemo_count_value(memo);
}
static VALUE
find_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (RTEST(enum_yield(argc, i))) {
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
memo->u3.cnt = 1;
rb_iter_break();
}
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* find(if_none_proc = nil) {|element| ... } -> object or nil
* find(if_none_proc = nil) -> enumerator
*
* Returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements of the collection;
* returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
*
* (0..9).find {|element| element > 2} # => 3
*
* If no such element is found, calls +if_none_proc+ and returns its return value.
*
* (0..9).find(proc {false}) {|element| element > 12} # => false
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.find {|key, value| key.start_with?('b') } # => [:bar, 1]
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.find(proc {[]}) {|key, value| key.start_with?('c') } # => []
*
* With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_find(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
struct MEMO *memo;
VALUE if_none;
if_none = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? argv[0] : Qnil;
RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv);
memo = MEMO_NEW(Qundef, 0, 0);
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, find_i, (VALUE)memo);
if (memo->u3.cnt) {
return memo->v1;
}
if (!NIL_P(if_none)) {
return rb_funcallv(if_none, id_call, 0, 0);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
find_index_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (rb_equal(i, memo->v2)) {
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, imemo_count_value(memo));
rb_iter_break();
}
imemo_count_up(memo);
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
find_index_iter_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, memop))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(memop);
if (RTEST(rb_yield_values2(argc, argv))) {
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, imemo_count_value(memo));
rb_iter_break();
}
imemo_count_up(memo);
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* find_index(object) -> integer or nil
* find_index {|element| ... } -> integer or nil
* find_index -> enumerator
*
* Returns the index of the first element that meets a specified criterion,
* or +nil+ if no such element is found.
*
* With argument +object+ given,
* returns the index of the first element that is <tt>==</tt> +object+:
*
* ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'].find_index('b') # => 1
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns the first element for which the block returns a truthy value:
*
* ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'].find_index {|element| element.start_with?('b') } # => 1
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.find_index {|key, value| value > 1 } # => 2
*
* With no argument and no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_find_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
struct MEMO *memo; /* [return value, current index, ] */
VALUE condition_value = Qnil;
rb_block_call_func *func;
if (argc == 0) {
RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0);
func = find_index_iter_i;
}
else {
rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1", &condition_value);
if (rb_block_given_p()) {
rb_warn("given block not used");
}
func = find_index_i;
}
memo = MEMO_NEW(Qnil, condition_value, 0);
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, func, (VALUE)memo);
return memo->v1;
}
static VALUE
find_all_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (RTEST(enum_yield(argc, i))) {
rb_ary_push(ary, i);
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
enum_size(VALUE self, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
{
return rb_check_funcall_default(self, id_size, 0, 0, Qnil);
}
static long
limit_by_enum_size(VALUE obj, long n)
{
unsigned long limit;
VALUE size = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_size, 0, 0);
if (!FIXNUM_P(size)) return n;
limit = FIX2ULONG(size);
return ((unsigned long)n > limit) ? (long)limit : n;
}
static int
enum_size_over_p(VALUE obj, long n)
{
VALUE size = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_size, 0, 0);
if (!FIXNUM_P(size)) return 0;
return ((unsigned long)n > FIX2ULONG(size));
}
/*
* call-seq:
* select {|element| ... } -> array
* select -> enumerator
*
* Returns an array containing elements selected by the block.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns an array of those elements for which the block returns a truthy value:
*
* (0..9).select {|element| element % 3 == 0 } # => [0, 3, 6, 9]
* a = {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.select {|key, value| key.start_with?('b') }
* a # => {:bar=>1, :baz=>2}
*
* With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
* Related: #reject.
*/
static VALUE
enum_find_all(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary;
RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
ary = rb_ary_new();
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, find_all_i, ary);
return ary;
}
static VALUE
filter_map_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
i = rb_yield_values2(argc, argv);
if (RTEST(i)) {
rb_ary_push(ary, i);
}
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* filter_map {|element| ... } -> array
* filter_map -> enumerator
*
* Returns an array containing truthy elements returned by the block.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns an array containing each truthy value returned by the block:
*
* (0..9).filter_map {|i| i * 2 if i.even? } # => [0, 4, 8, 12, 16]
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.filter_map {|key, value| key if value.even? } # => [:foo, :baz]
*
* When no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_filter_map(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary;
RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
ary = rb_ary_new();
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, filter_map_i, ary);
return ary;
}
static VALUE
reject_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (!RTEST(enum_yield(argc, i))) {
rb_ary_push(ary, i);
}
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* reject {|element| ... } -> array
* reject -> enumerator
*
* Returns an array of objects rejected by the block.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns an array of those elements for which the block returns +nil+ or +false+:
*
* (0..9).reject {|i| i * 2 if i.even? } # => [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.reject {|key, value| key if value.odd? } # => {:foo=>0, :baz=>2}
*
* When no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
* Related: #select.
