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title = "Decline Curve Analysis" | ||
published = true | ||
weight = 80 | ||
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## Create Decline Curves | ||
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Decline curves can be created from the right-click menu for a curve in the **Plot Project Tree**. | ||
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## Origins | ||
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J.J. Arps [[1]](#1) concluded that the decline in oil production rate ($q_i$) over time can be described by these equations: | ||
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$$\frac{ 1 }{ q_0 } \frac{\partial q_0}{ \partial t} = -D$$ | ||
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where the decline rate, $D$ is a time-dependent function: | ||
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$$D = \frac{D_i}{1+bD_i t}$$ | ||
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where: | ||
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- $q_0$ is the production rate (e.g. oil production) in a unit of choice (e.g STB/day) | ||
- $t$ is the time | ||
- $D$ is the time dependent decline rate | ||
- $D_i$ is the initial decline rate (constant) | ||
- $b$ is a dimensionless constant (typically used as a tuning parameter to match actual field data) and is in the range of $ 0 <= b <= 1 $. | ||
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The equations can be used to forecast future reservoir and well production. | ||
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Based on the value of $b$ in the function, Arps classified the decline curves into three types: | ||
- The exponential decline has $b = 0$. | ||
- The harmonic decline has $b = 1$. | ||
- The hyperbolic decline has $b$ ranges between 0 and 1. | ||
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## Rate-Time Decline Curves | ||
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### Exponential Decline | ||
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Exponential decline is the production decline when $ b = 0 $. This gives a constant decline ($D_i = D$). | ||
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$$q_0 = q_i e^{-Dt }$$ | ||
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### Hyperbolic Decline | ||
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$$q_0 = \frac{q_i}{ (1+bD_i t )^\frac{1}{b} }$$ | ||
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### Harmonic Decline | ||
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Harmonic decline is the production decline when $b = 1$: | ||
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$$q_0 = \frac{q_i}{ (1+D_i t ) }$$ | ||
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## Rate-Cumulative Production Decline Curves | ||
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### Exponential Decline | ||
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Exponential decline is the production decline when $b = 0$. This gives a constant decline ($D_i = D$). | ||
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$$N_p = \frac{q_i - q_0}{D}$$ | ||
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### Hyperbolic Decline | ||
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$$N_p = \frac{q_i^b}{D_i(1-b)} [q_i^{(1-b)} - q_0^{(1-b)}]$$ | ||
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### Harmonic Decline | ||
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Harmonic decline is the production decline when $ b = 1 $: | ||
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$$N_p = \frac{q_i}{ D_i } * \ln(\frac{q_i}{ q_0} )$$ | ||
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## Decline Rate | ||
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The continuous decline rate ($D_i$) can be determined from production history data. Using production rate and time data the value is the slope of the straight line on a semi-log plot. Taking two points on from the data $(t_1, q_1)$ and $(t_2, q_2)$: | ||
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$$D_i = \frac{1}{t_2 - t_1} \ln(\frac{q_1}{q_2})$$ | ||
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where: | ||
- $t_1$ is the time of the first point. | ||
- $q_1$ is the production rate in the first point. | ||
- $t_2$ is the time of the second point. | ||
- $q_2$ is the production rate in the second point. | ||
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## References | ||
<a id="1">[1]</a> | ||
Arps, J. J.: “Analysis of Decline Curves,” SPE-945228-G, Trans. of the AIME (1945) |