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filters.pmf

The Progressive Morphological Filter (PMF) is a method of segmenting ground and non-ground returns. This filter is an implementation of the method described in [Zhang2003]_.

Example

{
  "pipeline":[
    "input.las",
    {
      "type":"filters.pmf"
    },
    {
      "type":"writers.las",
      "filename":"output.las"
    }
  ]
}

Notes

  • slope controls the height threshold at each iteration. A slope of 1.0 represents a 1:1 or 45º.
  • initial_distance is _intended_ to be set to account for z noise, so for a flat surface if you have an uncertainty of around 15 cm, you set initial_distance large enough to not exclude these points from the ground.
  • For a given iteration, the height threshold is determined by multiplying slope by cell_size by the difference in window size between the current and last iteration, plus the initial_distance. This height threshold is constant across all cells and is maxed out at the max_distance value. If the difference in elevation between a point and its “opened” value (from the morphological operator) exceeds the height threshold, it is treated as non-ground. So, bigger slope leads to bigger height thresholds, and these grow with each iteration (not to exceed the max). With flat terrain, keep this low, the thresholds are small, and stuff is more aggressively dumped into non-ground class. In rugged terrain, open things up a little, but then you can start missing buildings, veg, etc.
  • Very large max_window_size values will result in a lot of potentially extra iteration. This parameter can have a strongly negative impact on computation performance.
  • exponential is used to control the rate of growth of morphological window sizes toward max_window_size. Linear growth preserves gradually changing topographic features well, but demands considerable compute time. The default behavior is to grow the window sizes exponentially, thus reducing the number of iterations.
  • This filter will mark all returns deemed to be ground returns with a classification value of 2 (per the LAS specification). To extract only these returns, users can add a :ref:`range filter<filters.range>` to the pipeline.
{
  "type":"filters.range",
  "limits":"Classification[2:2]"
}

Note

[Zhang2003]_ describes the consequences and relationships of the parameters in more detail and is the canonnical resource on the topic.

Options

cell_size
Cell Size. [Default: 1]
exponential
Use exponential growth for window sizes? [Defualt: true]
ignore
Optional range of values to ignore.
initial_distance
Initial distance. [Default: 0.15]
last
Consider only last returns (when return information is available)? [Default: true]
max_distance
Maximum distance. [Default: 2.5]
max_window_size
Maximum window size. [Default: 33]
slope
Slope. [Default: 1.0]