*/
static VALUE
enum_reject(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary;
RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
ary = rb_ary_new();
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, reject_i, ary);
return ary;
}
static VALUE
collect_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
rb_ary_push(ary, rb_yield_values2(argc, argv));
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
collect_all(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
rb_ary_push(ary, rb_enum_values_pack(argc, argv));
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* map {|element| ... } -> array
* map -> enumerator
*
* Returns an array of objects returned by the block.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns an array of the objects returned by the block:
*
* (0..4).map {|i| i*i } # => [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.map {|key, value| value*2} # => [0, 2, 4]
*
* With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_collect(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary;
int min_argc, max_argc;
RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
ary = rb_ary_new();
min_argc = rb_block_min_max_arity(&max_argc);
rb_lambda_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, collect_i, min_argc, max_argc, ary);
return ary;
}
static VALUE
flat_map_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, ary))
{
VALUE tmp;
i = rb_yield_values2(argc, argv);
tmp = rb_check_array_type(i);
if (NIL_P(tmp)) {
rb_ary_push(ary, i);
}
else {
rb_ary_concat(ary, tmp);
}
return Qnil;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* flat_map {|element| ... } -> array
* flat_map -> enumerator
*
* Returns an array of flattened objects returned by the block.
*
* With a block given, calls the block with successive elements;
* returns a flattened array of objects returned by the block:
*
* [0, 1, 2, 3].flat_map {|element| -element } # => [0, -1, -2, -3]
* [0, 1, 2, 3].flat_map {|element| [element, -element] } # => [0, 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3]
* [[0, 1], [2, 3]].flat_map {|e| e + [100] } # => [0, 1, 100, 2, 3, 100]
* {foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2}.flat_map {|key, value| [key, value] } # => [:foo, 0, :bar, 1, :baz, 2]
*
* With no block given, returns an Enumerator.
*
* Alias: #collect_concat.
*/
static VALUE
enum_flat_map(VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary;
RETURN_SIZED_ENUMERATOR(obj, 0, 0, enum_size);
ary = rb_ary_new();
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, flat_map_i, ary);
return ary;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* to_a(*args) -> array
*
* Returns an array containing the items in +self+:
*
* (0..4).to_a # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
*
*/
static VALUE
enum_to_a(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
rb_block_call_kw(obj, id_each, argc, argv, collect_all, ary, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
return ary;
}
static VALUE
enum_hashify_into(VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_call_func *iter, VALUE hash)
{
rb_block_call(obj, id_each, argc, argv, iter, hash);
return hash;
}
static VALUE
enum_hashify(VALUE obj, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_block_call_func *iter)
{
return enum_hashify_into(obj, argc, argv, iter, rb_hash_new());
}
static VALUE
enum_to_h_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
{
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
return rb_hash_set_pair(hash, i);
}
static VALUE
enum_to_h_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, hash))
{
return rb_hash_set_pair(hash, rb_yield_values2(argc, argv));
}
/*
* call-seq:
* to_h(*args) -> hash
* to_h(*args) {|element| ... } -> hash
*
* When +self+ consists of 2-element arrays,
* returns a hash each of whose entries is the key-value pair
* formed from one of those arrays:
*
* [[:foo, 0], [:bar, 1], [:baz, 2]].to_h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2}
*
* When a block is given, the block is called with each element of +self+;
* the block should return a 2-element array which becomes a key-value pair
* in the returned hash:
*
* (0..3).to_h {|i| [i, i ** 2]} # => {0=>0, 1=>1, 2=>4, 3=>9}
*
* Raises an exception if an element of +self+ is not a 2-element array,
* and a block is not passed.
*/
static VALUE
enum_to_h(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
{
rb_block_call_func *iter = rb_block_given_p() ? enum_to_h_ii : enum_to_h_i;
return enum_hashify(obj, argc, argv, iter);
}
static VALUE
inject_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, p))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(p);
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
}
else {
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, rb_yield_values(2, memo->v1, i));
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
inject_op_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, p))
{
struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(p);
VALUE name;
ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
}
else if (SYMBOL_P(name = memo->u3.value)) {
const ID mid = SYM2ID(name);
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, rb_funcallv_public(memo->v1, mid, 1, &i));
}
else {
VALUE args[2];
args[0] = name;
args[1] = i;
MEMO_V1_SET(memo, rb_f_send(numberof(args), args, memo->v1));
}
return Qnil;
}
static VALUE
ary_inject_op(VALUE ary, VALUE init, VALUE op)
{
ID id;
VALUE v, e;
long i, n;
if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0)
return UNDEF_P(init) ? Qnil : init;
if (UNDEF_P(init)) {
v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
i = 1;
if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 1)
return v;
}
else {
v = init;
i = 0;
}
id = SYM2ID(op);
if (id == idPLUS) {
if (RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(v) &&
rb_method_basic_definition_p(rb_cInteger, idPLUS) &&
rb_obj_respond_to(v, idPLUS, FALSE)) {
n = 0;
for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
e = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
if (FIXNUM_P(e)) {
n += FIX2LONG(e); /* should not overflow long type */
if (!FIXABLE(n)) {
v = rb_big_plus(LONG2NUM(n), v);
n = 0;
}
}
else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(e))
v = rb_big_plus(e, v);
else
goto not_integer;
}
if (n != 0)
v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
return v;
not_integer:
if (n != 0)
v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
}
}
for (; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
VALUE arg = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
v = rb_funcallv_public(v, id, 1, &arg);
}
return v;
}
/*
* call-seq:
* inject(symbol) -> object
* inject(initial_operand, symbol) -> object
* inject {|memo, operand| ... } -> object
* inject(initial_operand) {|memo, operand| ... } -> object
*
* Returns an object formed from operands via either:
*
* - A method named by +symbol+.
* - A block to which each operand is passed.
*
* With method-name argument +symbol+,
* combines operands using the method:
*
* # Sum, without initial_operand.
* (1..4).inject(:+) # => 10
* # Sum, with initial_operand.
* (1..4).inject(10, :+) # => 20
*
* With a block, passes each operand to the block:
*
* # Sum of squares, without initial_operand.
* (1..4).inject {|sum, n| sum + n*n } # => 30
* # Sum of squares, with initial_operand.
* (1..4).inject(2) {|sum, n| sum + n*n } # => 32
*
* <b>Operands</b>
*
* If argument +initial_operand+ is not given,
* the operands for +inject+ are simply the elements of +self+.
* Example calls and their operands:
*
* - <tt>(1..4).inject(:+)</tt>:: <tt>[1, 2, 3, 4]</tt>.
* - <tt>(1...4).inject(:+)</tt>:: <tt>[1, 2, 3]</tt>.
* - <tt>('a'..'d').inject(:+)</tt>:: <tt>['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']</tt>.
* - <tt>('a'...'d').inject(:+)</tt>:: <tt>['a', 'b', 'c']</tt>.
*
* Examples with first operand (which is <tt>self.first</tt>) of various types:
*
* # Integer.
* (1..4).inject(:+) # => 10
* # Float.
* [1.0, 2, 3, 4].inject(:+) # => 10.0
* # Character.
* ('a'..'d').inject(:+) # => "abcd"
* # Complex.
* [Complex(1, 2), 3, 4].inject(:+) # => (8+2i)
*
* If argument +initial_operand+ is given,
* the operands for +inject+ are that value plus the elements of +self+.
* Example calls their operands:
*
* - <tt>(1..4).inject(10, :+)</tt>:: <tt>[10, 1, 2, 3, 4]</tt>.
* - <tt>(1...4).inject(10, :+)</tt>:: <tt>[10, 1, 2, 3]</tt>.
* - <tt>('a'..'d').inject('e', :+)</tt>:: <tt>['e', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd']</tt>.
* - <tt>('a'...'d').inject('e', :+)</tt>:: <tt>['e', 'a', 'b', 'c']</tt>.
*
* Examples with +initial_operand+ of various types:
*
* # Integer.
* (1..4).inject(2, :+) # => 12
* # Float.
* (1..4).inject(2.0, :+) # => 12.0
* # String.
* ('a'..'d').inject('foo', :+) # => "fooabcd"
* # Array.
* %w[a b c].inject(['x'], :push) # => ["x", "a", "b", "c"]
* # Complex.
* (1..4).inject(Complex(2, 2), :+) # => (12+2i)
*
* <b>Combination by Given \Method</b>
*
* If the method-name argument +symbol+ is given,
* the operands are combined by that method:
*
* - The first and second operands are combined.
* - That result is combined with the third operand.
* - That result is combined with the fourth operand.
* - And so on.
*
* The return value from +inject+ is the result of the last combination.
*
* This call to +inject+ computes the sum of the operands:
*
* (1..4).inject(:+) # => 10
*
* Examples with various methods:
*
* # Integer addition.
* (1..4).inject(:+) # => 10
* # Integer multiplication.
* (1..4).inject(:*) # => 24
* # Character range concatenation.
* ('a'..'d').inject('', :+) # => "abcd"
* # String array concatenation.
* %w[foo bar baz].inject('', :+) # => "foobarbaz"
* # Hash update.
* h = [{foo: 0, bar: 1}, {baz: 2}, {bat: 3}].inject(:update)
* h # => {:foo=>0, :bar=>1, :baz=>2, :bat=>3}
* # Hash conversion to nested arrays.
* h = {foo: 0, bar: 1}.inject([], :push)
* h # => [[:foo, 0], [:bar, 1]]
*
* <b>Combination by Given Block</b>
*
* If a block is given, the operands are passed to the block:
*
* - The first call passes the first and second operands.
* - The second call passes the result of the first call,
* along with the third operand.
* - The third call passes the result of the second call,
* along with the fourth operand.
* - And so on.
*
* The return value from +inject+ is the return value from the last block call.
*
* This call to +inject+ gives a block
* that writes the memo and element, and also sums the elements:
*
* (1..4).inject do |memo, element|
* p "Memo: #{memo}; element: #{element}"
* memo + element
* end # => 10
*
* Output:
*
* "Memo: 1; element: 2"
* "Memo: 3; element: 3"
* "Memo: 6; element: 4"